4 minute read
Reason, Causation and Compatibility with the Phenomena
Reason, causation and compatibility with the phenomena
Basil Evangelidis
Advertisement
Series in Philosophy
Copyright © 2020 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc.
www.vernonpress.com
In the Americas: Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Delaware 19801 United States
In the rest of the world: Vernon Press C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Malaga, 29006 Spain
Series in Philosophy
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019942259ISBN: 978-1-62273-755-0Cover design by Vernon Press. Cover image by Garik Barseghyan from Pixabay.
Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
Table of contents
AbbreviationsPrefaceIntroduction
viiixxi
Chapter 1 Causation, determinism and the universe 1
1. Natural principles and the rise of free-will
1
1.1. “The most exact of the sciences”
2
1.2. Truth and causes
3
2. From fate to new forms of causation
5
2.1. Final causality
6
2.2. Aristotle’s concepts of cause and necessity
7
2.3. Soul and movement
9
3. Fall and clinamen
11
3.1. Lucretius’ arguments on the swerve and free-action
13
3.2. Lucretian universe and the swerve
14
4. Diodorus Cronus’ Master Argument
16
4.1. Stoic signs, sense, denotation
18
4.2. Conditional propositions and causation
20
4.3. Namenlogik versus Aussagenlogik
21
4.4. Cicero on fate
22
4.5. Active cause
24
5. On determinism, cosmos and providence
26
5.1. God and first principle
27
5.2. Alexander on cosmos and providence
30
5.3. Hellenistic and Christian philosophy
32
Chapter 2 Reason, evidence and truth 35
1. Notions of evidence and truth
35
1.1. Philosophical method
38
1.2. Realistic strongholds 392. Truth and being 412.1. Nominalists against realists in the Middle Ages 422.2. Theory of consequence 453. Franz Brentano on objectivity 483.1. Brentano’s theories of substance and judgement 503.2. Chisholm’s metaphysics 52
Chapter 3 The empirical and logical-mathematical turn 55
1. The mathematical challenge 551.1. Descartes and natural reason 561.2. „Leibniz‘s modal realism“ 581.3. Hume’s criticism of induction 611.4. The Wissenschaftslehre of Bernard Bolzano 671.5. Logic and evidence according to J. S. Mill and Peirce 682. The ideal of Logicism 712.1. Definitions and theories of truth 722.2. From Frege’s Begriffsschrift to modern Axiomatic 752.3. “Empiricism as a theory of evidence” (Quine, 1981a) 782.4. Tarski hierarchy 80
Chapter 4 The influence of the exact sciences on Wittgenstein 85
1. Wittgenstein towards logical atomism 851.1. The logical picture of facts 871.2. Truth tables 881.3. „Die Arithmetik ist ins Schwanken geraten“ 902. The critics 912.1. The logical mysticism of Wittgenstein 922.2. Cultural and linguistic influences 943. Naturalistic inputs 953.1. Heinrich Hertz’s Bildtheorie 973.2. Hertzian and Machian affections 99
4. Sayable, showable and nonsense 1015. Ideal language and common sense 1036. The two philosophies 1066.1. „Was der Fall ist… “ 107
Chapter 5 Scientific realism and quantum mechanics: The Dirac Sea model 111
1. Research questions 1111.1. Scientific realism and its critics 1141.2. Antirealistic arguments 1162. Observations through vacuum 1192.1. The realist standpoint of Dirac 1212.2. Models of physical quanta 1223. Evidence and quantum principles 124
3.1. From Maxwellian theoretical entities to quantum models 125
3.2. The Dirac Sea as an exploratory model 128
3.3. The antimatter hypothesis and the findings of positrons 130
3.4. Principle of the least action and zero-point energy 1324. Relativistic time and quantum theory 134
4.1. Quantum vacuum and spin as relativistic consequences 136
5. Dirac sea: critics and theoretical development 1376. Rival models and unobservable constructs 1417. The value of the Dirac Sea model 144
Chapter 6 Quantum Theory and consciousness 149
1. The indispensability of consciousness 1491.1. Neural oscillations and the philosophy of perception 1511.2. The sophistication of human brain mapping 1522. Consciousness creates reality 153
2.1. Human mind, artificial intelligence and computability 154
3. Critique 156
Denouement: The question of power 159
1. Power, self and technology
159
2. Freedom and power
160
Bibliography
163
Index
191
Abbreviations
Adv. Math. BB CE CV De Gen. et Corr. DRN Ecl. Enn. LH Mant. Meta. NA NB PG PH Phys. PI Post. Anal. SVF TLP Virt. Prof.
Against the Mathematicians The Blue and the Brown Books Cause and effect: Intuitive awareness Culture and value De Generatione et Corruptione De rerum natura Eclogarum physicarum et ethicarum Enneads Letter to Herodotus Mantissa Metaphysics Noctes Atticae Notebooks Philosophical grammar Outlines of Pyrrhonism Physics Philosophical investigations Posterior analytics Stoicorum veterum fragmenta Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus De profectu in virtute
