captured by UAS can be used to calculate earthwork and stockpile volumes. Several studies have been conducted in this area in the US and abroad. Most studies report minimal error in comparison with more traditional methods like GPS and Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) without UAS. The success of the measurements depends on the post processing of the images to build the 3D models [17, 18].
2.2.2 Pavement Marking 2.2.2.1 Automated Marker Placement Traditional marker placement methods require a worker to manually install the marker on the pavement (Figure 5). This exposes the worker to traffic and high-temperature adhesives. Automated marker placement systems install the marker without exposing the worker who remains inside the vehicle controlling the device (Figure 5b). In initial tests, comparative results showed that the automated system matched productivity and quality of high-end marker teams [19].
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Figure 5: Marker placement with (a) manual method and (b) automated system [19] 2.2.3 Inspection 2.2.3.1 Remote-Controlled Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for Asphalt Density Uniform and adequate asphalt compaction is critical for pavement performance. Minimal reductions in asphalt density can cause huge impacts on pavement service life. Conventional quality control for asphalt density involves in-situ random determination of density from cores or 11