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IAN GAS .(PALMAS) by

clr. H. J. Lam !l

• ,·. II

INDISCH COMID VOOR WETENSCHAPPELIJKE ONDERzOUIN~N

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AYA L A FOUNDATION, INC.

FI L I PIN AS HERITAGE LIBR A R Y

lndisch Comitâ‚Ź voor Wetenschappelijk.e Onderzoekingen. Batavia

F ig. 1 - Grnup of v is iLmÂ·son Jul y 12 M1 , 1926; lefLo f the scu tch eon , fr om r. bo J.: Messrs . H . SrnBERG, 1-1 . EcKEN ll AUSEN, J . T AMAw1w 1 and S . PO NTO; r igh t of L-llescuLcheon, from l . Lo r . : M essrs. H . Sc11i\irDT, Res iden L or Ma n a d o ' H . CLAASEN' Prof. Dr. w. WECK an d D r . H . LA"; foreg ro und l pomoea pes caprae RoT 11 .; l he scutcheon lias been removed from i bs r oofl et and Lu m ed.

MIA -NGAS /

(PALMAS) Scattered Annotations, made and collected

dr. H.J. Lam . 1' (Botanist at the Herbarium and. Museum for Systematical Botany at Buitenzorg, Java).

AYA.LA.

MUSEU~

Uf!IO.RY

Printed by G. Kolft & â‚¬0. at B atavia, E>.E.I. 1932

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CONTENTS Introduction . . .. .. .. ... . .. . ... .. ... .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . General Description ... ... .. ....... .... .. ... .. . Geology and Petrography .. ......... .... .... .. Flora and Fauna .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. 1. Flora ................ .. ........... .. ... ........ 2. Fauna .................. . ..... ........ ... ....... V. Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ...... 1. Historical .. .. .. .... ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. 2. Recent History .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 3. Present State.. . . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. a. Number...... ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... b. The kampong Miangas..... ... . ...... c. Natives, religion , manners and morals , trade and industry ... .. .... cl. State of health ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. e. Agriculture . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. ... . .. . .. VI. Appendices ... .. ... . ...... ....... ..... .... .. ......... 1. List of rock samples... .. ....... .. ....... 2. List of plants c0llected ..... .. .. .. . .. . 3. Literature and maps .............. '..' .. ......

I. II. III. IV.

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page 7 15 23 26 26 .34 36 36 42 46 46 47 48 50 51 55 55 57 63

LIST OF ILLUSTRA TIONS, etc . facing p . Maps ... 7 islands surrounding and Pl. I, Miangas ,, II, Map of the island of Miangas . .. .. .. .. .. . 15 , , III, Four presumable phases in the recent geological history of Miangas ......... 23

lill:\.0t0g·rapns fa€ing il)l • Fig. 1 , ®'<J"©l!lP, 01li v!isiit<ims 0n Jt1ly ]2filk, HJt2(;) tilf\le ,, 2, Ch0ral un: ~on sing1ing .. .... .. . ........ ..... ~4 ,, 3, 01lcl m•a11. , d1ressecl li©F cl1a•n:cfoil:g Mie tj·a•kal.ete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4, S0l!Ilt\hem 'p,la·r t 0f Miangas wi1tfu '' P-. !ffiaJl@E!t©, from G. SC'Jf© . .. . . . . . . . . t6 5i, Jl>. JBaron.lft© as seen fr0m L0Tu0 lliay ~6 '' 6' :Ji> • i6lar0nt@' sea eli<ff.............. ....... n '' "'/, iP . Bar0nt0, sea eli•ff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ "'/ ",. i3, [sthimus l<Jetween P. !IBa.r0:!lito a•:acl the mai11. isll aml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tS ¥l, G. 1£h1cl ene a·n.cl 1BC'JJl0 .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. ~9 . " ~@, ®-. il.ila1t0e s. a., as seeD £r0m ,, G.. J1..i1m 0na . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . 2@ ,, M , G. J§la.t©e, l00k!i1:iil.g 'IE .. ,, . .... . .. •. . .. ... 21 ,, ~2, G. Ch1clene, £. s.:icle ..................... 22 ,, 13, L00king SW. k0m G. 5@1¥0 . . . . . . . . . 2C) , , l 4, 1Il!trus.i 0ns @-F 01.fusi<ll ia11. in the er@d ecl amles·i tic r0ck . . ....... ... . .. . .... .. .... . . .. 24 15, G. Kota:, 10@king; NIE. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . 4('.) '' ~(;) , 'Fhe ]0uir gm•n s witfl.in t.fue fortress oli ,, G. K0ta ..... ......................,. ............ 4if. ,, ]7, Ma.i n street at Mi1a ngas, l00lfing se.arwa•rcl . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . .. . . . . .. 4(;) , , 18, Main street a.t Miangas with the s€hool-e1Etl!lrch . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . .. 47 ,, 19, Lah>ega ~Cyr1rn>S]Jerma Merkus.i i SkHOTT) ; y11rnng speeimens ~Ji.JJ the Sala swam:w ...... ....... .... .... ........... , 52 , , 20, Lal0ega in 1\fue shacle 0~ iaima ~]LJ.ocarp>l!ls eclulis !f1©lRST.) ••• ••• •• ••• • 52 Geneal0gical Statemernt ..........·................... ...... 3(;)

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Minngas and surl'ounding islands.

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I. INTRODUC TION. The Talaud ~slands are one of those stretched aFchipelag0es that fi;mm 9 connecti0Jil between the Philippines on cme hand and the Netherlands Indian pa11t 0f the Malay Arohipelag0 en the mtheF. Since two of these, viz. the P~lawan and Sulu bridges, had f0Fmerly, been expl0red by American •investigators, as regards their vegetation, the Am:eric~n botanist Pr0f. E. D. MERiRILL, formerly Dir.e0t0r · of the Bureau 0f Sci~nce, Manila, P..I., drew, in this respeot, the atteDtion o·ti the E>i•r ector of the :IB·o tanfoal Gardelils of Buitelilzorg to the Sangihe and ·Ta laud Islands. The Di.rector of the Botanical Gardens, Prof. Dr. W. M. DoCTERS VAN LEEUWEN and the then Chief of the Herbarium, Dr. J. G. B. BEUMEE, readily t0ok over PF0f. MERRILL 's suggestion and in the end of 1925 I was hono1!lred with the task of exploring that most interesting gr0up of islands, which might yield the key t0 the problem of the PID.ilippines-MoluccasAustralia flora conJilections. I am new speaking of the Ta laud Islands only,· fmr a preliminaFy study, of the literature learnt me, that the Sangihe Islands a.r e en•t i•r.ely r.ecent-v©l0a1ilic alild hence d~nsely populated and deforested to a high degree; they are 7

theFefc:n1e less pFefeFaMe F©F a b©fani0al i·:iwest~gatri©n with the a•lil©ve p.l!lrtp©ses. M@re0'/eF, s1ince ©nly a time of 2Yz-3 rn©nth.s c©ulcd be grantetil for tlrn 1iiFi1p , I sl!lggested t© Qmit the investiga1tiQn of the Sal!lgilh e ]slalilds, to confine rnyse.1£ t© that of t1ie Tata.1!10! gr©l!l·p and, as especially the eastern c@N:nections were to Tue stmiielil', t© adc:d a :ID it oif expl©Fati©n ©ti th.e is ~and ©:Ii M©r.@tai (N'.IE. 0J: Halrnaher~), as ~ar as my ti1me W©l!lld aB@w t o do. "Fhis ·sch.erne was tTu.e:n aceeplled; th.e tri;p> was fixed to staFt al;i01!l1t Mare'h or A>p>Fii [ ~20 aml was finandaUy Sl:li!>'l\}©Ftec:d by the lindian Commilt-

tee for Scient~fic Research (Pr.tdiscli Comite voor Wetenschappelijke Or.tderzoeki·ngm) ait Jilatavia. Many ei1rcum.stan(!.es !!1>Fevented me fa;ir several years t© commence the ptll!llieatii©n of tfie pr0'!is0ry r.estilts ©f the investiga1ti@n, made in vari©us isla@c:ds aml: now tlrnt ] have staFted t@ pr.epaFe my rec©rds, it appearec:d for several Feasons desirabl1e, to restri(!,t tliie stlfugect 0f th.e main publi(!,ations fo tfuat 0£ the nudeus of the exploraiti©n, viz. to the restllts 0l!Jtain~ ed in 1!alaa:td anc:d Mrorotai. HioweveF, s.inee ~ vis~t ec:d s0me other parts c:d1tlring my Vi©i)'"age al!ld made als@ b@tanieal c0Ue0ti0n.s there, i.t seemed t© be w©rth while to say a few wor:c:ds conceFni·n g the @fuseFvaitfons .mac:de 01.'lts.ide of the ©Figi1n.al pfam1 in the strict sense of the w01·d anc:d 1 con.ceived ·t he p11@ject of issuing some smaller papers coneeming t!h.©se addi·t i©nal trips. One of them, eons•ideFin.g the f)ecl!Iiiar Hora of Mt. iPia.p•i (Karakelang~ has been issuec:d in the "Handebngen va•n. het Vierc:de Ned. lRd. 8

Natuurwetenschap}!lelijk G0ngres' ' 1926, 386-397. Another, r,egard ing a sh0rt trip in the Mi11ab.asa ~N0rth l.'.:eleli>es) has been pabUshed in "De Tropische Natuur" XX, rn:n, 20!!1-219. A third ene, coneerning 1'id0re and its peak, where ] spent some days, is sti.11 in preparation. 'ifhe fnrth, fi11ally, is the present e:ne alil.d deals m0Fe }i'arti'cula.r ly with the [slan<lls · 0f Miarrgas, t!l;ie IJ.e>rthernmost S}i)ot 0f -the ·Nether J.a,n:ds fodies, which for a sh0rt ti.me, has li>een a p0int ef inte:matio11al inteFest until 1928 Oit. 21- 28) . 'Fhe 'fa[aad Isla11ds ar,e situated en a sub:rnrarine ridge (ef. map, PI. I), sta1:1ti.ng fr0m the S©H•t heastern pe:ninsula 0f Mindla•n ao (Gape San Agastin~ and runrring s0uthward int0 tfue so ealled Nfoluecas . Passage. In. distinction t0 the v0Icanic SangH:li.e Islands l that lay (i)Il, a Submarine ridge I parallel t @ that ef the '.falaud ~slands ·, the latter do net show the slightest trace 0f v0lcanism; as t© this p0in!t they ag11ee witfl. ti.he other isla1n.ds of the outer "garland'•[). The IDatch Ocea1Mgra}i'hi.cal !Filx}i'edition 1929-1930 (M:. M. 's "Sn.ernius' ') :ma<lle the im.p0rtant disc0very 0f ail.©t'l'J.er subma1r.ine ridge (the SneUi.us ridge) , starting fo0m M101Jotai, passing ver,y c•l@se t@ the Nanoesa ~sfainds amid. en.ding in S0ath Mindana© 2 ). Mia•ngas is the n.@rthemm©st island 0£ the Talaud 1) Cf. H.J. Ji.AM, The genetic phytogeograp'hy of the Matlao/ Archipelago and Wegener's theory of continental shift-'Fijtlschr. K;on. Ned. Aardr. ©en. 47, 1930, 579, Map VL 2) 'I:ijdschr. Kon. Ned. A'.ardr. Gen. 47, 11930, 993, 997 andl002. 9

