English Heritage Kids Rule! March 2020

THEZINE A NG A M GY OU FOR MBERS! E M

Supports the Key Stage 2 Curriculum

THE Kids RuLe! GUIDE TO…

ANCIENT WISDOM See if you know your Neanderthal from your Neolithic in our quiz

OL SCHO OCK OF Rr how to

ve e Disco toneheng S y d buil ur stone-b o ! h e it id w gu stone

Becom

ea Stone A graffitgi e artist

Prehistoric house tour

IrOn Age InvAsioN!

Can you win the race to Maiden Castle in our game?

Step into a Bronze Age roundhouse

spear we go again!

INSIDE NEOLITHIC MINE MAZE • SPEAK STONE AGE PREHYSTERICAL JOKES • INSIDE A LONG BARROW

LANDOF THE

ANCIENTS

Welcome to your guide to prehistoric England, where life was very different to today. Help us to start our journey back in time by filling in the missing words from the list below…

When the arrived in Britain in AD 43, people had already been living here for thousands of years. The first people in Britain were always on the move, hunting animals and living off nuts and wild fruit. Around years ago they started to settle in one place, growing crops and keeping animals.

These were the first farmers and they started what is known as the period, from 4000–2400BC. The most incredible thing they left behind was , a huge circle of stones that still stands today. Just after Stonehenge was completed around 2500BC, the began. It was called this because people started to make tools and jewellery from bronze and gold, instead of stones.

The started in 800BC and lasted until the Romans showed up 843 years later. Around this time, people began living in villages or forts. Sometimes they would have to fight other tribes to protect their homes, using their new iron swords and arrows. You can still see the remains of many hillforts, such as Maiden Castle, which is as big as 50 football pitches!

L What OL! a preh do you with istoric mcall MISSING WORDS dung mamm an oth in Anyt his ears?

Bronze Age Romans Neolithic want hing you , Stonehenge 6,000 Iron Age hearhe can’t you!

Answers: 1 Romans 2 6,000 3 Neolithic 4 Stonehenge 5 Bronze Age 6 Iron Age

Timeline of the issue Charting your journey from the Stone Age to the arrival of the Romans 02

3650BC

2500BC

2400BC

Look inside West Kennet Long Barrow Page 14

How to build Stonehenge Page 6

Escape from the Grime’s Graves maze Page 12

Some of the world’s most famous cave paintings can be seen in the Lascaux cave in southern France

Britain ’s cave a oldest found r t was in Creswe caves at ll Derbys Crags in dates b hire and ack t Ice Ag o the e!

Become a Stone Age graffiti artist!

The oldest cave paintings in Britain are 14,000 years old. Now it’s your turn to make your own…

STEP

1

ke your prehistoric paint

Ma e their paints out Cave painters would have mad and charcoal. mud as such ls eria of natural mat in white, black, lks cha To make yours, get coloured to grind them e ston a Use . nge ora red, brown and arate bowls sep into into powder. Put the powders paste. nice a get you il unt er and add wat

5 things to spot

STEP

2

Make your cave wall

Scrunch up some brown paper to make it look like a craggy rock face. Or you could papier mâché. To make this use air-drying clay or , mix three par ts water to one par t flour. Dip in strips of newspaper and make a ball out of the we t pieces before flattening it out. Once dry, paint it light grey or light brown .

STEP

3

There are lots of things to look out for in this issue. Can you find these hidden in the pages?

w Arro

Sheep

Clay pot

Paint!

simple Prehistoric people mostly painted stick , ints dpr han als, pictures of anim try to tell ld cou You s. tern pat or res figu and a story just using simple pictures This is. it t wha ss gue to d frien a ask could be anything from, ‘I’ve had a successful hunt,’ to, ‘There are fish in the river over the hill.’

Jewellery

’re tions! You Congratula raffi ti ar tist! eg a Stone Ag

Shield

900BC

100BC

AD75

Homes through history – Beeston Castle roundhouse Page 10

Play our Maiden Castle invasion board game Page 8

A day in the life of Endelyn at Chysauster in Cornwall Page 4

200631

This cave painting is easy!

