Florida Water Resources Journal - November 2026

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Editor’s Office and Advertiser Information: Florida Water Resources Journal 1402 Emerald Lakes Drive Clermont, FL 34711 Phone: 352-241-6006 Editorial, editor@fwrj.com Display and Classified Advertising, ads@fwrj.com

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Published by BUENA VISTA PUBLISHING for Florida Water Resources Journal Inc. President: Joe Paterniti (FWEA) Clay County Utility Authority Vice President: Greg Taylor (FSAWWA) Mead Hunt Treasurer: Rim Bishop (FWPCOA) Seacoast Utility Authority Secretary: Marjorie Craig (FSAWWA)

Moving? The Post Office will not forward your magazine. Do not count on getting the Journal unless you notify us directly of address changes by the 15th of the month preceding the month of issue. Please do not telephone address changes. Email changes to changes@fwrj.com or mail to Florida Water Resources Journal, 1402 Emerald Lakes Drive, Clermont, FL 34711

Membership Questions FSAWWA: Casey Cumiskey – 407-979-4806 or Casey@fsawwa.org FWEA: Laura Cooley, 407-574-3318, admin@fwea.org FWPCOA: Darin Bishop – 561-840-0340

Training Questions FSAWWA: Donna Metherall – 407-979-4805 or Donna@fsawwa.org FWPCOA: Shirley Reaves – 321-383-9690

For Other Information FDEP Operator Certification: Ron McCulley – 850-245-7500 FSAWWA: Kim Kowalski – (407) 979-4814 Florida Water Resources Conference: 267-884-6292 FWPCOA Operators Helping Operators: John Lang – 772-559-0722, oho@fwpcoa.org FWEA: Laura Cooley – 407-574-3318, admin@fwea.org

Websites Florida Water Resources Journal: fwrj.com FWPCOA: fwpcoa.org FSAWWA: fsawwa.org FWEA: fwea.org and fweauc.org Florida Water Resources Conference: fwrc.org Throughout this issue trademark names are used. Rather than place a trademark symbol in every occurrence of a trademarked name, we state we are using the names only in an editorial fashion, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. None of the material in this publication necessarily reflects the opinions of the sponsoring organizations. All correspondence received is the property of the Florida Water Resources Journal and is subject to editing. Names are withheld in published letters only for extraordinary reasons. Authors agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless the Florida Water Resources Journal Inc. (FWRJ), its officers, affiliates, directors, advisors, members, representatives, and agents from any and all losses, expenses, third-party claims, liability, damages and costs (including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees) arising from authors’ infringement of any intellectual property, copyright or trademark, or other right of any person, as applicable under the laws of the state of Florida.

Salute to Veterans in the Water and Wastewater Industry 16 17 26 27 28 30 31

Celebrating Veterans Day! Recruiting, Hiring, and Retaining Veterans Veterans and Military Persons Helpful Links FSAWWA Veterans Initiative: Strengthening Our Workforce With Heroes—Mark McDowell Veterans Memorial Park of Pensacola Reader Profile: Veterans Edition—Ken Enlow FSAWWA Veterans Service Recognition

News and Features

4 Future-Ready Water Management: Proactively Addressing Emerging Contaminants, Technology, and Resilience 6 A Collaborative Public-Private Partnership Delivers the Prospect Lake Clean Water Center for Fort Lauderdale—Megan Ross 10 FWRJ Features New Safety Column 12 Chemistry Versus Kinetics: Handling Fats, Oils, and Grease in Collection Systems— Bill Cox 41 Protecting Our Youth: Lessons Learned From Early Lead and Copper Rule Improvements for School and Childcare Sampling Programs—Stewart Campbell, Carla Ndoun, and Brendan O’Brien 54 Why Water Conservation Should be a YearRound Practice in Florida—Michael Dukes 60 News Beat

Columns

32 FWEA Focus—David Hernandez 40 Safety From the Field—Robert Smith 44 C Factor—Kevin G. Shropshire 45 Test Yourself—Charles Lee Martin Jr. 52 Let’s Talk Safety: Handling the Load: Forklift Safety 56 Speaking Out—Tyler Tedcastle

Departments 61 61 62

Classifieds New Products Display Advertiser Index

Technical Articles

34 Electrochemical Treatment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Novel Nickel Diselenide Catalysts in Real Water Matrices—Samuel Adjei-Nimoh, Manuel Alejandro Ramirez-Ubillus, Md Touhidul Islam, Lei Zhai, A H M Anwar Sadmani, and Woo Hyoung Lee

Education and Training

46 FSAWWA Fall Conference Schedule of Events 47 FSAWWA Fall Conference Highlights 48 FSAWWA Fall Conference Registration 49 FSAWWA Fall Conference Incoming Chair’s Reception and BBQ 50 FSAWWA Fall Conference Poker Night and Happy Hour 59 FWPCOA Training Calendar

Volume 77

ON THE COVER: The American flag stands as a powerful symbol of the freedoms veterans have defended for generations. Its stars and stripes reflect the courage, sacrifice, and unwavering commitment of those who served. The salute to veterans begins on page 16. (photo: Google Images)

November 2026

Number 11

Florida Water Resources Journal, USPS 069-770, ISSN 0896-1794, is published monthly by Florida Water Resources Journal Inc., 1402 Emerald Lakes Drive, Clermont, FL 34711, on behalf of the Florida Water & Pollution Control Operator’s Association Inc.; Florida Section, American Water Works Association; and the Florida Water Environment Association. Members of all three associations receive the publication as a service of their association; $6 of membership dues support the Journal. Subscriptions are otherwise available within the U.S. for $24 per year. Periodicals postage paid at Clermont, Fla., and additional offices.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Florida Water Resources Journal, 1402 Emerald Lakes Drive, Clermont, FL 34711

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 3

Future-Ready Water Management: Proactively Addressing Emerging Contaminants, Technology, and Resilience The Coral Springs Improvement District (CSID) water and wastewater treatment campus plays a critical role in delivering safe drinking water and responsibly treating wastewater for approximately 40,000 residents and businesses. Its centralized design supports efficiency, reliability, and longterm sustainability while helping ensure that essential water services remain available to the community. The CSID 7.4-million-gallon-per-day (mgd) water treatment plant (WTP) uses reverse osmosis membranes to treat groundwater from the Biscayne Aquifer. The 11 production wells are located within half a mile of the WTP. Once the raw water reaches the facility, it passes through sand strainers, cartridge filters, reverse osmosis membranes, and degasifiers. Three parallel twostage reverse osmosis membrane trains remove dissolved constituents, organic compounds, and contaminants of emerging concern, including perand polyfluoroalkyl substances. The membrane concentrate is pumped to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for disposal. These processes are carefully managed to meet or exceed applicable state and federal drinking water standards. After treatment, finished water is stored in three onsite ground storage tanks prior to distribution. The high-service pump station contains seven electrically driven horizontal split-case pumps that maintain distribution system pressure, as well as one diesel-enginedriven backup pump that automatically starts in response to emergency low-system pressure. These pumps distribute chloraminated drinking water through a network of approximately 122 miles of transmission and distribution mains.

The CSID staff monitors the wellfield, treatment plant, and distribution system around the clock using supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, online water quality analyzers, and advanced data analytics. The staff also utilizes remote pressure sensors integrated with SCADA to continuously monitor distribution system performance. In addition, CSID is implementing a Sensus-based advanced metering infrastructure system to improve metering accuracy, increase operational efficiency, and reduce nonrevenue water losses through realtime leak detection across approximately 10,000 service accounts. Emergency preparedness is an important component of CSID’s water system operations. In case of a power outage, CSID can operate the wellfield, water treatment plant, and distribution system using a series of diesel generators located onsite. In the event of a plant shutdown, CSID has sufficient storage capacity to provide approximately one day of water demand, adding another layer of system resilience. It also maintains emergency interconnections with three neighboring municipalities. These agreements allow the communities to assist one another during emergencies, providing additional flexibility and reliability throughout the regional water system. Providing clean drinking water is only half of the equation. Once water is used, CSID is responsible for collecting and treating the resulting wastewater from homes and businesses, which is conveyed through an extensive collection and transmission system consisting of 41 sewer basins and ultimately pumped to the 7.72-mgd WWTP. The CSID headworks facility includes a

Coral Springs Improvement District water and wastewater treatment campus.

4 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

mechanical perforated screen and a manually cleaned bypass coarse screen that remove and compact debris while allowing wastewater to continue flowing through the treatment process. Peak wastewater flows are managed using a sidestream equalization tank. Wastewater is then distributed among four parallel package treatment trains using aeration, anoxic, and clarification processes, where microorganisms remove organic matter and solids are separated from the liquid stream. The treated wastewater is disinfected using liquid sodium hypochlorite prior to final disposal and treated effluent is disposed of through one of two Class I deep injection wells. These wells extend approximately 3,500 feet below ground surface, providing a secure and reliable disposal method. The WWTP also includes a lined storage pond used during well testing and maintenance activities, as well as an emergency backup disposal system consisting of a 1.25-acre rapid infiltration basin. Waste activated sludge is thickened using rotary drum thickeners and transferred to two aerobic digester tanks equipped with variable frequency drive blowers that operate based on dissolved oxygen concentrations. Following digestion, the biosolids are dewatered using belt filter presses to approximately 15 percent solids. Currently, the resulting Class B biosolids are transported by third-party contractors for permitted land application or landfill disposal. Recognizing evolving regulatory and environmental considerations associated with biosolids management, CSID has proactively joined the Broward County Regional Biosolids Working Group. This regional effort involves the development of a thermal drying facility that would produce Class AA biosolids and provide a more sustainable long-term disposal solution. The CSID’s combined water and wastewater campus represents a complex utility system that most residents rarely see, but depend upon every day. The facility’s backup power capabilities, water storage capacity, regional interconnections, continuous monitoring systems, and advanced treatment processes help provide reliable service, protect public health, and support environmental stewardship. The CSID is proud to deliver this exceptional level of service while maintaining one of the lowest utility rates in Broward County. S

A Collaborative Public-Private Partnership Delivers the Prospect Lake Clean Water Center for Fort Lauderdale The city’s new 50-million-gallon-per-day water treatment facility shows how a public-private partnership can combine public stewardship, private-sector delivery, and long-term operating commitments. Megan Ross Fort Lauderdale’s Prospect Lake Clean Water Center is now delivering treated water to the city. Completed on schedule in September 2026, about three and a half years after the project agreements were executed, the 50-million-gallon-per-day (mgd) facility represents a major investment in water quality and long-term resilience. Prospect Lake’s success reflects more than the completion of a complex treatment plant. It demonstrates how a public-private partnership (P3), built around clear public goals and collaboration across the project team, can carry a major infrastructure project from concept through construction and into operation.

A Partnership Structured Around Public Goals The city needed to replace the aging Fiveash Water Treatment Plant, which had faced water quality concerns and was not

suited to meet the city’s long-term needs for reliability, redundancy, and resilience. The city considered ownership and oversight of the new facility essential. It also wanted to retain control over water rates and continue managing the distribution system. Prospect Lake was delivered through a design-build-finance-operate-maintain P3 agreement valued at approximately $593 million. The IDE Technologies and Ridgewood Infrastructure formed the project company, which holds a direct contract with the city. Kiewit served as engineer of record and designbuilder. The process design and equipment supply was led by IDE and will provide longterm operations under a 30-year agreement. The city’s priorities shaped the operating model as well. The supervisory and technical oversight is provided by IDE, while city employees continue to furnish operations staff, preserving the role of the city’s union workforce. The city also sought long-term certainty through contractual commitments

tied to treatment performance, production capacity, and life cycle cost. Figure 1 shows the organization and contractual relationships among the city, its advisors, the project company, the designbuilder, the operator, and other participants. The structure makes clear how responsibilities connect across design, construction, financing, and operations. Since IDE has roles at several points in the organization, aligning its process design, equipment, and operating responsibilities with Kiewit’s design-build work required deliberate coordination.

A Public-Private Partnership is Not Privatization A P3 does not necessarily transfer ownership of a public asset to a private company. In a P3, the public agency and private partners share defined responsibilities through a contract, which may include financing, design, construction, and long-term operations. The agency can retain ownership and oversight while setting service requirements and holding its partner accountable for performance. In Fort Lauderdale, the city retains ownership of Prospect Lake, control of water rates, and responsibility for the distribution system. The IDE’s 30-year role is to operate the facility under the terms of the agreement; the plant remains a city asset.

From Proposal to Project

Figure 1. Prospect Lake public-private partnership organizational structure.

6 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

The project began with an unsolicited proposal informed by the city’s earlier planning and technical studies. After receiving the proposal, the city followed the competitive process required at the time, including a 90day period for other proposals. Four proposals were ultimately evaluated. The city’s evaluation considered how each approach aligned with its goals, including ownership, water quality, schedule, permitting, resilience, and team experience. The IDE-Ridgewood proposal Continued on page 8

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Continued from page 6 received the highest evaluation and was selected by the city. Selection was the beginning of a development phase, not the end of the work. The city and its advisors worked with the project company and delivery team on site investigations, additional water quality testing, design development, cost and schedule refinement, permitting, power supply, and connections to the existing distribution system. Public education and city commission approvals were also part of advancing the project. This careful development period helped turn a proposal into a defined, executable project. It gave the parties an opportunity to test assumptions, understand risks, and refine the project scope before moving into full delivery.

