References

28. For example, in Myanmar, the Food and Drug Administration under the Ministry of Health is the regulatory body. Enforcement is weak given multiple ministerial roles in food safety matters. 29. Based on data from the FAO GM Foods Platform, Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations (http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/gm-foods-platform).

ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2019. Policies to Support Investment Requirements of Indonesia’s

Food and Agricultural Development during 2020–2045. Metro Manila, Philippines. Alston, J. M. 2010. “The Benefits from Agricultural Research and Development, Innovation, and

Productivity Growth.” OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Paper 31, OECD

Publishing, Paris. Alston, J. M., C. Chan-Kang, M. Marra, P. G. Pardey, and T. Wyatt. 2000. “A Meta-Analysis of

Rates of Returns to Agricultural R&D.” International Food Policy Research Institute,

Washington, DC. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr113.pdf. Aquino, A. P., A. B. D. Correa, J. R. A. Manalo, and P. S. Faylon. 2014. “Public Sector Investments in Science, Technology and Innovation for Inclusive Growth and Competitive Economy in the Philippines: A Focus on Agriculture.” Food and Fertilizer Technology Center Agricultural

Policy Articles, Taipei. http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=215&print=1. Austrade. 2019. “Vietnam’s Innovation Ecosystem.” Commonwealth of Australia, Austrade,

Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Barrow, R. J., and J. W. Lee. 2013. “A new Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010.” Journal of Development Economics 104: 184–98. Bientema, n., G. Stads, K. Fuglie, and P. Heisey. 2012. “ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural

R&D Spending: Developing Countries Accelerate Investment.” International Food Policy

Research Institute, Washington, DC. Brimble, P., and R. F. Doner. 2007. “university-Industry Linkages and Economic Development:

The Case of Thailand.” World Development 35 (6): 1021036. Burwood-Taylor, Louisa. 2018. “China’s Tech Giants Drive $1.8bn Investment in Chinese

AgriFood Startups—new Report!” Agfunder network Partners, September 25, 2018. Chandra, Vandana, ed. 2006. Technology, Adaptation, and Exports: How Some Developing

Countries Got It Right. Washington, DC: World Bank. CDB (China Development Bank). 2015. “China’s Special Economic Zones. Experience Gained.”

World Bank—Investing in Africa Forum, Addis Ababa, June 30–July 1. Chen, C. 2018. “The Liberalisation of FDI Policies and the Impacts of FDI on China’s Economic

Development.” In China’s 40 Years of Reform and Development: 1978–2018. Canberra,

Australia: Anu Press.

Chen, K. Z., K. Flaherty, and Y. Zhang. 2012. “China: Recent Developments in Agricultural

Research.” ASTI Country note, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington,

DC. https://www.asti.cgiar.org/pdf/China-note.pdf. China, Ministry of Science and Technology. 2016. Technical Specification of Evaluation for

Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements, GB/T 32225-2015 (in Chinese). Christoplos, I. 2010. Mobilizing the Potential of Rural and Agricultural Extension. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations (FAO) and the Global Forum for Rural

Advisory Services (GFRAS). Cruz, R. V. O., R. B. Bantayan, L. D. Landicho, and n. C. Bantayan. 2013. “Reformulating

Agriculture and Forestry Education in the Philippines: Issues and Concerns.” Journal of

Developments in Sustainable Agriculture 8: 49–62. Davis, K., B. Swanson, D. Amudavi, D. A. Mekonnen, A. Flohrs, J. Riese, C. Lamb, and E. Zerfu. 2010. “In-Depth Assessment of the Public Agricultural Extension System in Ethiopia and

Recommendations for Improvement.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 01041, International Food

Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.

Dercon, S., D. O. Gilligan, J. Hoddinot, and T. Woldehanna. 2008. “The Impact of Agricultural

Extension and Roads on Poverty and Consumption Growth in Fifteen Ethiopian Villages.”

IFPRI Discussion Paper, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Diem, H. X., and D. T. T. Thuy. 2019. “Investment in Agriculture in Recent Times: The Case of

Vietnam.” In New Trends and Challenges for Agriculture in the Mekong Region: From Food

Security to Development of Agri-Businesses, edited by Shozo Sakata. BRC Research Report 25. Chiba, Japan: Bangkok Research Center. Dons, H. J. M., and R. J. Bino. 2008. “Innovation and Knowledge Transfer in the Dutch

Horticultural System.” In Pathways to High-Tech Valleys and Research Triangles: Innovative

Entrepreneurship, Knowledge Transfer and Cluster Formation in Europe and the United States, edited by W. Hulsink and H. Dons, 119–37. Dordrecht, the netherlands: Springer. EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development). 2018. “Eight Things You Should

Know about Middle-Income Transitions.” European Bank for Reconstruction and

Development, London. Ernst & Young. 2013. 2013 Asia Pacific R&D Incentives. Ernst & Young Australia. Evenson, R. E., and D. Gollin, eds. 2003. Crop Variety Improvement and Its Effect on Productivity:

The Impact of International Agricultural Research. Wallingford, uK: CABI. Fabregas, R., M. Kremer, and F. Schilbach. 2019. “Realizing the Potential of Digital Development:

The Case of Agricultural Advice.” Science 366 (6471). doi:10.1126/science.aay3038. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations). n.d. “Corporate Private Sector investment in Agriculture in Indonesia. A Case Study of Indonesia.” FAO, Rome. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations). 2005. “Policy Issues and

Investment Options to Avert Hunger and Food Insecurity in Asia. China’s Agricultural

Research System and Reforms: Challenges and Implications for Developing Countries.”

