The Toledo Water Project - Midstory 2018

THE TOLEDO WATER PROJECT OVERVIEW & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Copyright © 2018. Midstory. All rights reserved.

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Copyright Š 2018. Midstory. All rights reserved.

Table of Contents

1. Purpose

The American Lotus

Toledo Water Project Master Plan

Overview and Desired Outcome

Project Partnership

Other Initiatives

2. Part I - The ‘‘Demonstration’’

Example Growing Condition

Crop Calendar

Harvesting Procedure

Nutrient Uptake

Economic Viability

3. Part II - The ‘‘Project’’

Marina District Parklands

Metropark Phasing & Key Components

Great Black Swamp Museum

Water Research Center

Marina Memorial Metropark

Design Elements

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4. Appendices

A. Pilot Research Directions

B. Lotus Nurseries

C. Universities and Research Centers

D. Distribution and Processing

E. Wetland Management Companies

F. Locations of Native Lotus

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Purpose The Toledo Water Project is a novel vitalization plan for the City of Toledo conceived by Midstory, a grassroots media Think Hub located in Toledo. The purpose of this document is to rally the support of various Northwest Ohio community organizations and leaders by presenting the full potential of The Water Project to become the vehicle for that vitalization.

Introduction The recent algal bloom disaster in Lake Erie and Northwest Ohio provides a perfect catalyst to engage the local as well as national and even global communities around solving this environmental problem while at the same time, positioning the city of Toledo as a key geographic location for waterfront development, academic research, and business opportunity.

Coincidentally, the city of Toledo is at a nexus in its history, caught between the ages of manufacturing and technology, and very much in need of cultivating a new and sustainable identity. City leaders see the need for a new direction but they also recognize the potential for re-energizing and re-defining the city’s infrastructure and history, which now lie dormant but are ready to re-blossom, to re-adapt, and to thrive with a new and dynamic guiding vision.

The Toledo Water Project has the potential to provide the holistic vision that Toledo requires by stimulating the intersection of five identified regional cultural priorities, including economic sustainability and growth, cultural and historical exploration, recreation and entertainment, environmental remediation, and the emergence of a new city icon and brand.

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The American Lotus: A Symbol and Solution The Toledo Water Project recognizes the strategical importance of the American Lotus in our region and instrumentalizes its value to the city of Toledo on multiple fronts. As such, the project uses the lotus beyond the exclusive purpose of resolving the harmful algae bloom problem via a method of environmental remediation.

At its core, the Toledo Water Project is a strategic package for the revitalization of the city of Toledo that reimagines how to propel its future in the postindustrial, Middle American narrative. The project provides a practicable solution for the algal bloom crisis by addressing our faltering ecosystem and the loss of the natural wetlands to the agriculture industry.

The project connects a historicallypresent, naturally-occurring American lotus to the riverfront and Maumee western basin.

The overlooked American Lotus stands for the lingering remnant of the Great Black Swamp, a rising hope from the mud of time, to highlight a concern for the water and air we share and protect together.

As symbol and solution, the Water Project proposes the four unifying benefits of the lotus flower: 1) Bioremediation of the water; 2) Great potential for commercialization and creation of new food, beauty, medicinal, and textile industries; 3) Powerful symbol of Toledo’s uplifted image; 4)Renewed investment in our unique culture and natural history, including bolstering wetland preservation, as well as city industrial and civic histories to enrich our educational and cultural institutions.

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TOLEDO WATER PROJECT MASTER PLAN — Our collaborative and regional scope 2018

E

F

x ic e tor s i J Great Black Swamp h

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tent

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PROJECT OUTCOMES (Full scope on pg. 10) - New agricultural potentials and industries - New job opportunities and economic growth through agricultural, research, municipal, recreational, social, and business fronts - Revival and vitalization of Downtown - Full utilization of regional logistical advantage of TOL airport, railways,

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seaport, highways - Urban Districts transit, trolley, and bus systems - Renewed investment in unique cultural assets and natural history of our region - National exposure of Toledo’s leading operations at forefront of the nation’s legacy (Promedica, Metroparks, Toledo Museum, Zoo, Toledo 22nd century ccmmittees, to name a few)

MARINA DISTRICT RIVERFRONT PARCELS A. Marina Memorial Metropark - Lotus Preserve City Access B. Great Black Swamp Museum C. Water Research Center D. Water Glass Urban filtration landmark

CULLEN PK, MAUMEE BAY HARVESTABLE TREATMENT PLOTS E. 40 sq mi Maumee Bay area with potential lotus farming

TOLEDO EXECUTIVE AIRPORT GROWTH F. International Lotus Processing, Distribution Center

MULTICITY WETLAND COALITION G. 50 mile-river-long collaborative wetland rehabilitation — a multicity coalition for regional benefit

LAKE ERIE BASIN H. Strengthened Lake Erie fishery I. Clean water and healthy watersheds J.. Approx. 100,000 Acres of Black Swamp to restore

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Project Overview & Desired Outcomes The entire Water Project is composed of two mutually dependent parts: Part I - The Demonstration and Part II - The Project.

Part I - The Demonstration Part I focuses on a near-term, practicable, yearlong preliminary study to push the project and gain traction in the city for its commercialization and to pave the way for Part II. It seeks the immediate implementation of lotus beds on the Toledo riverfront.

The aim is to generate visibility of our project after a three-year period of ‘‘underground’’ research, and to establish viability and credibility of the plant for the economic and environmental benefit of the Northwest Ohio region.

Ultimately, with a founded trust and

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citywide supporters, we wish to see the systematic, widespread (even picturesque) implementation of the harvestable product, and for the following desired outcomes: 1)nutrient reduction in the watershed to restore the ecological balance of local wildlife habitat (providing shelter for young fish essential to the long term viability of Lake Erie fisheries) 2) revenue through annual harvests of the lotus biomass (used in the food, beauty, floral, biofuel, and agricultural industries); 3) an authentic product pointing to the city of Toledo (the ‘‘Toledo’’ American Lotus); 4) a sustainable riverfront as a city asset that would yield longstanding returns (touristic interest, cultural activities, research opportunities, new industries in the processing of the plant generating jobs for the region).

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Part II - The Project Part II realizes our long-term initiatives that tap into the local history and the cultural riches of our region to give meaning to Toledo at a crucial point in its time and development.

The Water Project will outreach to gain the support of leadership and city-wide investments towards this goal. A few immediate initiatives include: 1) the Great Black Swamp Museum, an iconic waterfront landmark; 2) the American Lotus Preserve; 3) the Marina Memorial Park and Gardens; 4) the Water Research Center and laboratory; and other action items tailored to maximizing Toledo region’s full potential (refer to following pg. 10).

In so doing, we seek urgently to cultivate a field of care and immediate attention from the citizens and leaders of the city to join us in our cause.

Through our efforts, we seek to send a deeper message of our collectivity, culture, and authentic roots as fellow citizens sharing the same swampy origin.

