D. Opiates: overview
In an analysis of 120 cases in the period June 2006-October 2012 in which heroin was seized from air passengers on itineraries involving Europe,92 Pakistan was the second most cited country of provenance, second only to Turkey and followed by Kenya. While the role of Turkey as a transit country appeared to be on the decline over that time period, the cases involving Kenya related almost exclusively to the year 2012. In addition to European countries, other countries from Africa, including East and West Africa, as well as the Near and Middle East, also appeared as countries of provenance in those itineraries.
2012 2012
2011 2011
2010 2010
2009 2009
2008 2008
2007 2007
2006 2006
2005 2005
2004 2004
2003 2003
30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0
Number of of countries Number countries
60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0
2002 2002
Heroin seizures in key locations Heroin in key locations alongseizures the Balkan route and along theof Balkan route prominence Turkey as aand transit Fig. 22. prominence Heroin in key ofheroin, Turkey as locations a transit along countryseizures for 2002-2012 the Balkan and prominence of country for route heroin, 2002-2012 Turkey as a transit country for heroin, 2002-2012 Heroin seizures (tons) Heroin seizures (tons)
In the replies to the annual report questionnaires for the reporting years 2002-2011, Africa was only sporadically indicated as a region of provenance for heroin reaching Europe; in contrast, in 2012, East Africa which had previously never been identified by a European country as an area of provenance, was among the more prominent such regions in terms of number of mentions, following the Near and Middle East/South-West Asia (including Afghanistan) and South-Eastern Europe (including Turkey). Among East-African countries, the United Republic of Tanzania, which throughout the period 2010-2012 registered annual levels of seizures significantly higher than in previous years, appears to be the most prominent as a country of provenance, although Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda were also mentioned. Italy in particular appears to be affected by this flow to a significant extent.
25
Total heroin seizures in Iran (Islamic Republic Total heroin seizures in Iran (Islamic Republic of), South-Eastern Europe and Western and of), South-Eastern Europe Central Europe (left axis) and Western and Heroin seizures in South-Eastern Europe (left Central Europe (left axis) Heroin axis) seizures in South-Eastern Europe (left axis) Heroin seizures in Western and Central Europe Heroin seizures in Western and Central Europe (left axis) (left axis) Heroin seizures in Islamic Republic of Iran (left Heroin axis) seizures in Islamic Republic of Iran (left axis) Number of countries identifying Turkey as Number countries identifying country of provenance for heroinTurkey (right as axis) country of provenance for heroin (right axis)
Source: Seizure data: UNODC annual report questionnaire supplemented by other official data.
3.5 3.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
9,000 9,000 8,000 8,000 7,000 7,000 6,000 6,000 5,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 0 0
Opium production in in Afghanistan (tons) Opium production Afghanistan (tons)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average opium production in Afghanistan in preceding two years (tons, right axis) Average opium production in Afghanistan in preceding two years (tons, right axis) Total heroin seizures in the Russian Federation and Central Asiaᵃ (indexed, left axis) Total heroin seizures in the Russian Federation and Central Asiaᵃ (indexed, left axis) Total heroin seizures in Iran (Islamic Republic of), Turkey and Western and Central Europeᵇ Total heroin (indexed, leftseizures axis) in Iran (Islamic Republic of), Turkey and Western and Central Europeᵇ Heroin seizures in Pakistan ͨ (indexed, left axis) (indexed, left axis) Heroin seizures in Pakistan ͨ (indexed, left axis)
Seizure data: UNODC annual report questionnaire supplemented by other official data. Production: National illicit crop monitoring system supported by UNODC. a Taken as representative of the northern route. b Taken as representative of the Balkan route. c Possibly representative of the southern route.
92 Data from the database on illicit drug seizures with relation to European airports, Germany Customs.
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2014
Indexed heroin seizures (baseline 2003) Indexed heroin seizures (baseline 2003)
Heroin seizure trends in key countries and regions along the Balkan Heroin trends in key countries and regions alongtrends the Balkan andseizure northern routes, compared with heroin seizure in and northern routes, compared with heroin seizure trends in northern routes, Fig. 21. Heroin seizurePakistan trends in key countries and regions along the 2003-2012 Balkan and and opium production in Afghanistan, Pakistan opium production in Afghanistan, 2003-2012 in Afghanistan, compared with heroin and seizure trends in Pakistan and opium production 2003-2012