gr0up ancl is situated a1b©Mt aalfway between. N@rtk Karakela1ng an.d South Mindanao, at s0me 50 seamiles n©rth of N0rth Karaikelang. It belon.gs theref©re, to the self-government (keradja'an) 1 ) Talaucl under a native rMler ~radja), residing at :Be© (Karakela:ng), rn0re ![1>a<rticNla11ly 1>e.10nging t© t'ae district (kedjog0egoean) under the native district-0ifficer (djogoegoe) of Nanoesa, resicling at Karat©n; this selfgovernment beting a part 0f the residency of Man.ado ancl for.ming the suh-dist11ict· of the Talaud Islands . .ARer the investigation 0f the ~a•rgell 'l'alal!ld Islands had been secludecl, ,I had the opp0rtunity of visiting als0 the smaller ones in the northern part and since Miangas is only very rarefy visited by the regular liners 0f the K .P .M. (R0yal Packet Steamship N avigatfom C0mpan.y), the then resit!l:elil!t 0f Manad0 , Mr. H. J . SCHMIDT, was kin.d en0ugh t© put the Govt. Steamship "Zwaluw'' at ·my disposal. This vessel fetched me and the european and native 0ifficials ©f Tala,l!l.d lir0m Be0 on Jun.e ]0th, ~92(;). The resident had expressed the wish to j@in the party and several other gentlemen availed themselves of ~ the opportunity to extend their regular functions 1) Native words have been spelled in the common Dutch orthography, at least as far as concerning the Nether land's Indi"an territory; the following indications should therefore be noticed: oe sounds like oo in wood; i in open syllables like ee in weed; a in open syllables about like a in fast, in closed syllables as a in far; j like y in year. Moreover, the Talaud language possesses a curiously burred r {indicated as ~), keeping the mean between 1 and r; words ending with a consonant are usua'lly vocalised by a terminal soft a; the stress, practically a'lways on the penultimate syllable, is, if neccessary, indicated by an accent . JO

to this fa.r-off pant 0.f their res0rt or t0 visit tlrn island f.vom. rneFe interest. 1'hus, hesides the a•utllior 0f this paper and the captain of the "Zwaluw' ', Mr. H. L. CLAASEN, and his staff, n0t only the res1irlhmt of MaRa.d0 was 0f the pa•r ty, but als0 the ti.fa,i.l1a.r Assistant-Resident, interim District-Officer (OontroleuF) 0f the $aagihe 1slarnds, Mr. H. S1EBE'RG; U1e late radja 0f Tar0ena (Sangi!be), il\fa1 . S. PoNT@; the radj a ef 1'a la•ud, Mr. J . S . 'fAMAWfwl ; the Uien Civil @ffic1:1r (Gezaghe1>1i>er) @f Talal:ld, Mr. H. EcKENHAUSEN aad f~na lly Pr@li. Dr. W. E. L. Wmex, Gvt. physician in the residen<?.y @1f Manad0· (fig . 1). 1'he isl·a nd of Miangas was visited on June llt:h and 12th, 1926 aad it goes wi1th01It saying that ao extensive nor ii:ntensi¥e study @f it c@uld be m.ade ia so CO!il•fine«il a time. I therefore asked. sem.e other ge!iltlernen ~o make as many investiga1tions for tlilem. sel<ves as sho!lld be p0ss1il:> le. $0 they did an.d they kindly put the results @f those e:xaminations at my dis·p osal. !l\foreever, whe11 ba:ek i11 Java, ] eould c@nsl:ll1t l~terature and als0 col:lld I get s0me useful help IF0:m se;veral scientists on H<rnit ters @ll their special study. So I am g.11eatly indebted to the f0llowing gentiemea : T0 Mr. ffi. BcKEN<HA:USEN ancl Mr. J. S. 'fAMAw1w1 ancl tihei1r smli>erd•inates (among who·m. especially the clj0g.oeg0e 0£ Nan0esa) f©r many l'>artieula•r s ©I\l. the p0pulation amd the hist@ry @1f the island. Te Mr. L. ,iJ, 1C. VAN Es, geol@gist of' the GeeH

logigal Survey at Bandoeng for correcting my specl!llations as t© geological matters. To Dr. W. F. G1soL.F, petrog.rapher at the Geological Su.rvey at Bandoeng for the petrographical examination of the rock samples, oollecte(i]' by me. To Dr. K. W. DAM MERMAN, Chi'ef of Mm Z00 l©gical Museum ait Buite:nzorg and t© Dr. H. KARNY and Mr. H. C. SIEBERS, thea assista:nts at the same institution, for some sl!lggestions concerning the fauna. To Dr. J. G. B. BEUMEE, then Chief of the Herbarium at Buitenzorg, for his kind assistance in determining the plants collected; also to Dr. 0. PosTHUMUS (Pasoeroean) as concerns the ferns and to the botanists at the Buitenz0rg Mer barium Dr. D. F. v AN SLOOTEN (c©nceming the Gramiaeae and the C<nnbretaoeae), Mr . . R. C. iBAKHUIZEN VAN :D!EN BRINK (concemiiil!g tfue Verbenaceae and the Ebenaceae) and Dr. C. G. G. J. v AN STEEN IS (c@ncerning the Cyperaceae and the Araceae) . To Captain A. TissoT VAN PATOT, then Chief of the Cartographic Bureau of the Topographical Service at Batavia, for his accurate cares in _composing the map of the island, acc©mpanying this paper. The "Zwaluw" air rived at Miangas ©n June il:©th at 6 P .M., having left Beo at lO A .M. 0n t'ble sarne day, and anchored in the bay of Lo1>o on the SE. side of the island. In consequence of casual ciircumstances the population had been informed of our arrival on that date by means of their chief, the 12

kapitein-iaeet, whem I happened to have met with befere at Beo and seon a crowd appeared en the beach . After s0me moments a Âˇ native prau left the shore to bring aboard the kapitein-laoet, who fetched his orders. The radja of Talaud joined him ashore to a,r range matters for the neX!t day. On June Hth I started the explorat ion of the island very early. The radja had, at my request, ordered some natives to join and to assist me, but as the Holy Cummunion had taken place 0nly just before, they were n.0t immediately ready to accompany me. Meanwhile I could inspect the clean kamp0ng and the scutcheon with the Dutch arms, erected 0n the beach (fig. 1). I spent the whole day till sunset on exploring the island, collecting plants, animals and stone-samples, making photographs an.d sket ches and gathering materials for the map inserted with tl'iis paper. Meanwhile the Resident and some other gentlemen paid a short visit to the karnpong (negri) Miangas . At my request the "Zwaluw'' stayed one day more, though the incessant swell and the strong currents of the sea gaÂˇv e much trouble to the staff of the vessel. 80 I c0uld finish my exam.inations and amplify my ann0tations the next day. I had, moreover, the pleasure of witnessing the second reception of the Resident and all other gentlemen in the kampong, where the choral uni0n (fig. 2) under the c0nductorship 0f the g0er0e (teacher) treated the c;:empany

.,.

wit1i S©me n.a.tiv:e an.d ID1!1.t01i. 11.ymins, the }la tter wiit1i. Malay woFds. After t1iis had been. 0oncll!l..deiil l»y si•n.ging tfue Dutch Nati©n.al Mymn, some :men. d•arn.:ecl the tjakaleI·e , a native C!l.a.nce w.ell-kn©w.ID. t:lii•F©l!l:g;h€H!It the Moluccas ancl II:elebes, perf©11me<!l ID\)' a aative, armed with shield anC!l. sw©r<!l on the r.fuythm ©f a gong, £u11i©1!1.sly beaten. by w©men. a•n.ci ae0©J.ilil.•]1anied by ha·FSh an.cl enthl!l.siastic singing ~fig.£). At 3 p .M. J; retumed ©Il ID©a>rd aona speFlit ithe Fest ©f the C!l.ay on. labeUing my e©Uecti©ns. The "Zwalil!l.•W '' sailed at :rni<!lnight bol!l.:m:cl f©r t:he Nauesa fslands.

Fig. Âˇ'2. -

Choral union singing; Lo Lhe lerL, standing on Lhe pillar: the goeroc.

Fig. 3 -

Old m un, dressed for dancing Lhe Ljakalele.

P i. II - Ma p of lhe Island of Miangas. Scale

II. GENERAL !DESCRIPTION (C0mpare the map, Pl. II 1)). The island of Miangas 2 ) (fig. 4) is situated at about · 5° 33' N . lat. and 126° 34' E . long. , but the sources consulted differ a little in this respect 3 ) . It has somewhat the shape of a curved pear, the stalk extending s0uthward and ending in the small islet of Ba:ronto . The sides are bent, the W . coast being convex, the E. coast concave. Its greatest length (N.-S., P. Ba¥0nto-Tg. Dapa}!la)amountsfoabout 2.5 km, its greatest breadth (E.-W. , Tg. NioroTg. Pantj i) to nearly 1.6 km. As seen from the bay of Lobo the island appears as a flat, green coco-, nut gr0ve, the bare and steep range of G. Batoe, 1) The little map - in Petermanns Mit'teilungen 1908 (Lit. 29), I happened to become acquainted with only after the present paper had been completed, although in some respects incorrect and giving much less details, agrees , in general, pretty well with my map, tha~ was published some months earlier (Lit. 25). I do not know where it was taken from . The memoranda, issued on the occasion of the arbitration by the U .S. and Dutch Governments, undoubtedly. contain a lot or geographical material but are ~or were at least) not destined for public use. 2) For the names or the island see p. 39. 3) According to the "Encyclopaedie v . Ned .-India", II ( 1918), art. Miangas: 5° 31' 4 N.l. and 126°33' E.1.; acc. to the "Census of the Philippine Islands " , I (1918), p. 5~1 (List of Geogr. names): 5° 30' and 126° 30', on tbe map, facing p. 154: about 5° 35' and 126° 36' , acc. to the Dutch sea-chart no. 183, no. 9: 5° 35' and 126° 35' (both Dutch survey of I9f3 and American surver Qf 1919). 15

conical, rising in the N. arnil :P. Bafonto, only slightly elevated, laying quite apart i:a the SW. P. Baronto (figs. 4 and 5) is a small, nearly circular islet, some 150-160 m in diameter, and consists of pure coral li:mesto:ae, now eleva.t ed to some 6 or 7 m above low tide. rt is entirely flat on its upper surface and surrounded by an overhanging sea-cliff 1 ), excavated by the huge ocean surf (figs. 6 and 7) except at the NW. corner, where a na.rrow isthmus of coral dearis c©nnects it with t he main island. This excavation, in most places 2 to 3 m deep and nearly ·a s high, is somewhat elevated above sealevel, as is evidenced by the fact that it is continuing over the isthmus and must therefore have been formed in an ear lier stage. More©ver, it must be p@i-ntelil ©ut that at presentthe islet is 'pr©tected from the N. (NE.)monsoon swell by the main island. The northern monsoon, vigorously blowing during the months October to Mareh, is pretty strong in these regions whilst the S. monsoon, less strong as a rule, dominates ·from April to September. Besides, sometimes, typhoons of considerable force pass in a direction E. to W. and the catastrophal storm of 29-30 October 1904 2 ), inundating a part of Miangas and especially of the Nanoesa Islands, causing great loss of human lives and damage to plantations and appear~:ag

1) cf. p. 21 on the sea-cliff of G. Limona ; also the sketch on geologic history (p. 24;); surf-niche on Pl. II. 2) cf. C. BRAAK, Het k1imaat van Nederl.-Indi8 I (¥erhandel. Kon. Magn. en Met. Obse~v. Batavia no. 8), p. 126-127, English summaries p. 43. Also Census of the Philippine Islands , I, Plate XXII. 16

Pig . 4 - SouLhcrn pnrL o r Miangas wilh P. Baronlo , looking Soulh l'rom G . Sor o; in Lhc middle : L arnwan sw amp ; above Lh is Lhe k ampong minngns; fo r egr ound: Lhc gr nss sl ope or G. Sor o; lo Lhc righL n part

or Sa la swamp .

