Food Forest Gardening Grows in Rhode Island by Wendy Nadherny Fachon Fresh figs, kiwi and persimmons are among the wonders of Rhode Island’s local food forest movement, which might suggest the creation of multiple gardens of Eden. Imitating a natural forest ecosystem, food forest permaculture is a rapidly growing trend in home and community gardening. The term “permaculture” is a word coined from the words “permanent” and “agriculture.” Traditional agriculture centers around annual plants and reseeding year after year, in a two-dimensional plane of rows. In contrast, permaculture focuses on collecting perennials and planting them in layers, to create a more productive yield in a three-dimensional space. These layers create the food forest and include fruit and nut trees, berry shrubs, fruit bearing vines, herbaceous perennials, self-seeding plants and edible ground cover. The plants work together through biological processes to enrich the soil, use excess carbon to advantage, lower climate temperature, improve water retention and self-propagate. While a lot of work is required for the initial planning and planting of a food forest garden, each year the labor need decreases, as the yield increases. The rising yield brings numerous ecological and home economic benefits. Conventional agriculture is carbon-intensive and relies on toxic herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers that contaminate the food, soil and groundwater. Permaculture food forest works with nature to manage weed and pest control and to provide multiple sources of natural fertilizer. Comfrey, for example, is a medicinal herb, which attracts parasitic wasps and spiders that eat cabbage worms and other garden pests; then it dies back in late fall to create mulch and fertilizer for the surrounding plants, and grows back the following spring. Organically home-grown food is purer, fresher and more nutritious. In general, it allows people to become less vul22
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nerable to the supply chain issues and inflationary prices. A well-established food forest brings ease to home growing. Rather than engaging in the annual tasks of tilling, seeding, watering and weeding, the food forest gardener focuses more on pruning branches, training growth and propagation. Food forests do need careful planning and lots of patience. Berry plants typically bear fruit within one to two years after planting. Young fruit trees are more affordable than mature ones, however, they take a few years to establish themselves and bear fruit. The planning process begins with envisioning lawn areas and ornamental plants being replaced with desirable fruit and vegetable plants. Once the plan is made, one proceeds forward, step by step, one sequential task at a time. The project can be a small freedom garden, a quarter-acre family food forest or a one-plus acre community garden.
Community Food Forest Gardens
Community food forest gardens provide opportunities to look, taste, learn and grow. Various Rhode Island organizations have already established community permaculture spaces. Roger Williams Park’s Edible Food Forest, in Providence, is an urban ecosystem designed around permaculture ethics and principles. It serves as a model for ecological urban landscape management that produces market viable fruits, nuts, veggies, fodder, fuel and fiber. The garden features several unusual plants such as hardy kiwi, hazelnut and the American chestnut, which has been bred for resistance to blight. Native plants create a habitat for wildlife and a managed honeybee hive. The garden also demonstrates permaculture