We suggest the city grasp the American lotus as a signifier for Toledo’s new thought and tech industries in order to give Toledo new values in post-industrial America; these values will allow us to better chart the waters in a post-industrial, globalizing world in the information age Ultimately, our team’s interdisciplinary, creative vision pictures Toledo as a model for post-industrial economic and cultural deserts across the United States—a success story that will redefine Middle America and the Rustbelt in the coming generation.

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Project Overview & Desired Outcomes

LEGACY/HISTORY/FUTURE - International Water Glass Landmark - Marina Memorial Metroparks / Lotus Preserve - Black Swamp Museum - Industrial Sculpture Garden - Industrial Jeep Museum - Toledo Pioneering Monuments

MEDIA/LITERATURE - Midstory Broadcasting Headquarter - Toledo Historical Library & Archives - Toledo Narrative, Literature, and Poetry Society - Toledo Events Calendar

INFRASTRUCTURE (ARCHITECTURE/ URBAN PLANNING) - 22nd Century Committee Board Partnership - Toledo Hyperloop Station - Toledo International Airport & Seaport - Toledo Cable-Car Route - Toledo Public Transit System (Subway, Bus) - Toledo Train Station and Railways - Residential areas - Metroparks Circuit

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CULTURE/SOCIAL - Toledo Museum of Art Partnership - Gallery of the Algae and Lotus - Brick & Glass City Exploration Spaces - Midstory Spaces of the Midwest Narrative - Lotus Gift Shops - Lotus Parks & Tourist Destinations

POLITICS/GOVERNMENT - Ohio Governor Promotion - Toledo Regional Partnership with Surrounding Communities (e.g.

Monroe) - Mayoral & Representative Empowerment - International Water Relations with Canada - National Precedent as Pattern for City Revitalization

ENVIRONMENT - Toledo Metropark Partnership - Remediation of Lake Erie Basin - Toledo Setting a Pattern for Water Remediation

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EDUCATION - University of Toledo Partnership & National Recognition

- Leading in Water Research - STEAM, Humanities, and Consciencebased Early Education

HEALTH - Partnership with Promedica - Whole-foods Plant-based Nutrition Clinic - Toledo Conferences on Health and Nutrition

ECONOMICS/INDUSTRY - Lotus processing plants

- Flora processing

- Food processing

- Clothing processing - Grocery Store/ Farmer Market - Medical Food Farmacy - Lotus-based Cuisine Restaurants - Lotus-thread Clothing Stores - Toledo National & International Trading Hub - Lotus Agriculture Plots and Facilities - Aquaculture Plots and Fisheries - Waterfront, Landmark, and Lotus Park Tourism - Annual Conferences and Hotels - Start-up Coworking Spaces (similar to WeWork)

TECHNOLOGY/SCIENCE - Water Research Center

- Real-time Water Sensor Software & Hardware Development

- Water Pollution & Remediation Research

- Lotus Material Research & Product Development

- Lotus Nutritional & Medicinal Treatment Research

- Agricultural & Aquacultural Methods Research & Implementation

- Research Of Potential Uses of Algae - Toledo Conference on Water Technology and Research - Water Analysis and Treatment Center - Hubs for Scientific Innovation

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Project Partnership Behind the Water Project is a local nonprofit think hub that handles, processes and frames the seemingly dry facts and information for a new and rich narrative. To highlight and to imagine a new sense of identity for our region, we are Midstory: Toledo’s think hub that seeks to connect the community public and larger cultural trends, activities, and initiatives. In addition to presenting high quality articles, literature, and art in its many forms, we also do in-house research and thought projects—the first being the Water Project—to present to the city in new media formats. While operating within a swiftly transforming digital age, we conduct our projects and proposals with a strong sense of care for the welfare of our city, and present a story with our region at the center and in the context of the national spotlight. We wish to tell our regional story by starting from the ‘‘middle,’’ which is laden with the hindsight of our past history, even as we step into our future.

We are composed of dreamers and hopefuls forming a local think hub

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collaborating across disciplines to supply powerful ideas and media with an interpretive lens. As a group of researchers and local Toledo citizens who feel a deep connection to the region, we offer a unique perspective and resource on how to shape its future.

We release the full project to the city, free of charge, under the request that we maintain the quality and standards of the original vision as one of the project’s coordinating partners. The vision requires those in the stations and offices of power to undertake the preservation of our historical roots and genuine culture, and to recognize that true economic sustainability can only exist alongside the city’s cultural and human life.

For the last three years, our group has been researching, brainstorming, and strategizing underground, patiently awaiting the right moment and people to engage. We exist as an entity bound together by our dedication to the full scope of the project, not by monetary gain or contract. As such, we believe

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strongly in preserving the integrity of the project, unveiling the idea to leaders of the community with a desire to safeguard the project intact and its vision undiluted as we move through the city administrators and actors.

Due to the scale of the Toledo Water Project, some parts of it appear beneficial to be developed on its own. For instance, the proposition of industrializing a local flower plant is an attractive business solution to a longstanding water problem.

However, our group developed this idea as an inseparable vehicle to usher in the rest of the project.

Incidentally, these are the parts we value the most: a historical preservation of our settlement history, a deeper understanding of our local habitat in the

Great Black Swamp, and the significance of refilling the gaps of old manufacturing powerhouses (of steam, coal, glass, auto parts) with new engines of data, education, and out-of-the-box productive thinking, which will jumpstart Toledo as a uniquely Midwestern, richly cultural, naturally-endowed city at the forefront of a post-work, digital century under the national spotlight.

Without this guiding vision of the interconnectivity and self-supporting structure of the Toledo Water Project, any partial implementation or band-aid fix would be shortsighted of the longterm, sustainable, self-generating, and authentic model of productivity for the home and city we dream about.

midst ry toledo's media thinkhub www. midstory. org

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Other Initiatives Besides the large-scale implementation of the American Lotus with other wetland plant cultures measured to recover the wetland function in the watershed, we describe briefly our other initiatives related to the lotus plant, forming a comprehensive plan that offers not only a solution to this issue, but also an opportunity to improve and revitalize Toledo as a city.

Revitalization of the city is as much physical as it is a socio-cultural exercise tied to how one lives, which inspired the formation of PlantMedica to engage people through technology and to practice a new form of medicine to bridge gaps of understanding between a person and his wellness, particularly in pockets of our community with food/information deserts. This initiative began with a student organization on the UT Medical Campus founded to cultivate health and wellbeing awareness in the lives of our future medical professionals. It grew into a larger program with ProMedica’s development in view to reach the wider community. PlantMedica thus aims to

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outreach into the community through a revolution of the downtown life as healthy, green, and vital.

In the meantime, we suggest an Interactive Exhibition Space/Hub for Toledo’s community and visitors to interface with the Water Project initiatives, to serve as a precursor to the museum to exhibit history and research, to generate social momentum and support for the citywide revitalization efforts, and to provide a digital interactive space to exhibit upcoming urban plans.

Moreover, in light of the potential logistics involved in processing, exporting, and storage of various products from the Toledo American lotus, we wish to redevelop the currently underused Toledo Executive Airport as an important infrastructural node in the region, to become a major International Distribution Center, specializing in food processing or another potential industrial processing related to the harvest of lotus rhizomes, seeds, flowers, etc.

