PORTFOLIO Yi Yang TEL +86 159-5205-2845 E-MAIL 15952052845@163.com Nanjing Forestry University (NJFU), Nanjing, China 2020-2021 2021-2022 Outstanding student of the university Junior Year, Landscape Architecture, June 2024 GPA:3.79/4.5, 89.42 /100 (15%) SKILLS: AutoCAD, SketchUp, Adobe Photoshop Adobe Illustrator, InDesign, Arcgis, Lumion, Procreate
This portfolio is centered around nature-based solution s, a iming to ba lanc e the rela tionship between humans and nature, thereby achieving the sustainability and fairness of the landscape. The collection of works is designed in four directions: a gricultural landsca pe rejuvena tion, resilient landscapes, healing landscapes, and disaster landscapes.
01 Reclaiming Paddy Field Space Arable Land Analysis Arable land area
Agricultural household count Per capita arable land area
From the western lakeside area to the eastern levee area, the number of rural settlements and per capita arable land area are gradually increasing. However, even though the lakeside area has a much lower number of rural settlements compared to the levee area, it has a larger scale, which also results in a generally larger farming radius
Spatial Variations In Vegetation Cover Not SigniÞcant High-High Cluster High-Low Outlier Low-High Outlier Low-Low Cluster
2003 Overall, high vegetation cover was observed, with notable changes in the west and northwest attributed to urban development. Loess parent material Yangtze River alluvial parent material Lake and pond sediment parent material Coastal shoreline erosion parent material Lake and pond sediment accumulation Ancient Yellow Sea coastal lagoon sedimentary lake
Urban areas Urban grid Primary road
2013
Secondary road
Lake-dwelling terraced Þelds
Southern Levee Fields
Eastern Large Levee
Central Small Levee
The ur ban and sur ro undin g are as exh ibited l ow vegetation cover, and minor fluctuations in a small portion of vegetation may not warrant attention or intervention.
Yellow River and Huai River Flooding Impact
Coastal Þne sand deposition
Soil Parent Material Analysis 1
2
2019
3 1 Mostly man-made soil, formed through long-term cultivation,
with soil that is neutral to slightly acidic, and has a moderately sticky texture, characterized as loam and clay.
2 Upper part has a gel Þlm, and there are more iron-manganese concretions.
In most areas, there were minor ßuctuations in vegetation cover, and th e areas with low vegetat ion cover continued to expand, especially in the central region, showing significant changes at different times or in different spatial contexts.
3 The original soil belongs to coastal saline soil, characterized by a relatively high salt content, poorly developed soil structure, unfavorable physical and chemical properties, low fertility levels, low organic matter content, and significant carbon sequestration capacity.
4 Development results in the formation of rudimentary
soil, which typically has an alkaline pH and a loamy to sandy texture.
4
2023
More than half of the regions had low vegetation cover, and with the increase in human industrial activity, the areas experiencing significant changes in vegetation cover also grew.
01
Distribution Characteristics of Settlements And Farmland A
Aquatic ecosystem
‘Water-Field-Village’ Settlement distribution settlement pattern
Aquatic ecosystem
‘Water-Field-Village’ Settlement distribution settlement pattern
B
‘Water-Field-Village’ Aquatic ecosystem Settlement distribution settlement pattern
Aquatic ecosystem
‘Water-Field-Village’ Settlement distributionsettlement pattern
Aquatic ecosystem
‘Water-Field-Village’ Settlement distributionsettlement pattern
C
1 km² agricultural unit
D
F
C
D
A
E
Aquatic ecosystem
‘Water-Field-Village’ Settlement distribution settlement pattern
F
E B
Transformation of Agricultural Land Space The zonal characteristics of settlements exhibit a 'water-Þeld-village' layout sequence. It undergoes a transition from east to west, moving from dispersion to aggregation, which is the result of adapting human living environments to regional water and soil conditions.
large levee
medium levee
terraced Þelds
small levee
In the lowlands, rice is cultivated, and the original ridge Þelds and hydraulic structures in the lake areas have been disrupted. Moving from east to west, land fragmentation increases, and the basic farming unit area gradually becomes smaller, leading to a change in the farming structure from 'large paddy Þelds' to fragmented ridge Þelds.
