098
Learning from Cities— The 2nd Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation
finance, stockholding company and business services accounted for 29% of Jakarta's GDP. Due to the electronics, a u t o m a t i o n , c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y, mechanical engineering and biomedical industries, manufacturing industries are very diverse in Jakarta. At present, Jakarta’s GDP per capita is USD 12,600. As to the geographical conditions, Jakarta, the junction of South-East Asia
□ The National Monument is in the centre of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, symbolizing the fight for Indonesia
and Oceania, is located in Jakarta Bay along the north coast of Java Island.
Dense rivers, abundant rainfall as
Jakarta is in a low and flat basin, with
well as lowland structure make Jakarta
an altitude ranging from -2 meters to 50
vulnerable to urban inland inundation.
meters (an average of 8 meters above
More severely, Jakarta itself is sinking.
sea level). 40% of Jakarta, especially
Brinkman, the engineer of Academy of
the northern region, are below the sea
Water Resources in Delft, Netherlands,
level. On the contrary, the south is more
believes that although the rise of sea level
mountainous. Jakarta lies in the delta
is caused by global warming, but the
where 13 rivers converge with rivers
main reason for Jakarta invaded by sea
flowing from Puncak Highlands towards
water is the over development of the city,
the north into the Java Sea. Among them,
resulting in the subsided ground under
the most important river is the Ciliwung,
the unbearable weight of buildings. In
which divides the whole city into two
fact, except for the pressure of buildings,
administrative districts—the eastern part
factories, hotels and wealthy squatters
and the western one. Jakarta belongs
of Jakarta have extracted underground
to tropical rainforest climate, with the
water in an uncontrolled way, which
average temperature of 27°C. Under the
has further aggravated the problem. Dr.
influence of the equator, there will be west
Shaffwan, the researcher in Institute
monsoon season from November to the
of Academy of Sciences of the Earth
next April and the east monsoon season
Science and Oceanography Research
from May to October. The average annual
Center in Bandung, Indonesia, said
precipitation is 2000 millimeters and the
according to the measurement from 1925
highest rainfall happens in January.
to 2003, sea level in Jakarta has risen by