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Copyright Š 2018. Midstory. All rights reserved.

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Part I - The Demonstration As we enter the springtime of 2018, the pilot project is in urgent need of support. We are seeking both riverfront sites and a project management team on board to push the project ahead. We have been approached by the Ohio EPA in conjunction with the Port Authority, and shared the potential of the American Lotus on February 27th of this year. Inspired by the Water Project, the Port is moving ahead to implement the planting of American Lotus with a focus on dredge materials at their riverfront test site, the ‘‘Center of Innovation for the Beneficial Use of Dredge Material.’’ However, as their focus is on the use of dredge materials, we propose additional demonstrations to research the viability of lotus as a marketable product and means for nutrient reduction. Our team continues to outreach and to masterplan these parts within the larger project.

With the pilot we hope to establish credibility and visibility to the public, while lowering the risk for future investors. We believe that once this flower takes hold of our riverfront, no one will be able to deny its beauty and benefits as one of our city’s great assets, at once sustaining the health of our Erie fisheries and fulfilling our city beautification initiatives.

The following section outlines a condensed plan, detailing information from Chinese archives as well as domestic suppliers and distributors, to supply practical know-hows to take the project from theory to reality.

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Optimal Condition Soil The quality of soil is the most important factor for lotus rhizome quality. Lotuses thrive in soils that are nutrient-rich, with no upper limitation on nutrient utilization. Soil should be loamy, heavy, and dense in order to secure the rhizome. River or pond mud, and thus dredging material, would be the best soil for lotus growth since they contain bountiful nutrients after accumulating years of the decaying plants, animals, manure, and runoff.

Spacing Line spacing of lotus rhizomes would be between 1.5 ~ 2.5 meters and

row spacing would be 0.5 ~ 2 meters. The suitable density for early maturing cultivars is 3640 ~ 4247 shoots per acre (600 ~ 700 shoots per mu) field; for late maturing cultivars is 1820 ~ 2427 shoots per acre (300 ~ 400 shoots per mu) field. A shoot consists of both the thick and thin shoots on the growing end of the rhizome.

Planting Depth Rhizomes should be planted 2-4 inches below the surface, or until sufficiently buried in the soil. They should also be situated at an angle of 15 degrees with their growth tips sticking out of the soil.

Sowing Density

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Water Current Lotus grows optimally in still or low-current bodies of water.

Temperature and Water Depth Temperature plays another important role in increasing annual yield. The optimal temperatures for lotus rhizome development and propagation is 25~30 degrees Celsius at the surface of the mud. Temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius or below 15 degrees Celsius can stunt the growth of lotus rhizomes, reducing harvest yield. In order to maintain optimal water temperatures surrounding

the rhizomes, water depth needs to be regulated and adjusted throughout the growing season. Some experienced experts suggest that in the spring when the temperature is around 15~20 degrees Celsius, a water depth of 5 cm is suitable for lotus rhizome sprouting. In the summer months, when the temperature can get as high as 35~40 degrees Celsius, greater water depths of up to 50 cm can effectively attenuate incoming sunlight and prevent overheating of the rhizome.

American Lotus Distribution by County (Source USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team) (See Appendix F for Major Lotus Preserves)

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Example Lotus Growing Conditions

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Lotus 2018 Crop Calendar

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p Calendar Crop Calendar p Calendar Crop Calendar Prep Period Prep Period p Calendar Crop Calendar

Seeds can be purchased Seedsatcan anybe time, purchased but rhizomes at anyare time, more butsensitive rhizomesasare more sensitive

January 15, 2018 - April January 30, 2018 15, 2018 - April 30, 2018

Prep Period Prep Period Prep Period Prep Period January 15, 2018 - April January 30, 2018 15, 2018 - April 30, 2018 January 15, 2018 - April January 30, 2018 15, 2018 - April 30, 2018

Prep Period

Prep Period

January 15, 2018 - April January 30, 2018 15, 2018 - April 30, 2018

Sowing Period

Sowing Period

April 1, 2018 - June 30,April 20181, 2018 - June 30, 2018

Sowing Period Sowing Period Sowing Period Sowing Period April 1, 2018 - June 30,April 20181, 2018 - June 30, 2018 April 1, 2018 - June 30,April 20181, 2018 - June 30, 2018 Growth and Maturation Growth Period and Maturation

Sowing Period

Sowing Period

Period

April 2018- June 10, 15, 2018 2018- June 10, 2018 April 15, 1, 2018 30,April April 2018 1, 2018 30, 2018 Growth and- November Maturation Growth Period and- November Maturation Period

Growth and Maturation Growth Period and Maturation Period April 15, 2018 - November April10, 15,2018 2018 - November 10, 2018 April 15, 2018 - November April10, 15,2018 2018 - November 10, 2018

Growth and Maturation GrowthPeriod and Maturation Period April 15, 2018 - November April10, 15,2018 2018 - November 10, 2018

Harvest Period

Harvest Period

June 1, 2018 - November June 15,1,2018 2018 - November 15, 2018

Harvest Period Harvest Period Harvest Period Harvest Period June 1, 2018 - November June 15,1,2018 2018 - November 15, 2018 June 1, 2018 - November June 15,1,2018 2018 - November Hibernation period Hibernation period 15, 2018 Harvest Period Harvest Period November 2018 - April November 15, 2019 10,- November 2018 - April15, 2019 June 1, 201810,- November June 15, 1,2018 2018 Hibernation period Hibernation period 15,2018

Hibernation period Hibernation period November 10, 2018 - April November 15, 2019 10, 2018 - April 15, 2019 November 10, 2018 - April November 15, 2019 10, 2018 - April 15, 2019

Hibernation period Hibernation period

November 10, 2018 - April November 15, 2019 10, 2018 - April 15, 2019

vest Calendar Harvest Calendar vest Calendar Harvest Calendar vest Calendar Harvest Calendar vestStems Calendar HarvestStems Calendar

June 1, 2018 - OctoberJune 15, 2018 1, 2018 - October 15, 2018

Stems Stems Stems Stems June 1, 2018 - OctoberJune 15, 2018 1, 2018 - October 15, 2018 June 1, 2018 - OctoberJune 15, 2018 1, 2018 - October 15, 2018 Flowers Flowers

Stems

Stems

20, 2018 - September 20, 15, 2018 - September 15, 2018 June 1, 2018 - October June 15, 2018 1, 2018 - October 15, 2018 Flowers Flowers

Flowers Flowers June 20, 2018 - September June 20, 15, 2018 - September 15, 2018 June 20, 2018 - September June 20, 15, 2018 - September 15, 2018 Leaves Leaves

Flowers

Flowers

July 1,20, 2018 - October July 31, 2018 1,20, 2018 - October 31, 2018 June 2018 - September June 15, 2018 - September 15, 2018 Leaves Leaves

Leaves Leaves July 1, 2018 - October July 31, 2018 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018 July 1, 2018 - October July 31, 2018 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018

Leaves Leaves Seedpods Seedpods July 1, 2018 - October July 31, 2018 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018 July 15, 2018 - September July 30, 15, 2018 2018 - September 30, 2018

Seedpods Seedpods Seedpods Seedpods July 15, 2018 - September July 30, 15, 2018 2018 - September 30, 2018 July 15, 2018 - September July 30, 15, 2018 2018 - September 30, 2018

Seedpods

Seedpods

July 15, 2018 - September July 30, 15, 2018 2018 - September 30, 2018

Rhizomes

Rhizomes

August 1, 2018 - April 15, August 20191, 2018 - April 15, 2019

Rhizomes Rhizomes Rhizomes Rhizomes August 1, 2018 - April 15, August 20191, 2018 - April 15, 2019 August 1, 2018 - April 15, August 20191, 2018 - April 15, 2019

Rhizomes

Rhizomes

August 1, 2018 - April 15, August 20191, 2018 - April 15, 2019

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Young stems must be Young collected stems earlier must in belotus collected growth earlier development, in lotus growth development,

whereas mature stems whereas can be mature collected stems throughout cangrowth be collected the season. thedevelopment, season.