Fig . 5 -

P. Baron lo ns seen rrom Lobo bay .

Fig. 6 -

P. BaronLo; sea -c lirf abo ve Lh c isLhmus; in Lile ol'l'ing : Lh c G v l.~S . S . "Zwa luw"; ebb hide .

F ig. 7 - P. BaronL0 1 sea-c lil'I' abovr ~h e islshmus, wi~h l!low n grow ing r oo Ls or Pandanu" spec. ; Irnckgr ound: G. Baloe ; ebb Lide .

dwellings, still lives in the memory of the present population as a frightful disaster. BRAAK mentions some more cases of cyclonic storms and supposes that the dr.eaded "bara1t " (west-wind) storms of the Celebes Sea are often connected with cyclonic dishl,irbances in the Phil~pp.ines. Throughout the yea.r a rather strong sea-current to a S. or SW. direction passes the island, as may be ©bserved, when appr©aching it, by the strcmg dash and foaming of the waves on the SE. and N. sides. This currelilt apparenUy transp©rted and deposed the materials ef the isthmus and. at present conti:nues to cl.© so, especially on the W. sid.e. This seems to agree with the faot that the isiland is free from any living coral reef on that coast as far north as Tg. Liw©ea~g, where the beginning may be seen of a large and very broad reef, extending all along the N. and. IE . coast. Living c0ral reeis may , as is a well known fact, perfectly endure a vigorous surf, but cannot stand being choked. up with silt or any other suspended particles. And the fact that this reef in the bay of Lobo 0n the SE. is c,onsiderably smaller, might also be explained by tlrn i:nfLuence of dep0sits from the northern reefs, though they are apparently not suffic1~en.t t© Sl:llppress i1t entirely, the coast being less exposed to the current in this place. When leaving P. Ba:ronto, 0ne descends a steep path at the NW. corner, being made accessible by piling up large ceral blecks so as to form a staircase leading cl.own to the level ©•f the isthmus. This isth17 Mlaniias 2

mus (fig. 8), entire<ly consisting @f newly deposed coral d·e bris, is immdated in its central parts <luring average fl00d tide, 1rnt in. n©rmal ci1101m1sta1aees Uie islet may be reached even then. At average low tide the isthmus is entirely dry, as is, more or less, the coral reef, surrouindi11ag the main island. It c©nsists of a fine glittering, white coral san.d, mixed with surf-beaten lumps of c0ral of several kinds, among which lem1m-c©loured and beautifully bliue tin.ged 0nes were n©ted. Several large shells 0f sea mollusks are also to be found here; especially those of Tridacna (elong:aia?) are very :fireq1iient, a s:rieeies, widely spread in the tropics ©f the East. Moreover, the whoile SW. coast is, during this season at least, covered by an enormous layer of .la·rge sponges of several species. They often. cover a zone ©f several meters wide ait highwatermark and may form a soft and thick cushion u:ri to Yz m in height. The greater part of the c0ast of Miang·as cons.ists of this white, rather narrow coral beach. 0nly in a few places it is interrupted by r,ocks. Following the beach tirom P. BaroIJ.t© along the W. coast, on.e readies ~irst of all the entran.ce of the village (kampong, negri) Miangas, where some big native :riraus are laying drawIJ. u:ri on t}.)e beach abo¥e highwaterfila•r k . Mavi•IJ.g passe<!l the scutcheon, we continue our course in a nearly NNW. direction along the beach, where a small harrier ©f large c0ral pieces lias been th.•r 0wn l!l'Jil by th.e waves, and we soon reach a s:riot where a part of another old sea-cliff, excavated in elevated coral limestone , may 18

Fig. 8 - ls Lhmus be tween P. Baron to and Lhe ma in is land during ebb Lide , looking NvV .(, l'lood tide r eaches the white beach zone and covers lhe middle part, the current having, at least during the S . monsoon , a S-N direction (1. Lo r. ) ; to the right: parts or the gateway in the wa ll ; Lo t he lefL panamboeri (Ficus relusa L. ), w iLh s mall leaves ; be low windoe (Tournefor lia argenlea L.r. ).

..,"" -0

be observed. This spot is called 'fg. Natoendoe. Close to it, an0ther. caFJe, Tg. Nio¥o, can be seen, originating from the same limest0ne, reduced and rounded by wave action into numerol!ls bowlders. From this poi'Illt the coast bends to NNE., wi1th a sligl1t inlet, tewavas a tJb.ira caipe 0,f the same structure as the p11ece<iling 0ne, viz. 'fg. Liw0eang. !Fr0m here the coast takes an e;irnctly NiE ,. di1vecti0n an<il ultimateiy bends gradl!lally te E. and ESE. tewa.rds a small bay, formed by Tg. Daipapa ana the rocky cape of Ondene (fig. 9) . Before this cape is reached, one passes on the beach a la·rge isolated rock of anaesite of a curieus sha_pe. It has been excavated in its cent11al part ana is called Bolo. Und0ubtedJy it has been severed fr@m rthe grea.t r0ck E. of it, called G. Ondene. 'ifhe NE. c0ast is <ilemina,t ea hy a range of hills, with a steep side on the East, forming some capes, viz. Tg. Ondene, Tg. Empo and, to a certain degree, also Tg. Pantji. In the southern part of these hills the usual coral beach reappeair s. From 'fg. Pantj i it benas 'i5yY. ward to form the wiae bay of Lobo, called atter the usual anchoring place for J.arger ves- · sels. Since the heach in this FJlace is inaccessible at ebb-tiae l!>eeail!lse ef the 11eefi, t'&e SW. coast is used te land the la•rger :native pra1l:ls . As to tJh.e inland of Miangas, two ranges of hills must he mentioned . Only one ef them, however, is visible a,t first sight, e.g. from the sea; the other is low and broad and hardly extends above the crowns 1

of the coconut trees, being bare 0n its upper surface. The first-named hill is generally called G. Batoe .(R@cky Hill) (fig. 10) and consists of several t©ps, the central three of which are highest, rising appmximately 100-11@ m above sea-level. Starting from the s0uth, the firr1st hill t@p is G. Gar0eda, the 1m:nge risii:a g rapidly frmm here to the three nearly equ1ally high· tops, successively called G. Soro, G. 1Bat0e (B@ei Batoe) and G. Kota (Bowom Kota) 1 ) (F0rtress Hill). It is said that from here the mountains of S. Mindanao can be seen on clear days;. occasionally that may be the case even fr0m the sea (Lit. 5). Out of these three tops the middle one, G. Bat0e, is highest. Whilst ©n G. S@r0 0nly a small piece ©f rock emerges fr©m the soil, G. Bat0e is crowaed by a large and alm0st ll>are r©0k ~ hem.ce its name), several m high and very steep (neady perpendicular) ©R its E. side, the S. side being partly 0;vergrown by some fig trees (fig. 11). The western slope of the whole :mountain is less steep. In the eem.tre. of it a rock of peculiar shape, called Tanijoh (Engl. pron. Taneeyoh) arises bare, black and r<'>ugh from the grass co¥ered s~ope, hav.i>Ilg the form 0f a sugar loaf am.d, thol!l.gh, 0f course, 0 1f m.1!1.oh smaller dimensi0ns ~8-9 m), siightly remindiag tl'rn wel!l-H!R©wn "Pa0 de Assucar'' of Rio . de Janei,r o. G. Kota is the most important and the largest top, bearin.g on its crown a little grove which contains I) G . = Goenoeng = Gunong = Boei (Boekit) ne, Ta laud Jang.) = mounta,in (hill).

= Bowom (Bowo-

F ig.10-G . Batoe s .a., as seen ftom G . Li mona J rrom I. Lo 1Â·.: G. Ond ene, G . K oLa, d, BaLqe s .s. (w it h Lhe T anij oh rock left of i l ori Lheslope), G. Soro .

Fig . 13 - Looking SW . from\ (!L Soto i to t he lefl on b:\ckground: .G. Lim ona( bare), right t>f it \l"am poeTjgan (r ig tree); midille, lert of Urn rock T anij oh (with man o.n Lop) Lhc Banga swamp w ith sagu pa lms; Lo Lhe left on roregrouf\d al t he foot of t he h ill md\n y specimens of lariango (Partti d R oxblirghii G . DoN) .

the remainders 0f aon 0ld f011tress, that will 1>e «ilea It with mol'e e:rle:ns•i vely in a ne:idt pa•r agraph. . FF(i)Jolil this top tlrn range descenas l!l:ID.aufat·i ngly via G. Emp0 and G. ~a lia neairly t© sea-level, to rise 0:nce m011e 11ather abFl!l1pUy to @:. @adene, a Ia.r ge r0ek abtmt 5(!) m h·igh and perpe:n<il.itrnla•r 0n its !E. side (fig. 12). Th.e 0ther hill nan.ge, . menti0ne<il. ali>ove, appears_, as seen lrom the G. Jilat©e, as a ®mad, flat Tu.ill, the t@p o:nly eo;vle11etil: with grasses and crop l1ielas. This is G. Lim©na, ab(i)ut 25 m high, l~kewise havii:n g a:a appr0ximate N . -S. <il.irecti(i)n and slightly desce:nd•i•n g to 't he little Tam·]l©e:ngan r@ck N. o.f it (i1ig. ~3), whioh is con.spicuus £11om ©. :IBat©e or ftr0m the sea by a lo.£ty fig tree g;r0w~ng 0n this sp0t. 'fhis hill graduaUy sl·0 pes t© tfue W. c0ast, but, like G. Batoe, It has a steep !E. s[·0;pe. To Urn s0l!lth the f@0t of the h.iU is Sl!lrrounaea 1>y a well devel0pea sea-di.ff (surf"'niche) that makes a very queeF impression in the mid<il.[e 01f the coconut gF0v.es. [ft may be i!i>Ursuea f0r several hundreds of r:neteFs an@: it F'©ssibly oocurs als© on. such ]Ja•JJts of the .hill fo0t that I d1id .n0t happen to ~isiit. Und0u1>ted!1ly 1'g. N at0endoe aontil' most pr0bably also 'ili'g. N ioro and 'ifg. Liwoeang a.r e parts of it. fo the land it has li>een very well preserved. Only at its E . end, where i1t ends rather ai1>rl!l1pt[y, it is broken down _ as if if, were disturbed by tl!ie wa:v;es again~ BetweeR tfue~e two hil'l ra•n.g:es a series 0f ~eli'res si0ns may, l!Je 0bserved . ('.){ th.ese, ti).e three, n(i)fthern

r::

211

(i)Jiles a•r e foesh wait er swam·ws, g:r@w.lil wi1t11 saig@ J:!>alrns and .Araceae. They are ca:llelll. Fespectively Ama·r i, $ala-Jilanga l) and 'ILa~awa•n 'a. 'Fhe sn1tfuem @ne, caUelll. IL@!Do, is c@vered with a m.a•ngv@Me vegetati@n and c©•lil!tai:ns brackish water. 'Fae lll.1ry z0nes bet:ween these <il.epress•i@ns G0nsist ©·f c@Fal lirnest@ne aimilJ aire c<wered wi•t h cocom1.t grn'Vies a·nlll. other plantati@:ns. As t0 th.e vegeta.ti@•n , efa. ©if tfile is.la·n~, tfuese wi1l be <il.eal·t wit.Fi. i1n tliie next c'fila[lllters.