Collaboration Across a Complex System Collaboration was treated as a project strategy. The city, supported by its owner’s advisor, Hazen and Sawyer, worked with the project company, design-builder, operator, equipment suppliers, utilities, and specialty partners toward shared outcomes for cost certainty, schedule reliability, and quality. Early coordination helped the team identify issues and resolve them across organizational boundaries. The work extended beyond the treatment plant itself. Kiewit’s design-build scope covered the facility inside the fence. Portions of the

wellfield, storage, and pumping were within the city’s scope. David Mancini & Sons Inc., constructed the transmission main, designed by Chen Moore and Associates, to connect the new plant with the city’s existing storage and distribution system. Coordination among these separate contracts and scopes was necessary to deliver a connected water system. Site selection also required close collaboration. The city chose to build at its existing wellfield rather than retrofit Fiveash. The selected property already contained about 50 source wells, lakes, a former tailings pond, and other constraints. The team also had to account for the Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport’s flight path and future runway needs, nearby neighborhoods, and construction access. The facility was fitted into about 10 acres, with additional space used for staging, storage, and equipment. The P3 entity coordinated rezoning, replatting, and more than 70 permits; only one existing well had to be abandoned.

Delivery Through Deliberate Sequencing The project advanced from contract execution in February 2023 to commissioning beginning in June 2025 and substantial completion in September 2026. Design, procurement, construction, and commissioning activities overlapped where appropriate. Early decision making and deliberate sequencing helped the project maintain momentum while keeping quality and operational readiness in view.

Figure 2. Prospect Lake site, November 2023.

8 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

The construction photos tell part of that story: a greenfield site in November 2023, the project at its midpoint in July 2025, and a later construction-stage view in April 2026 (Figures 2-4).

Treatment and Resilience for the Long Term Raw water from the wellfield is divided between two treatment trains. Approximately 70 percent passes through nanofiltration, with media and cartridge filtration upstream; the remaining 30 percent is treated through air stripping and ion exchange. Nanofiltration concentrate is managed through deep injection wells, while finished water is stored and pumped into the city’s distribution system. Prospect Lake is also addressing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) ahead of the applicable compliance schedule, a significant accomplishment for the city. Its advanced treatment approach, including nanofiltration and ion exchange, supports PFAS treatment while also meeting the city’s color-removal goals. The facility was designed to withstand 185-mile-per-hour winds, adding resilience to Fort Lauderdale’s water system.

Lessons for Future Public-Private Partnership Projects Prospect Lake offers practical lessons for agencies considering a P3: S Start with a clear public purpose and define Continued on page 10

Figure 3. Prospect Lake site, July 2025.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 9

Continued from page 8 the outcomes the project must deliver, including ownership, performance, cost, schedule, and community priorities. S Align legal, procurement, finance,

engineering, and operations staff early, and bring in technical, legal, and financial advisors with experience suited to the project. A P3 also depends on a transparent

Figure 4. Prospect Lake site, April 2026.

process and an informed public owner. Prospect Lake’s proposal was evaluated against the city’s stated objectives, and the development phase allowed the parties to examine risks and refine the project before full implementation. Early engagement with the market, operator, suppliers, and delivery team can help agencies test assumptions and shape workable requirements. Finally, the organization chart must be supported by contracts that clearly define responsibilities, performance expectations, interfaces, and accountability across the full project life cycle. This is particularly important when a partner serves in more than one role. Long-term operations should be considered from the outset, alongside construction and financing, with the public agency prepared to oversee the partnership after the facility enters service. Prospect Lake brings these elements together in a city-owned facility now delivering treated water. Its completion reflects shared planning, clear public priorities, and coordination among partners whose work spans the full life of the project. Megan Ross, P.E., Assoc. DBIA, is business development manager with Kiewit in Tampa. S

FWRJ Features New Safety Column The Florida Water Resources Journal is starting a new column, Safety From the Field. It will be written by Robert Smith, a lifelong safety professional who serves as Robert Smith the emergency response manager at Polk County Utilities in Winter Haven. Robert is based in Brandon, where he lives with his wife and three children. A retired U.S. Army Scout, he served from 2005 to 2014 before beginning a civilian career dedicated to workplace safety and organizational resilience. Over the past 12 years, Robert has built wide-ranging experience across both national and regional operations. He began his safety career in 2014 with Johnson Controls, serving first as a line safety supervisor and later as safety manager. He then transitioned to Toyota,

where he became the director of safety and standardization for the Gulf Coast region. In this role, he oversaw safety operations across Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, supporting more than 1,500 technicians across 24 locations. Seeking an opportunity that allowed him to remain closer to his family, Robert returned to Florida and joined Polk County Utilities. In his current role there, he provides leadership in occupational safety, emergency preparedness, regulatory compliance, field hazard mitigation, and workforce training for critical public infrastructure operations. Robert holds a bachelor’s degree in history, an Associate Safety Professional (ASP) credential through the Board of Certified Safety Professionals, and multiple professional certifications, including OSHA 30, Lean Six Sigma Green Belt, American Red Cross trainer, National Safety Council trainer, and certified continuing education unit provider with both FWPCOA and FSAWWA. He also serves on the Florida

10 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Water Environment Association (FWEA) Safety Committee and the Environmental Regulatory Committee. Robert remains committed to continuous improvement and strives each day to serve his community, his teams, and the broader safety profession with integrity and excellence. The magazine will continue its Let’s Talk Safety column and welcomes any safety-related articles from readers. S

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 11

Chemistry Versus Kinetics: Handling Fats, Oils, and Grease in Collection Systems Bill Cox

Chemistry Versus Kinetics

The challenges of fats, oils, and grease (FOG) remain a persistent problem for wastewater collections operations. Processes used in the 20th century were straightforward—and all too often–dangerous! This is because reactive chemistries (acids and bases, solvents, and even surfactants) were used to deconstruct and mobilize FOG. The accumulation of FOG in sewer collection systems results from chemical reactions and time-dependent kinetic processes. Understanding both is essential for predicting and mitigating blockages. New and innovative 21st century processes are now improving the ability to address and fix FOG issues.

When discussing chemistry versus kinetics with FOG, “chemistry” refers to the composition, reactions, and material interactions that determine its forms and how it behaves, while “kinetics” refers to the rates and mechanisms of those processes over time. Chemistry covers: S Composition of FOG deposits S Reactions S Material interactions S Pollutant scavenging Kinetics addresses: S Rate laws S Time scales S Process control

Figure 1. Fats, oil, and grease foam mat.

Figure 2. Jetting the foam mat.

12 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

The FOG accumulation in sewer systems is best understood as a chemically driven process where the rate and extent are governed by varying (dynamic) kinetic parameters.

Background In a water system FOG accumulates over time. In its most visible manifestation, FOG mats form inside lift station wells. What remains hidden and unseen are the accompanying problems inside connecting lines and mains. Here the accumulated and encrusting FOG and biosolids reduce flows as this material constricts pipe diameters. If water is already moving slowly through these lines (and maybe over long distances), the increased residence time enables aerobic bacteria to consume all of the available oxygen while they metabolize the available food. Once the oxygen is gone, anaerobes then begin to proliferate. Their metabolism forms a prehistoric atmosphere that includes methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide, plus free hydrogen and oxygen— mostly acidic and acid-forming, all flammable, possibly explosive, and toxic to humans. Together, these FOG accumulations form a root cause for most of the ensuing problems that include corrosion, concrete disintegration, in situ fires and explosions, line clogs and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs), and a host of other obvious and hidden (and increasingly expensive) accumulating problems. So, how best to address these root-cause issues?

Kinetics and Fats, Oil, and Grease Kinetics offers specific benefits for FOG control. By replacing reactive chemistry with mechanical force, kinetic energy is inherently clean, nontoxic, and simple to deliver as a continuous process. Kinetics quickly mobilize FOG by creating a simple water-FOG emulsion that can be easily and efficiently pumped down or vacuumed out. These kinetics may be delivered by aeration or mechanical or jetting devices. Aeration devices include spargers and aerators (also known as diffusers or bubblers). These aggressively jet air into the water column, breaking up and then emulsifying the FOG

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 13

Figure 3. Jetting a large rotating drum.

Figure 4. Results achieved after five minutes (right) with jetting plus a nontoxic and cationic emulsifier.

that’s present. Mechanical devices are usually impellers that create a vortex to break up and emulsify the FOG. Jetting uses high-pressure water to break up and emulsify FOG, especially FOG mats. Alternate jetting capabilities include: S Directly from onsite water (especially if it’s high-pressure and high-volume) S From a nearby hydrant S From an onboard jetting rig that’s found on many vacuum trucks Figure 1 shows a FOG foam mat that’s about 6 inches thick and covers an aeration basin measuring about 36 feet wide by 400 feet long. The foam cover has caused the underlying water to go septic. It became a bad-odor issue that reached both city and utility leadership. After less than one hour onsite, Figure 2 shows that simple jetting has fully emulsified the FOG mat. With air and water contact returning, odors and septic conditions quickly dissipated. Jetting was performed using a nontoxic mix of FOG-eating bacteria, flocculant, and emulsifier. Having a portable jetting rig also allows for other FOG cleaning and removal jobs, such as inside a large rotating drum room (Figure 3). Jetting a water and emulsifier mix cleaned the drums (and improved performance), as well as floors, walls, and other infrastructure inside this large facility. Nuisance odor complaints vanished and slip-and-fall hazards were eliminated. Jetting with an emulsifier (Figure 4) quickly deconstructed a master lift station FOG mass into an easily pumpable emulsion. Jetting is fast, simple, safe, and easy to perform. Importantly, this emulsifier plus FOG slurry remains in an emulsion format for up to 48 hours before recongealing (because of the emulsifier),with plenty of time to travel downstream to the treatment plant (Figure 5). Jetting trailers may be large units, such as the 1200-gallon rig (Figure 6, left) or the smaller 325-gallon unit (Figure 6, right) that includes a jetting pump plus recirculation pump for mixing jetting “cocktails.” Trailers offer flexibility as they can be readily shared among crews, and the small size enables access to areas that are inaccessible to larger vacuum trucks.

Kinetics Plus Emulsifier

Figure 5. The master lift station (left) has a persistent, thick, FOG mat. Applying an emulsifier (right), then jetting (the jet is visible in the upper left of the image) quickly turns the FOG into an emulsion that is then pumped downstream.

14 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Maintaining a clean, clear, and efficiently operating wastewater collections system increases infrastructure and installed equipment longevity. These systems deliver a best-value approach by reducing operating costs and capital expenditures. This optimization

requires cleaning wells, lines, and mains on a consistent, routine basis. To eliminate root causes for sewer problems, adopting a wholistic preventative maintenance program is simple. Results of an effective preventive maintenance strategy eliminates problems that can include FOG clogs, SSOs, restricted pump revolutions per minute (rpm), corrosion, odor, rapid infrastructure and equipment degradation, explosions, and even in situ fires. The following illustrates that lift station kinetics, plus addition of an emulsifier, provide such a wholistic preventative maintenance solution. Steps in Preventive Maintenance Step 1 is a typical FOG-clogged line with a FOG mat inside the well. Wells can be occasionally cleaned out with chemicals, jetting, and vacuuming. The lines remain mostly clogged; effectively, the lines are invisible. When pump rpm slow and flow volumes shrink, only then do clogs become apparent. Step 2 introduces kinetics into the well. Aerators prevent FOG mat formation inside the well, but these materials continue downstream quickly recongealing and accumulating inside. Eventually the lines become clogged. Aerators are efficient in that these replace (or reduce) the need for jetting. Step 3 provides the ultimate solution for FOG control and reduction of root-cause problems that form inside FOG-encrusted septic lines. The diffuser aerates the water, and this oxygenated water then poisons downstream anaerobes. By adding a nontoxic emulsifier into the well, the diffuser efficiently forms a cationic slurry that continues to clean and clear as it travels downstream. 1. FOG-prone collections line

2. Addition of diffuser inside well: S Cleans up a well and its FOG mats S FOG recongeals inside downstream line

3. Addition of cationic emulsifier: S Also removes downstream FOG

Control Solutions The control of FOG is important. Reducing FOG accumulations removes the root cause for septic systems that ultimately

Figure 6. Jetting trailers.

damage the environment. Anaerobic gases and acids that form are biologically toxic, harm the atmosphere, and pollute natural waters. The solutions for FOG control used as best preventative maintenance practices avoid these problems and assure optimal performance inside wastewater collections systems. It also increases infrastructure longevity. Conventional practices inherited from the 20th century use toxic, reactive, and dangerous chemicals to deconstruct and mobilize FOG. These cause unintended outcomes that damage infrastructure and the microbial ecology inside treatment plants. Corrective measures, including additives and additional chemicals, drive operating costs and complexity. A green and clean, nontoxic, efficient, and continuous process can be implemented that efficiently provides effective FOG control throughout a collections system. The process is simple and straightforward: S Install aeration units inside FOG-prone lift stations. S Add a nontoxic cationic emulsifier (weekly to monthly, as needed) into the lift station. The aeration unit mixes this into a slurry that cleans and clears the well, pump interiors, and downstream infrastructure. Also add a nontoxic cationic emulsifier as far as practical upstream to clean and clear FOG accumulations from gathering on the line interiors. The emulsifier gives the emulsion water a characteristic tan color. This tan slurry continues to clean and clear pump interiors and infrastructure as it flows downstream to the treatment plant. The FOG arrives in an emulsion “soup” format making it easier for bacteria to access and consume (Figure 7). The cationic emulsifier serves as a weak flocculant, settling biosolids. The process is both process- and cost-efficient. Direct and indirect costs should decline significantly. Fewer chemicals are used, no additives are required, complexity is reduced, and safety improves, resulting in less onsite time spent by operators.

Figure 7. An emulsion for bacteria to access and consume.

The problems avoided include: S Damage to infrastructure and the environment from septic processes, SSOs, and clogged lines S Overstrained pumps S Unplanned expenses driven by incident response call-outs and even operator injuries (from caustics, solvents, or acids).