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Flowers start to grow Flowers during the start summer to grow season during and the summer can be harvested season and atthe can be harveste Young stems must be Young collected stems earlier must in belotus collected growth earlier development, inthroughout lotus growth development, staggered intervals. staggered intervals. whereas mature stems whereas can be mature collected stems throughout can be collected the throughout Flowers start to grow Flowers during the start summer to grow season during and the summer canseason. be harvested season and atthe canseason. be harveste Flowers start to growFlowers during the startsummer to growseason during and the summer can be harvested season and at can be harveste staggered intervals. staggered intervals. staggered intervals. staggered intervals.

Avoid harvesting standing Avoid leaves harvesting early standing asseason they leaves contribute early greatly asharvested they to contribute a and greatly to a Flowers start to grow Flowers during the start summer to grow during and the summer can be season at can be harveste plant's store of energy plant's andleaves resultant store of energy growth. and Once resultant leaves growth. have started Once leaves greatly have starte staggered intervals. staggered intervals.

Avoid harvesting standing Avoid harvesting early standing as they leaves contribute early greatly as they to contribute a to to a Avoid harvesting standing Avoid leaves harvesting early standing as they leaves contribute early greatly as they to contribute a greatly to a die, detritus can be picked die, detritus up and can used be picked as a component up and used of fertilizer. as a component of fertilizer. plant's store of energy plant's and resultant store of energy growth.and Once resultant leavesgrowth. have started Once to leaves have starte plant's store of energy plant's andleaves resultant store of energy growth. and Once resultant leavesgrowth. have started Once leaves greatly have starte Avoid harvesting standing Avoid harvesting early standing as leaves contribute as to contribute a to to a die, detritus can be picked die, detritus up and can used be picked asthey a component up andearly used ofgreatly fertilizer. a component of fertilizer. asthey die, detritus can be picked die, detritus can be picked up and used as a component of fertilizer. up and used as a component of fertilizer.

Every flower takes about Every 30 flower to 40of takes days about to go from 30resultant tobudding, 40 days to blossoming, go from to budding, blossom plant's store of energy plant's and resultant store energy growth. and Once leaves growth. have started Once leaves have starte

being pollinated and being fertilized pollinated and to the maturation oftoand its to lotus maturation seeds.

Lotus of its lotus Lot die, detritus can be picked die, detritus uptoand can used be picked asfertilized a component used of fertilizer. asgo a component of seeds. fertilizer.

Every flower takes about Every 30 flower 40 takes days about to go from 30up budding, 40the days to blossoming, from budding, blossom Every flower takes about Every 30 flower totimes 40takes days about to go 30 tobudding, 40 days to blossoming, go budding, blossom seeds are harvested seeds multiple are harvested onefrom season because during one offrom the season because of Lot the being pollinated andbeing fertilized pollinated and multiple fertilized to the maturation of its lotus seeds. to theduring maturation oftimes its lotus seeds.

Lotus being pollinated and being fertilized pollinated to the maturation and fertilized of its lotus seeds.

Lotus to the maturation of its lotus seeds.

Lot staggered nature of staggered flower blossoming. nature of Seeds flower for blossoming. edible purposes Seeds are for edible purposes ar Every flower takes about Every 30 flower totimes 40takes days about tomultiple go 30 totimes budding, 40 days to blossoming, go budding, blossom seeds are harvested during one season because of the seeds are harvested multiple during onefrom season because offrom the seeds are harvested multiple during one season because ofgreen the seeds aretimes harvested multiple during one season because of Lot the best while best lotus gathered seed pods while are lotus still green seed and pods young. are still These and young.

These beinggathered pollinated and being fertilized pollinated and fertilized to the maturation to the maturation oftimes its lotus seeds.

Lotus ofedible its lotus seeds. nature ofSeeds flower blossoming.

Seeds for purposes ar staggered nature of staggered flower blossoming. for edible purposes are staggered nature of flower blossoming.

Seeds for edible purposes are staggered nature of flower blossoming.

Seeds for edible purposes ar seeds would be harvested seeds would throughout be harvested July, August, throughout and September.

July, August, and September. seeds are harvested seeds multiple are times harvested during multiple one season times because during one of the season because of the while seed and podsyoung. are still green and young. These best gathered while best lotusgathered seed pods are lotus still green These best gathered while lotus seed pods are stillto green and These best while lotus seed pods areSeeds still green and These Older seed pods begin Older togathered lose seed taste, pods but begin can be lose used taste, foryoung. decorative but can beare used foryoung. decorative staggered nature of seeds staggered flower blossoming. nature of Seeds flower for blossoming. edible purposes for edible purposes ar would be harvested seeds would be harvested throughout July, August, and September. throughout July, August, and September. seeds seeds would be harvested throughout July, August, and September. would be harvested throughout July, August, and September. purposes and seed purposes and seed breeding. breeding. best gathered while best lotus gathered seed pods while are lotus still green seed and pods young. are still These green and young.

These Older seed pods begin to lose cantobelose used for decorative Older seedtaste, podsbut begin taste, but can be used for decorative Older seed podsharvested begin tobe lose taste, but canAugust, be usedand forSeptember. decorative Older seed podsharvested begin to lose taste, but canAugust, used forSeptember. decorative seeds would seeds would throughout throughout and July, purposes andbe seed breeding. purposes andbe seedJuly, breeding. purposes and seed purposes and seed breeding. breeding.

Youngseed rhizomes Young beto harvested rhizomes shortly can be before harvested the last shortly standing before leaves the last standing lea Older pods can begin Older lose seed taste, pods but begin can to belose used taste, for decorative but can be used for decorative

form in rhizomes August. form in rhizomes August. purposes and seed purposes and seed Young canbreeding.

Young be harvested shortly canbreeding. be before harvested the last shortly standing before leaves the last standing lea Young rhizomes can Young be harvested rhizomes shortly can be before harvested the last shortly standing before leaves the last standing lea Mature rhizomes can Mature be harvested rhizomes after be last harvested standing after leafthe has last gone, standing leaf has go form in August. form in August. canthe form in August. form in August. roughly late September.