1) Th~ southern part is called Sala, the northern one Banga; I am not sure whether these parts are separated b'y a dry zone or united.

.2 0 0

" ii "'

-<>

c 0

c:J

0 ...,,~

Pl. III -

Boron!o

Boro,.lo

F our presumab le of in . the r ecent geologica l history phases Miangas

III. GEOLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. (cf. Appendix 1, Pl. I aend Pl. HI) ( lxt coil'laboratic;m with Mr : L. J. C. VAN Es). Miangas Island in its present form is geologically of recent age. Several stages in its development might be stated and reconstructed. G. Batoe undoubtedly forms the o Id est part. This hill range mainly c0nsists of andesite and tuffs with only s0me traces of a younger covering of sediments. 0n G. Limona only Tamp0eng:atl'l rock is a•n desitic (rock sample No. 23) . Nearly all the Fest of the hill is covered by coral limest©ne with the excepti0n o.f 0ne spot wh.ere I disc0vered sedimentary rocks 0f volcanic origin, 1Jearing s0me relation to those of the other Talaud Islands (rock sample No. 24). The recent geologic history of Miangas might be illustrated by the accompanying sketch.es (:t=>l. III, 1-4). Originally only two or three separate islets 0f v0lcanic origin (;mdesite and vol'c anic sediments) were emerging from the sea (P'I. UI, 1). G1'1110ng Batoe was prmbao:l y n.ot yet steep th.en on its E . side a·nd extended farther eastward' as at present eroded intrusions 0f andesite ali).d obsidian (rnck sample No. 18) are to be found below highwater leve1 0n the bordering coral reef (cf. map, PI. II, and fig. 14).

As tlile sea-level had been ris1ing slowly, w•a ve er©sion esfpJecially ·o n the E. ·side, caltlse<!l lfuy the heavy NE. mons©on, re<!liu ed G. :IBat©e isFaimd al'l<d severed 'fg. Omdeme an<!l tlhe :B0fo r 00Tu f•r©m it. (iJ. 1Li1 m 0na, consisting mosUy of so£ter se<di•men..ts, was wa.rtly ero<il.ed t00, whilst. the thi1r<!l isla•m<il, iP. !IBaf©nto' was wholly swept away and remai•mecl. as a slilbmerged shallow 0nly. 'fl!J.e er©<!led materi1al w:as trams}ilortecl by <mrrents a'lild pa.r tly <!lep©site<il. again in cal1m er water betweem the isfa.n<!ls. At the nighest sea-level Fl. Bar0n.to and tfile fuigger part o•f G. Limona wel!e c0;vere<d by c0i:a1 reeifs an<d only G. Dait©e, wiU the adjacent is.lands 'iF. ®n<!lene an<!l :IB0lo rock, a•ncl the ee:nitral pa•Dt of G. !1Li1m.©na with G .· 'ifaimp©emgan stil.ul emerged fo0m the sea

(Pl. ~n; 2f. At this m0memt the sea-level st©ppe<!l risi•mg and bega•n t© faU or what seems to lile m.©re ~r©fuable, the land lilega1n to rise. 1"h.e r·esltl[t was, that f>. iffiaf©lilt o emerge<!l again, <3-. Lim0na an<il iit s SltlFr@ltlR<ii1rrg c©ral reef formed a bigg;er island an<!l 1i'. On<d1ene an.d 130!0 rock were cemelil!tecl again t© G. HlaitQe ~WI. HI, ~). This period o.f r ising can Rot have .been con.ti•Jil!ltlOl!l.S as at one time the sea was abile fo attack iiihe e©ast ©f the upli£ted isl1ands and formed the sea~clii.rff @.escri1>ed ~©rm.er ly. At the same time coral reefs <were formed i1m the shallow depressi©n between G. !ffia1t@e and G. Limona. C0ral debris k0m Mm wave-swept reefs we11e tra•Rs1

\':.

en 0 0 0

:5"

[l!l©rted lily U1e curre:nts ill a s0uthwestern directiol!l. and f0nned a bar extending eve:n to l'l. !Ba.f onto ancl. several bars between Limo:na a•n d G. Eat0·e ('Pl.

IH, 4). fo the last stage 0f up1'i1£ting (Pl. IU, 4), the island in its [!!>resent farm rose a1wve high.water l·eV'el and a stri•ngi:ng reef was f0rmed on the wave and ©urrel!l.t eX[!!>©sed N. , E. al!l.d SiE . coast ©•f tt.J.e newly f0rmed islaml. Tne W. c0ast seems ta be £ree 0£ it perha~s 0wil!l.g t© the mu.Id assemfuling on the Ieighside of the island. 1'he three n0rthern depressi0ns La.~awa•l!l., Saia:Bainga an«il. Ama·~i a•r e at [pl'esent keshwater swamps, but the s0u.thern ©ae Rear IL0bo is still furackish and was p110baMy m©re recenfJ¥ formed, as was perhaps also Ui:e el!l.«il. of the bar connecting P. Ba·r onfo. Ui.e wail!.er-level i<Ii this Lofu0 depressi0n is said t0 rise al!l.d fiaUI wi.U1 t<JiJ.e tide; if this is right, there :rr.rnst be s0me subtlel'ra1:ne0us eommunieation, for I c0u.ld 11ot cl.isc0N'er an OJ!»el!l. e0nneeti0n with. the sea . M0re0ver, i;t seems possilb le, that the wav:es dl\lring exeeptionally high tides threw some wait er 0ver the bar. Lt is divided i·n fo tw0 l)larts by a path 0f c©ral bl0eks pavecl wi·t h sallcl. an.cl m•ade by tl!te Rati¥es. 11..ikewise the e@n.neGtion fuetweeli]J tJiJ.e Lar.awa:n and Sala-Banga depressi©l!l.S is n©t natural ~ut has b·ee:n dl\lg ll/Ut by men. 1

\ \

IV. FIL.ORA . AND FAUNA. 1. Flara (cf. Appe:r.i<ilix 2). TThe 0rigii:rilal fk>ra o~ Miangas h.as e©m:pletely va•n ished but foir th.e e@ast vegetaition., the :ma·n~110ve vegetation and 's0:i;ne small groves in. the ialan.d in whiea tfile rernai:r.itdeFs ©£ a•lil 0riginal i1l!llanel £'foira may be suspected. The pFesent v egetati©n of tfile island agrees T,Jerfectly with. tlilat 01f the clill:t\iva1te<il areas o.f the other 'I'alautd lsfa!ilcds. A1most the wh©le isla:nd is c0vered with e©e©l!lut gro:ves a1l!ld wi.tlil ©tlrnr pl'a ntations ©f the :r.iatives, wh©se la1J1ge numli>er (l!leady 7©0) re41Juireg an i•n te:nsive el!l·ltivati©n ©if the ground available. Even Ba~ont© is p iaFl!te@J with c©con.ut palms and, as seen from the sea, a.ppiears as a big' flat' ta'.b le-shapetd st©ne' li>earing aisperse<il. coc©nut trees, s'lhnettirl!lrg agail!lst the sky with theirr slender sterns and waving c.r0wns (fig. 5) . Only tlile kill t@ps are :more ©r less barv e; the nat pla®ea•l!l @n G. Lim011.a is coveretd with g;rasses arnl 00casi©nally by 01!!Itivati0n, whilst the wh0le G. :ga1t0e , sel!lsu a:mpliore, some cdisperselil c©c@:r.il!lt walms aacd ©Uier small trees exdusive, is li1kewise co;verecl wiif;,h a grass vegetation 1mt for s0:me liittle gr0ves on the tows 01f G. Bat0e ancd G . Kota, p>r01iahily re~reseating the only remainders 0.~ the eriginal in.lar:r.id fl0ra 0f the 1

island. Finally tl\.e mest southern de.p ressien, near L©bo, is filled up by a rather p@er mangwve vegetatiolil, whi~lst the ether (£reshwater) swamps a•r e plaated with tu1ber6us plants al!ld sagu palms , 'fhe 1m1tivated plaints are m©re e:mensively clealt with in fihe parag;raph on agriculiture (p. 51). The following sketch ©f t:b.e vege'tatioa-as a matter ©~ fact fa.r from complete-stairts, like the general clescriptfom, with P. laar©nt©. It has already li>een menti©necl thait this islet is pl~nted with coconut palms, unclerneath which the li>atate tuber (lpomoea Ba.falas Porn.) is girewn. The wiicl plants growing here are m©stly c©mm©Fl for c©astal regi©ns. On the ©.p en gr<mnd Hnmei'nea.tb. •t he c©cenut trees the dec0rative Callicarpa bicolor Juss., with its purple fi©wers ancl (ol!l Mi.eir 10wer side ) whitish leaves is a c©mrn©n shrul!>. Whilst Ui.e east c©ast is berdered Thy a dense z©ne of shrubhish specimens ©f Excoecar,ia .Ag.allocha L. (lari), ri.ow abunclantly fl0weFing, lYhe s©nthern eFlrl is principally eovered hy many specimens of Pandanus, bel1©nging to tw0 species, vi•z . the Turoad-lea£ed P. (pr©b.) ;bidur JuNGH. (a'a'fua'a ©r Tua•bal\.) ancl the nainow-leafied P. (prob.) tecto1d1us So!L. (ana'.m. 'a) , botb. comm©n f©F sea sh©Fe vegeta.ti<ms. Uro.deL'~eath these are small, so·l.t lawns, f©rmecl li>y the sea sh0re g:rass Monerma repens E!EAUV., I iaterrnix;ed with Fimbristy.Zis s:pa·lhaeea J;lom. aFtcl Euphorbia Aloia L . (IJ;>ampoeroe) . Near th~ eFt.t Fance of the f©©t ll'ath (fig. 89 ~ome specimens ©fa ~erminaUa spe@. (saJ.ise), Ficu-s relu,sa L. (pana•r nhoeri\ and an 27