Conclusion By moving beyond the reactive, corrosive chemistries of the past and embracing clean, kinetic processes supported by nontoxic cationic emulsifiers, utilities can finally address FOG at its root, rather than merely treating its symptoms. This approach restores oxygen, protects infrastructure, stabilizes pump performance, and delivers a predictable, preventative maintenance pathway that reduces costs and operational risk. When collections systems run cleaner, safer, and free of septic conditions, operators gain time, communities gain resilience, and the entire wastewater process benefits from a healthier environment. Bill Cox is chief executive officer at Kationx Corp. in Melbourne. S

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 15

Celebrating Veterans Day! Welcome to the magazine’s ninth annual celebration of military service in the United States and the veterans who now work in the water and wastewater industry. We’re proud to salute these brave and competent men and women who have served—and continue to serve—their country, both here and abroad. They are again helping their fellow citizens by working as water professionals. Along with medical personnel, police officers, and firefighters, those who work in the water industry are also first responders, providing a vital service to help protect the health and well-being of the community. They are especially vital in times of disaster and crisis, and they provide expertise and support for the recovery efforts that follow—often for weeks and months. The earth, humans, and all living creatures need water to survive,

16 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

and the workers in our industry play an important part in ensuring that everyone has the clean, safe, and abundant water they need. This year’s section includes: S Recruiting, Hiring, and Retaining Veterans S Veterans and Military Persons Helpful Links S FSAWWA Veterans Initiative: Strengthening Our Workforce With Heroes—Mark McDowell S Veterans Memorial Park of Pensacola S Reader Profile: Veterans Edition—Ken Enlow S FSAWWA Veterans Service Recognition To the heroic veterans who are now—and to those who may soon be—our colleagues: we appreciate, honor, and salute you!

Recruiting, Hiring, and Retaining

Veterans

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 17

This toolkit is designed to support you in providing the resources you need to navigate recruiting and hiring Veterans. Throughout this toolkit you will see authoritative guides, processes, and tips for appealing to, recruiting, interviewing, and retaining Veterans.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Why Should I Hire a Veteran?

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What Resources are Available to Help Me Hire Veterans?

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How Can I Effectively Recruit Veterans? How Do I Appeal to Veterans? What Organizations Can Help Me Connect to Veterans? How Do I Draft a Veteran-Friendly Job Description? How Do I Successfully Interview Veterans?

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What are Military Rank Structures and Responsibilities?

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How Do I Establish a Veteran-Friendly Apprenticeship Program?

23

How Do I Maintain a Veteran-Friendly Workplace? What About Employees in the Reserve and National Guard? How Can I MakeAccommodations for Veterans With Disabilities?

24

How Does My Organization Get Recognition for Excellence in Hiring Veterans?

25

Local Resources Learn More About Local-Level Job Fairs and Contacts

25

18 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

WHY SHOULD I HIRE A VETERAN? Veterans have many skills necessary to thrive in the water sector. They often bring the following attributes and characteristics to the workplace:

 Proven leadership and leadership readiness  Mission-focused approach to work

 Strong work ethics  Strong performance under pressure

 Technical skills (military experience exposes individuals to advanced technology or technical training)

 Creative problem solving  Experience working in diverse teams and organizations

 Self-starter  Integrity

 Adaptable and immediate contributors

 Loyalty (the military is adept at institutional socialization and cultivating loyalty, a trait civilian employers have found among their employees who are veterans.)

YOU NEED SKILLED EMPLOYEES AND VETERANS NEED JOBS. IT’S A PERFECT FIT. Studies have shown veterans are more productive and have higher retention rates than their civilian counterparts. For example, the Institute for Veterans and Military Families published a brief, drawing from academic literature, that suggests a robust, specific, and compelling business case for hiring veterans.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 19

WHAT RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE TO HELP ME HIRE VETERANS? The following guides will be beneficial to your utility when hiring Veterans.

Employer Guide to Hire Veterans – U.S. Department of Labor Guide detailing the benefits of hiring Veterans and an all-encompassing employer resource.

Guide to Hiring Veterans – Dept. of Veterans Affairs and Hiring Our Heroes In-depth guides, videos, and documents for creating successful hiring environments for supporting Veterans and spouses.

20 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

HOW CAN I EFFECTIVELY RECRUIT VETERANS? Though Veterans often make excellent employees, many employers have difficulty recruiting and supporting them. This section will provide you with tools for recruitment and interviewing Veterans.

How Do I Appeal to Veterans? 

Veterans are often driven by purpose and having a mission – highlighting key components of your utility or organization will appeal to this mindset of Veterans.



HR H Staff, recruiters, and hiring managers should be trained on how to recruit, select, and onboard Veterans. Without training, good intentions fail because the HR team may continue to follow past procedures and systems that might unintentionally screen out qualified Veterans.



Including a Veteran in your HR team can greatly aid in the translation of military jargon on resumes. ` Veterans in HR could also assist in interviews.



Market Veteran recruitment on website, social media, etc. This will make it easier for Veterans seeking a job to better understand how they would fit in to your utility.



Create Veteran Affinity or Employee Resource Group (ERG) - A voluntary, employee-led group that fosters a diverse, inclusive workplace aligned with organizational mission, values, goals, business practices, and objectives. (Employer Guide to Hire Veterans – Dept of Labor, page 9)

What Organizations Can Help Me Connect to Veterans? Knowing where to find eligible Veterans can be difficult. This section highlights multiple job search sites for both employers and Veterans. AWWA Career Center – The largest organization of water supply professionals in the world. Employers can filter job candidates by Veteran status. Career One Stop – U.S. Dept. of Labor - Veteran and Military Transition website aids Veterans in finding jobs, and utilities and organizations, targeted for Veterans. Hiring Our Heroes – U.S. Chamber Foundation - Hiring our Heroes website aids Veterans and employers in finding jobs or employees.

SHRM Foundation – Provides free resources that help HR professionals implement better employment practices for military families in their workplace, including a free certificate program geared toward HR professionals wanting to hire and retain Veterans. Veterans Hiring Guide – U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs VA for Vets – Dept. of Veterans Affairs – Website of resources for employers when hiring Veterans.

Hire a Veteran – Dept. of Labor - Website that aids Veterans and employers in finding jobs or employees.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 21

How Do I Draft a VeteranFriendly Job Description? 



Make your job descriptions competency-based versus listing required years of experience. (Employer Guide to Hire Veterans – Dept. of Labor) Recruit Veteran employees to assist in the writing or review of job descriptions and skills required.

Veteran Hiring Best Practices The Do’s and Dont’s of Interviewing Veterans – Employer Roadmap – USAA, U.S. General Tips:  Make sure everyone is on board. Successful hiring programs need "buy-in" by organizational leadership. Make sure everyone understands your hiring program and goals.  Create a Veteran Affinity or Employee Resource Group. Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) are inclusive spaces that allow space for employees to collaborate,as well as a recruiting and retention tool.  Avoid closed-ended questions by asking about an individual’s service experience and responsibilities. Some example questions to ask could be:  Will you be able to perform the duties in this job description with reasonable accommodation?  What did you do in the military? Which of your military experiences will translate to this job?   Here are some questions to avoid:  What kind of discharge did you get from the military?  When will you get deployed again?  Have you ever killed anyone?  Will you have to miss much work for your military service?

22 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

WHAT ARE MILITARY RANK STRUCTURES AND RESPONSIBILITIES? Some Veterans may need assistance in writing resumés and relating their military responsibilities to civilian job responsibilities. Knowing their M.O.S. (Military Occupational Specialty) and the associated duties can aid your utility in understanding the skills of each Veteran.

From M.O.S. to J-O-B – United States EPA – Details of Military Occupational Specialties that Translate to Water and Wastewater Operations.

Civilian-to-Military Occupation Translator: Career One Stop, U.S. Department of Labor Military-to-Civilian Occupation Translator: O*NET

HOW DO I ESTABLISH A VETERAN-FRIENDLY APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM? Military apprenticeship programs can train and build Veteran’s skills in specific job duties, making them skilled workers for your utility and organization! The following resources can assist you in establishing an apprenticeship program that can meet Veterans’ needs. On-the-Job Training and Apprenticeships – Dept. of Veterans Affairs resource outlining the process of approval for employers wishing to establish on-the-job training and apprenticeship programs for Veterans. Registered Apprenticeship Sponsors – Dept. of Labor resource on how to receive GI Bill® approval for registered apprenticeship programs. DOD SkillBridge – Dept. of Defense program that connects service members with industry partners in real-world job experiences.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 23

HOW DO I MAINTAIN A VETERAN-FRIENDLY WORKPLACE? Before hiring new Veteran employees, consider surveying current employees and asking Veterans to voluntarily self-identify. Current Veteran employees could serve as mentors to new Veteran employees and help with Veteran recruitment. Examine these aspects of your organization to determine if it is a Veteran-friendly environment: 

Culture of company



Clear and open communication



Engaging opportunities



Encouraging self-direction



Clearly stated expectations



Increasing levels of responsibility



Known pathway for advancement



The impact the Veteran will have on the organization



Having Veteran mentors

Veteran Retention Rates, a survey from LinkedIn. These data show recruitment and retention data collected from LinkedIn members.

The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Foundation offers a free Veterans at Work Certificate Program that is open to all. This training helps you learn the value Veterans bring to the workplace, and how to demonstrate that value to attract, hire, and retain Veteran employees.

What About Employees in the Reserve and National Guard? Supporting Your Employees in the Reserve and National Guard - This employment toolkit from the Dept. of Veterans Affairs provides resources for supporting reserve and national guard members. Planning for Military Leave for Employees In the Reserve or National Guard - Guidelines on creating company policies regarding military leaves and understanding employer rights and responsibilities.

24 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

How Can I Make Accommodations for Veterans with Disabilities? Below are links that will provide tips for assisting and supporting Veterans with Disabilities: Disabled American Veterans (DAV) Guide to Hiring and Retaining Veterans with Disabilities Job Accommodation Network – Free consulting services about all aspects of job accommodations processes. Veterans Employment Toolkit – Dept. of Veterans Affairs – Challenges and ways to help your Veteran through the accommodation process. Education and Employment Initiative (E2I) – Department of Defense – Program that assists wounded, ill, and injured service members early in their recovery process to identify their skills and match them with education and career opportunities.

HOW DOES MY ORGANIZATION GET RECOGNITION FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIRING VETERANS? HIRE Vets Medallion Program – United States Department of Labor program that recognizes and shines a light on employers who exhibit excellence in recruiting, hiring, and retaining Veterans. There are multiple tiers of awards based on percentages of veterans hired and retained and efforts by your employer to provide Veteran assistance.

LOCAL RESOURCES AWWA sections are developing guides with local resources that will assist in connecting employers with Veterans. Please check with your AWWA section for available resources.

Job Fairs The following are resources that will connect you to local resources: Many Veterans use Military Placement Firms (aka Headhunters) to find a position. Consider connecting with national or local firms that fit with your organization’s needs. 

Service Academy Career Conference – National job fair exclusively for service academy alumni.



Recruit and Hire Career One Stop – Multiple resources for posting jobs, job fairs, and training programs at a local level.



Local Hiring Fairs – Check out Recruit Military to see upcoming job fairs where you could promote your careers.



Career One Stop’s American Job Center Finder – Nearly 2,400 AJCs nationwide help people search for jobs, find training, and answer other employmentrelated questions.

Local Contacts

Scholarships

The AWWA/WEF Volunteer liaison network is made of volunteers from AWWA and WEF sections who serve as the critical connector between local water industry employers and separating military members interested in the water industry.

OAOS: One AWWA Operator Scholarship – A great opportunity for veterans transitioning to the workforce.

To reach your local section contact, Email: veterans@awwa.org

Operator Scholarship: Water Equation Federation's scholarship.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 25

VETERANS AND MILITARY PERSONS HELPFUL LINKS Overview Use this resource to find pertinent information for veterans

Helpful Links Contact the Department of Veterans Affairs at va.gov or 900-698-2411 Learn more about education benefits under the Montgomery GI Bill and your medical benefits Get information on suicide prevention Learn about home loans Learn about life insurance Get information on vocational rehabilitation and employment benefits Learn about drug benefits Learn about survivor benefits Learn how to get a copy of your military records Learn more about women’s health

Mental Health Resources For Veterans and Military Families: Call 988 then press 1 Chat on 988lifeline.org to talk with a trained counselor at VA Mental Health Services VA Resources Locator Information on safe gun storage in the home

For Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services: SAMHSA: find resources s at samhsa.gov Buprenorphine Practitioner Locator

26 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

FSAWWA Veterans Initiative: Strengthening Our Workforce With Heroes Mark McDowell The FSAWWA Veterans Initiative is advancing its critical mission of recognizing and supporting military veterans in the Florida waterworks industry. Through a coordinated multi-operational framework, it’s also building meaningful career pathways for transitioning service members, student veterans, and veterans seeking a meaningful career.

Operation: WetVet Launched in January 2026, this focuses on recognizing veterans currently working in Florida’s water utilities, construction groups, design engineering, material suppliers, and manufacturers. The program has already established a database of more than 140 WetVets, awarded Centennial Military Veteran Challenge Coins to registrants, and expanded its visibility through a dedicated website, job fair banner, virtual socials, and multiple conference Veteran Connect engagements. Future operational design includes its presence on social media for increased

support in sharing information recruitment of additional members.

and

Operation Treble Hook

Programs, and veteran employment programs. A singular message will be created outlining the vast number of career opportunities available in the waterworks industry. Multiple trade organizations, funding agents, and job recruiters can be approached with the better understanding of skilled positions required in our workforce. Together, these operations position FSAWWA as a leader in veteran engagement and workforce sustainability solutions. If you are interested in advancing these programs with us, please scan the QR code or contact the section at fsawwa.org.

Set to implement in January 2028, this program will connect with three areas of recruitment via Student Veterans of America, transitioning service member Skillbridge™

Mark McDowell is a manufacturer’s representative with InfraTech Group and an FSAWWA board of governors member. He resides in Palm Harbor.