They late canSeptember. be harvested They until canthe be following harvested spring until sp Young rhizomes can Young be rhizomes shortly can be before harvested the last shortly standing before leaves the the last following standing lea Mature rhizomes canroughly Mature be harvested harvested rhizomes after canthe be last harvested standing after leaf the has last gone, standing leaf has go Mature rhizomes can Mature be harvested rhizomes after can the be last harvested standing after leaf the has last gone, standing leaf has go before rhizomes come before out of rhizomes hibernation, come in out mid-April of hibernation, to early May. in mid-April to early May. 21following sp form in August. formThey in August. roughly late September. roughly late canSeptember. be harvested They until canthe befollowing harvested spring until the roughly late September. roughly They late can September. be harvested They until can the be following harvested spring until the following sp Mature rhizomes rhizomes come canbefore Mature beout harvested rhizomes after canthe be last harvested leafthe has gone, standing leaf has before of rhizomes hibernation, come inout mid-April ofstanding hibernation, toafter early May. in last mid-April to early May.go before rhizomes before rhizomes come out of hibernation, in mid-April to early May. out of hibernation, in mid-April to early May. come roughly late September. roughly They late canSeptember. be harvested They until canthe befollowing harvested spring until the following sp

Harvesting Procedure

22

Flowers, Stems, Leaves, Seedpods:

Rhizome

• Bend stem of seed pods and flowers if cutting below water line. Use scissors or knife to cut above the bending point to avoid water entering into the exposed channel.

• Green seed pod can be picked and peeled for young lotus seeds. Older seed pods will have seeds with harder darkened shell. Removal of green germ within deshelled seed before consumption.

• Pluck young lotus stems early in lotus sprout development.

• Standing leaves can be plucked off and stems also removed.

• Remove all above surface features of lotus (stems, leaves, flowers, seedpods) • Manually dig rhizome out using hand, location can be determined using standing leaves, else by touch searching.

• Care needs to be taken when handling rhizomes not to break or injure the rhizome growing shoots.

• Machines have been developed to remove surface mud off of rhizomes.

— Nozzles with low water jet pressure • Keep 20 percent of rhizomes for sustainable yield.

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Products FLOWERS Perfumes, Floral decoration

SEEDS gardening, cuisine, pod is decorative, breeding new cultivars, germ can be used in medicinal

LEAVES teas leaf wrappers. medicinal

STEMS Cuisine Clothing/wick/thread material medicinal

RHIZOMES Agricultural use Farming, Gardening Food Rhizome powder

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23

Lotus Growers (See Appendix B for Nurseries and Suppliers)

Universities and Research Centers (See Appendix C)

24

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Lotus Food Distribution and Processing (See Appendix D)

Wetland Management Companies (See Appendix E)

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25

Nutrient Uptake

The Toledo Water Project was initiated with a holistic solution in mind to both address the harmful algal bloom problem and provide a sustainable product and economic engine to drive Toledo’s future urban developments and the preservation of its natural ecosystems. We prioritize the well-being, sustainability, and vitality of our community and believe that the American Lotus can serve as a symbol of an uplifted Toledo. Any industry or economic opportunity that may arise from the commercialization of lotus should be led by this vision. In the case that economic returns of lotus be not immediate, the bioremedial nutrient reduction in the watershed serves as the great gratifying return to project investors. Refer to Appendix A for research directions as we explore the potential of American Lotus for the Water Project.

Yearly phosphorus absorption rate of Nelumbo While there exists no information on the phosphorus absorption rate of Nelumbo lutea due to a dearth of research on Nelumbo lutea, we will use data on Nelumbo nucifera to provide approximations. These two species are closely related, thus the data on Nelumbo nucifera can be used to estimate values for Nelumbo lutea.

Study 1: ‘‘Recycling pond mud nutrients in integrated lotus-fish culture.’’ By Yang Yi, C. Kwei Lin, James S. Diana. Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand / University of Michigan, USA. AQUACULTURE, Volume:212, Issue: 1-4, Pages: 213-226, Published: Sep 23, 2002.

Researchers found that Nelumbo nucifera was able to remove 43kg of phosphorus per hectare (ha) a year from pond substrates.

43 kg/ha/year = 17.41 kg/acre/year

26

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Study 2: ‘‘Nutrient uptake and release in ponds under long-term and short-term lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) cultivation: Influence of compost application.’’ By: Seo, Dong Cheol; DeLaune, Ronald D.; Han, Myung Ja; et al. Sunchon National University, South Korea. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, Volume: 36, Issue: 10, Pages: 1373-1382, Published: Oct, 2003.

Researchers demonstrated that in one year, total phosphorus inflow loads were 80 kg/ha and total outflow loads were 10.1 kg/ha in ponds. Phosphorus removal was attributed to both lotus uptake and soil absorption, which is 69.9 kg/ha/year.

69.9 kg/ha/year = 28.28 kg/acre/year

In summary, the yearly phosphorus absorption rate for Nelumbo is 17.41 - 28.28 kg/acre/ year. The number 17.41 represents the phosphorus biomass increase in Nelumbo alone, while the number 28.28 indicates the phosphorus absorption by both Nelumbo and soil.

Note, the increased absorption of P may not be due to increases of lotus biomass, but other factors related to the soil and surrounding ecology.

P = Phosphorus absorption rate of lotus alone = 17.41 kg/acre/year P = Phosphorus absorption rate of lotus field = 28.28 kg/acre/year

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27

Economic Viability These numbers demonstrate the longterm commercial return of the American Lotus as part of a water remediation package that would, in essence, pay for itself.

Comprehensive revenue estimates are based on existing agricultural products wholesale price and conservative estimates of yield per acre from existing literature.

These are preliminary estimates. Further research and economic modeling must be completed in order to substantiate these projected numbers.

Please note that all prices are taken from US wholesale price and are significantly higher than Asian wholesale prices due to low supply. Each of the yields corresponds to revenue from separate fields that are specific only for a certain lotus product as harvest of certain lotus components can impact the yield of other lotus components.

In comparison to, corn is estimated to generate $111.49-$536.49 profit per acre, with an estimated budgeted cost per acre of about $856.56, excluding land cost.

Economic Viability Revenue Potential Estimates

Revenue Potential Estimates

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Revenue Streams

Yield (units per acre, separate plots)

Wholesale Price (USD)

Revenue (USD)

Cost (USD)*

Profit (USD)

Flowers

42,492 (flower)

4.50 (per flower)

191,214.00

13,400.00

177,814.00

Seeds

5,664 lb

25.44 (per lb)

144,092.16

13,400.00

130,692.16

Stems

6,473 lb

3.00 (per lb)

19,419.00

13,400.00

6,019.00

Rhizome

18,211 lb

12.50 (per lb)

227,637.50

13,400.00

214,237.50

Leaf

1,249 lb

27.04 (per lb)

33,772.96

13,400.00

20,372.96

Total

-

-

616,135.62

67,000.00

549,135.62

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As another point of comparison, kale is estimated to generate $1,829 profit per acre with total revenue being $5,780, with an estimated budgeted cost per acre of about $3,951. (Citation: University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences (2018))

*Costs of resource estimates are made for the pilot, assuming cost of fertilizer and water management would be reduced or lower. The labor cost estimate covers three agricultural workers per acre for planting and harvesting. The initial cost of lotus root seedlings should be higher than subsequent years as long as rhizomes are carried over from each harvest for the following planting season.