Apocynacea (possibly Oohrosia glomerata VAL., aha 'a) form a little grove, together with such shrubs as Aea.Zypha boehmeri:ofri.es MI@., Rapanea densiflora MEz. (pi~路ine) and Allophyfos Cobbe BL. (arapoe). When descending the staircase of coral blocks, leading to the isthmus, we may 0hserve some spe1dmens of Tourneforiia argeniea L. (windoe or bindoe); continuing 路 our course along the isthmus and the W. coast of the main island, many other specimens of this widely' spead coast shrub may_ be seen; some very large ancl old ones stand路 near the entraace of the village, opp0site the scuteheon. Several other common seashore plants were 0b>served here, such as Scaevola fruiescens KRAUSE (panimboeran 'a), Pemphis acidula FoRs路T. (ngi~a) ancl the creep>ing Ipomoea pes caprae RoTH. and Triumfeila procumbens FoRST., the latter with bright yelk>w flowers and brownish, spinous fruits. More within and behind the border 0f the inland vegetati0n g;row Colubrina as-i aiica BRONGN. (angkaraha) , Pipiurus argenieus WEDD. (dendame) and Clerodendron Buchanani WALP., var. fwlfox BAKH. (an~ali&ra), beautiful shrub with fiery orange-red inf10rescences and bright red fruiting calyces, c0mmon cm similar hab.i,fiats on all Ta laud Islaads. I 0b>served heve a1ls0 some specimens of Tacca leoniopetaloides KTZE. (anoewoe) , a very robust weed , common for such places. The mangrove swamp near Lobo principally consists of Bruguiera caryophylloides BL. (nanasi),

the red-f10wered L111mnitzera liUorea VorGT (saw@w©) and Acanthus ilicifolius L. (lal©nda) . Along the fegt paths that cross the island in every direction, and especially al@ng the foot of G. Bat0e, s0me few species of trees are either spared Qr gr0wa, all 0f them being wild ifil'ees in the· forests of the other Talaud Islands. They are: Palaquium oblusifolium BURCK (nato), Inocarpus edulis· FORST. (iarna or kiama; in the Phil. kayam), a broad-crowne9 tree with fu rowed tr1mk arnd edi,Ple seeds, Albizzia saponaria BL. (langi; iKarakelang: langika)' Parkia (prnb. Roxburghii G. DoN, l'ariang0 ) , a form with comparatively broad leaflets, which is very abundant in all Talaud Islands, and Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (waroe). On the last-named habitat a1so several 1:1.seful trees are planted, such as kapok (Ceiba penlandra GAERTN. ), djamboe (Eugenia spec .), nangka (Arlocarpus inlegra MERR.); soekoen (Arlocarpus communis FoRST., the seedless form; Ta laud name: oeroeka ~ and pinang (Areca Calechu L.). la the shade gf such trees and espeeially on the borders of the swamps Pollia Aclisia HASSK. is a common weed . The undergrowth on the coconut plantations is very po@r. Am@ng the shrubs I observed Ficus leucanlaloma P©IR. (p©ewah) . A very co:mm0n weed is Wedelia biflora DC. (daroenoe) with its long, semi-climbing stems and yellow flowers. Occasionally also the beautiful but common and widely spread orchid Spalhogloitis plicala BL. (sasa\¥a 'an) 1 ) 1) 'Falaud name tor all

terr~strial orchids .

\ I

is foniu1d here. The s©H is c©;vered JllaFtly ll>y grasses, amoFJ.g which the alang-aia•n g- ©r Iala@g-gFass (J:mpera.fa cy1[i1ndirica li!EA:UV., var. !K@enigii ~TH.) ~geng gO.lefu.), pa1Ftly by s©me species of low ferFJ.s anolJ fern allies, sucfu. as Poly.podium phymwlodes L., Nephro-

le.pis h~rsuiula PRESl'..., N ephr@lepis biserraia $CIH©'FT, Dry,opleris :Eenoii-iana v. A. v. R. and a small Selaginella. 'Fhe .h>are plateau of <iii. LimoFJ.-a is partly planit ed with bete ('fampoelilg·a•n), partly with batate (!ILirnona), Ui.e otiiJ.er parts being e©iv ered 1iy grasses (alaing-alang) wi1th disJllersed specimen,s 0f Ml!l.ssaenda I!Jr6»ID . philippfoa A. RICH., which is p0ssibly oaly a :£@rm 0:£ the widely s·p read M. frondosa L. 'iFhe freshwa•t er swamps a.re densely planted wi1th a biig Aracea, Named la~oega (1'alail!ld Iil.arne: Jll©era!ha), a neady spilil.eless form of Cyrlosperma Merk1:1,sii (HAS SK .) SCHOTT. On some sp©ts als© sagtt-palms (Metroxylon spec.) are freq1tte11t; I oli>served ihloth spinotts and spineless foFms. The li>orders and ld.1Fier parts aire the hali>~tart of Pollict Acfiis·ia MASS•K. and ©f s©me Cyperaceae, viz. Cyperus pennatus LAMK. (peparntah) and Cyperus odoralus L., var. paniculwlus (ROTTB.) MERR. (ald.oer0e). G. Bat<ile as a w4o.Je yielded the grea•t est pa.rt o·f my c0llecti0ns. Its sl0pes a•r e, lmt :£or some dis- . persed triees a•n d eocoFJ.1u t-pa 1ms, covere<il. Tuy grasses, such as alang-alang, Panieum rep fans IL. pelamllla.fl.), Andropogon auslra.fis SPRENG. (dendi'i) aFJ.d Cenchr1:1,s vir:idis SPRENG. \a•ulid·i ), tog,etlller with Ui.e 1

(30

Cyperaceae Scleria hebecarpa NEES, var. pubescens C. B. 0LARKE (tentaripa 1 )) and Fimbrislylis annua R. & S. (lenlariZome). (i)n s@me places Cassylha filiformis L. (bari-bari.) is found parasitising on other plants. It is a parasitic vine, widely spread along the seash0res of all tropical countries and 0ccasi0nally also found on dry places in the inland. A few other very common tropical weeds likewise occur here, e.g. Euphorbia hiria L . , Hemigraphis rep fans 1'. ANDERS. (arompena), Oldenlandia biflora L . (nanapoe) and the sensitive Biop'hyium sensilivum DC. (r0enti 'i). Some trees and shrubs are found dispersed en these grass slopes; I 0bserved Slercul'ia spec. (lawea), Albizzia saponarla BL. (langi ) , Commersonia barlramia MERR. (sansoeara; Karakelang: sansoeara:n 'a)' MuÂˇssaenda proli>. philippica A. 'RICH.' M.orinda cilrifolia L. (mangkoedoe) , Premna inlegrifobia L. (sare) and a Leguminosa, probably Sesbania grandi(Zora (L.) PERS. (toeri), but most o~ them are growing together to form the groves on the tops of G. Sor0, G. Batoe and G. Kota . The firstnai::ned, t0p is nearly bare. I found t'here1 a specimen of a srnall-figgecl f0rm of Ficus aff. calllcarpa MIQ. (pele) 2 ), with the e1;>iphytic fern Drynaria quercifolia .iJ .SM. on its 1>r.anches'1; alse a specimen oi Fiicus reiusa L. (panamboeri). The ,rock 0n the top of the G. Batoe is surreunded bÂĽ a little grove of small ~rees and 1) 'L'Jl.is name is a'1so use'd for so~e other Scleria-species, e ,g. \ S. lithosperma Sw. 2) Cf. tpe name. p616ta in Karakelang and Salibaboe for ~icus subulala BL.

sb.Fl!lIDS. The r@ck itsern is f)a11tly c0ve11ecl 1>y a specimen 0f Fieus relusa L., net higher than © m. Q)t!filer trees ©if the same or smaller !ilinilensim1s are : Melwnolepis ml:lllt>iglamdulosa Reim.~. (na¥a) am} Il>iospyros marilima BL., the latter with 4il:ark gree:n f0liage. Large shnbs a•Fe Gly,cosmis peniaphy,tta tl:GRR·EA (soe~i) aBd Acalypha ameniaeea JRoxB. ( la¥ansi·a n 'a), smaller ones Triphas·ifl irifolia Wn.s. (al0ewafoe), Ehreiia microphylta LAMK. (cfandila) ana Brey.n•i a eermua Ml!JELL. .All:G. ( la~im0eta). Umiemeait h these Desmodium gang.eiieum DC., (acfoe¥©e) antl (©n the r0ck) Asplenium adian·iioides C. CHR. were c0llected. The largest gr0ve is fouBd 0n G. K0ta. It c0ns[sts pr,incipally ©f moderate-sizecd specimens ©f F.ieus reiusa L., some 10 m. high. In the uncdergrnwth several small trees are foun.cd, su:ch as A llophyfos Cobbe Bl. (a1rapoe) an.d Anlidesma celebilwm M~CJ!. (l!>anah); also some shmbs, like Triphas·i a trifolia WII!.s., and s0me vines, like Schefflera elliptiea ffiARMS (an.0ew©e) ancd the 'herbaceous Gymnema l'ingel'i!s (R.oxB.) SPR. (ses©:no). Ei[!>iphytic is tb.e fern Cyelophorus adnescens DEsv. Occasionally Tacea pa'imala BL. may be fo1md ©lil. the s0il. As has been said a1>Gve, tTu.e fl0ra as a wh•ole is characteristic for cuttivatecd regions. The g·Fea.t pe11centage ©f :J!>l1ants :with large air eas is extra©rainarily high, viz. 76 species = 86 %, 0r, when con.siderii:ng the wild :J!>lants 0aly: ©2 species (out ©f 7.3) = 8@%. In. this categ0ry the species c0m.m0n t0 seash©res is

als0 remaF-kah.l y high, as gees without saying. 'fhe following statement may give an idea of the comp0siti0n of the Miangas flomla : -gb • f!iA

i:i.<P m .c

"'""' :s<!l

o;'i:"'

i;;.e

Number of species

tot.

1) Muaa included. 4) Meltoz11lon incl.

.2-~ ""~

~~ >.=: .;'f ::s-

5.;

~ ;;

31 2'}

11•)

73 15

2'}

2) Sesbania grandiflora incl. 3) Eugenia incl. 5) 2 indeterminatae incl.

The 12 SJilecies af the "sz:naller area'' column. include on~y OJil.e cuitiva•t ed "(?lant, viz. Musa lex-Wis . NEE, which is only knewn £rem the Philippines, 'Falaud and Sangihe. 'fwe ethers aTe stHll indeter~ mined: Terminalia (ne . 3370) a·~d Selaginella (M. ~<1@3).