Operation: Mighty Oak This program, launched in July 2026, strengthens leadership through a militaryinspired chain-of-command structure and a statewide liaison network. This framework enhances communication, builds teamwork, and supports long-term organizational development with a service-oriented common goal.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 27

Veterans Memorial Park of Pensacola For over thirty years the Veterans Memorial Park of Pensacola has been hallowed ground, a pristine setting where visitors can come to honor America’s warfighters in peace and comfort. It’s a place of repose and reflection, as well as one of learning. The park welcomes nearly 120,000 visitors each year. Home to more than a dozen world-class memorials and monuments commemorating major conflicts throughout Unites States history, the park provides an opportunity to connect with the heroes of those conflicts and their experiences. One of the monuments includes the Wall of Honor, with more than 750 bricks honoring military individuals.

It’s also home to the Wall South, a halfscale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., unveiled on Oct. 24, 1992 after years of fundraising by the Vietnam Veterans of Northwest Florida The park offers: S Guided or unguided tours for classes, clubs, teachers, or other interested groups to support general or specific learning objectives S Support for specific student projects or assignments in history, art, technology, or other applicable subjects. S An event venue for bands, choruses, drill

28 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

teams, sports (e.g., charity runs), and other groups. S The opportunity to participate in ceremonial events (Memorial Day, Veterans Day, and others). S The ability for students to gain community service hours or volunteer points. The traditions of military service and defense have been the pillars of Pensacola and the surrounding communities. The values of excellence, sacrifice, duty, and valor shine through the culture of both the civilian population and military personnel.

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FWRJ READER PROFILE Work title and years of service. I was in the U.S. Air Force for four years. I was involved in water operations as an operator, supervisor, and manager, including 18 years with City of Tampa, 10 years with City of St. Petersburg, and 18 years with Veolia Water North America. My military and water industry service totals 50 years.

Ken Enlow Retired

Give some details about your military service. I had four years of active duty in the U.S. Air Force from 1970-1974, two years in

inactive reserves from 1974-1976 in water and wastewater operations and maintenance, and six years in the U.S. Navy Reserves from 1980-1986 as a boiler technician. What is your industry involvement now? I have been retired for six years, since October 2020. I now mostly teach at the FWPCOA state short schools and Region IV short schools. I also teach some CEU courses on request in the Tampa Bay area. What education and training have you had? I am a high school graduate and have two associate degrees in preliberal arts and occupational safety and health. What professional organizations do you belong to? I’m a life member with FWPCOA and FSAWWA. How did the organizations help your career? Members and colleagues from these organizations were instrumental in mentoring me and encouraging me to progress and grow in my profession. This is why I teach classes today, to pass on my knowledge and experience to the next generation of water professionals. What do you like best about the industry? Being an environmental steward by providing a high-quality product with the highest degree of safety to the public. How did your time in the military affect your career in the industry? I had a direct connection from my military experience and was able to transition from water treatment in the Air Force to a civilian job working for the City of Tampa Water Department. I was employed by them 10 days after my discharge from active duty. What do you do when you’re not teaching? I enjoy riding motorcycles. I am a member of the Harley Davidson Owners Group (H.O.G.) and the local chapter Cypress Creek HOG. We do organized rides and events supporting various causes and charities. I am also a longtime video gamer on both PlayStation and XBOX.

30 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 31

FWEA FOCUS

The Work Behind Every Glass of Water David Hernandez President, FWEA

T

here are many things in our daily lives that are more complicated than they appear. Turning on the faucet is probably near the top of that list. Most of us fill a glass and move on with our day without considering what happened before that water reached us. We do not see source water being monitored, treatment processes being adjusted, laboratory samples being analyzed, or pumps and storage facilities working together to maintain service. We simply expect the water to be there, and we expect it to be safe. That expectation is one of the greatest compliments our industry can receive. It is also an enormous responsibility.

More Than a Treatment Process Water treatment can sound like a straightforward sequence: bring water into a plant, remove contaminants, disinfect it, and deliver it to customers. The explanation may be simple, but providing safe and reliable drinking water every hour of every day is anything but simple. Florida utilities draw from groundwater, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and alternative water supplies. The characteristics of these sources can change with rainfall, drought, seasonal conditions, saltwater intrusion, nearby land uses, and other factors. A process that performs well under one set of conditions may require careful adjustment under another. Operators, laboratory personnel, maintenance teams, engineers, utility managers, regulators, and equipment providers all contribute to keeping the system working as intended. Water treatment is not a single barrier protecting public health; it is a series of barriers supported by people who continuously observe, test, verify, and adjust.

Customers generally do not see an operator responding to a change in source water conditions. They do not see laboratory staff reviewing water quality results or maintenance personnel working overnight to keep critical equipment available. They do not see the coordination required to maintain pressure, storage, treatment capacity, chemical supplies, and dependable service. They see a faucet. The work I described represents an extraordinary level of public trust. Utilities earn that trust through consistent performance, transparency, technical competence, and a commitment to public health. It is easy to recognize the importance of water treatment when service is interrupted; the harder task is recognizing the thousands of routine decisions that keep those situations from occurring.

The People Behind the Water This month’s focus is an opportunity to recognize the professionals behind the process. Drinking water operators carry a tremendous responsibility, often with little public visibility. Laboratory professionals provide the information needed to understand performance and verify water quality. Maintenance teams keep equipment available and respond when something does not operate as expected. Engineers and planners prepare systems for changing demands, while regulators establish and enforce standards that protect the public. Manufacturers, contractors, researchers, educators, and technology providers also play important roles. The strongest programs are those in which these groups communicate openly. Operators need opportunities to influence decisions, engineers need to understand operational realities, researchers and manufacturers need feedback from the people applying technologies in the field, and utility

Trust Is Built Every Day One of the most impressive things about the drinking water profession is how much work goes into making the final product feel completely ordinary.

32 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

leaders need clear information to balance risk, cost, performance, and long-term priorities. As water professionals, we should also help the public understand what happens behind the faucet. Facility tours, school programs, community events, and everyday conversations can demonstrate both the value of water and the expertise required to provide it. The message does not need to be overly technical: safe drinking water does not happen automatically. It takes people, infrastructure, science, planning, and constant attention.

A Reason to Be Thankful November gives us an opportunity to reflect on things we sometimes take for granted. Reliable drinking water deserves a place on that list. The next time you turn on the tap to fill a glass, make coffee, or prepare a meal, take a moment to consider the professionals and systems behind that simple action. To everyone involved in treating, testing, maintaining, delivering, and protecting Florida’s drinking water, thank you. Your work may often be invisible, but its value is present in every community you serve.

FWEA Events The final months of the year offer several opportunities to learn, connect, and become more involved with FWEA. On November 9, the 14th Annual Wastewater Process Committee Seminar will be held at the University of Florida in Gainesville. This year’s theme, Emerging Technology and Process Optimization, will bring operators, engineers, utility professionals, and technology providers together to discuss practical ways our industry is improving treatment performance. Although the seminar focuses on wastewater, its operational lessons and collaborative spirit are relevant across the water profession. Our FWEA members looking for a more informal opportunity to connect can join the Central Florida Chapter for an Orlando Magic basketball game on November 13. As the year closes, I encourage everyone to check the FWEA event calendar and local chapter communications for additional technical programs, service activities, networking events, and holiday gatherings. Whether you attend a seminar, volunteer with a committee, participate in a chapter event, or introduce yourself to someone new, your involvement strengthens our association and the professional community it serves. S

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Electrochemical Treatment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Novel Nickel Diselenide Catalysts in Real Water Matrices

P

Samuel Adjei-Nimoh, Manuel Alejandro Ramirez-Ubillus, Md Touhidul Islam, Lei Zhai, A H M Anwar Sadmani, and Woo Hyoung Lee

er- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of synthetic compounds used for decades in firefighting foams, nonstick coatings, textiles, food packaging, and numerous industrial processes [1]. Two legacy compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), have become the most widely detected PFAS in water systems [2]. The exceptional strength of the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds renders these molecules resistant to biological, chemical, and thermal degradation, so they persist in the environment and accumulate in water and human tissues [3, 4]. Long-term exposure to PFAS has been associated with immune suppression, endocrine disruption, liver toxicity, and high cancer risk [5, 6], prompting increasingly stringent regulatory attention to PFAS in drinking water and wastewater, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency establishing the maximum contaminant levels of 4 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS [7-9]. Conventional water treatment methods, such as granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration processes, can achieve high PFAS removal from the treated stream, but the PFAS are transferred to a spent medium or concentrated residual rather than destroyed, leading to secondary waste streams that require costly management or disposal [10]; therefore, destructive technologies that mineralize PFAS in place are of significant interest. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) has emerged as a promising destructive approach because it can degrade PFAS through direct electron-transfer reactions at the anode surface and through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH) [11]. The performance and cost of EO are governed largely by the anode material. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes are effective, but expensive, and typically require long treatment times and high energy inputs [12, 13] . Consequently, there is a strong incentive to develop earth-abundant, high-activity electrocatalysts that achieve comparable or better PFAS destruction at lower energy demand.

Transition metal dichalcogenides, which are compounds of the general formula MX2, where M is a transition metal and X is a chalcogen (S, Se, or Te), are attractive candidates because of their metallic conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and strong electrocatalytic activity. In this study, nickel diselenide (NiSe2) was synthesized and evaluated for the first time as an EO anode for PFAS degradation. The objectives were to: S Characterize the ROS generation capability of the NiSe2 anode. S Quantify PFOA and PFOS degradation kinetics as a function of current density at environmentally relevant concentrations of parts per bil (ppb). S Assess performance when both compounds are present simultaneously. S Demonstrate applicability to a real water matrix (landfill leachate), considering the energy requirements for the degradation processes.

Materials and Methods Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Diselenide Anodes The NiSe2 electrocatalysts were synthesized by chemical reduction, followed by thermal annealing, to produce highly crystalline nanostructures supported on a nickel foam (NF) (Cat No. DEKEA511L1, Dek Research, Kowloon, Hong Kong) substrate. First, the NF was precleaned by sonication for five minutes in 0.1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and acetone at 99.7 percent (Cat. No. 180349) to remove any oxide layer and grease, respectively. The selenium powder (Cat No. 229865, Sigma Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) was dissolved in aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4) (Cat No. 452882, powder, ≥ 98.0 percent, Sigma Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) using an 8:1 molar ratio and then sonicated using a tip sonicator (Branson Digital Sonifier 450, Branson Ultrasonics, Buffalo Grove, Ill., United States) at 20 percent amplitude while kept in a water bath to obtain a stable dispersion of the selenium species. Then, the dispersed selenium

34 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Samuel Adjei-Nimoh is a graduate research assistant, Md Touhidul Islam is a postdoctoral researcher, A H M Anwar Sadmani is an associate professor, and Woo Hyoung Lee is a professor in the department of civil, environmental, and construction engineering at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. Manuel Alejandro Ramirez-Ubillus is a postdoctoral researcher and Lei Zhai is a professor in the NanoScience Technology Center and department of chemistry at the University of Central Florida in Orlando.

species and the pretreated NF were transferred to a Teflon-lined autoclave for hydrothermal treatment in water at 180°C for 15 hours. The resulting NiSe2 electrode was cooled down naturally, rinsed with deionized water, and dried at room temperature before use. Hydroxyl Radical Quantification The ·OH generation capability of the NiSe2 anode was quantified using the terephthalic acid [14] fluorescence probe assay, as a proxy for the ROS generation capacity of the NiSe2 material. For this assay, the nonfluorescent tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) reacts selectively with ·OH to form fluorescent 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid, which exhibits strong fluorescence at 425 nm when excited at 315 nm [15]. Tests were conducted at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 (~3.57 V) with a 4 cm2 anode in 100 mL of 0.5 mM TPA in 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and pH 7, EC = 16.36 mS cm1 . Fluorescence intensity was monitored over 60 minutes for the NiSe2 anode and for the bare NF substrate as a control, using stainless steel as the cathode. Samples (~3.5 mL) were taken at predetermined time intervals (0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes) into a quartz cuvette and immediately analyzed using a spectrofluorophotometer (RF1501, Cat. No. 206-62901-92, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Electrochemical Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Degradation Experiments Batch EO experiments were performed in

a 100-mL reactor using the NiSe2 anode and a stainless steel cathode. The submerged area of the electrodes was 2 cm × 2 cm (i.e., 4 cm2). The electrolyte was 0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 7, electrical conductivity [EC] = 16.36 mS cm-1) spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., 1 part ppb) of PFOA and/or PFOS. Experiments were conducted for 60 minutes at applied current densities of 5 mA cm-2 (~2.35 V), 10 mA cm-2 (~3.43 V), and 20 mA cm-2 (~4.08 V) under constant stirring at 200 revolutions per minute (rpm). All experiments were conducted at room temperature (i.e., 23°C). Singlecompound tests (1 ppb PFOA only or 1 ppb PFOS only) were used to evaluate the effect of current density, and a mixed-compound test (1 ppb each of PFOA and PFOS in the same solution) at 20 mA cm-2 was used to evaluate their simultaneous degradation. The PFAS degradation rate was determined using a pseudo-first-order rate coefficient (k, minutes-1) determined from the slope of the -ln(C/Co) versus reaction time plot. The energy consumption (kWh m-3) for the EO process was calculated from the applied cell voltage, current, treatment time, and treated volume, and the normalized material degradation rate (nonmonotonic dose-response [NMDR], µg cm2·h-1·(mA cm-2)-1 [16] was also computed to compare electrode materials across similar studies. Application to Real Water Samples Using Landfill Leachate To evaluate performance in a complex real water matrix, the EO process was applied to landfill leachate, obtained from a treatment plant in Florida containing 4.5-ppb PFOA and 0.7-ppb PFOS. The initial PFAS concentration was determined using solid-phase extraction

coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Water quality parameters of the landfill leachate, such as pH, EC, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined using the HANNA sensor (Model HI9814, HANNA® Instruments, Smithfield, R.I., United States), while turbidity, and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) were measured using the UnU sensor (Model: UV-08, immersion type, UnU Inc., Seoul, South Korea) [17]. The EO treatment was conducted at 10 mA cm-2 (~2.45 V) for 60 minutes in a 100mL working volume with a submerged anode electrode area of 4 cm2, at a stirring rate of 200 (rpm) at room temperature conditions of 23°C. Before testing, the landfill leachate sample was filtered through a 0.22-µm filter (No. SLGPM33RS, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Mass., United States) to reduce the effect of particulate matter on the degradation process. The PFOS and PFOA concentrations were quantified over a 60-minute period, and

removal efficiency, degradation kinetics, and energy consumption were determined.