*Cost of Resources Estimate

*Cost of Resources Estimate

China Annual Cost (USD/Acre)

US First Year Cost (USD/acre)

US Subsequent Annual Cost (USD/Acre)

Land Usage and Management

1,149.98

2,000

2,000

Water Management

191.66

0

0

Fertilizer

574.99

0

0

Lotus root seedlings

1,533.31

(2-4,000)*(5-7) = 10,000-28,000

200*(5-7) = 1,000-1,400

Labor for rhizomes (to plant, harvest, and manage)

1,533.31

10,000

10,000

Total

4,983.25

40,000

13,400

Comprehensive revenue estimate based on existing agricultural products wholesale price and conservative estimates of the yield per acre from existing literature. Please note that all the prices 29 Copyright Š and 2018.

All rights reserved. are taken from US wholesale price areMidstory. significantly higher than Asian wholesale prices due to low supply. Each of the yields correspond to revenue from separate fields that are specific only for a certain lotus product as harvest of certain lotus components can impact the yield of

Part II - The Project The project components are here presented as one multi-use parkland cultural campus, aimed to provide a new theme for the Marina District parcels currently being planned by Metroparks. It is an example of how we can engage the partnerships and the broader public and pool resources and opportunities towards an effective, mutlifaceted project.

Marina District Parklands With recent development of the Marina District in East Toledo, our group became interested in this strategic piece of land and the planned usage for residential housing and the Metroparks.

In order to increase Toledo’s significance in the national and global arena, we believe and propose that any further development of this strategic piece of land ties together the history and culture of this region with environmental remediation, industry, and historical settlement. Most specifically, the American Lotus should be the enactor and symbol of our city’s vitalization, a powerful icon representing both current bioremediation efforts and the economic growth of our city through its contemporary post-industrial existence.

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A Parkland Campus for the 22nd Century Our team proposes a Marina Memorial Metropark with the regional economy and culture in view. As a special highlight to its historical Marina District lands, this downtown riverfront campus will be a standout park in the greater Metropark system.

The parkland campus is a means to unite, educate and direct people on the history of our region, the Great Black Swamp past, the industrialization of Toledo, and the impact of the futures we create. The Marina Memorial Park will be a place to celebrate a unified view of both swamp and industry, nature and man. From its historically raw coastline, to the rail structures that teetered precariously over the water, to the intense land reclamation over the last century, the very soil and ground of the Marina District presents a perfect foundation to celebrate this rich history. The time is now, especially as the demolition of the monumental ACME steam plant still lies fresh in our memories as a fallen giant of the last great industrial era.

We believe the proposed Memorial Park project echoes and bolsters Metropark’s initiatives with a vision towards the city.

We suggest that the new park grasps the American Lotus and its historical importance in order to give Toledo new values in postindustrial America, as signifier for Toledo’s new thought and tech industries, able to thrive in the next century.

Ultimately this park not only creates a place to hold a common memory for all Toledoans while standing for hope and change in Downtown Riverfront, but also showcases the solution for current algal bloom issue with a lotus-themed park, Great Black Swamp Museum, and Water Research Center serving as the iconic landmark of Toledo, Ohio, as well as a launch pad for subsequent bioremediation efforts.

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The Project - Metropark Phasing

PHASE 1 Ongoing: METROPARK DEVELOPMENT PHASE 2 Natural History: GREAT BLACK SWAMP MUSEUM PHASE 3 Bioremediation: LOTUS PRESERVE PHASE 4 Tourism/Image: RIVERFRONT RESEARCH PLOT With the current Phase I of the Metroparks already underway, our proposal is specifically designed and tailored to work in concert with current development plans.

The Water Project Part II would encompass the development of a Great Black Swamp Museum in the optional parcel of land (that the ACME steam plant used to occupy), a project that would tie together

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future plans for water research on the riverfront, the new wetland park trails, and the cultural and natural history of East Toledo. We suggest that the Metropark Phase III would continue to develop the Marina Memorial Metropark’s wetland and remediation systems to include an iconic lotus preserve and shared-use pathways that metaphorically reflect and display

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Key Components Nelumbo Lutea Preserve Lotus-themed wetland preserve as a symbol of power for city vitalization efforts

ecological

A “park” as a buffer zone for agricultural runoff to protect local habitat and water ecology

Wetland and Prairie Habitat Restoration

Water Research Center A nationally recognized water research facility as a hub for domestic and international cooperation to study harmful algaes, wetland habitats, and river to lake inflows

the experience of early settlers. This experience of the park and of the swamp then guides the traveler through a journey of discovery, science, and history—a unique and authentic addition to Toledo’s riverfront recreational activities. We then propose Metropark Phase IV to be the design and construction of a state-ofthe-art water research facility, a center that would invite researchers from all over

The Experience of the Settler A story of our history and past as a reflection and narrative in which to enhance the collective experience of parkland

Industrial Wetland Sculpture Garden A sunken relic of art, nature, and culture, as to reconcile with our industrial past in order to push towards our post-industrial future

Iconic Landmark

landmark

A restoration of Midwestern biomes as a recovery of the functionality of the ecological systems that balance nutrient loading

Iconic landmark providing meaning and identity to the city, using harmful algal bloom as catalyst to explore history, the swamp, and its connection with current vitalization efforts

cultural

Stormwater Treatment Plots

Great Black Swamp Museum

A need for a symbol of strength, struggle, and perserverance as to uplift the Midwestern narrative and give true weight to Toledoan city pride

the nation and even the world to study harmful algae, microcystin, water pollution, soil and plant biology. The location would be prime real estate for water researchers from the highest levels to come to Toledo to partner and co-op with local institutions and universities to uplift the academic performance and long-term sustainability of the city.

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33

Great Black Swamp Museum

31 Miles, 31 Taverns, & the 32nd Station: An Experience of Settler & Swamp Driving along the open flat farmlands of Northwest Ohio, few realize that the region had once been a densely forested swamp and under water for most of the year. The city of Toledo rose out of the feared Great Black Swamp only 100 years ago. Over a brief 50 years from the 1850s to the early 1900s, settlers aggressively drained glacial lake beds to create the lush garden that exists today. Yet memories of this ecological treasure, which disappeared without a trace, continue to haunt us, its annihilation being the root issue of our current water crisis.

31 taverns were built along a 31-mile route from Fremont to Perrysburg during this moment of rapid expansion. Settlers would only be able to travel one mile per day due to the thick, slimy bogs and treacherous terrain. These 31 stations are now mostly lost in the mud of time, but should by no means be lost in our city’s consciousness as we rebuild and develop the Marina District.

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The experience of the settler, through this stretch of 31 miles and 31 taverns, should be a feature within the new Metropark development as a journey through our city’s conception and a reflective exercise for our city’s future.