The remaining 9 species have a rather limi•te~ area. 'fhey may li>e class.i.fied as fo llews (areas as far as kn0wn up to new): Rour @f them shaw eastern relations1only, viz. : \ Dryopteris Benoiliana v . A. v. PL (Moluccas), Andropogon aus·lrailis SPR. (Boeroe, Tim0r1), Ochrosia glomer.afa VAL. Cfa laud, Kai) a!Fld Rapanea denS·iftor.a MEz ('Fa laud, Salawarti, Kai, New-Guinea). ·)Three oth.ers have an area, e.xtendhing to the east as weJll as along the line (ol' parh of Uie li:ae) S'.. Minda'\ nae-'falaud-Gele'hes ~ea:st herder of the Straits of Macassa•r ): Stercu·lia spec . (,n0 . 3362; S.-N. Ce'1ehes,

'femate, Am!hiotina), <Callicarpa bicolor Jius·s. (J30eto:n t © Philip!(llines, New-Guinea, New-El·ritaiin:) aoncl C lerodendron JiJuchanani W Al!.P • , var. taltax :ffiAKH. (Talaud, N.-Cele1ies, New-Guinea). Two, fi,n ally, have n©rth-s0uth ar:ueas on.ly: Anlidesma ceiebicum M~Q. ~Tala•l!ld t© S .-Oelebes) and Ficus aff. callicarpa MI!i!. (no. 3353) (5alajrar t0 Cele1ies). ] have n@t yet fl!lll)" worl<Jed ©Ut the figures @f tliJ.e 'Fa~al!l@ f!©ra, on wlii:ittn I will have t© report m©re extensi-v.el;x later on., 1i1!11t I thirnik I may say t'fuat, in some res:wect, the above statement, hew ever scanty its data may be, gives a faint mElecti©n Q·f the main featmes 0f the f'lora ©·f Tala1ud as a whole, n.a:mely that it c©asists., next to a certain :number ©f widely · spread species, ©f an irnwortant category ©f plan.ts with eais·t ern connections, indicating perhaps the way in which the Philippine plant s got their Aust ralian. eiemen..t s, a•a d seeondly @,f an equ1aHy im.p@rta·n t gr©l!lp of plants, covering t h:e cha.r acteristic N .-S . area alo.m.g the east bor<iler ©f the Straits of Macassar (Wallace Lin.e) a·r.rd occasi©nnally cross ~n.g 1'.Jhat line, either north 0r s©uth of the Straits mentione<il . 2. Fauna . On the fauna orf the islam.<il only very ~ew l'la.r tieulars can be mentioned a:t present, partly 'Erncal!lse of the 'lack of opportunirt y t© catch mammals al'l<il to sho0t birds, partly 1iecause most ©if the c0Hecti0Bs have :IDeen seBt to Molland iB order t© have them. deter.mimed there . 34

Of the mammals, the domestic ones excepted rats are present ; of the birds, piige@ns and sunhirds were observed; o.f the reptiles some species @f snakes, further a V aranus s;i;iec. and the lizards Lygosoma cyanurum, an extremely beaiuti•ful s·peeies witn three golden. stripes cm its back and with a long and slen-,, cler, magnitficent cobal:t-Mue tail, and the bright green Caloles crislellafas, a s:pecies @ften indicated as "chamaele©n'', Both ©f them are extremely comm0n in all Talaud Isfamls and ©n. most other islands o.f the Malay A.11chi!pelag0. Also a species 0f a g•Peen fr@g was 0'1i>servecl. and colleeted. Qf the 1nsects, among mainy otJhers, als0 the f©llowing species were obse11ved : Theramenes d:vomedarius (order F.hy1lidae; .known k0m the iJ?hilippines and Tala1ttd) and Phau.Za laevis ~ord~r Tettigo:niidae; krr@wn from Mindanao and Ta laud). Pro1. IDr. H. KARNY, wh@m. I am inde1>ted f©r these names, kindly in•f©rmed m:e TJhat, as rega11«!1.s the insects, the Talaud lsla:nds aire dos.e ly related to the Plitili1p pines, n.©t slilowi:ng any relations· with the eastern regions @f the Ar:caipelag@.

\ \

V. POPULAnON.

1. Histerical (ef. Pl. I). (In collab0mtion with Mr. H. E11:KENHA USEN). The following inf0rmations have been given by one of the oldest inhal;Jitants of! Miangas, named JACOB NAOENG and have been affirmed by the Raclja of Ta laud, the late Radja of Taroena, the Kapiteinla0et of Miangas and a crowd of listeners. They were g:athered my Mr. H. EcKENHAUSEN, wh@ kin cl ly }!lUt them at my clisp@sal. Af·t erwarcls, afte_r fuaviag s@I'ted them a'.lild havi1ng clisc@'Verecl some ga[i>s, they were , on my request, c©mpletecl iIDy s©rne more clata, given by the Djogoegoe of Na.noesa, whe gathered them from people JJrom Nanoesa and Miangas and · communicated them to me by letter. According te these seurces the first inhabi,t aRts of 'Miangas originate from a village on the island of Mindanao, called Mel0e (Eng. pr@n. . Maylu) 1 ). Among those a certain PAD0 EDOE 2 ) a•n d his family aire c0nsiderecl to be the Aclam ancl Diva of the is.Jana. After ©n.e gf the frequent raids, h@wever, attempted by Sulu pirates (t0 be mentionecl in a n.ext paragraph), the entire population fled, imder the guicl1

I) I cannot find a name of this kind in t he "Census of the Philippine Islands " , 1918, I. 2 ) A name tha t is said still to exist in Mindanao.

..--

1·

M. PAD& (present knpilcin lnoet or l\liangus)

(later succeeded by:)

ZAC ll AlllAS PAPEA (present kupila oi Miungus)

So t.t MAN PAl'i::A

GAOOEDA ( the rirsl Raloe to be ap1· pointed as n kapilein-lnoel in 1889, but because or his advanced nge on Sepl. 15th, 188!.> succeeded hy: ) T IMl'A _ _ _ _ _ _ ___.._ _,__ _ ___,

~---J- AoATEN

The i;enernlions have been estimated al 'l5 years (cC. p. 40).

D I NA LAN'f.4.KA, wire of Jo11AN1 s LAN'r.4.KA (present Lime)

L6'o

LANTAKA II - - - contemporaries, 1889

PLi::A

To ~ A '1.::

I .

MJ'ArtOEA

G1e~1 (Joe1:u) ( ±li80)

MA 'A'r.4.MA

R t TOENsE'e (or Aaloe 'Ns E' e?)

conlcmp . -

NAOENG

I · LA HANG (LOTIANG) . 1· TTE II

SANS:ALo

.;.jnA 'e I

RLTONC II

BAWAJl601'A II

-1

R LTONC I

i o. n gos

0£1\IU.4.SEN

± 1750

± IGtlO

LAnoENGAN TINE

MA 'ATAMA ( Cr om Tugis, Mindnnno, ColnbaLo, Lo Miungas)

L.urn6so

LINTAKA I

l lii.A.L.4. 'A

I I MANANGCO - - - conlempornrics,

DAPITAN 11 - - conlempornrics ,

BALOWANOEA

DAPJTAN I

1·

~LANGGOE

BAWAnlmr' A I LOEMANOE

BAD.4.GO

I l AenE

LIWAWO

( Crom Laloehe , oboul (;190)

WENT AN

sJEMAWELA~IDOENG

Nano cs o

PAooeooe ( Crom Mn)• lu , Mindnnao, Lo Miangas?)

Genealogical S tatement (1 )

anee of the lbtoe 1 ~ BAWA!i\Cl'll»I 'A t0 ene of the Namiesa ~slands, viz. to the v.illage Laleehe @n the island (i)~ Me11a:m.pi. ln<qjuiring af.ter the maitter . @n this islancl, we found th>a,t the name of PAD@EEHJ.E seemed to li>e nea·r ly 1mkn@wn there at present aRd we we11e inf@11med @f a semewhat u:mlii~e interr,)))etation, according t@ which the i:mha!Bita·n ts efi Miangas originate £r@m Merampi. ft seems, however, prohable, tha•t we hiav.e t@ ecms·i der this point of view as :r ce11tai:m ehauviwis:m. However this may IDe, the @p.inions agree in so fa.r, that l3!A.WA~601'A 2 ) rna·rriiecl a Mer.arnp•i woman (cf. genealogical statement opp. p. 36). F11@rn this mair11ia-ge tfi.:ree so:ms were born, named LANrGGOE, Lo·EMlANOE a:nd LA~0ENGAN. 'fhe fi11st-named is said t@ have stayecli in Laloehe, the sec@nd went to Ka1rat0n ~anetiiier isfa:nd of the Nanoesa gmup), JiH!l•t :ILA~0ENGAN was conducted back to Miangas · by his father (i·t is said thait the isJ.a1n d was uninhali>ited ab@ut that time) a1nd is e0:nsidered as the ancestor of tfue present pmp1da.ticm. This is said to be the reasen why the natives at .p:resent speak the Nanoesa dialect @.f the 'falaud language (cf. Lit. 14). "Fhe gene11a•tierns mf Pla t@e 's a.r e saicl to be the f@llewing: (:Genealogical Slalemenl). 1

1) 0riginally head of the clan or famUy. Mter the Dutch had established their government in these regiOl\S this title changed under their influence into "radja' ', being the head of a vilJlage or e:ven d·istrict. Qn M·i angas this dignity has (1889) come into the hands of a kapitein-laoet (lit. : sea captain),, the common bitle of vi'llage heads In the Ta•laud Islands . ' 2) A_name that is said stiH to exist in the Talaud Islands. 37

Wh.ilst the g:e11erati0ns 0f Ra1toe 's were heFe<!liit ary, the kapitein-laoet 's are appointed by the Neth. Indian Government. It appears form the above stateme11t that , though the relation with PADOED©E is uncertain, another relation 1:>etween Mindanao 1 ) peorile with rie0rile of Mia11gas eann©t 1:>e <!ln.!Ytecl and may be stated in the range descending from a certai11 MA'ATAMA (from 'ifugis), wh0se deseencla11ts have played a not . unimportant riart in the history 0£ the island up to present times, also having participated i·R the rule (kapi•t ein-laoet TIMPA, present kapita or assistant kapitein-laoet Z. PAPEA). Conf:emrioraFies were : a . DAPiTAN II and To~AE I, as appears from the fact, that the last-named is sai<!l to have sent auxiliary t:roops from Miangas to Nanoesa, when these islands were at war with Poel0etan (cf. mari, Pl. I), abol!lt 16t}0. b. MANANGGO, LA~ANG and MA'ATAMA, smce we are inf©rmed th.at R. MA' RT:A.MA arrived fir0m Mindanao during the rule of MANANGGO (at Nanoesa) am.d LA~ANG (at Miangas). c. LANTAKA II, ABATEN and T1MPA , since we know that ABATEN because of his high age was replaced by TIMPA in the yea•r 1889 by 0rder of LANTAKA II, at that time President-Djog oegoe of Nanoesa.

<At present pronounced by Ta laud people as : Magindanao. 38.