03

life…

A day in theat Ch ysauster

Meet Endelyn, a child village in Cornwall in AD75

You have

Stay safe!

no -tin

to worry about!

Endelyn wakes up on a bright spring morning.

She waves goodbye to her dad as he leaves early to dig for tin outside the village.

These will go down a treat later

Dad

loves a good yarn

After breakfast Endelyn is put to work spinning wool into yarn in the family house. It’s a busy time as all the sheep are being sheared for their wool.

Back at the village, some Roman soldiers arrive and want to trade to supply the Roman fort at Exeter.

The general is selfish when it

comes to sharing

Bleurgh!

You’re welcome to them!

There is farming and mining at Chysauster and, as it’s not far from the sea, fishing as well. Endelyn joins some of the villagers for a fishing trip. The oysters are a delicacy.

Ooooooh

shellfish

I’ll take all of those oysters The villagers don’t see the Romans very often, so everyone looks on. The Romans barter and give the village pottery and metal products, including spoons and bowls.

Back at the house Endelyn’s brother Edern is making bowls. He’s copying a pattern from some of the nice Roman pottery that the soldiers traded.

Tonight is a special night. Preparations for it include milking the animals and using some of the meat from the pigs the family keep in the garden.

What are you

drawing?

I don’t know but it’s making my eyes go funny!

Seeds are being planted for the summer crops, so a ritual is taking place around the village fogou, which is an underground passageway.

Thanks for the wool earlier,

Meh!

mum’s going to make a new blanket

May the goddess bless our crops

Yawn!

I hope we get a good harvest

Now I know how those oysters feel in their shells

The village only has 10 families, so everyone squeezes around the fogou for the ritual.

After the ritual it’s an early night for Endelyn, as they have to get up early to plant the barley, wheat and rye.

It’s a tough life for the village kids.

To see where Endelyn lived at Chysauster Ancient Village, go to www.english-heritage. org.uk/chysauster

HOW TO BUILD

e G n E H STONE rs Stonehenge in Wiltshire was built 4,500 yea ago by people who were skilled at maths, engineering and astronomy. Let’s use those skills to discover how they did it!

HING C N U R C R E B 1 NehUenMge was built using sabrsluenesto(ane. It’s

Ston called and a rock m the sandstone) ens were brought fro The rs y. a sa w e a th likely 25 miles ills, 180 gh Downs, H u li ro se o b re rl P a e M from th e m sarsens ca 75 e es n er bluesto lly there w a in g ri lculate O ca y.

Can you miles awa luestones. ere b w 0 s 8 e t n u o o st b and a tal the to in s e ? il e g m n how many ng them to Stonehe ri carried to b

2 ROLLING STONES The wheel had not been invented when Stonehenge was built so people probably used sledges dragged along rollers to transport the stones, and boats to bring them from Wales. Many of the stones are missing because people long ago took them for constructio n nearby. Now there are only 33 sarsens left. Can you calculate the percentage of sarsen stones that have gone missing ?

06

and Mor tice ts in jo n o ten

3 JOINED TOGETHER

nge lived in the The people who built Stonehe of the Stone Age. This t par last the iod, per ic lith Neo ls were made from too so al, met was a time before ropes made from and stone, wood, bone and antler, work the stones to es ston mer ham plants. They used to hold them ts join and to make mor tise and tenon these joints? de ma y the k thin you together. Why do

7 SOLSTICTERY SYMME nrise

it’s ju st dawne d on me !

of su the positions monitor the To calculate to people had , et ns su least a year. d an e sun over at th of ts en sunrise and movem emes of the (meaning The two extr tic lled sols es work sunset are ca l’). Can you ‘sun standstil ons where sunrise ti out the direc uld be from your o w t se n su d an ol today? o h sc r o house

8 SUN WORSHIP Prehistoric people proba bly gathered at Stonehenge to mark the changing season s.

Perhaps they thought the sun was a god and in the mid dle of winter gathered to pra y for the return of the ligh t so they could plant crops.