Where we are at now is building the next, ‘‘32nd’’ station. We are all traveling on this stretch of road through water and mud.

But where will we go next? What home will we construct for ourselves in this century? We propose an iconic landmark that will identify as this next station, a Great Black Swamp Museum, which will embody the experience of the settler with current citywide revitalization efforts and tie seamlessly with the experience of the Marina Memorial Metropark. The museum will feature an industrial wetland sculpture garden sunken in swamp water as a recollection and reminder of our very recent industrial existence.

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Where we are at now is building the next, 32ndstation.

Maumee and Western Reserve Road

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35

Water Research Center

Lotus, Wetland, and Bioremediation Much discussion has revolved around the recent algal bloom issue in Toledo, yet very little directed action has taken place.

The Marina Memorial Metropark can be a microcosm of citywide efforts to combat the algae issue, being at the forefront of bioremediation and wetland and prairie habitat restoration. Moreover, the Metropark should feature the American Lotus as its primary aquatic vegetation that can provide a symbol for wetland restoration around the region, creating a lotus-themed park that will serve as a site for both beautification and stormwater treatment plots for research and phytoremediation. The Water Research Center can provide another iconic landmark for the city of Toledo, drawing researchers from all over the nation to study harmful algae, lotus, and river

36

ecology. This center not only provides an opportunity to co-op with acclaimed universities in the United States, placing Toledo into a positive national spotlight leading the way for clean water policy research, but also paves a way to engage with international communities and universities for research and partnerships.

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Site Plan

38

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Marina Memorial Metropark On the Marina District site, the museum and park form a powerful parkland campus that commemorates the riverfront industries and the Great Black Swamp. The museum architecture is formed upon the footprint of the industrial complexes and the ACME steam factory whose monumental presence occupied the site for more than 100 years.

Both the building and the park form a fragmented remnant of the bygone manufacturing era, leaving behind a moment captured by the Marina Memorial Metropark: a fragment, a wrinkle, a slice of time that has fallen back into the natural order—half man, half nature. We are continuing the trail of the last settler, and the ground underneath us is clearly uncertain.

The ground is returning to water, and the structures merely a fragment of a factory in the swamp forest.

Great Black Swamp Museum Water Research Center (along shore) Damp Planting (less frequent submersion) Wet Planting (frequent submersion) Water Glass Filtration Landmark

Option Parcel (18 acres)

Phase 1, 2&3 (54 acres)

Wetland Main Channel Soil Stabilization Bank Inland Island Planting Development Parcels (14.8 acres)

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39

Museum Preliminary Programming

The ground is returning to water, and the structures merely a fragment of a...

40

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Smokestack Observatory Main Galleries

Restaurant Auditorium

Filtering Oxidizing Pool Turbine Room Wetland Garden Bridge Outlook Ramp Entrance

factory in the swamp forest.

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41

Design Elements

Reclaimed Structures • reuse of old, abandoned, recyclable materials • paths, sculptures, artwork constellations, walls, structures

Layers + Chasms • process of bioremediation • the unknown chasmic experience • experience of the great black swamp

Sunken Relics • industrial past • post-industrial future • recollection and reflection • memorial and monument

o

tw

42

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thirty-one

2 3

Reclaimed Structures

Layers + Chasms

Sunken Relics Copyright Š 2018. Midstory. All rights reserved.

43

44

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45

Appendix A Research Directions 1. Nutrient Uptake Study A. Real Time/Average/Seasonal/Annual uptake of Phosphorous/ Nitrogen with regards to lotus planting and harvesting cycles B. Uptake of phosphorus/nitrogen in fields with other macrophytes planted with lotus.

C. Water and soil quality dynamics during lotus planting cycles.

2. Agricultural practice study A. Documented American lotus agricultural planting practice, concerning timing, preparation of the field, seedlings preparation, water flow speed control.

B. Pests, insects and diseases frequencies and severity.

C. Grass and weeds management.

D. Different planting methods comparison (one crops with other macrophytes, double croppings of lotus) E. Winter crop management 3. Farming Operation study A. Costs of planting and managing the lotus plots.

46

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B. Yields per acre of each lotus parts.

C. Revenue and profit for marketable parts of lotus.

4. Marketing study A. Established channels of sales of marketable parts of lotus in Toledo and in the United States.

B. Creative way of commercializing American lotus in Toledo or in the United States in other industries.

C. Feasibility study of incorporation existing Toledo infrastructure/ manufacture/food processing industries into lotus processing industries.

5. Others A. Genetic modification/plant hybridization: Potential plant hybridization of American lotus for targeted commercial applications, such as larger rhizomes, larger flowers, flowers of different colors, leaves or seeds. Development of other American lotus species for landscape, economic or agricultural applications.

B. Site attraction evaluation /survey: Responses from local community and visitors towards lotus planting site and the purpose of the pilot project for Toledo water crisis and city revitalization, through number of visitors coming/increasing, exposure to local newspapers, national news, art events and local social gatherings.

C. Farmers involvement study: Data/statistics of interested local farmers towards organic farming practice with lotus.

D. Food administration and regulations towards lotus products’ distribution in the United States.

E. Nutrients/Medicinal value analysis of American lotus in local labs.

F. Lotus farming-incentive technology network in the local area.

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47

Appendix B Lotus Nurseries and Suppliers 1. Green Vista Water Gardens 4034 Dayton-Springfield Rd. Springfield, OH 45502 (937) 324-5039 gvistawg@gmail.com 2. Everwilde Farms, Inc. PO Box 40 Sand Creek, WI, 54765 (888) 848-3837 sales@everwilde.com 3. Missouri Wildflowers Nursery 9814 Pleasant Hill Road Jefferson City, MO. 65109 (573) 496-3492 mowldflrs@socket.net 4. MySeeds.Co 6117 217th Street Bayside, NY 11364 (718) 864-1494

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5. PondLotus.com Auburn, AL 36849 (330) 488-2115 6. Rarexoticseeds 465 St-Jean Street, Montreal, Qc, Canada, H2Y 2R6 7. Strictly Medicinal PO Box 299 Williams, OR 97544 (541) 846-6704 8. Wildflower Seed & Plant Growers Asscn., Inc. P.O. Box 776 Crescent City, FL 32112 (352) 998-8117

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9. Bergen Water Gardens & Nursery 7443 Buffalo Road Churchville, New York 14428 (585) 293-2860

15. Signature Horticultural Services 19960 Gore Mill Rd Freeland, MD 21053 (410) 329-6466

10. LiveAquaria 2253 Air Park Road, P.O. Box 100 Rhinelander, WI 54501 (800) 334-3699

16. Hoffman’s Water X Scapes Garden Center 1021 E Caston Rd. Green, OH 44685 (330) 896-9811

11. Texas Water Lilies 25999 N Lake Rd Waller, TX 77484 (939) 931-9880

17. Mellow Marsh Farm, Inc. 1312 Woody Store Road Siler City, NC 27344 (919) 742-1200

12. Wetland Plants Inc 812 Drummonds Point Rd Edenton, NC 27932 (252) 482-5707 13. Wicklein’s Water Gardens 1820 Cromwell Bridge Road Baltimore, Maryland 21234 (410) 823-1335 (800) 382-6716 14. William Tricker, Inc. 7125 Tanglewood Drive Independence, OH 44131 (800) 524-3492