In former times the inhabitants-as is suggested before-had to endure several raids of pirates from Sulu, ill-famed up to present days. It is said that the Talami name of the island (Miangas, Meangas, Meangis, Melangis, Malangis) 1 ) means: exposed to pfoacy. OtJhers tJhjnk that the na:me has anything t@ do with the Malay word '' nangis'' ~Sangirese: soemangi), i.e. to weep 2 ). So frequent seem those raids to have been that the population of Miangas for their defence built up two fortresses, whereto they used to flee in the case of an attack. 1'he first--@ne Was for a great deal a natural fortification, viz. P. Ba~onto, that was accessible <;>nly on bhe side of the isthmus. This spot has been fortified b;y means of a wall of coral blocks, through. which at preseNt a narr0w pathway has been elea.red (cfi. map, Pl. U). · The other refuge, viz. the top of the G. Kota (fig. 15), had to be fortified more carefully and at present the pretty well conserved remainders of a similar wall may· be seen around the little plateau on the hill top, oblong in shape, not higher than about 1 m and nearly as thick and 1) The last two names have sometimes-probably erroneouslybeen given to the Nanoesa Islands. When visiting the.s e islands I heard stil'l another name (From the kapita of Merampi), viz . Tinondo, that should be bhe oldest one\. 'Phe island has also been caJiled P. J eHesma (in facto pronounced P. Jel6sman), a name given, as the saying is, by a district ofl.icer or Taro~na af.ter the then Resident of Manado, Mr . E. J. J•ELLESMA, who visited the island in 1895. English speaking people generally use the name Palmas, which is an abbrevation of the Spanish "Isla de las Ralmas' ', the island or palm trees. 2) Javabode 7. IV . 1928, No . 81, I-According\ to SCHRODER (Lit. 3) the word Sangihe refers also to weeping because of the frequent \ raids by MagindWiao-people.

' 39

• at the southern end being attached at a big piece of andesitic roek (cf. the carto0n, aee0mpanying the map). This fortress too, has bee:n made aocessi!Dle by a narrow gateway in the waill (SE. side). B0th £011fa1esses a•r e said t0 have beeD lin1i[1t ·lh;y peopi le from Nanoesa and Mia:ngas by 0r<ller of 1Rat0e DAPiTAN II (from Laloehe, Merampi ) and Rat0e To:i:tAE I, (fr0rn Miangas), and this should have taken place at the end of the 17th century ([6~(i)). We may observe from this that a period of exactly 200 years lies IDetween To:i:t.A.E I and AB.A.TEN, covering 7 generati0ns. Extrapolating on the same !Dase t © estimate the time when theiT anc·e stors lived, we get alDout the sa•m.e <difference between To:i:tAE I aRd SG>EMAWE•LAMB0ENG, wh0, may have lived a•ID0ut 14\9(i) (~ generati0ns on N anoesa, 8 0n Miangas ). In the same way we might suppose that Rat©e MA ATAMA (and also LA:i:tAN'G and MANANGGo) lived ab©ut 175(i) and his son R. G<:>E:i:tI about 1780. This might be of s0me importance, because some people suggest that the fortresses mentioned have !Deen IDuilt !Dy the lastnamed ra•toe 's. About that time the inhabitants 0f the isla1n0., wh0 fled, in the case of sueh a raid, t0 the rehi.ge that was easiest attainabfo f@r them regarding the direetion from which the attack took place 0r rega•r ding the place where they happened t0 be at the m0ment, did not possess ·any iron weapon~ and whilst the Sulu pirates attacked them with bows and arrows, they 1

a. 0

,,y..., 0

F ig. 16 -

The four gun s wiLlÂťin th e forlress of G: Koha .

repelled the enemy, m0s·i ly wit h sttcees th0ag.h oite:n at the c0st oti severe losses, hy thir@wing dow:m. la•r ge eoral-blocks tJhat were alw.:ay:s ready at ha:m.d, Tueiing piled up wi:t hin the for~resses. @.nly 0ne 0,ti the defenders, a national her0 _named A1:\E (certainly aot the same wfu0se name 0ccurs in the Geneal0gical Staitement~ ¥J@ssessed, as tlrn saying is, a "peda" (large ch0pper @Ii sn1all sw0rd: ~ , 0lDtained by him fir@m N a•n o·esa. As he was, h@wev:er, a very brave feUow, he despised this wea1p@n and, having hurried rt at a:n unknown spot, unredise0"1'ered up t@ now, he used t:i0 descend alone fE0m the fortress in s·p.ite 0.f the sh0w.er 0f hostile a:rrows and to a:t fack his e.IJ.emies merelr with. his powerful kands, kililing them 1>\Y · f>Ulliing their :necks wi·t h h.is han.ds·, at the same tit.me pressing the•i:r sh0ulders with his feet. In the cen:bre 0f the & . :OC@ta fortress fouli srnd l ca im0:ns (fig. 16) a•re p•i@asly e0nservecl . 'Fhree 0f them alie made o~ ir@:n. 'il'hey a•r e rou-gh-shap.ed and an iinscripti•0n. '0r fi'gur:e @f aay deseriipti0n is , i•f it has eveli existed, n0w effacecl B\Y the influen.@es of the tliop>ical clima.t e. These i·110.n guns aFe said t0 0rigin.ate ~rom pe0ple 0f Mh1da:na0 , which gave them to Rat0e GoEI:H, heca1use he was a s0n 0f Rattrn MA' ATAMx kom. 'fugis in M'in.danao ; as a1p pea•FS from Urn Geneafoigicaul Statement aatil Urn i:eas@ned estimation given ah@;ve, they mig.l'l•t h.ave heen impo11t ed a:fiout 178@. 1'he f©urtl'l g.u n is a slen.d.cir bFass gun @f t he ty;pe eaUed "lifah ' ' fihat is s0 ofiten met with in Urn Malay 1

A11chi,pela.g0, fue,i ng either 0f nait ive 0F sometimes 0f Eu:F©~ean · ma'1te. Als0 tl~is 0n.e does 11ot s'how any i:nscr:iiptio:rn.. It is said t0 have !been smprpiied li>y Ratoe AwALA (proha@,Jy aib01!lt ]82@) ~r0m Ka1k0F0tan ~Nia noesa), li>e1ing a . c0HfiTmati.0n of the r1mi1ty 0f the sev:eFal J!larFts 0 1f his fam.11il~, respectively residing alt Kakorota•R aml Mia:rn.gas. Tfiese gN:tis thus f©pm. ·a curi©l!lS 11efrecflicm 01f t;he constena.t i0n 01f tifie p0wu.ol1a•ti0:a 0n Mia•n gas, c0n.sisti:rn.g 0.f e1lements from MiBiilan.a0 as well as fo0,m Nanoesa, moth elements being reminded ©~ li>y similaF gifts fro:m. thei1F nativ:e c01!lntries.

Recent Histery.

"Fhe is1l1ancl of Miangas has been dea1't wi'th 0mly sporadically in. recent lirterah.Fe. I do !lil©t inten.0 nor am I abile t© enumerate it completely ~C'f. A]>pendix 3); Uhe followin.g dait a a•r e ]>riinci;paMy drawn fiF©m the J!lapers enlisted in the a<Ji>pendix ami f.F0m s0me @ral in.d'0rma1ti0n.s, c0nceFning the m0re recent his1l0Fy 0f Uie is1land, as seen. k©m the poi1ro.it o•fi view g,f WesteFners . Fr0m early times the island seems t© th.ave been tFili>utary t0 the rulers 01f Salilgi, as were all @theF Ta la lid Islands, a:rn.d t0gether with them formed a pa•Ft o.f the extensive imperium 0f Teraate. The -fiirst Eur0i;iea•n.s who visite<il the Talaud ls.Ia:acls weFe probalDly tlrn Portuguese. A£ter them came the Spanianl.s, but i1t see:m.s to be unkn0wn who was the ~irst Em0pean who visi•tecd the Islam!. of Miangas. The 42

Spaniards were succeeded by Uie Dutch V. 0. C. (United Ea:st fndian Compa:ny), that made contracts with the native princes af Sangi. After Urn Company had fallen into decay, the Nether I. Indies Government took oÂĽer its inheritaace, but it lasted till i882 before tJhe distriet Sangi _an.cl 'falau<ii 1slaml.s was I?Ut under the supervisian of a district afficer at Tar0ena. In 1885 a severe (cholera-? 1 )) epidemic broke out and some hundreds 0f people fled in four large praus to Koema (N. Ka.rakelang). Another catastrophe overtook the island in the night of October, 29th-30th 1904, when a disastrous typhoon caâ€˘used much loss of lives and damage of dwellings and plantations 0n N. Karakela11g, Nanoesa and Miangas. The Resident 0f Manado readered assistance with food and crops. ln 1888 for the first time a post-holder was quartered at Liraeng for ruling the sub-district of the 'Falaud Islands, the consequence 0f a visit 0f the Resident 0f Manado with the Govt. S.S . "Havik' ' . This is the first visit to Miangas of a Dutch Resident I became acquainted with. A year later, in 188\!l, the series of hereditary ratoe 's was stopped and 1fÂŠr the fiirst time the Neth. Indies Government app0inted a kapitei:n-laoet (the latest I) A cholera epidemic has been reported in the same year from theTalaud Islands in general. The inhabitants were helped by the Neth. Indies Government in the famine that followed; this\ assistance was !ended by H .M . 's "Bali " in April 1'886 . At Miangas pe,o ple spoke of a \ serious fever epidemic in 1885 . 43

rait©e) as a chief @f the ct@B!l.1muni1ty. ]n the same year, however, thii s diglil.itary, :ma•med .Ail.A.TEN, a:s has hee:n meJilitionecil abo•v e, was swbstituited (Sept. 15th) 1iy 'iFIM•PA, becaw.se 0£ his adv:ancec;} aige. 'f•h is " TIMP~ was s·w.cceeded by the prese:mit ka}'l1i1teiR~la0et, M. J!>l\.IDE. Befo:re 1$!1)2 the iinhabitaB!ts liived iR scatte11ed dwellings, li>ut in that yea•r the Presitilen.it-ID~0g:oeg0e of Nanoesa f0l!imciled, li>>y 0111ll'er of the p0st-ho lcler ef Lireeng, the regular kaimpeng Mia.ngas. The year 1895 was ve11y imp@rtaat ti@r the is.Ia1nd because eJi the visi·t eJi the Gvt. S.S. "Ra:af'' wi1th the thelil flesiclent o.f Mana&@, Mr. E. J. JEl!.l!.ESMA a1i0a•rd. It is said (L~t. 2())) that he visi ted the islalillil li>ecaw.se he was inf011med that the ka:p1i,t ein-la:oet fiad reJiw.sed t@ accept a flag kem a Spanish vessel, a•r guing thait he was cenvinced ta be suli>ject t@ the Netherla•Rlils In.dies G0vernment tir0m geRerati@n to ge:merati@n.. Praising his fai1th the Resii<iJent @ffered' hi1m a Dutch flag. If ~ see rightly, it was als0 he, wh@ erectea the s<mtcheon with the Duteh. arms. Apparently file was accompa:n.ied by M·r . CROLi!. ( KR©Ji.?), clergyman at Ma:mado, who 1iaptized 254 Miaingas pe@ple t0 the Protestant Religion.. Up frem this year the missi@R, together. with the vaecinati@n was cairried. thir@Hgh th@r0ughly. It may li>e tr11e that the 'fala11J1.d .] slands in general have been visi1ted spora<iJically li>y rniss:i0naries or' cler,gyrnen of the if>ort11.gl'lese, the Spania1Fds, the V .0 .<'.::. an<!J, from the ]Deginni•n.g @f the r~th century, also of the Neth. l:ndi·es Government ~Rev. J. 1

I .