6 A SPECIAL DESIGN

r Summe solstice

Antler pick

Stonehenge was built to align with the sun. If you stand in the centre at sunrise on the longest day, the sun rises over the Heel Stone, a single stone outside the monument. On the shortest day, the sun goes down between the two stones of the tallest trilithon at the head of the inner horseshoe.

Pretty clever, eh?

5 A LOT OFORK HARD W ople To raise the vertical stones, which weighed up to 30 tons each, people dug holes with sloping sides in the ground using antler picks, and then pulled the stones upright into position. They then used wooden scaffolding to raise the horizontal lintel stones into position. What sort of tool do you think they used to move the heavy stones up, step by step?

Answers: 1 Sarsen: 25 miles x 75 = 1,875 miles. Bluestone: 80 x 180 miles = 14,400 miles. Total = 16,275 miles 2 33/75 sarsens = 44% remaining and 56% missing 3 To keep the stones stable and in place for a long time 4 Levers

4 HEAVE-HO!

y pe We don’t know wh rt to build fo ef is th l al to went probably ey th t bu Stonehenge as re ons. It did it for religious and took a ct oje pr was a huge ople would long time! Other pe food and ide ov pr have had to nt and me drink, supply equip n. re ild ch e look af ter th

07

rt sta ere h

Race

maiden

A rival Iron Age tribe is poised hillfort in Dorset. Have you got

der!

Defen Someone leaves the gate open and several of the cattle escape.

Go back 3 spaces!

You make peace with a neighbouring tribe, who help to defend.

Have another go!

What you need

HOW TO PLAY

Wet weather means the harvest is bad and food is running out.

Miss a go!

A trader arrives with useful metal for making tools and weapons.

Go forward 2 spaces!

There are arguments within the community about land and space for houses.

Go back 1 space!

An important member of your community injures herself while helping to build a new palisade.

Miss a go!

It’s 100 BC and Maiden Castle – the largest Iron Age hillfort in Britain – is home to several hundred settlers who live a simple existence, farming and hunting for food.

Surrounded by an inner bank and ditch, and rows of ramparts, the fort is well defended, but a rival tribe have set up camp nearby

You make a trip to Chesil Beach to collect sling stones, ready for any attack.

Go forward 1 space!

Some people become ill and are too weak to defend.

Go back to the beginning!

The people hold a great feast, creating a sense of community.

Have another go!

To play Race for Maiden Castle, you will need the following: • 1 die • 2 counters (coins will do) • Nerves of steel

in!e w u Yo ne warrior! Th

now Well do rs… for still you hillfort is

for

start

castle

to launch an attack on Maiden Castle what it takes to survive or succeed? and are preparing to launch an attack…

Ask a friend to play with you and decide who is going to defend the hillfort and who is going to attack it. Now flip a coin to see who goes first and take turns to roll the die to see who can make it to the fort first. Look out for the hazards along the way!

here

Your warriors want to go home soon to get the harvest in before winter.

Miss a go!

attack e

r!

You have the fort surrounded and control access to food and water.

Go forward 2 spaces!

Wet weather makes the slopes of the castle slippery and difficult to assault.

Go back 3 spaces!

Your bravest warriors have no fear of death and are ready to lead the attack.

Go forward 1 space!

The defenders are well supplied, so you can’t starve them out.

Go back 1 space!

The chariots you brought are no good against the castle ramparts.

Go back to the beginning!

You have carnyx horns with you, which strike fear in your enemies.

Have another go!

LOL!

The druid of your tribe performs a ritual to boost your warriors’ spirits.

Have another go!

When d people haid the smarteve clothes? st The Ironing Age! An allied tribe are overawed by the size of the fort and run away in the night.

Miss a go!

You win!

You successfully raid the fort.

Time for a feast to celebrate!

ORY HOMES THROUGH HIST

e h t o t e m o c l We

o h d n rou like in a Bronze Age Discover what life was own mini model! ur abode – and make yo

We sent young Members Maddy and Kingsley to the roundhouse at Beeston Castle and Woodland Park to interview a Bronze Age settler M: Why is it so smoky in here?