Small levee Hydrological system Terraced Þelds Settlement
Prototype Farming and Agriculture
Tourism Industry
Plan A
Plan B
Fisheries
Plan C
02
Before
After
1.Industrialization has brought about water and soil pollution as well as air pollution. 2.Decreased flood control requirements have led to the gradual expansion and lowering of terraced Þelds, with less distinct agricultural landscape. 3.Mechanized production has resulted in the decline of soil quality, with fertilizers leaching into water, leading to water eutrophication. 4.Many terraced fields have been damaged or repurposed, with improper agricultural management, weed overgrowth, and scattered planting.
1.Water and soil pollution has decreased, air quality has improved, and a stable water supply is available for farmland. 2.Farm structures have been cleared, traditional farming practices have been restored, and the accessibility between Þelds has increased. 3.Sustainable agricultural methods have been promoted after reclamation, effectively improving soil quality and reducing nutrient loss. 4.Land and forests previously used for industrial purposes have been restored, resulting in a diverse range of crop types.
IMPROVABLE SYSTEM
03
Site Planning
1.Waterborne vegetable market 2.Traditional agricultural experience park 3.Wetland paddy Þelds 4.Greenhouse vegetable plantation 5.Fishing and selection area 6.Waterfront sightseeing boardwalk 7.Urban buildings and green spaces 8.Mulberry and poplar tree plantation 9.Windmill terraced Þeld cultivation 10.High-standard rice cultivation Þeld 11.Aquaculture breeding area 12.Fishing industry experience area 13.Main entrance
0M 20M 10M
50M
100M
1
Regional Productivity Analysis 8%
15%
Extending to the floating islands, the landscape bridge and the ßoating market make full use of the water space, enhancing accessibility, and saving time for people's daily activities.
2
11% 4
3 5
30%
6 Usi ng wind power t o dr ive tr acks f or soil turnove r, maintaining terraces at 6-8 meters in height with underwater openings for Þsh and shrimp access. Planting willow trees for soil stability and interspersing with mulberry trees for silkworm cultivation, creating economic beneÞts.
PLAN B
23%
7 11
13%
12
9
A circular production unit that combines the cultivation of water-friendly fruits and vegetables, shellfish and shrimp farming, and Þsh breeding. The strip-shaped Þshing nets have varying mesh sizes for sorting fish by size and preserving Þsh fry. 100%
10
80%
Placing prototypes with different standards in the site can improve production efÞciency.
8 60%
40%
Low-standardresults High-standardresults
13
20%
10%
PLAN C
PLAN A
04
Prototype Effect Demonstration Upper Wood Frame: Enhances agricultural diversity by supporting the cultivation of different crop types. Waste leaves from crops can be used to feed the Þsh and shrimp in the middle layer. Middle Fish Nets: Centralized cultivation of various Þsh species to improve resource utilization efÞciency. Outer Fish Cages: Used for breeding crabs, shrimp, and various shellÞsh.
Upper Windmills: Wind power drives the middle-tier tracks for soil turnover, increasing agricultural efÞciency.
Diversified Industries: Introducing diversified agricultural and aquaculture activities provides local residents with a variety of employment opportunities.
Middle Terraces: The height is consistent with traditional terraces, allowing the use of conventional farming systems.
Tourism: Establishing viaducts and a floating market enhances the agricultural landscape, attracting tourists.
Lower Fish Caves: Provide a habitat for wild fish and shrimp, with their excrement accumulating at the bottom. Windmill tracks transport this waste to be used as fertilizer, ensuring soil fertility.
05
02 Symbiosis Between Human And Water
Surrounding Area Analysis
The project is located in Jianye District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China, and is a part of the ßood control bank of the Yangtze River, which has been plagued by ßoods since ancient times. The site was originally built with high dikes for ßood control.
river residential land riverside building Public service land
river Major urban metros trunk road of a city urban agglomeration
river direction of pollution
industrial land Underdeveloped area
river Non-sensitive areas Low-sensitivity areas Moderately sensitive areas
mild pollution heavy pollution
direction of ßow
hilly area river urban green space Wetlands and woodlands agricultural land
river Direction of major terrain changes Smaller elevation areas Higher elevation areas
RIver Network Analysis Potential future water levels The highest water level in 100 years The highest water level in 50 years Normal water level Site Hydrological network
Historical Analysis In history, the Yangtze River has experienced frequent occurrences of floods, with the most severe ones recorded in 1870, 1931, and 1998.