RAP Publication 2005/1. FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations). 2006. “China’s Rapid Economic

Growth and Its Implications for Agriculture and Food Security in China and the Rest of the

World.” In Rapid Growth of Selected Asian Economies: Lessons and Implications for Agriculture and Food Security, edited by Jikun Huang, Jun Yang, and Scott Rozelle. Bangkok: FAO, Regional

Office for Asia and the Pacific. http://www.fao.org/3/ag088e/AG088E03.htm. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations). 2009. Rethinking Public Policy in

Agriculture: Lessons from Distant and Recent History. Policy Assistance Series 7. Rome: FAO. Flaherty, Kathleen, Gert-Jan Stads, and Attaluri Srinivasacharyulu. 2013. Benchmarking

Agricultural Research Indicators across Asia–Pacific. ASTI Synthesis Report. Washington,

DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Flaherty, Kathleen, and Rozhan Abu Dardak. 2013. “Malaysia: Recent Developments in

Agricultural Research.” International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Foster, A., and M. R. Rosenzweig. 2010. “Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.” Annual

Review of Economics 2 (1): 395–424. Fuglie, K. 2016. “The Growing Role of the Private Sector in Agricultural Research and

Development World-Wide.” Global Food Security 10 (2016): 29–38. Fuglie, K., M. Gautam, A. Goyal, and W. F. Maloney. 2020. Harvesting Prosperity: Technology and

Productivity Growth in Agriculture. Washington, DC: World Bank. Group of 20. 2012. “Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Growth and Bridging the Gap for

Small Family Farms.” Interagency Report to the Mexican G20 Presidency. Hall, A., L. Williams, J. Tanaya, M. usmani, K. Esti, H. nufaisa, and L. Xie. 2016. “ARISA:

Innovation Systems Research Status and Options. Applied Research on Innovation Systems in Agriculture (ARISA) in Indonesia.” Technical Report, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia. Hall, B., and J. van Reenen. 2000. “How Effective Are Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A Review of the Evidence.” Research Policy 29 (4–5): 449–69. Hellstrom, Tomas. n.d. “Centers of Excellence as a Tool for Capacity Building.” Synthesis Report.

Programme on Innovation, Higher Education and Research for Development (IHERD).

OECD, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/sti/Draft_OECD%20synthesis%20report_final.pdf.

Hoang Van Tuyen. 2017. “System of Science, Technology and Innovation in the Developing

Country: The Case of Vietnam.” Vietnam Science and Technology Journal: 4–9. Huang, J., and S. Rozelle. 2018. “China’s 40 Years of Agricultural Development and Reform.”

Australian national university, Canberra, Australia. Hynes, Casey. 2018. “Vietnam May Soon Emerge as One of Southeast Asia’s Blockchain

Innovation Hubs.” Forbes, March, 27, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/sites /chynes/2018/03/27/why-vietnam-could-emerge-as-a-blockchain-innovation -hub/?sh=6c9be1412cc5. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). 2019. “Policies to Support Investment

Requirements of Indonesia’s Food and Agriculture Development during 2020–2045.”

International Food Policy Research Institute, Kementerian PPn/Bappenas, and Asian

Development Bank, Manila. Intarakumnerd, P. 2010. “Country Profile of Thailand for OECD Review of Innovation in South-

East Asia.” College of Innovation, Thammasat university, Thailand. Intarakumnerd, P., P. Chairatana, and T. Tangchitpiboon. 2002. “national Innovation System in

Less Successful Developing Countries: The Case of Thailand.” Research Policy 31 (8–9): 1445–57.

James, D., T. Gill, and R. Bates. 2013. “Cambodia: Desktop Study.” Innovation for Agricultural

Training and Education, Pennsylvania State university, State College, PA. Jiang, X., Y. Chen, and L. Wang. 2018. “Can China’s Agricultural FDI in Developing

Countries Achieve a Win-Win Goal? Enlightenment from the Literature.” Sustainability 11 (1): 1–22. Labarthe, P., and C. E. Laurent. 2009. “Transformations of Agricultural Extension Services in the Eu: Towards a Lack of Adequate Knowledge for Small-Scale Farms.” European

Association of Agricultural Economists, 111th Seminar, Canterbury, uK, June 26–27. Mogues, T., B. Yu, S. Fan, and L. McBride. 2012. “The Impacts of Public Investment in and for

Agriculture: Synthesis of the Existing Evidence.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 1217, International

Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2008. Review of

Agricultural Policies: Chile 2008. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2009. OECD Rural Policy

Reviews: China 2009. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doiorg/10.1787/9789264059573-en. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2013. Innovation in South

East Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2016. OECD Reviews of

Innovation Policy: Malaysia 2016. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doiorg/10.1787 /9789264255340-en. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017a. Agricultural

Policies in the Philippines. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doiorg/10.1787 /9789264269088-en. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017b. Building Food

Security and Managing Risk in Southeast Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi .org/10.1787/9789264272392-en. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2018a. Innovation,

Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability in China. OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews.

Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264085299-en. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2018b. Innovation,

Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability in Korea. OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews.

Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and World Bank. 2014.

Science, Technology and Innovation in Viet Nam. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi .org/10.1787/9789264213500-en. Official Gazette. 2015. Issue nos 06-08/May 2015. Decision no. 575/QD-TTg.

Pardey, P., C. Chan-Kang, J. Beddow, and S. Dehmer. 2015. “Long-Run and Global R&D Funding

Trajectories. The u.S. Farm Bill in a Changing Context.” American Journal of Agricultural

Economics 97 (5): 1312–23. Pardey, P., J. Alston, and V. W. Ruttan. 2010. “The Economics of Innovation and Technical

Change in Agriculture.” In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Volume 2, edited by

B. Hall and n. Rosenberg, 939–84. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Rivera, W. M., and G. Alex. 2004. “Extension Reform for Rural Development.” Agriculture and

Rural Development Discussion Paper 10, World Bank, Washington, DC. Spielman, D. J., K. Davis, M. negash, and G. Ayele. 2011. “Rural Innovation Systems and networks: Findings from a Study of Ethiopian Smallholders.” Agriculture and Human Values 28 (2): 195–212. Stads, Gert-Jan, Haryono, and Siti nurjayanti. 2007. “Key Trends in Agricultural R&D

Investments in Indonesia.” International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Stads, Gert-Jan, and Khamphay Manivong. 2006. “Laos.” ASTI Country Brief 32, International

Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Stads, Gert-Jan, and nguyen Viet Hai. 2006. “Vietnam.” ASTI Country Brief 33, International

Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Stads, Gert-Jan, and Pau Sian Kam. 2007. “Myanmar.” ASTI Country Brief 38, International

Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Stads, Gert-Jan, Sandra Perez, Carlos Covarrubias, and nienke Beintema. 2016. “Agricultural

R&D Indicators Factsheet. Chile.” IFPRI, IDB, and InIA, Washington, DC. https://www .asti.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/factsheets/Chile-Factsheet.pdf. Suphannachart, W. 2017. “A Review of Agricultural Research System in Thailand: The

Development, Policies, Institutions, Investment Patterns, and Impact Assessment.” Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research 4 (4): 63–89. Swanson, B., and R. Rajalahti. 2010. “Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory

Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transforming, and Evaluating Extension Systems.”

Agricultural and Rural Development Discussion Paper 44, World Bank, Washington, DC. unCTAD (united nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2018. Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Review. Thailand. Geneva: unCTAD. uPOV (International union for the Protection of new Varieties of Plants). 2020. “Membership.” https://www.upov.int/members/en/. uSDA (united States Department of Agriculture). 2018. “Indonesia Agricultural Biotechnology

Annual.” GAIn Report number: ID1838, uSDA Foreign Agricultural Service. WEF (World Economic Forum). 2018. Innovation with a Purpose: The Role of Technology

Innovation in Accelerating Food Systems Transformation. System Initiative on Shaping the

Future of Food Security and Agriculture. Geneva: World Economic Forum together with

McKinsey & Company. World Bank, n.d., “Background Report on Vietnam AIS.” World Bank, Hanoi. World Bank. 2005. Agriculture Investment Sourcebook. Economic and Sector Work. Washington,

DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2011. “Chile’s Agricultural Innovation System: An Action Plan towards 2030.”

World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2012. Agricultural Innovation Systems. Investment Sourcebook. Washington, DC:

World Bank.

World Bank. 2015. “Sustainable Agriculture Transformation Project.” Project Appraisal

Document, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2016. Transforming Vietnamese Agriculture: Gaining More from Less. Vietnam

Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2017a. ICT in Agriculture: Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and

Institutions. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org /handle/10986/27526. World Bank. 2017b. Myanmar’s Public Expenditure Review: Fiscal Space for Economic Growth.

Yangon: World Bank, Myanmar.

World Bank. 2018a. “The Greening of Farm Support Programs: International Experiences with

Agricultural Subsidy Reform.” World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2018b. “The Human Capital Project.” In World Development Report 2019: The

Changing Nature of Work. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1328-3. World Bank. 2019. “Managing Headwinds. East Asia and Pacific Economic Update.” Washington,

DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1412-9. World Bank. 2020. “The Future of Agriculture & Food Sector. A Scenario Analysis.” unpublished,

World Bank, Washington, DC. Zambon, I., M. Cecchini, G. Egidi, M. S. Saporito, and A. Colantoni. 2019. “Revolution 4.0:

Industry vs. Agriculture in a Future Development for SMEs.” Processes 7 (1): 36. doi:10.3390 /pr7010036.