Results and Discussion Hydroxyl Radical Production by the Nickel Diselenide Anode As shown in Figure 1, the fluorescence intensity for both the NF substrate and NiSe2 anode material increased linearly with time, but the NiSe2 anode generated ·OH at ~two times that of the substrate (slope of 10.08 AU minutes-1, R2 = 0.9821 versus 5.09 AU minutes-1, R2 = 0.9924). This confirms that the NiSe2 coating itself, rather than the underlying NF, is responsible for the enhanced ROS generation, indicative of its nanoscale morphology and larger electroactive surface area [16]. The higher ·OH production could provide an oxidative pathway needed to attack the perfluorinated chain and its head group, required for degradation of PFAS. Continued on page 36

Figure 1. ·OH production by NiSe₂ material over time compared to NF substrate, using TPA assay with current density of 10 mA cm-2 (~3.57 V); anode and cathode size of 4 cm2 each; electrolyte: 100 mL of 0.5 mM TPA in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ (pH 7, EC = 16.36 mS cm-1).

Figure 2. Effect of current density on (a) PFOS, and (b) PFOA removal using NiSe₂ electrocatalyst test conditions material size: 4 cm²; working volume of 100 mL of 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ (pH 7.0, EC=16.36 mS cm-1); current density used: 5 mA cm-2 (~2.35 V), 10 mA cm-2 (~3.43 V), and 20 mA cm-2 (~4.08 V), stirring rate of 200 rpm; initial PFAS concentration: 1 ppb of PFOS only, and 1 ppb of PFOA only, in separate tests. All experiments were conducted at 23°C.

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 35

Continued from page 35 Effect of Current Density on Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Removal As shown in Figure 2, the degradation of PFOS and PFOA followed pseudo-firstorder kinetics, with the PFAS removal rate increasing with increasing current density. At a current density of 10 mA cm-2 (~3.43 V), 1-ppb PFOS only and PFOA only were removed by ~76 percent (k = 0.0222 minutes-1) and ~60 percent (k = 0.0136 minutes-1), respectively, within 60 minutes. Increasing the current density to 20 mA cm-2 (~4.08 V) increased the removal efficiencies to ~80 percent (k = 0.0278 minutes-1) for PFOS, and ~72 percent (k = 0.0192 minutes-1) for PFOA. Even at a lower current density of 5 mA cm-2 (~2.35 V), ~59 percent of PFOS (k = 0.0138 minutes-1) and ~50 percent of PFOA (k = 0.0109 minutes-1) were removed in 60 minutes. Increasing the current density increases

2.0

y = 0.0208x + 0.3988 R² = 0.6796

PFOS PFOA

1.6

- In (C/Co)

Figure 3. Effect of the presence of both PFOS and PFOA on PFAS removal test conditions with current density applied: 20 mA cm-2 (~4.08 V); material size: 4 cm2; working volume of 100 mL of 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ (pH 7.0, EC=16.36 mS cm-1); stirring rate of 200 rpm; initial PFAS concentration: 1 ppb of PFOS and 1 ppb of PFOA, in same solution. All experiments were conducted at 23°C.

the anode potential, thereby enhancing the driving force for direct electron transfer and in situ sulfate radical (SO4·-) generation from the Na2SO4 electrolyte [18, 19]. These process accelerate the initial desulfonation of PFOS and decarboxylation of PFOA, while enhanced ·OH generation facilitates subsequent chainshortening steps [3]. Across the range tested, however, k increased subproportionally with increased current (k ∝ j0.51 for PFOS and k ∝ j0.41 for PFOA), consistent with the logarithmic dependence of anode potential on current density [20, 21]. Because cell voltage increases with the current, the required energy also increases with current density. Increasing the current density by four-fold from 5 mA cm-2 (~2.35 V) to 20 mA cm-2 (~4.08 V) only increased the k-value by ~2.17 fold for PFOS and ~1.76 fold for PFOA. At the low PFAS concentrations (i.e., ppb levels) relevant to drinking water treatment, the faradaic efficiency for PFAS destruction is inherently very low. Much of the applied current might be consumed

1.2

y = 0.0181x + 0.2689 R² = 0.7782

0.8 0.4 0.0

0

15

30

45

Time (min)

60

75

by water oxidation, so operating at the lowest or optimal current density that meets the required treatment removal and regulatory limits is the more energy-efficient strategy, and this is an important consideration for full-scale design. Simultaneous Degradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate The PFAS almost always co-occur in contaminated waters [22], and hence, the NiSe2 anode was evaluated with 1 ppb each of PFOA and PFOS in the same solution at a current density of 20 mA cm-2. As shown in Figure 3, the PFAS removal efficiencies after 60 minutes remained similar to the single-compound tests, with 76 percent (k = 0.0208 minutes-1) for PFOS and 70 percent (k = 0.0181 minutes-1) for PFOA. The modest reduction in rate coefficients relative to PFOS-only (k = 0.0278 minutes-1) or PFOA-only tests (k = 0.0192 minutes-1) indicates limited competition for reactive sites and ROS at these environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., ppb levels), in contrast to the pronounced PFOA-PFOS interference reported at mg L-1 concentrations (i.e., parts per million levels) [23]. This shows the effectiveness of the NiSe2 anode material for simultaneous PFAS removal, particularly for real-world applications. Application to Landfill Leachate The practical robustness of the NiSe2 anode was tested in raw landfill leachate, which is one of the most challenging PFAS-bearing matrices because of its high organic content, salinity, and diverse co-contaminants [25]. The landfill leachate sample used had a pH of 7.54 ± 0.03, TDS of 12,300 ± 471 mg L-1, EC of 26 ±

Figure 4. Application of the EO process to landfill leachate using the NiSe₂ electrocatalyst (a) PFAS degradation rate, and (b) removal efficiency and PFAS concentration with current density of 10 mA cm-2 (~2.45 V); working volume of 100 mL; initial PFAS concentration: 4.5 ppb of PFOA and 0.7 ppb of PFOS; stirring rate of 200 rpm; submerged area of 4 cm2. Experiments were conducted at 23°C.

36 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Table 1. Comparison of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Degradation by Electrochemical Oxidation Processes Anode material BDD BDD Ag/AuPAA/PAH AuPAA/PAH

NiSe2

PFAS type PFO A PFO A PFO A

PFO A

BDD

PFOS

Ag/AuPAA/PAH AuPAA/PAH

PFOS

NiSe2

PFOS

Electrolyte

Initial PFAS concentration (mg L-1)

Current density (mA cm-2)

Treatment time (minutes)

Removal efficiency (%)

Rate coefficient (k) (minutes-1)

Energy Requirement (kWh m-3)

NMDR (µg cm-2·h-1· (mA cm-2)-1)

Na2SO4

15

50

480

50

0.0233

50

0.1234*

Na2SO4

0.3

15

480

50

0.0055

40

0.0082*

0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 7)

0.001

10

120

72

0.0046

164.9

0.0018*

69.8

0.0047

164.9

0.0017*

50

0.0109

0.470

0.0025

60

0.0136

1.372

0.0015

72

0.0192

3.268

0.0009

54

0.0102

0.980

0.0061

0.0062

190

0.0822*

0.0022

120

0.0164*

90.9

0.0093

90

0.0023*

72.7

0.0088

125.2

0.0018*

59

0.0138

0.470

0.0030

76

0.0222

1.372

0.0019

80

0.0278

3.268

0.0010

100

0.0243

0.980

0.0018

0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 7) Landfill leachate NaCl + Na2SO4 NaCl + Na2SO4 0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 7)

5 0.001

10 20

0.0045

10

10

50

0.6

15

0.001

10

60

480

50

120

5

0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH 7)

0.001

Landfill leachate

0.0007

10 20

60

10

Ref

[3]

[26]

This study

[3]

[26]

This study

*Calculated by the authors using data obtained in the respective publications PAA/PAH: poly (acrylic acid)/poly (allylamine hydrochloride) 1 mS cm-1, turbidity of 323 ± 8 nephelometric turbidity units, and TCOD of 5,540 ± 37 mg L-1. As shown in Figures 4a and 4b, at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, the PFOS levels reduced from 0.7 ppb to nondetectable levels (i.e., 100 percent removal; k = 0.0243 minutes-1) and the PFOA reduced from 4.5 to 2.09 ppb, representing 54 percent removal efficiency with a k-value of 0.0102 minutes-1, within 60 minutes. Notably, the PFOS rate coefficient in leachate was comparable to that observed in the Na2SO4, indicating that matrix constituents did not substantially inhibit PFOS oxidation at the NiSe2 surface. The specific energy consumption for leachate treatment was only 0.98 kWh m-3, aided by the leachate’s high conductivity and the anode’s low operating voltage (~2.45 V). Comparison With Other Studies and Future Outlook Table 1 compares the NiSe2 anode against BDD and other anodes used in similar studies. From Table 1, it is seen that comparable PFAS removal efficiencies (~50 to 90 percent) in

previous studies often required substantially longer treatment times (~60 to 480 minutes) and far higher energy inputs (~4.7 – 190 kWh m-3), even in synthetic Na2SO4 electrolytes. By contrast, the NiSe2 anode achieved ~50 to 80 percent removal of PFOA and PFOS in a similar synthetic Na2SO4 electrolyte, and up to 100 percent PFOS removal in real leachate within 60 minutes, requiring a lower energy of 0.47-3.27 kWh m-3. On a normalized material degradation rate basis, the NiSe2 system is competitive with or superior, i.e., NMDR = ~ 0.0009 – 0.0061 µg cm-2·h-1·(mA cm-2)-1 to that calculated for the reported electrodes, i.e., NMDR = ~ 0.0017 – 0.1234 µg cm-2·h-1·(mA cm-2)-1 while the NiSe2 operates at lower voltage and shorter contact time. These attributes of the NiSe2, such as its earth-abundant composition, low energy demand, short treatment time, and robustness in a real matrix, make it favorable for scale-up. Future work should focus on short- and long-term stability tests to assess robustness and durability for practical applications. Also,

pilot tests with larger anode material sizes, which scale the reactor configuration toward continuous-flow treatment of PFAS-impacted waters along with life cycle assessment and treatment costs, could help assess its suitability for wastewater treatment.

Conclusions This study demonstrated, for the first time, the use of nanostructured NiSe2 as an electrochemical anode for destructive PFAS treatment. The NiSe2 anode generated hydroxyl radicals at approximately twice the rate of the bare NF substrate, confirming the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of its nanostructures. At environmentally relevant PFAS concentrations of 1 ppb, the anode had removal efficiencies of 59 to 80 percent for PFOS and 50 to 72 percent for PFOA within 60 minutes at current densities of 5 to 20 mA cm-2, using 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Simultaneous PFOA and PFOS removal at 20 mA cm-2 remained high Continued on page 38

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 37

Continued from page 37 at ~70 and ~76 percent removal efficiencies, respectively, indicating minimal competitive inhibition between the two compounds. In real landfill leachate, the anode achieved complete PFOS removal (i.e., below the detection limit) and 54 percent PFOA removal within 60 minutes, requiring only 0.98 kWh m-3 of energy, representing substantially lower energy consumption and shorter treatment times compared to similar studies. Future work should focus on evaluating short- and long-term anode stability and reusability and scaling the reactor configuration toward continuous-flow treatment of PFASimpacted waters. Overall, NiSe2 is a promising, efficient, and low-energy anode material for electrochemical PFAS remediation and may contribute to the development of scalable treatment technologies for contaminated water systems, including landfill leachate and other impacted matrices relevant to Florida utilities.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Accelerating Research Translation (ART) Geosciences (Grant No. NSF ITE2331319).