1998 1931
1870 This project will break down the original dyke and improve the toughness of the site through various strategies, making it both rigid in the face of ßoods and resilient in recovery. In addition, the site fully considered the surrounding road network, tributaries of the Yangtze River and other network systems, designed the floating house.So far,the boundary between human and water has been broken.
To combat flood disasters, the Yangtze River dam was established in 2006. However, during the rainy season, floods, both large and small in scale, can still occur.
1026 1882
2006 2020
06
Strategy Derivation Hydrological distribution
Strategy Vegetation distribution
Riverside shoreline
Habitat conservation
Active area
The site is divided into Þve modules with different design strategies to address various issues. The site deeply considers the relationship between water, land, and people, aiming to minimize humaninduced damage to the landscape, properly plan landscape boundaries, and achieve landscape equity.
Hydrological distribution
Habitat Degradation
Ecological Corridor
Soil Conservation
Habitat Quality
Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Storage
Water Þltration bend
Water reservoir
Waterfall weir
Paddy Þeld irrigation
Agricultural cultivation
Ecological ßoating island
Floating house
Eco-Bridge
Bird Ecosystem Island
Vegetation distribution 0.001-0.038
Ecological source area
0.003-0.004
0.001-0.008
0.001-0.014
0.119-0.201
High ecological ßow
0.005-0.014
0.009-0.118
0.015-0.025
0.277-0.334
Moderate ecological ßow
0.03-0.055
0.277-0.334
0.035-0.041
0.399-0.46
Ecological corridor
0.056-0.158
0.335-0.398
0.042-0.047
0.461-0.545
Low ecological ßow
0.461-0.545
Flood Aggression Path Analysis TrafÞc and green space
Ecological plant FrafÞc ßow
Riverside shoreline
Major urban green spaces
Water resource facilities River and building
Industrial land Yangtze River and its tributaries
Resilient Shorelines
Habitat conservation
Residential land
Urban ßood streamline
Flood intrusion trends Flood Resistant Green Space along the River
Ditches connecting the river
Active area
The distribution of trafÞc ßow and buildings is in the same direction as the river, so ßood water can easily invade into the city along the roads, and the site is surrounded by industrial parks, which are susceptible to pollution. The green space along the river is relatively loosely distributed, with no flood protection or water storage function, and ßooding can only rely on the existing dykes.
Fitness platform
Interactive skits
Tree-lined square 07
Activity camping area
Site plan
Nature experience area Resilient wetland area Ecological reserve area The Þrst line of defense
1.Water Trail 2.Butterßy Garden 3.Science and Technology Plaza 4.Entrance Square 5.Canoe Training Base 6.Wetland Sightseeing 7.Ecological Floating Island 8.Shoal landscape 9.Sightseeing platform around the lake 10.Fishing platform 11.Car Park 12.Speciality Food Street 13.Lakefront Viewing 14.Children's leisure space 15.ßoating house 16.Overlooking Interchange Corridor 17.Water vegetable market 18.Staircase rain garden 19.Lingjiao picking 20.Porpoise Square
19
the third line of defense
the second line of defense
17
20
16
18
Historical Evolution of The Riverbank Form
10
14
1800
11
20M
0M
50M
5M
9
The site was not artificially developed and was surrounded by moorland in an ecologically sound environment.
1874
12 15
Humans gradually intervened in the natural landscape, tribes came into being, and the river channel gradually widened due to river erosion.
3
4
8
1948
5
Human activity increased, agricultural land replaced wasteland, and humans built dykes on riverbanks to control ßooding.
2
2022
6 U r b a n i s a t i o n i s accelerating, with rapid urban expansion and an increase in the number of ports.
2035
Building resilient landscapes, gentle overcrowding of cities and w at e r, r e t re a t in g f i e l ds and lakes, restoring t he environment.
13
1
7
08
Schematic Diagrams of ProÞles And Flora And Fauna Wetland and Depression ponds
Stepped barge
Yangtze River
The site is planted with mostly water-tolerant plants and scattered with different types of landscapes such as ecological, activity and commercial ones.
