Figure 2. Number of federal and state-listed species in California’s groundwater basins. Adopted from the Critical Species LookBook, The Nature Conservancy (2019).
Figure 3. The life cycle of a Pacific salmon species: chinook salmon (© Bridget Bailey, 2023).
Figure 4. The hyporheic zone. Water and nutrient exchange occurs between shallow groundwater and surface water along the base of a streambed to support several life stages of the Pacific salmon (© Nicole Kit, 2023).
How do Pacific salmon species rely on groundwater?
HydroVisions
2023 Spring Issue 37