References A . Phillip. “Understanding per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Environmental persistence, health risks, and regulatory challenge.” European Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 199-211, 2025. [2] S. Y. Wee and A. Z. Aris. “Revisiting the “forever chemicals,” PFOA and PFOS exposure in drinking water.” npj Clean Water, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 57, 2023. [3] C. E. Schaefer et al. “Electrochemical treatment of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate: Insights into mechanisms and application to groundwater treatment.” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 317, pp. 424-432, 2017. [4] M. Pierpaoli et al. “Electrochemical oxidation of PFOA and PFOS in landfill leachates at low and highly boron-doped diamond electrodes.” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 403, p. 123606, 2021. [5] S. E. Fenton et al. “Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: Current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research.” Environmental toxicology and chemistry, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 606-630, 2021. [6] E. M. Sunderland, X. C. Hu, C. Dassuncao, A. [1]

K. Tokranov, C. C. Wagner, and J. G. Allen. “A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects.” Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 131-147, 2019. [7] M. Hua et al. “United States environmental protection agency’s perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, and related per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances 2024 drinking water maximum contaminant level: part 1–analysis of public comments.” Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 321367, 2025. [8] A. Donaldson. “Regulating Forever?: The EPA’s Goal to Remediate Forever Chemicals Already in the Environment under the Safe Drinking Water Act.” UMKC L. Rev., vol. 92, p. 911, 2023. [9] U. E. P. Agency. “PFAS national primary drinking water regulation.” Federal Register, vol. 89, no. 82, pp. 32532-32757, 2024. [10] E. W. Tow et al. “Managing and treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in membrane concentrates.” AWWA Water Science, vol. 3, no. 5, p. e1233, 2021. [11] P. Nidheesh, A. Kumar, D. S. Babu, J. Scaria, and M. S. Kumar. “Treatment of mixed industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation and indirect electrochemical oxidation.” Chemosphere, vol. 251, p. 126437, 2020. [12] A. L. Tasca, J. N. Uwayezu, I. Carabante, and J. Kumpiene. “Electrochemical remediation of PFAS by Boron-Doped Diamond electrodes: A review.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 117044, 2025. [13] S. J. Smith et al. “Electrochemical Oxidation for Treatment of PFAS in Contaminated Water and Fractionated Foam A PilotScale Study.” ACS Es&t Water, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1201-1211, 2023. [14] D. J. Beale et al. “Bioaccumulation and impact of maternal PFAS offloading on egg biochemistry from wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii).” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 817, p. 153019, 2022. [15] W. Liao, Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, M. Murugananthan, and S. Yoshihara. “Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR using Ag/AgCl/TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode under visible light irradiation.” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 231, pp. 455-463, 2013/09/01/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cej.2013.07.054. [16] S. Adjei-Nimoh et al. “Enhanced electrochemical degradation of microcystinlysine-arginine (MC-LR) using novel nickel

38 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

oxide anodes in real water matrices.” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 401, p. 128970, 2026. [17] M. Kim et al. “Calibration-free on-site detection of microcystin-LR using integrated biosensing, multi-parameter water quality monitoring, and machine learning.” Water Research, p. 125832, 2026. [18] G. Zhu, H. Yang, X. Fan, X. Quan, and Y. Liu. “Promoting SO4·–and· OH generation from sulfate solution toward efficient electrochemical oxidation of organic contaminants at a B/N-doped diamond flow-through electrode.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2317-2326, 2025. [19] Y.-U. Shin et al. “Electrochemical oxidation of organics in sulfate solutions on borondoped diamond electrode: multiple pathways for sulfate radical generation.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 254, pp. 156-165, 2019. [20] C. Comninellis. “Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment.” Electrochimica acta, vol. 39, no. 11-12, pp. 1857-1862, 1994. [21] P. Yang, Y. Wang, J. Lu, V. Tishchenko, and Q. Huang. “Electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanesulfonate by Magnéli phase Ti4O7 electrode in the presence of trichloroethylene.” Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1-17, 2020. [22] T. T. Minh and D. N. Bui. “Co-contamination of heavy metals and PFAS in surface waters across a river estuary coast continuum under monsoonal seasonality.” Journal of Coastal Conservation, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 37, 2026. [23] L. S. Liang ShangTao, R. Pierce, Jr, L. H. Lin Hui, C. S. Chiang SheauYun, and H. Q. Huang QingGuo. “Electrochemical oxidation of PFOA and PFOS in concentrated waste streams.” 2018. [24] G. Li et al. “A review on the recent mechanisms investigation of PFAS electrochemical oxidation degradation: mechanisms, DFT calculation, and pathways.” Frontiers in Environmental Engineering, vol. 4, p. 1568542, 2025. [25] R. J. Monsky. “Degradation of Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Through Thermochemical and Electrochemical Methods.” Northwestern University, 2025. [26] J.-H. Hwang et al. “Nanoparticle embedded hydrogel synthesized electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).” Chemosphere, vol. 296, p. 134001, 2022. S

SAFETY FROM THE FIELD

Strengthening Emergency Action Plans During Facility Expansions and Upgrades Robert Smith

A

cross the United States, water utilities are putting up new facilities and breathing life into older ones. It’s an exciting pace of progress, but every new building, chemical feed system, electrical upgrade, or construction crew onsite changes the safety picture. As the facility grows and shifts, the Emergency Action Plan (EAP) has to grow and shift with it. An expansion can introduce new chemical hazards, reshape confined spaces, change evacuation routes, and even affect how first responders get to where they need to go. Construction adds another layer of temporary conditions that can complicate response efforts. Because of all this, utilities need to review their EAPs regularly and make sure the plans match the facility as it actually exists (not how it looked a year ago). The Occupational Safety

and Health Administration (OSHA) EAP standard (29 CFR 1910.38) is the starting point. Evacuation procedures should reflect realtime site conditions. Communication systems must be clear to both employees and contractors. Hazard-specific training needs to be updated as processes change. Once construction begins, additional OSHA requirements come into play, including contractor coordination, lockout/tagout considerations, and temporary access control. Fire protection and pre-incident planning guidance from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) are just as important. The NFPA 1620 helps with gathering the critical pre-incident data responders rely on. The NFPA 101 guides egress planning and NFPA 70E becomes essential whenever electrical upgrades bring new arc-flash risks. As facilities modernize, these standards help utilities think ahead and understand how new systems might affect emergency response. Resources from the American Water Works Association (AWWA) fill out the picture. Standards like G440 (Emergency Preparedness Practices) and J100 (Risk and Resilience Management) stress continuous improvement rather than treating emergency planning as a one-

and-done task. They encourage utilities to make EAP updates part of the expansion process itself. When utilities expand, the most common updates tend to include revised evacuation maps, new muster points for contractors, changes to chemical spill procedures, temporary shutdown instructions, updated confined-space inventories, and refreshed fire protection preplans. Upgrades to security systems, added access points, and redesigned fencing also mean it’s time to reconnect with local emergency responders and make sure everyone is operating on the same page. In the end, new infrastructure brings tremendous benefits, but it also brings added responsibility. A well-maintained, consistently updated EAP ensures that every improvement strengthens the facility instead of creating new vulnerabilities. By using OSHA, NFPA, and AWWA guidance proactively, water utilities can grow safely while protecting employees, contractors, and the communities that depend on these essential systems. Robert Smith is utilities safety and emergency response manager at Polk County Utilities in Winter S Haven.

Polk County Central Regional Water Facility during construction, November 2017.

The water facility, May 2018.

The water facility, December 2018.

The water facility, June 2019.

40 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Protecting Our Youth: Lessons Learned From Early Lead and Copper Rule Improvements for School and Childcare Sampling Programs Stewart Campbell, Carla Ndoun, and Brendan O’Brien As utilities prepare to implement the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI), one of the most crucial and community-focused requirements applies to schools and childcare facilities. While lead service line inventories and replacement programs remain critical components, there is a direct focus on identifying lead exposure risks at some of a community’s most vulnerable locations: school and childcare facilities. By identifying potential lead exposure risks where children learn, play, and grow, utilities can take a proactive role in supporting public health. While the Nov. 1, 2027, compliance deadline establishes a clear regulatory milestone, the most

effective sampling programs begin beforehand. From building facility inventories to establishing relationships with school districts and childcare providers, stakeholders across Florida have shown that taking a proactive approach and starting these efforts early can simplify compliance and create opportunities to strengthen public trust and support public health goals.

Why School and Childcare Sampling Matters Protecting children from potential lead exposure remains a priority for utilities, regulators, educators, and parents across the United States. Because even low levels of lead can affect development, learning ability, behavior, and growth, LCRI establishes a proactive framework for identifying and testing potential risks for

lead in drinking water at school and childcare facilities. Lead exposure risks can also originate at these facilities, even when a facility is served by a nonlead service line. Older brass faucets and valves, drinking fountains manufactured before 2014, lead solder, and internal potable water piping can all contribute to elevated lead levels, making sampling an important tool for providing insight into conditions that might otherwise go undetected.

Why Utilities Should Start Now Providing safe drinking water is at the heart of every public water system (PWS) mission. While school and childcare sampling will become a regulatory requirement under LCRI, early implementation allows utilities to proactively Continued on page 42

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 41

Continued from page 41 prioritize efforts to limit lead exposure while building the foundation for a successful program. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) is evaluating a waiver framework for utilities that complete sampling ahead of the compliance deadline. By sampling early, utilities can prioritize public health and strengthen coordination efforts between schools and childcare centers. It also provides opportunities to identify challenges, refine procedures, and gain insight before the program becomes mandatory in 2028.

Understanding Sampling Requirements in Schools and Childcare Centers Under LCRI, EPA outlines the expectations for sampling conducted at schools and childcare facilities. Required facilities include licensed childcare centers and primary schools; the primary schools include K-5, K-8, and K-12 if elementary grades are present. These are considered a priority because younger children are in the facility and are more vulnerable.

Secondary schools, such as high schools serving grades 9-12 only, are not mandated under the rule; however, utilities are required to offer sampling to any school that would like to participate, including high schools. If a school that does not serve elementary students requests sampling, the utility must, beginning in 2028, coordinate and conduct the sampling. Primary schools and registered childcare facilities constructed before 2014 are required to be sampled per the LCRI unless there is a documented refusal. The number of samples, and where they are to be collected, is based on the type of facility. For childcare facilities, two samples are to be collected at one drinking fountain, and one kitchen faucet or classroom faucet used for consumption. If the facility does not contain the specified outlet type, any outlet that provides water for human consumption may be used. For schools, five samples are collected at the following locations: S Two drinking fountains S One kitchen faucet used for food or drink preparation S One classroom faucet or another outlet used for drinking

A collected sample.

42 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

S One nurse’s office faucet, as available Similar to childcare facilities, if one of these specific outlets does not exist, the utility should substitute with another similar potable outlet. Understanding the sampling requirements is important for developing schedules, staffing plans, and outreach strategies. Before sample collection, facilities should not use any water for eight to 18 hours. This stagnation period applies to the building’s entire plumbing system and helps ensure that samples accurately reflect potential lead accumulation results. During sample collection, the first draw should be taken at each outlet, collecting 250 mL of water. The first-draw samples allow for a “worst-case scenario” of lead accumulation in the drinking water. Within 30 days of the laboratory certifying the sample results, the utility must notify the facility, FDEP, and the Florida Department of Health of the results. If the lead sampling results exceed the EPA action level of 0.015 mg/l (changed to 0.010 mg/L beginning Nov. 1, 2027), the facility should be provided with remediation actions, and follow-up sampling should be conducted. The utility is not responsible for

Collecting a sample at the sink.

remediation actions if the system-owned service line is known to be nonlead.

Building a School and Childcare Facility Inventory Developing a comprehensive inventory of schools and licensed childcare facilities is often the most important first step to a successful sampling program. To identify the facilities within a PWS service area, county property appraiser data can be used to identify public and private elementary, middle, and high schools. For licensed childcare facilities, the Florida Department of Children and Families (FDCF) childcare provider search tool, a statewide registry of licensed childcare providers, can be used to identify facilities. In the development of this list, key information to collect includes: S Physical address S Mailing address S Contact person S Contact email S Contact phone number S Facility type S Grades served Much of this information can be found in the property assessor data and the FDCF search tool, but some research on facility websites may be required to gather all the desired information.

Early Implementation Case Studies Two Florida utilities that have implemented early sampling programs include Sanford in Seminole County and Coral Springs in Broward County. City of Sanford The City of Sanford’s experience highlights a key lesson for utilities preparing for LCRI implementation. Successful sampling programs began long before the first sample was collected. Serving approximately 61,000 residents across 340 miles of potable water distribution infrastructure, the city implemented a comprehensive LCRIcompliant sampling program between 2025 and 2026. Sampling began with nine public schools, in coordination with Seminole County Public Schools, during the school year. The project team identified 51 facilities, including required and nonrequired facilities for sampling. A two-phase process was used: S Phase 1 piloted the protocol at three schools over two days. S Phase 2 applied the same procedure at the remaining six schools. Following the two phases, the remaining locations were sampled.

A key initial step in the sampling process was developing a geospatial database using Seminole County property appraiser data and the FDCF search tool to locate all the facilities. Having facilities spatially located together allowed for easier scheduling, especially regarding travel time. Sampling of these facilities occurred during the school year, so scheduling around the use of the facility was an administrative challenge. Given the need for the entire plumbing system to remain stagnant for eight to 18 hours, samples were collected as early as possible in the day, around 4 a.m. Sanford’s experience demonstrated that while school-year sampling is feasible when conducted early in the morning and with extended sampling timelines, conducting sampling during school breaks can improve efficiency and reduce coordination challenges with staff. This phased approach helped ensure the process goes smoothly, allowing time to develop a process and test the feasibility and applicability in practice throughout the system. Each utility and school district has unique operational requirements, making flexibility and early coordination essential. One of the most important lessons learned was early stakeholder engagement. Communication with the school district, private-school principals, and childcare directors was key to scheduling sampling and maintaining project momentum. Communications and planning prior to beginning sampling can take three to six months to complete, depending on the number of facilities in a water system’s service area. It is important to ensure that ample planning time is given to identify facilities, develop a plan, provide communications, and schedule all facilities. Coral Springs Water District The Coral Springs Water District is one of four systems providing water to approximately 19,000 Coral Springs residents and 34 schools and childcare facilities. Of these facilities, 26 locations are required by EPA to be sampled as they are elementary schools or childcare facilities. Stakeholder engagement was prioritized from the earliest stages of the program. The project team held two virtual information sessions for facility owners to attend and learn about the sampling program. This provided an opportunity for the city to educate the facility owners and offer a space to ask questions. One of the most important lessons learned from this experience was outreach efforts from the water utilities are most effective when they are visibly involved throughout the process. In a situation where sampling programs are contracted out to a consultant, ensuring that outreach includes the utility helps facilities trust the validity of the outreach. All communication,

including letters and emails, should reference the utility. The experience also highlighted the importance of preparing customer service teams to respond to questions from facility owners and the public. Of the 26 locations, the city was tasked with sampling 19 locations due to Broward County Public Schools completing its own sampling at all the schools. Learning from the team’s experience with sampling in Sanford, these locations were sampled during the school’s summer break. This allowed for an expedited program, sampling these facilities within a week. With schools closed, engineers were able to complete more samples each morning. Childcare centers still require early sampling because they operate year-round, but planning ahead enables an effective program. Planning for these facilities began in March, with sampling occurring in August. This planning timeline is noteworthy because even with fewer facilities than Sanford, four months of planning were required. This planning included development of a school and childcare facility list and plan; stakeholder engagement through information sessions, calls, and emails; and scheduling among facilities, utility staff, and project personnel.