We keep our fire burning all the time. It keeps us warm and stops the roof from getting too damp. The hearth means we can keep a pot above it too, so we can cook our food.

M: Where are the rooms?

We don’t have rooms. We don’t have servants or animals in here, we live together as a family.

K: Where do you go to the toilet?

In a pot, of course. Then we empty it into a ditch well away from our home – as it can be smelly!

M: How did you build your house?

We had tools to use, from axes to gouges. A lot of our tools are made from bronze, which is a mix of copper and tin. These metals are mined in places such as Wales and Cornwall.

K: What is the house made of?

Our roof is thatched, which means it’s made of reeds from the nearby river. We have wood from ash trees that form the poles, and from hazel trees for the walls. We keep a healthy supply of local trees, so we can be positive we have enough wood to build the next house and the next…

You can see the roundhouse for yourself at Beeston Castle and Woodland Park in Cheshire. Go to www.englishheritage.org.uk/beeston for more information!

10

Watc the v h ideo

To watc h intervie the full w, www.en go to heritag glishe.org.uk / kids

! e s u o your e k a m o t e Now it’s tim of our l e d o m i n i own m use! o h d n u o r e Bronze Ag ds Ki ture issues of Look out for fu es at e to get templ Rule! magazin gh homes throu to create more t them all to history. Collec of model make a street the ages! houses through

STEP 1

d the ownloa -up to d dhouse from n w ro g roun Ask a for your .uk/kids template age.org

it

lish-her

g www.en

STEP 2

Print off the te cut out the di mplate and fferent sectio ns

STEP 3

tions e instruc Follow th n your ow to create it on t u p d del an iends! mini mo ss your fr re p im display to 11

Find the flint

Welcome to Grime’s Graves – a Neolithic flint mine in Norfolk. See if you can find your way through the mine shafts to find the flint, avoiding the bats, spiders, snakes and rockfalls on the way!

START

here

ot: to sp s g n i 5 th

Skull Axe

What was Grime’s Graves?

Grime’s Graves was once the site of over 400 flint mines. About 4,500 years ago miners dug pits to extract black flint deep in the chalk to make tools, weapons and ceremonial objects. The shafts were up to 13 metres deep and the miners prised out the flint using picks made from antlers.

Mining continued until about 2100 BC and then the disused mines were used as graves between about 390 and 150 BC. The Anglo-Saxons believed the pitted landscape (see below) was the work of their god Woden, known as Grim, and named it Grim’s burial ground, which evolved into Grime’s Graves.

If you saw this lunar landscape centuries ago, what would you have thought it was?

Bird skull

ers Antl mp Chalk la

You found it!

LOL!

hs six What weig d has n a es n ton ls? ee h 16 w ll A woo y n mammothteos! roller ska 5

6

2

1 3

4

THEN

Look inside‌ West

Kennet Long Barrow Discover how Neolithic people built this tomb in Avebury over 5,000 years ago

1

Building a house for the dead

Here are people building the central part of the barrow, which is where Neolithic people buried their dead. They are taking great care in building the barrow.

2

Moving the stones

The tomb has large and smaller stones, which are carefully placed. Here is one way to move the large stones with ropes and levers. Look how many people it takes to move one stone.

14

Can you spot it?

3

NOW

Dry stone walling

This man is carefully placing small stones very evenly between the large uprights. This is called dry stone walling. It helps to keep everything in place and stops the walls from collapsing.

4

Everyone helping

The children are collecting some of the smaller stones and making a pile of them. These will be used for the dry stone walling. Can you see where the stones will go?

A man carrying water

A man building a wall

5

Digging the ditch

Lots of people are helping to dig an enormous ditch all around the barrow. They are filling wicker baskets with chalk.

They carry the chalk to help build a mound at the back of the tomb.

6

Roofing the chambers

These people are placing very large flat stones over the chambers to make a roof.

These stones are called cap stones. The chambers will be covered in chalk too.