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49

Appendix C University and Research Centers 1. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida (IFAS) Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc. 7922 NW 71st Street Gainesville, FL 32653 2. The Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology at North Carolina State University 620 Hutton St, Raleigh, NC 27606 3. Stroud Water Research Center 970 Spencer Rd, Avondale, PA 19311 4. Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University 2 Research Blvd Starkville , Mississippi 39759

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5. Virginia Water Resources Research Center at Virginia Tech University 210 Cheatham Hall (0444) Blacksburg, VA 24061 6. The Everglades Wetland Research Park, Florida Gulf Coast University 10501 FGCU Blvd. S. Fort Myers, FL 33965 7. The Virginia Commonwealth University Rice Rivers Center 3701 John Tyler Memorial Hwy Charles City, Virginia 23030 8. Duke University Wetland Center 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC 27710

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9. Water Institute, Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218 10. The Howard T. Odum Center for Wetlands, University of Florida 102 Phelps Lab | Museum Rd Gainesville, FL 32611 11. North Creek Wetlands Overview, The University of Washington Bothell 18115 Campus Way NE Bothell, WA 98011-8246 12. UToledo Lake Erie Center 6200 Bay Shore Rd, Oregon, OH 43616

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Appendix D Distributors 1. HK Produce Group Inc (DBA 6. Everyday Fresh Produce, Inc 2404 S. Wolcott Ave. Unit 14, Y2S Trading) Chicago, IL 60608 31-09 Starr Ave, Long Island City, NY 11101 7. George J. Cornille & Sons, Inc. 2404 S. Wolcott Ave, 2. John’s Market Chicago, IL 60608 25-20 50th Ave., Long Island City, NY 11101 8. Golden Country Oriental Food 3. May Wah Vegetarian Market L.L.C. 2355 S. Blue Island Ave., 213 Hester St., Chicago, IL 60608 New York, NY 10013 4. Chicago Oriental Wholesale 9. Midwest Foods 3100 W. 36th Street, Market Chicago, IL 60632 1902 S. Lumber St., Chicago, IL 60616 10. Truong Enterprises Inc. 5. Coosemans Chicago, Inc. 2300 South Halsted Street.

Chicago, IL 60608 2404 S. Wolcott, Unit #13, Chicago, IL 60608

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11. Joong Boo Market 3333 N. Kimball Ave., Chicago, IL 60618

19. Vegiworks 2101 Jerrold Avenue, Suite 110 San Francisco, CA 94124

12. Thailand Food Corp.

4821 N BROADWAY ST, Chicago, IL, 60640

20.Yi Bao Produce Group Inc. 3015 Leonis Boulevard Vernon, CA 90058

13. Happy Farm Produce 1995 Jerrold ave, San Francisco, CA 14. Stc Distributing Co. 1980 Jerrold Ave, San Francisco, CA 94124 15. Yuet Cheong Produce Co. 2040 Jerrold Ave, San Francisco, CA 94124 16. D.H. Oriental Produce Inc 2680 S. Bonnie Beach Pl., Vernon, CA 90058 17. Pacific Sun Distributing Inc 5624 Bandini Blvd, Bell Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90101 US 18. Pacific Rim Produce 1950 North Loop Rd. Alameda, CA 94502

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Appendix E Wetland Management Companies 1. United States Army Corps of Engineers 441 G Street NW, Washington DC 20314-1000

6. Langan Engineering 300 Kimball Drive 4th Floor Parsippany, NJ 07054

2. US Army Engineer District, Jacksonville 701 San Marco Blvd.

Jacksonville, FL 32207

7. Michael Baker International 500 Grant Street Suite 5400 Pittsburgh, PA 15219

3. Wildlands Engineering 1430 S. Mint St, Suite 104 Charlotte, NC 28203

8. Kleinfelder 550 West C Street, Suite #1200 San Diego, CA 92101

4. Barr Engineering 4300 Market Pointe Drive, Suite 200 Minneapolis, MN 55435

9. Biohabitats Chesapeake/Delaware Bays Bioregion The Stables Building 2081 Clipper Park Road Baltimore, Maryland 21211

5. LJA Engineering 2929 Briarpark Drive, Suite 600 Houston, Texas 77042

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10. Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc 5300 Wellington Branch Drive, Suite 100 Gainesville, Virginia 20155 11. ASTI Environmental 10448 Citation Dr., Suite 100 Brighton, Michigan 48116 12. EnviroScience 5070 Stow Road Stow, OH 44224 13. EnviroScience - Detroit 28 West Adams Ave., Suite 1001 Detroit, Michigan 48226

17. Ducks Unlimited One Waterfowl Way Memphis, Tennessee, USA 38120 18. Haynes Construction 3130 State Route 18 E. Norwalk OH 44857 19. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 4625 Morse Rd., Suite 104, Columbus, OH 43230-8355 20. Environmental Remediation Contractor 6006 Groveport Rd , Groveport, OH 43125

14. Hamilton/Anderson 1435 Randolph St. #200 Detroit, MI 48226 15. Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2045 Morse Road Columbus, Oh 43229 16. Smithgroup JJR 201 Depot St., Second Floor Ann Arbor, MI 4810

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Appendix F Locations where Lotus Grow Sterling State Park 2800 State Park Road, I-75 Exit 15, Monroe, MI 48162

Lake Loramie State Park 4401 Ft. Loramie Swanders Road Minster, Ohio 45865

Cullen Park 4526 N. Summit St. Toledo, Ohio

Sheldon Marsh State Nature Preserve 2715 Cleveland Road W Huron, OH 44839

Stearns Bayou Ottawa County, Michigan Cowan Lake State Park 1750 Osborn Road Wilmington, Ohio 45177 Old Woman Creek State Nature Preserve 2514 Cleveland Road East Huron, OH 44839

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Tappan Lake Park 84000 Mallarnee Rd. Deersville, OH 44693 East Sandusky Bay Metropark 3819 Cleveland Rd. (US 6) Sandusky, OH 44870 Lake Erie Metropark 32481 W. Jefferson Brownstown, MI 48173 Erie Marsh Preserve Erie Township, Monroe County

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Gibraltar Bay Nature Area East River Road Grosse Ile, MI 48138

Lotus Garden Park 1289 Sandbridge Road, Virginia Beach, VA

Great Egret Marsh Preserve 900-, 1068 N Buck Rd, Lakeside Marblehead, OH 43440

Crow’s Nest Natural Area Preserve Stafford, VA

Point Pelee National Park 407 Monarch Lane | Rr 1, Leamington, Ontario N8H 3V4, Canada Amana Lily Lake, Amana Colonies 622 46th Ave, Amana, IA 52203 Turner’s Creek Park Kent County, MD Mattawoman Creek Charles County, MD Sassafras River Cecil County, MD Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens Washington, DC

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