Key Takeaways Early implementation efforts in Florida demonstrate that successful school and childcare sampling programs require more than regulatory compliance. For a program to be effective, it requires proactive planning, inventory development, stakeholder coordination, scheduling, and clear communication. The experiences of Sanford and Coral Springs provide valuable lessons for other utilities preparing for LCRI implementation. These case studies show the value of early stakeholder engagement beginning three to six months before sampling even occurs. By doing this, utilities will be best positioned for success in their sampling programs and can continue to proactively prioritize public health, especially for the most vulnerable. These efforts show that utilities have the opportunity to invest in planning and collaboration today to create more-efficient programs, build trust with their communities, and help provide safer learning environments and childcare centers by reducing potential lead exposure risks for the next generation. Stewart Campbell is a project manager with CHA Consulting Inc. in Traverse City, Mich. Carla Ndoun, Ph.D., P.E., is a project engineer with CHA Consulting Inc. in Orlando. Brendan O’Brien, P.E., MBA, is the water market segment leader with CHA Consulting Inc. in Tampa. S

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 43

C FACTOR

Water Treatment: What Can You Control? Kevin Shopshire

President, FWPCOA

N

ovember is here; how is that possible already? As I said last month, the seasons do not help determine the months here in Florida! As you all know, I plant trees whenever possible; usually saplings from organizations, or from seed. I attempt to plant these trees at parks, lakes, my workplace, or other areas that are (in my opinion) in need of trees. I put care into the trees, using protection piping, marking posts, etc. I water them in dry times, or plant near pre-existing irrigation or low spots. I see trees being removed en masse around us for development, and am trying to do my part.

Sometimes my careful planning isn’t enough. Another employee may come along and chop a tree down (not on purpose), but still, chop it down to the ground with a trimmer, mower, etc. If I’m not told, it can start the week off on a frustrating note, seeing my hard work and effort cut down so quickly. I can replant, and hope for the best, but ultimately, it’s out of my control. What can you control?

Control on the Job: Communication and Training In water treatment, control is a necessity. People’s health depends on your control decisions in the water treatment process. Yes, there are alarm systems to prevent some mistakes, but you, the employee, controlling the chemical feeds, etc., are responsible. Now, are you the only operator controlling the water treatment? Just as with my tree planting, the water operator needs

A chopped-down tree sapling.

44 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

to communicate with other operators and employees, to ensure proper dosing, feed, flows, etc. You can’t just set the rates, hope your coworker knows why, and doesn’t inadvertently “chop down your tree” you worked so hard to nurture when they take over the shift. The FWPCOA is a training organization and training can be infused into most conversations. We send experienced professionals to train students with book information, as well as personal experiences. We can train you on technology, chemical feeds, and mathematics, as well as communication, while you’re in our classrooms. Just as you and your coworkers can share your reasons and experiences, we share ours with you. Everyone communicates differently. Do you understand your coworkers? Did you communicate with them after reading the logs? Did you responsibly arrive early enough to work to have the time to communicate?

Water utility control systems. (photo: Carewater Solutions)

Test Yourself There may be a good reason, for instance, the pH is running “a bit high.” Make sure you communicate with your coworkers before you accidentally “chop down” their tree.

FWPCOA Committee Spotlight: Website Committee Use of the internet has dramatically increased in popularity as a means of obtaining and disseminating information around the globe. Using the World Wide Web is strongly encouraged in that it provides FWPCOA with a powerful tool to convey information quickly and efficiently on a broad range of topics relating to its activities, objectives, policies, and programs. It is the mission of the Website Committee to establish, operate, and maintain the official FWPCOA state website and other related services. The association has a volunteer webmaster, Mr. Robert (Robby) Duarte, along with another webmaster, Ms. Debra Englander. Each FWPCOA region has its own pagemaster who uploads information specific to their own region. We’re hoping to hold pagemaster training in March next year before the State Short School. If you’re interested in working on your region’s website, please reach out at fwpcoa. org and/or watch for upcoming training.

Take Advantage of Networking Opportunities in Your Region This time of year, most, if not all, of the regions are hosting holiday events. These are excellent opportunities to network with your regional members, meet families, and relax among friends and colleagues. Keep an eye on your regional webpages for information about their activities. S

What Do You Know About Nitrogen Removal? Charlie Lee Martin Jr., Ph.D. 1. The milligram (mg) of oxygen required per mg of nitrogen oxidized is a. 4.6 mg. b. 3.6 mg. c. 5 .6 mg. d. none of the above. 2. The mg of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) alkalinity removed per mg of nitrogen oxidized is a. 4.1 mg. b. 5.1 mg. c. 6.1 mg. d. 7.1 mg.

6. The amount of the influent constituent that limits the population of nitrifying bacteria is a. nitrogen dioxide (NO2). b. NO3. c. ammonium (NH4+). d. none of the above. 7. As the temperature of the wastewater decreases the growth rate of the nitrifying bacteria a. decreases. b. increases. c. decreases first and then decreases. d. increases first and then decreases. 8. The process that is best suited for nitrification is a. contact stabilization. b. extended aeration. c. step-feed aeration. d. none of the above.

3. The mg of CaCO3 alkalinity recovered per mg of oxidized nitrogen (NO3/NO2) removed is a. 4.6 mg. b. 3.6 mg. c. 2.6 mg. d. none of the above.

9. The pH where 98 percent NH4+ in wastewater is converted to gaseous ammonia (NH3) is a. 8.5. b. 11. c. 7. d. none of the above.

4. The mg of chlorine consumed per mg of 3 nitrite that yields nitrate (NO ) is a. 1.5. b. 2.5 mg. c. 3 .5 mg. d. 4.5 mg.

10. The optimum temperature range for good nitrification is between a. 10 and 30°C. b. 25 and 30°C. c. 15 and 30°C. d. all of the above.

5. The mg of methanol required to remove 1 mg of NO3/NO2 is a. 1.9 mg. b. 2.9 mg. c. 4.9 mg. d. none of the above.

Answers on page 62 References used for this quiz: • California State University at Sacramento Advanced Waste Treatment, Fifth Edition

Send Us Your Questions Readers are welcome to submit questions or exercises on water or wastewater treatment plant operations for publication in Test Yourself. Send your question (with the answer) or your exercise (with the solution) by email to: charmartin@msn.com

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 45

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 47

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50 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

National expertise, Florida experience Garver Tampa Water Leader Chris High, PE, has spent his career helping Florida utilities plan, deliver, and manage critical water infrastructure. He knows the pressures shaping the region, and backed by the resources of a national firm, he brings the local knowledge and practical delivery experience communities need to move the right projects forward with confidence.

GarverUSA.com

Chris High, PE Tampa Water Leader

L ET’ S TA LK S A FE TY This column addresses safety issues of interest to water and wastewater personnel, and will appear monthly in the magazine. The Journal is also interested in receiving any articles on the subject of safety that it can share with readers in the “Spotlight on Safety” column.

Handling the Load: Forklift Safety

F

orklifts are excellent labor-saving devices. They save time and reduce the likelihood of injury associated with manual material-handling activities. They can, however, become very dangerous if operated by a reckless or untrained operator. Forklift accidents tend to be very serious, involving both personal injury and damage to property. These accidents can be avoided if operators use some common sense and follow safe operating rules and procedures. Do not operate a forklift until you have been properly trained and authorized to do so.

Forklift Driver Training Here are some common safety rules to follow before, during, and after forklift operation. Before Driving S S tudy the manual of the forklift before operating. You want to understand it

inside and out. Hitting the wrong switch at the wrong moment could lead to disaster. S A parked forklift should have the forks flat on the floor with the controls set to neutral and with the parking brake set. S Use forklift marking signs and forklift marking tape to designate pedestrian and forklift lanes and areas, if appropriate. Put up warning signs such as “Forklift Crossing” to alert pedestrians and other vehicles that a forklift may cross there. S Use mandatory safety gear: high-visibility jacket, sturdy footgear, hard hats, and gloves. Wear fitted clothing that can’t get caught in gears or controls. S Always inspect the vehicle at least once per shift. This includes checking the battery, brakes, controller, fuel system, horn, lights, lift system, steering mechanism, and tires. Don’t operate any vehicle found to be in need of repairs. S Fluids from a forklift can leak out

overnight on the area where you park it and make the surface slick. Check for fluids when you get on and off a forklift to prevent a slip and fall. S N ever operate a forklift with wet or greasy hands or shoes. You could easily slide or slip and cause an accident. S A forklift is considered to be “unattended” if the operator is more than 25 feet away or if the forklift is out of the direct vision of the operator. Loading S D o not use the tip of the forks as a lever to raise a heavy load. S Do not push a load with the tip of the forks. S K now the loading capacity of the forklift and any attachments being used and never exceed it. S A n overload can cause the rear tires to be raised off the ground and may cause the forklift to tip over. S W hen stacking or tiering, tilt a load

Let’s Talk Safety is available from AWWA; visit www.awwa.org or call 800.926.7337. Get 40 percent off the list price or 10 percent off the member price by using promo code SAFETY20. The code is good for the Let’s Talk Safety book, dual disc set, and book + CD set.

52 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

backward only as much as necessary to stabilize the load. S Ensure that the load is evenly distributed. S Do not lift or move a load unless both forks are fully under the load. S Use pallets and skids that can withstand the weight of the load. Do not use damaged, deformed, or decayed pallets for holding loads. S Don’t move a loaded vehicle until the load is secure. S Never carry a passenger on a load. While Driving S Use the seat belt. It will keep you secured in the seat in the unplanned event of a tip over. S Look in the direction of travel and don’t move the vehicle until you see that your path is clear. S Don’t exceed the authorized safe speed. S When operating the forklift on inclines, the load should always be on the uphill side of the incline. Drive forward going up the incline; drive backward going down the incline. S When traveling without a load on the forks, keep the forks approximately four to six inches off the floor or ground. S Never allow anyone to walk underneath a raised load. S Stop at all blind corners to check for other traffic in the area, including other forklifts and pedestrians. Honk your horn and look before you proceed. S Maintain at least a three-truck-length distance between you and vehicles in front of you. S Never attempt to pass another forklift. S Slow down and sound the horn at cross aisles and other locations where your vision is obstructed. S Cross over railroad tracks diagonally whenever possible. S If carrying a tall load that blocks your forward vision, drive in reverse and turn your head so you can see where you are going. S Never drive a forklift up to the back of a person who is unaware that the forklift is behind them. After Driving S Setting the emergency brake is critical whenever stopping. If you fail to do this, thousands of pounds could start rolling unexpectedly, causing many dangers. S If you leave the vehicle and will be 25 feet

or more away, leave the load-engaging means down, bring the mast to the vertical position, shut the power off, curb the vehicle if necessary, and set the brakes. S If you leave the vehicle and are within 25 feet of the vehicle, lower the load engaging means fully, neutralize the controls, and set the brakes. S After use, ensure that the forklift is parked in a designated or authorized area. S Fully lower the forks to the floor and apply the park brake. S Turn the forklift “off ” and remove the key.

Forklifts and Drugs or Alcohol Don’t Mix Running a forklift is dangerous, so extreme

alertness is necessary. It can be difficult enough to operate a forklift when sober, so any use of alcohol or drugs should be avoided before operating a forklift. This includes alcohol and illegal drugs, but also any opioid pain killers including Oxycontin, antihistamines that cause drowsiness, sedatives, Adderall, Ritalin, or any other legal drug that can alter judgment. Even muscle relaxants that affect you physically and not mentally should be avoided as they can affect your reflex time. All employees can benefit from learning about forklifts. Developing and enforcing an effective safety training program can take a lot of time and effort, but it’s an investment that will result in a much safer work environment. S

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 53

Why Water Conservation Should be a Year-Round Practice in Florida Michael Dukes Florida’s water resources face pressure every season, not just during periods of severe drought. As the state’s population grows, the need to use available supplies efficiently becomes more pressing, and recent drought conditions have brought this challenge into sharper focus. From September 2025 through March of this year, Florida experienced its third-driest period on record. By April, nearly the entire state was experiencing moderate to exceptional drought, highlighting how quickly water availability can become a statewide concern. Conservation practices need to be an ongoing part of water management, regardless of whether conditions are wet or dry. In my decades of research on landscape irrigation and water use, I have seen how routine decisions can influence overall water demand. Consistently managing irrigation, responding to rainfall, and understanding the needs of landscape plants can help reduce water use over time. These everyday practices are especially important because conservation is most sustainable when it becomes a habit rather than a temporary response to an emergency.

Conserving Water With Irrigation Systems One of the most practical opportunities for residential water conservation is improving the way landscape irrigation systems are operated. Research from the University of

Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) shows that homeowners and businesses can often reduce irrigation considerably while still maintaining healthy lawns and landscapes. The amount of water delivered during a single irrigation event can be surprising. Even a properly designed residential irrigation system can use nearly 1,000 gallons of water in one cycle. When that volume is applied unnecessarily, repeated irrigation cycles can result in significant water waste. A straightforward way to address this is to switch from routine automatic watering to a system that homeowners activate manually, and rain sensors can provide another important safeguard against wasted water. Florida law requires automatic irrigation systems to have technology that interrupts watering when sufficient moisture is present. These devices can prevent sprinklers from running during or following rainfall, but they must be properly installed, maintained, and kept in working condition to be effective. In addition to reducing water consumption, rain sensors can limit excess runoff, which may transport fertilizers and other pollutants into groundwater and surface waters. Landscape design and maintenance also influence how much irrigation is necessary. Newly planted vegetation typically needs more frequent watering as it establishes its root systems, while mature plants are often better equipped to survive on natural rainfall. Yet irrigation systems may continue watering established planting beds long after that additional water is needed. Homeowners and businesses can evaluate these areas and consider capping sprinkler heads that serve

54 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

plants requiring little supplemental irrigation or replacing conventional spray irrigation with more-efficient methods.