A dog on the prowl

YOU diD it!

d nee We art! r you

Last issue we challenged you to design a Second World War poster and here are some of your amazing creations!

Alice aged 11

RU

NN UP ER-

RU

NN UP ER-

R!

NE WIN

Thomas aged 12

Isobel, aged 8

COMPETITION

Design an Iron Age shield e lov we ese! th

Enter our competition for your chance to win a £100 goody bag!

Maia, aged 10

In the Iron Age the shields used for battle would have been made out of wood. However, a number of highly decorated, ceremonial metal shields have been found. We would like you to have a go at designing your own. Go to www.english-heritage. org.uk/kids to download your shield template, learn more and enter.

We’ve got a goody bag from the English Heritage shop worth £100 for the reader who designs the most impressive shield!

Alice, aged 9

Terms and conditions The closing date and time for entries is midnight on 13 April 2020. For full terms and conditions, go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids.

This magazine is published on behalf of English Heritage by Immediate Media Co. www.immediate.co.uk For English Heritage Luke Whitcomb, Johanna Lovesey, Tom Dennis, Tony Dike, Richard Leatherdale, Fran Gibbons For Immediate Media Co Group editor Matt Havercroft, Group production editor Oliver Hurley, Senior art editor Sam Freeman, Art editor Elaine Knight-Roberts, Account director Esther Procee, Account manager Joanne Robinson, Director Julie Williams, Editorial director Dan Linstead, Design director Will Slater Contributors Susan Greaney, Heather Sebire, Win Scutt, Adam Rees Illustrations Wesley Robins

15

THE

MAMMOTH

PREHISTORIC QUIZ

1

See if you know your Neanderthal from your Neolithic – and look out for our trick questions!

How many years ago did humans begin to evolve from chimpanzees?

A 5,000,000

B 1,000,000 C 15,000,000 D 7,000,000

6

What were ‘flint scrapers’ used for?

AT o remove fat from animal hides to make leather

B To dig up hard ground C To fight each other with D To cut down crops

2

Which is the odd one out?

A Iron Age

7

Which of these dinosaurs existed in the Iron Age? A Diplodocus

B Mesozoic Age C Bronze Age D Stone Age

B Pteranodon C Stegosaurus D Brontosaurus

3

What was the first species to stand on two feet?

A Homo sapiens

B Homo habilis C Homo erectus D Homo neanderthalensis

4

8

During the Iron Age, our ancestors lived in…

A Caves

B Square stone houses C Tents D Roundhouses Which of these things did our ancestors use to make tools and weapons?

A Leather

B Light CT o frighten away

B Stone C Bone D Antlers

wild animals

D To cook

5

Which animal did people train to help them hunt during the Stone Age? A Dog

B Bear C Wolf D Fox

10

Which popular game originated in the Stone Age? A Dice

B Marbles C Dominoes D Monopoly

Answers: 1 D 7,000,000 2 B Mesozoic Age 3 C Homo erectus 4 All of these! 5 A Dog 6 A To remove fat from animal hides to make leather 7 None of them! 8 D Roundhouses 9 All of them! 10 A Dice 11 C Rice 12 C Yoghurt

HOW DID YOU DO? 1–3 correct Oh dear! Go back to Stone Age school!

16

4–7 correct Your Neolithic knowledge needs work!

8–10 correct Nice try. The pagan gods bless you!

Which of these WASN’T eaten in prehistoric England?

B Cheese

A Bread

C Rice

12

D Pork Which of these WAS eaten in prehistoric England?

es A Potato

9

What did man make fire for?

A Warmth

11

11–12 correct Your ancient wisdom is impressive!

B Oranges C Yoghur t D Cucum ber

O TALK LIKE HOWTT HE STONE A IT’S

GE

People in Neolithic Europe didn’t write words down but we have an idea what they would have sounded like. In his book Written in Stone, expert Christopher Stevens says these words were the start of the English language: Pe – open M Mei! Mei – smile An – breathe M – me Bhal – sun Luh – moon Kard – heart Kuon – dog Wos – animals Pu – poo