Squirrel Rabbit
Hedgehog Oryzias latipes
Wildcat
Mallard
Aristichthys nobilis
loach
Sparrow
Serpent Dragonßy
Butterßy
Weasel sibirica
Hare
Metasequoia
Paper mulberry
Ctenopharyngodon idella Cinnamomum camphora
Cypress vulgaris Residential land
Lotus ßower
Residential landgiant taro
Calla lily
Fern
Osmanthus
Cycad
Platanus
Shrimp River Snail
Egret
Frog
Sturnus sinensis
Crab
Songjiang suburban perch Mullet
Thrush
Schematic Diagrams of ProÞles And Flora And Fauna A
Mallard
B
Pearl bird
Magpie
Chinese alligator
Beluga sturgeon
Ploceus subaureus
C
09
Surrounding Area Analysis
03 Coexist With Health&Nature In Sensory Park - Five Senses Healing Park Design
Analysis of buildings
k m Th
N w
E
Trade building Public building Residential building UnÞnished building Site
S
Analysis of roads o
Secondary road First grade road Park path Tertiary road
Tianyindadao Station Baijiahu Station
Site
SITE
Analysis of urban green space
Zhushanlu Station Xiaolongwan Station
Hospital
Attached green space
Clinic
Unplanned wasteland Park green space
Underground
This project is located in Jiangning District, Nanjing City, surrounded by residential areas. After the epidemic, many people suffered from COVID-19 sequelae, but there are no healing parks around. Therefore,I based on the physical needs of people around the site, from the perspective of the five senses and plants, establishing a healing park that can relieve physical discomfort,which allowes people to interact with plants from various aspects such as vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Thereby healing each part of the body separately.
Underground station Residential area Park Main roads Intersection
Plant Healing Process Diagram Boswellia sacra Gastrodia elata Lycium chinense Ziziphus mauritiana Zingiber ofÞcinale Acorus gramineus Codonopsis pilosula Pleuropterus multißorus Ephedra sinica Stapf Angelica dahurica Bupleurum falcatum Mentha canadensis Cuscuta chinensis Dioscorea opposita Atractylodes macrocephala Angelica sinensis
Metal
Wood
Water
Fire
Earth
Isochronous circles covered Major roads around the site by the site underground residential area and station
Clinic location the area covered by the park and its functions
Green belt Bank Water green space Site
Analysis of Target Audience 1-3 weeks
89.75%
3-6 weeks
53.16%
1-2 months
13.67%
3-9 months
6.38%
over 10 months
1.92%
Cough, Sore throat
Irregular heartbeat
52.16%
45.16%
Persistent low fever
Runny nose
6.72%
40.43%
Tired easily
Loss of smell
87.35%
34.93%
Loss of taste
Body swelling, Soreness
46.71%
10.61%
10
Plant Strategies Based On The Five Senses
Site plan
The tactile sense
Hearing Picking lotus
From the perspective of Chinese medicine, the five senses can be combined with the Þve internal organs Planting experience
pancreas→
Vision Strewn at random plants
The sense of taste
Listen to the sound of water and wind hitting the trees
Falling water sound
Smell Vertical living wall
Shade trees with healing chemical scents
Orchard picking
Scented plant
liver→wood→vision
0M
5M
10M
15M
20M
1.Barefoot Experience Garden 2.Interactive Waterfall Plaza 3.Scenic Sky Bridge 4.Five Senses Plant Plaza 5.Terrace Rainwater Garden 6.Fruit Tree Harvesting Area 7.Healing Trail 8.Floating Island Walkway 9.Technology Square 10.GrafÞti Wall 11.Ribbon Meditation Forest 12.The Herbal Experience Garden 13.Entrance Music Fountain 14.Slope Climbing Experience 15.Main Entrance
1
2
5 Mirror and Ribbon
Partial Effect Display A
3
6
B 4
7
8
C
10 11 15 Main Entrance
9 12
14
13
11
Bird's Eye View of Plant-themed Zone The Plant-themed Zone mainly comprises activities such as fruit tree harvesting, fruit and vegetable planting experiences, unique feature walls, herbal medicine educational displays, pergolas, and terraced rainwater gardens.
1
2
3
4
A diverse range of activities fosters a closer connection between people and plants. Through interactive engagement with plants, individuals not only establish a deeper bond but also enhance social interactions and expand their knowledge. Moreover, they can access medicinal prescriptions and plant samples from the educational displays, enabling them to address speciÞc health needs.