Conserving Water for the Future The current drought is a reminder that Florida’s water supply cannot be considered unlimited, particularly as population growth places additional demands on available resources. Even following recent rainfall, more than 13 million Florida residents live in areas experiencing drought. Water availability affects nearly every aspect of life in the state, from agricultural production and economic activity to environmental health and community wellbeing. Meeting Florida’s future water needs will require continued attention to both supply and demand. Conservation should not depend on the arrival of a drought or the implementation of mandatory restrictions. By making thoughtful water management a regular practice, Floridians can help reduce demand, protect natural systems, and preserve water resources for generations to come. A year-round commitment to conservation is an essential part of preparing Florida for a future in which water will remain central to its economy, environment, and quality of life. Michael Dukes, Ph.D., is a UF/IFAS associate dean for extension, the director of the UF/IFAS Center for Land Use Efficiency, and a faculty member in the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. He helps bring data-driven solutions to industry partners, state agencies, and decision makers to S protect Florida’s water resources.

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FSAWWA SPEAKING OUT

Getting Ready for the 2026 FSAWWA Fall Conference, Celebrating 100 Years of FSAWWA, and Appreciating Our Veterans Tyler Tedcastle Chair, FSAWWA

A

s the year is coming to an end, we are quickly approaching the 2026 FSAWWA Fall Conference, being held at the Rosen Shingle Creek from November 29 through December 2, where we will be celebrating the 100-year anniversary of FSAWWA! Of the many great events that take place at the conference, one of the most popular is the

Incoming Chair’s Reception and BBQ Challenge hosted by the Contractors Council. It will be held the evening of Monday, November 30, to honor our chair-elect, Terri Holcolmb, P.E.

Building Relationships and Facilities With the Contractors Council The Contractors Council serves as a liaison between FSAWWA and our local contracting community focusing on general construction practices, procurement initiatives, safety, and best practices analyses. The council is open to all FSAWWA member contractor organizations and currently has participation from the following companies:

Vets Connect attendees at the 2026 Florida Water Resources Conference.

S Archer Western S Garney S Haskell S Kiewit S PCL S Petticoat Schmidt S Sundt S Wharton-Smith Inc. As part of the service to the organization, the council provides content for the Florida Water Resources Journal, develops and hosts seminars for both our Fall Conference and the spring Florida Water Resources Conference, and is responsible for the BBQ Challenge. The BBQ Challenge has grown to accommodate 18 teams, and this year’s competitors are: S Bonita Springs Utilities S Charlotte County and Jones Edmunds S Core & Main S F. J. Nugent & Associates Inc. S Ferguson WW S Freese Nichols S Garney Construction S Haskell S Hillsborough County S Insituform and Azuria S Jacobs S Kimley-Horn S PCL S Peace River S Pinellas County S Wade Trim and Seminole Tribe S WASCON S Wharton-Smith Inc. The council is always looking for additional volunteers and companies to participate. For those interested in learning more, please reach out to Courtney Dantone, the current committee chair (cdantone@walshgroup.com), or Eric Nash, incoming chair (enash@PCL. com), for more information.

Veterans Appreciation

Vets Connect attendees at the 2025 FSAWWA Fall Conference.

56 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

In recognition and appreciation of our veterans, and honoring them on Veterans Day, FSAWWA continues to provide support for those who served through our Veterans Continued on page 58

Florida Municipal Water and Wastewater Process Equipment

Contact your local representative

Jim Murphy Sales Engineer & Branch Manager (863) 999-4692 | jmurphy@tencarva.com www.tencarva.com Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 57

The BBQ Challenge at the 2025 FSAWWA Fall Conference.

Continued from page 56 Initiative Committee. Since its implementation, FSAWWA has been able to connect with more than 130 veterans within our industry. We appreciate the help of our many regions and councils for helping connect our veterans with the section. The committee breaks down into three major operations that are currently in development and soon to be deployed: S O peration WetVet - Recognition and outreach of current military veterans in the water industry S O peration Treble Hook – Veteran recruitment programs

Mead-Hunt employees celebrate their Grand Champion win at the 2025 BBQ Challenge.

S O peration Mighty Oak – Command structure and veteran liaisons If you are a veteran or active military who is interested in participating, please join us at the Operation: Wet Vet Meeting and Social on Tuesday, December 1, at the Fall Conference. Along with in-person meetings, we are also planning to hold virtual “Liberty Calls” to connect with those who cannot attend the conference. If you would like to volunteer or connect, please reach out to Mark McDowell with the FSAWWA Veterans Initiative or use the QR Code here. S I hope to see you at the conference!

58 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

November 2-5...............Backflow Tester........................................................Deltona............................$425 5...............Backflow Tester recert.............................................Deltona............................$115 9...............Backflow recert........................................................Gulfport...........................$115 16-19...............Water Distribution Level 2......................................Deltona............................$375 20...............Exam Only................................................................Deltona............................$100 30- Dec. 3........Wastewater Collection Level 2..............................Deltona............................$375 December 7-10...............Backflow Tester........................................................Deltona............................$425 10...............Backflow Tester recert.............................................Deltona............................$115 14-17...............Water Distribution Level 2......................................Deltona............................$375

Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 59

NEWS BEAT The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced nearly $10 million in funding for eight recovery and mitigation projects to help Florida communities recover from various hurricanes and other disasters. The funding is part of more than $308 million that FEMA announced for almost 150 projects nationwide. Nearly $5 million was awarded through FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program for a project that will prevent, eliminate, or reduce future disaster-related damage. The state will receive nearly $5 million for the Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority to harden drinking water pipelines for the Snake Creek transmission system. An award of $4.7 million is for seven public assistance projects to reimburse Florida for the costs of permanent repairs to public facilities and debris removal. Notable projects include: S $ 560,000 to Bay County for debris removal, including nearly 74,000 cubic yards of demolition debris from 340 private properties. S $ 490,000 to the city of Lakeland for management costs related to recovery projects, including debris removal, emergency response, facility repairs, and power restoration following Hurricane Ian. S N early $400,000 to the city of Parker for repairs to the citywide stormwater collection system, including stormwater outfalls, retention ponds, and drainage structures damaged by flooding. These projects are the latest examples of disaster recovery provided by FEMA to support state and local communities as they work to rebuild from recent natural disasters.

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Gov. Ron DeSantis and the Florida Cabinet approved the conservation of more than 10,770 acres across Florida, including more than 2,700 acres within the Ocala-toOsceola Wildlife Corridor, representing an investment of more than $72.6 million. “Florida continues to make historic investments to protect the lands and waters that make our state unique,” said Gov. DeSantis. “These acquisitions will strengthen the Florida Wildlife Corridor and preserve working lands. This approval ensures that Florida’s growth is balanced with the preservation of the places that define our state.”

Since 2019, the state has invested more than $1.5 billion in land conservation through the Florida Forever program. This funding has enabled the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) to acquire over 500,000 acres for conservation, 92 percent of which are within the Florida Wildlife Corridor. “Today’s approvals reflect our commitment to being good stewards of Florida’s land and making smart investments in conservation. The Florida Wildlife Corridor is an important part of that effort, and I’m proud that more than 4,500 acres of working agricultural land will be permanently protected through the Rural and Family Lands Protection Program,” said Wilton Simpson, commissioner of agriculture. “This program is a proven, costeffective way to keep productive farmland in private hands and ensure it remains available to grow the food Floridians depend on for generations to come.” “These projects demonstrate the lasting benefits of strategic land conservation,” said Alexis A. Lambert, FDEP secretary. “They will connect conservation lands while protecting water resources and wildlife habitat. We appreciate the continued leadership of Gov. DeSantis, the Cabinet, and the Legislature in protecting Florida’s natural landscapes.” A 2,708-acre conservation easement within the Etoniah/Cross Florida Greenway Florida Forever project in Putnam County will create a connection to the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway State Recreation and Conservation Area and other conservation lands within the Ocalato-Osceola Wildlife Corridor. Protecting this large landscape tract will safeguard regional water supply and water quality, support natural ecosystem functions, enhance flood protection, and contribute to aquifer recharge. This property is within the Florida Wildlife Corridor. A 3,567-acre conservation easement within the Panther Glades project for Florida Forever in Hendry County will provide a connection between Dinner Island Ranch Wildlife Management Area and Finca Vigia, contributing to a mosaic of conservation lands in the area. The conservation easement will protect critical wildlife habitat while allowing the property to remain in agricultural use. This property is also within the Florida Wildlife Corridor. Also approved was the acquisition of permanent agricultural land conservation easements for more than 4,500 acres of

60 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

working agricultural lands through the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Rural and Family Lands Protection Program. The approvals include a permanent conservation easement over 1,034 acres of Limestone Creek Ranch, a working cattle ranch for more than 70 years that was once owned by former Gov. Doyle E. Carlton.

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The Southwest Florida Water Management District governing board has approved the purchase of the C&D Ranch and Rock Bend Ranch conservation easements. The approximately 1,270-acre acquisition will provide four miles of frontage along the west side of the Peace River in DeSoto and Hardee counties. These important property purchases are located within the Lower Peace River Corridor Project and span the lower basin of the Peace River, incorporating surrounding tributaries, connected headwaters, and floodplain swamps. This acquisition will protect rich plant life and moist soil habitats, improve water quality flowing into the Charlotte Harbor estuary, and safeguard regional water resources. The C&D Ranch conservation easement is located in Hardee and DeSoto counties and is 623.66 acres. It consists of approximately 48 percent wetlands and 52 percent uplands. The C&D Ranch is situated in the Peace River Valley, which leads to the Charlotte Harbor estuary and protects 1.9 miles of river frontage on the Peace River. The Rock Bend Ranch conservation easement is adjacent to DeSoto County and is 646.8 acres. It consists of approximately 60 percent wetlands and 40 percent uplands. The property has been used for agriculture and its natural communities remain in an undisturbed state. This property has approximately 2.2 miles of frontage along the west side of the Peace River. The parcels are being purchased for a combined total of approximately $7.5 million with money from the Florida Forever Trust Fund. These acquisitions meet all four of the district’s areas of responsibility, which are water supply, water quality, flood control, and natural systems. The properties are located within the Florida Wildlife Corridor, and within two miles of other district and state conservation S lands.

CLASSIFIEDS

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING RATES - Classified ads are $22 per line for a 60 character line (including spaces and punctuation), $60 minimum. The price includes publication in both the magazine and our Web site. Short positions wanted ads are run one time for no charge and are subject to editing. ads@fwrj.com

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Florida Water Resources Journal • November 2026 61

SERVING FLORIDA’S WATER AND WASTEWATER INDUSTRY SINCE 1949

Test Yourself Answer Key January 2016

Editorial Calendar

January...............Wastewater Treatment February..............Water Supply; Alternative Sources March................... Energy Efficiency; Environmental Stewardship April.....................Water Conservation and Reuse May......................Operations and Utilities Management June..................... Biosolids Management and Bioenergy Production July...................... Stormwater Management; Emerging Technologies August.................Disinfection; Water Quality September.......... Emerging Issues; Water Resources Management October............... New Facilities, Expansions, and Upgrades November...........Water Treatment December............Distribution and Collection Technical articles are usually scheduled several months in advance and are due 60 days before the issue month (for example, January 1 for the March issue). The closing date for display ad and directory card reservations, notices, announcements, upcoming events, and everything else including classified ads, is 30 days before the issue month (for example, September 1 for the October issue). For further information on submittal requirements, guidelines for writers, advertising rates and conditions, and ad dimensions, as well as the most recent notices, announcements, and classified advertisements, go to www.fwrj.com or call 352-241-6006.

Display Advertiser Index FSAWWA Honoring Our Veterans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������31 Barnes.........................................................................................................................11 Blue Planet Environmental Systems....................................................................... 63 FJ Nugent..................................................................................................................... 5 FSAWWA............................................................................................................... 46-50 FWPCOA Training Calendar..................................................................................... 59 Garver......................................................................................................................... 51 Gerber........................................................................................................................... 9 Heyward........................................................................................................................ 2 Hudson Pump and Equipment................................................................................. 57 Hydro International.................................................................................................... 13 Lakeside Equipment Corporation.............................................................................. 7 PCL Construction...................................................................................................... 39 Sedivision................................................................................................................... 29 Smith & Loveless....................................................................................................... 55 U.S. Submergent........................................................................................................ 33 Veolia.......................................................................................................................... 64 Water Treatment & Controls Technology................................................................ 58

62 November 2026 • Florida Water Resources Journal

Continued from page 45 1. A) 4.6 mg The mg of oxygen required per mg of nitrogen oxidized is 4.6 mg. 2. D) 7.1 mg. The mg of CaCO3 alkalinity removed per mg of nitrogen oxidized is 7.1 mg. 3. B) 3.6 mg. The mg of CaCO3 alkalinity recovered per mg of NO3/NO2 removed is 3.6 mg. 4. B) 2.5 mg. The mg of chlorine consumed per mg of nitrite that yields NO3 is 2.5 mg. 5. A) 1.9 mg. The mg of methanol required to remove 1 mg of NO3/NO2 is 1.9 mg. 6. C) NH4+. The amount of the influent constituent that limits the zpopulation of nitrifying bacteria is NH4+. 7. A) decreases. As the temperature of the wastewater decreases the growth rate of the nitrifying bacteria decreases. 8. B) extended aeration. The process that is best suited for nitrification is extended aeration. 9. B) 11. The pH where 98 percent NH4+ in wastewater is converted to NH3 is 11. 10. C) 15 and 30°C. The optimum temperature range for good nitrification is between 15 and 30°C.

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