FIGURES (continued) Page 3.37 Education level of employees ............................................................................................................................... 42 3.38 Average number of employees per firm ........................................................................................................... 42 3.39 Gender distribution in top management, by sector ....................................................................................... 43 3.40 Gender distribution in top management, by firm size ................................................................................ 43 3.41 Is it more difficult for women to run businesses in Myanmar? ............................................................... 44 3.42 Wage differential, by gender ................................................................................................................................ 44 3.43 Perceived employment opportunities for women ............................................................................................ 45 3.44 Reasons for borrowing ............................................................................................................................................ 45 3.45 Major obstacles to external financing ................................................................................................................ 46 3.46 Indexes of the obstacles to external financing ............................................................................................... 47 3.47 Types of required collateral ................................................................................................................................... 48 3.48 Share of outstanding external debts, by loan duration ............................................................................... 48 3.49 Average annual interest rates for formal loans ............................................................................................. 49 3.50 Highest monthly interest rate for informal loans ........................................................................................... 49 3.51 Share of financing for the average firm .......................................................................................................... 50 3.52 Share of financing, by size of firm .................................................................................................................... 50 3.53 Number of firms, by source of financing ........................................................................................................ 51 3.54 Reasons for the selection of financing source .............................................................................................. 51 3.55 Relationship between productivity and size of firm ..................................................................................... 52 3.56 Annual revenue, by size of firm ......................................................................................................................... 53 3.57 Average revenue, by sector .................................................................................................................................. 54 3.58 Average profit margin, by sector ........................................................................................................................ 54 3.59 Median productivity, by sector .............................................................................................................................. 55 3.60 Median productivity and employees, by majority ownership ...................................................................... 55 3.61 Corruption and bribery, by sector ....................................................................................................................... 56 3.62 Corruption and bribery, by size of firm ............................................................................................................ 57 3.63 Corruption as an obstacle, by region ............................................................................................................... 57 3.64 Bribery and obstacle ratings ................................................................................................................................. 58 3.65 Share of agribusiness and food industries in the survey sample .......................................................... 59 3.66 Ages of AFF sector firms compared with firms in other sectors ........................................................... 60 3.67 Size distribution of firms in the agribusiness and food industries .......................................................... 60 3.68 Major customers of agribusiness and food industries ................................................................................. 61 3.69 Distribution of different job categories, by subsector ................................................................................... 61 3.70 Distribution of full-time employees, by sector ................................................................................................. 62 3.71 Salaries of professionals and workers .............................................................................................................. 62 3.72 Profitability in agribusiness and food industries ............................................................................................. 63 3.73 Average interest rates for formal and informal loans .................................................................................. 63
TABLES 1.1 The Two phases of economic reforms in the post-socialist era ............................................................. 4 2.1 Geographic locations covered by the survey and the number of samples ......................................... 16 xiv