4 3
2
Arrangement of Medicinal Herbs Metal
Hedyotis diffusa
Flower
Wood
Stem
Lilium brownii var. viridulum
Root
Water
Fallopia multißora
Fire
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Earth
Crataegus pinnatiÞda
Portulaca grandißora
Elaeagnus pungens
Kadsura longipedunculata
Carthamus tinctorius
WolÞporia cocos Ryvarden & Gilb
Astragalus membranaceus
Lycoris radiata
Semiaquilegia adoxoides
Zingiber ofÞcinale Roscoe
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Acorus gramineus
Eucommia ulmoides
Ligusticum sinense 'Chuanxiong'
Citrus sinensis
Angelica sinensis
12
04 The Rebirth of Mountain
Soil erosion
Vegetation Coverage
Major Industrial Zone Coal gas pollution
2019
Noise pollution
Wind Direction And Climate
Annual precipitation in the region 2020 2018
Soil pollution
2017
Urban Areas And Disasters
C o n t o u r l i n e s a r e fr a gm e n t e d , sinkholes have appeared, making it prone to landslides.
2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Mining activities have led to the disruption of the original contour lines and the ßattening of hilltops. Northwesterly winds prevail, followed by southeasterly winds.
Changes in site and surrounding vegetation cover
Iron ore resources
2010
Coal resources 2003
The average number of rainy days in the monsoon season is 66 days
The average temperature is 14.3°C, with rainfall and warmth occurring in the same season.
Typhoon rainfall The average monthly wind speed is highest in March and April. In October, it is at its lowest
Mudslide
Industrial pollution
2013
2023
Overall, vegetation cover has decreased, and green spaces have become fragmented.
Landslide
Vegetation Mine pit Iron ore and coal transportation routes Urban main roads Mine pit railway Main unloading points Town Typical region
Site Location Analysis
13
Contour line Analysis
Contour line disruption severity Degree of vegetation disruption Soil texture disruption
Evolution of a mine pit 1
Evolution of a mine pit 2
The contour lines on the western side of the mountain have suffered more significant disruption, resulting in an overall sharp decrease in elevation.
Overall, the contour lines to the west are relatively sparse with mostly gentle slopes, containing a considerable amount of soil but having low vegetation coverage. Heavy rainfall may potentially trigger mudslides and landslides, impacting the town at the mountain's base. Additionally, gentle slopes are susceptible to erosion due to rainwater runoff, leading to soil fertility loss and affecting agricultural production.
Overall, the contour lines on the eastern side are relatively dense, consisting mostly of steep slopes, which may lead to large rockfalls and rockslides, posing a threat to roads, structures, and people.
14
Site Planning
Plant Restoration Strategy ±0.00m
Designing larger excavated mine pits as water reservoirs with a central channel allows for the drainage of rainwater during heavy storms.
1350.00m
2100.00m
Planting native vegetation in areas with dense contour lines helps stabilize the soil and improve soil quality. 1950.00m 300.00m
±0.00m
1500.00m
Designing staggered retaining walls at gent le slopes, c ombin ed with terraced lawns, not only helps prevent mudslides but also provides threedimensional recreational spaces for people.
-150.00m
Establishing infrastructure in relatively flat areas and including a circular 2550.00mboardwalk next to the largest lake on the site.
150.00m
2250.00m
5M
0M
The boardwalk connects to the hilltops in the area with dense contour lines, and the largest cantilevered platform extends to provide the best panoramic view of the entire site.
20M 10M
-150.00m
50M
3900.00m
15
Contour line design Mountain ridges with steep slopes 3900M 3300M 3150M 2850M
Human Behavior Rule Setting Valleys with relatively ßat terrain 2250M 2100M 1950M
2550M
1800M
2700M
1650M 1500M
2550M
1350M
2400M
1200M
Arc divergence
Radiation
For individuals or groups requiring activities based on family units, some For areas requiring large gatherings, incorporating grand and tents can be set up in areas with gentler slopes, allowing people to magniÞcent landscapes can enhance the sense of space. Setting up a engage in camping activities in these locations. dedicated observation platform atop a hill near the village to admire sunrise and sunset scenes could create a systematic viewing area.
Ridges with gradual slopes The overall contour design of the entire site gradually transitions from dense to sparse from south to north. For areas where pathways and retaining walls are to be designed, the contour lines will be denser, while for areas with more human activities, the contour lines will be relatively sparse.
1200M 1350M
The moderately ßat valley area in the middle suffered the greatest impact from mining activities, leaving numerous large and small pits. Considering issues such as the amount of earthwork in these areas, the contour design here is based on the distribution and depth of the original pits, creating some small lakes. This aids in promoting ecological restoration.
1500M 1650M 1800M
2100M
Spiral forward
The most probable movement trend for people in mountainous For those following a regular pattern of activities along the trails, similar landscapes involves ascending through pathways or winding mountain to those in relatively flat areas within the valleys, setting up some roads. Trails connect several prime scenic spots, allowing visitors to landscape walls, combined with pathways and water systems, creates an overall serene atmosphere in the space. appreciate the most outstanding locations across the entire site. Relevance and Accessibility Level in Different Locations
Highest point The contour lines exhibit the most variability Maximum contour line variation Minimal contour line variation Minimal variation in contour lines
Alongside the buildings and boardwalk, there are mostly native evergreen shrubs and trees that are heat and water-resistant, providing ecological beneÞts and shade. Ground cover plants grow rapidly with well-developed root systems, aiding in soil stabilization alongside shrubs and trees. In some areas, fruit trees are planted, serving both economic and decorative purposes.
Straight forward
Plant Restoration Strategy
The degree of human activity Ground cover Trees Shrubs Fruit trees
16
Space planning High
Low Height
Accessibility Openness Types of human activities
Site B The contour lines in this area are also relatively dense and possess some level of hierarchy. With a lower ecological sensitivity overall, it is suitable for designing pathways primarily dedicated to passage rather than extensive human activities.
Wind Sunshine intensity Hard surface area Ecological sensitivity Accessibility Openness Types of human activities
Site C The contour lines in this area are dense, yet the changes are relatively uniform. Only the mid-slopes receive adequate sunlight, allowing for the possibility of incorporating some covered structures. However, the variety of activities may be limited in this space.
Low Height Wind Sunshine intensity Hard surface area Ecological sensitivity
Spatial activities
Ecological sensitivity
High
Ecology
A Site In this area, the contour lines are the most densely packed. Human activity gradually diminishes from high to low, and the hilltop enjoys good sunlight exposure and wind, making it an excellent vantage point for hiking and scenic views.
Hard surface area
Low Height
Climate
Types of human activities
Sunshine intensity
Spatial activities
Openness
Wind
High
Ecology
Accessibility
Spatial activities
Spatial activities
Ecological sensitivity
Low Height
Climate
Hard surface area
Ecology
Ecology
Sunshine intensity
Climate
Climate
Wind
High
Accessibility Openness Types of human activities
Site D Compared to other areas, the contour lines in this space are relatively sparse. Human activities mainly concentrate on the midslopes and the bottom, serving as the primary gathering areas. It's suitable for organizing open spaces and activities.
Remediate soil
Retain moisture
Take a photo
Ambient temperature
Mountaineering
Planting vegetation
Camping
Landscape Accessibility
Human activity intensity and density
Anti-vibration
Rock climbing
Rainwater absorption
Fishing
Transpiration moisture
Income
Absorbing heat
17
05 Other work
Hand Drawing Pen Landscape Sketch ..................C,D Watercolor Landscape Sketch ..................F,G Still Life Sketch ..................A,B,E
A
E
B
C
Classical Pavilion Model .................H,J
I n m y f r e s h m a n a n d s o p h o m o r e Classical Garden Model years, I primarily focused on learning .................I foundational skills in hand drawing, C h i l d r e n ' s E n t e r t a i n m e n t such as sketching, design composition, Facility.......K and standard engineering drafting.
D Hand Model
In order to understand the practical application of structures and mechanics, I designed, m o d e l e d , a n d constructed a children's a c t iv it y f ac i l i t y u s i n g corrugated paper. It was put into use on the school playground and proved to be very sturdy.
F H
J
G During my sophomore year's summer break, I traveled to Chizhou City, Anhui Province, China, where I engaged in watercolor landscape sketching. I painted many local scenic views, laying the I groundwork for my aesthetic foundation.
K
18