KAM fr@m Amb0ina ; afte1> about 1860 4 labourermiss•i 0naries were appo•i nted in the lfalaud Isla•n ds, aiter 1899 2 0r 3 missi.0na,11i.es9, put it did not bec0me clea'r fo me whebher one 011 m0re @f them visited also Miang,as and we may, accept that the inha.fui·t ants for l@ng times emb11aeed the•i•r old 1'alaud hea,t hen 11eligi0n, wo11sh.i•f>Ning MAW0E iffi.:@EA'FA as ,t:Jfile Creat0r, Ruler and Ji>mnisl'ie11, t0gethe·r with. his lesser <lei.ties and the spir~ts 0·f their a•n cest0rs (Lit. 13) . After that time 11eguola•r visits 0f Neth. Indian. civil 0£ficers and missiona·11ies have been repo11ted, e.g. of th.e Assistant-Rl:esident 0f 'r,ar.0ena and the missi0:na11y Ji>ENN•INGS in Apri.l 1909; alse the visit of llhe same a1uth0ri•tw acc0mpanie<il h¥ the distFict officer 0f th.e 1'ala1ud lslarncls, the nativ;e }'lhysician 0f 'fa•l10ena ancl the Talaud mi.ssi0na ries ZWAA\N and S'F©KKING 011 Oct0ber 9th, 19©9 with the Gvt. S.S. "Flamfog,0'' '. The last-named visi·t lasted only ene h@ur a1F1d i't was p0ssibly this trip during which the Dutch sea chart no ,. rn3, 9 0i t"he isl~nd was cemposed (l9:t3J. !ti>uring the Span is.hi-American war, Hie Dutch \ ma•a-0fi-wa•r "Edi'' :(1>.atF0lled ab0ut the 'fa laud Islands. l!Jn<iler the c0mm·a aclment of Mr. VA.N DEN 'F00RN i•t payed a visit t0 Mi•a ngas in the summer 0f 189$. Unfortunately the f)eace tr.ea•t y of Paris erroae0usly, ine1uded ·the islancl in the terrirt 0ry of the Philippines and thus ar@se U1e dispute 'between the Uni~ecl! States and the Netherlancls whi~h \ has been. termi.natecl in 192$. In January and August 1906, 1

the islaiHd w:as visiitecl by the Ja.t e General ilLE@tNARID Woon, then Govern0r of Mtindanao, whilst the Assistant-Resident of Taroena called a•t · the island in April 1909. More particulars coneerning these visits may be fouad in the "Inmische Gicl:s" 0f 1910, rnn, l\ll5, [910, 1\9!25, l\927 a1mcl l\928. Jn HH~@ the U.S. S.S. "Pathfinder'' o[ the C@ast a>nd Geodetic Survey visited the island to fix its exact position; the chart used as correcting sheet (1919) of the Dutch sea chart no. 183, 9. pr0bab1Jy resuJ.ts fFom t:his examiID.a>ticrn. On J arn:iary 23, l \925, the two @overnments aecicl:ecl to enter int@ arbitration before tl!ie Permanent Court of International Justice a•t The HagHe and li>ending· the decision they agreed u.p0n a sta.t us qu0 ante, viz. to let the island re.m ai•lil. u.ncler Dutel!i mle. On Awril 4, 1928, the island was deSnitely ac.km0w !edged as Dµ.tch territory, by decision of the arbiit er, Prof . .Dr. MAX HUBER, Pres•i dent of the said Court.

Present State.

Number .

At the time of our visit the island was inh.abited by 680 people, viz. 325 men a•n d 355 w0men. Fr0m literature -the fpll0wing dia>ta on formeF circu.mstances may be fom1d : 1905 ............... 450' sou.ls (in 40 houses, paying a tax off 150.- a year) 1906 ...... ......... 458 s0uls 1909 . . . . . . ahout 4©Q s0uls 1923 ............... 658 souls 46

Main s lrec l a l Miangas , looking scawnrd; backf:?r o uncl som e l arge na live prau 's, drawn u p Lhc F ig . 17 beach ; middle : a pig 1 common appea ra nce in a ll Tala uct v illages; Lo Lhc r igh t : Lh e choral u nio n; to l hc lel'l: a spec imen or oeroelrn ( A rlocar p us communis r onsT. ).

As we see, the number of inhabitants .has slowly increased during the last twel)ity years. Before 18S5 it is said to have been al!l0ut· lO(i)O, but the cholera epidemic, the famine ancl the flight to Karnkelang decimated the numfier and ~rtim that time 0Figina1tes the saying it:lhat, as S©OFI, as the number ]0©@ will be reached again, an©ther epidemic will break out. b. The kampong M iangas. As has been mentioned, the entire populab©n is dwelling in the village Miangas, a very neat kampong·, situated on the SW. c0ast a:nd consisting of a broad. main street (fi~s. 1"1 and. 18) , nearly perpendicular to the e©ast, a.ad. two narrower ones, one on either side paJJaUel t0 it, t!lilese three streets l!leing connected by s©me ctr©ss r©ads . i\i'l P©ads a1Fe nea•t ly i(ilaved with white c@rai sand and very clean. 'fhe houses, many 0f tnem wWh a solid hut low wall, others resting on quad1rangular pillars, . al!Jout i m high, stand wide a'Part and at a distance o~ several meters from the cleanly white compound walls along the streets, showing the type c0mm©n in all Talaud J.slands and consisting o,f a f.r&nt w_a randah, reacJied by means of a staiircase in the middle and some r:oems behind this. As theve is great lack ©1f tl;imheJJ ~n the island, many buses-am<i?ng which tl.ite sc:h@©l-church and tne :hol!l.se of ·t he ka•p ifoin-la0et-are 'e ntirely or partly l!lui1t UI!' fr©m c0conl!l.t stems. ~or smaller pieces the w0ocl of nato (Falaquium o'btusifolium BURCK) is used, a tree that is frequently \cultivated f©r that purpes·e . For· the rest, occas•i onally timber l 47

is imp0rted f.rom Ute f©rest FeserVie of N aa0esa, 'Viz. tlrn island of Gair a,t . 'fhe l.'Q©fs aFe C©'Verelii wi,th "ataps' ', made- fr©ra the leav,es ©f the sagu- ©F the c0c©m<1t-palm. Near the sea coast staads the heuse of the kapiteinlaoet ~cf. map, PI. II). 'rhis dignita,r y is assisted in his rule by some kapita 's @r lieute.I'lants. !El'.es1ides niling also the legal pFeceeding is [p>laced in his hands. Across this is the cl.welling of the 0nly Chinese aad his family liv-ing he:ue, being aa en.giF©sser a•I'lm trader of c@pra. Ftt,r ther a smal1 r©©Uet on ..piles, staNcling on the beach, co~ers the scl!ltche©,fl with the iDl!ltch arms, facing the <!>Cean 1 ), in Jl)l,\'.)!') eFected by the Plesident tE. J. J EL,L ESMA. At the ©ther end @f the main street and faci1n g it in its full length, stands the large sch©©l \at the same time c11:urc'h, fig . 18), G@nsiisti1ng 0£ a single la,rge r0©m. The teacfuer (geeF©e ) o:f this schooll, tnat is am1 instituti0R (il.898) @f the PF0testant Mission, being sul::>sidized by the Netfi.. fodies Govemment since 1918, is also the leader of the Christian e0mmun1i1ty aml the c0ndil:lcfor oi the choral i.rnion. c. Natives , reNgion, manners and morals, trade and i·nduslry. A:1l Natives a,r e Christians (PrQtestain ts) ancll, according fo this, m©n©gamists, foiH<'>wing t'he paitriair chy. Li'ke th©se @,f the other 'Ealal!ld-Isla!Flds theiir old nati©nal dress ©f k01ffo 2 ) cl0thes has been s11:ful) In f.ig. 1 it is shown facing the lmmpong, as it had to be temporarHy; turned for me•e photograpbieal purposes . 2) Koffo is t he f-ibre of Musa lexlilis NeE.

stituted by a quasi European dress. Otnametlts are made kom shells (bracelets) and from brass or gold , imparted from Mindanao. The weapons used are in the f:ll-st place the "peda'', a small sword-like chbpper, and futtJher a wooden spear. As domestic animals p.igs, ca.ts and hens are rared. There ane no degs; in absence of boats they should be of no use. The natives are fisl'iermen, traders and agriculâ€˘ turists and it may be suggested that any individual can take up these professions .as opportt1â€˘f iity affords. The women assist the men . in agricultural work; at home they weave mats out of the leaves of pandafi (Pandanus spec.); these p~ndan=mats are one 0f the cemmenest matters of heme-industry in the island, in which the natives in former times payed also thei,r taxes, bringing them t.o Liroeng. As to the trade and relations to other .islands, the natives use te do business with people ~f Mindanao, importing there their pandan-mats and exchanging these fer tobacco, rice, pigs, maize (miloe ), paraffin oil, baskets etc.. , because t!his island seems to be mere easily reached by praus than the Nanoesa and the other 'fa:lattd Islands. Only rare'l y, hewever, people from Mindanao visit the island, but seme do s0, mer~ly because of the relations, originating frem marriages ef Miangas people with Mindanao I women. The most important product of the island, the copra, is engrossed by the only Chinese tra'der and 49 Mlangas 4

shipped to. Nanoesa, Beo or Liroeng to be fetched from these places by the regular K .P .M. liners. d. Stale of Health. As rega1rds the state of health, I owe the following particulars to Prof. WECK. Ge:nerally speaking tlile state ©f health is relatively g@©td. It is said tlilat formerly syphilis has occuvred aind at present the c©nsequences of that disease or of bobento (Fvaml>oesia) may be observed. No acute cases of syphilis, however, were seen. Acu.te Framboesia is rather frequent, especially among children. The native physician of the self-government of Ta laud, Mr. ANDRIES, residing at Beo, visited the island one or :more times, especially f©r the defrayment of this disease. Pulmonary phthisis seems t© be unkn.©WFJ.. On the other hand screftllol!ls phtlilisis is s0 ~re<'Juent am@ng children that more than 90% of those examined were found to be suffering from it . This disease, however, seems to diminish gradually, when the· patients grow older, since it can hardly be discovered in adults. Malaria is rare, in accordance to whiclil the miltindex is very low. No :mosquitoes were seen, but it is said tlii.at they ave fre<'J:Uelilt in the 1mmth of October. Any.how, this disease is certainly. not endemic lrnt might be only seasonal. Malaria mosquitoes could breed in the brackish Lobo swamp. Pocks have been unknown for many years. This disease must, however, have occurred in former times, since a few oases of pock-marks were observed 50

on the faces. All natives are vaccinated at least once, many of them have been revaccinated. Of the cutane0us cliseases, cascado ('ifinea imbricata), caused by a fungus, is raither frequent. Anky lostomiasis is rare. Though some infected pei::sons were examinea,, n@ acute cases 00ulcl be stated. Ascaris is also signalled. As to infective diseases, the cl11inking water from several wells is not brackish. rt is oalcifer0us and rather g@od, aind though these wells should be dis-tn1sted, infecti@n by means of faeces is not probable, since dejecta air e depesecl eitb.er on the beach or in the fields. According t@ this no complaints of bowel troubles were heard. Likewise 110 cases of beri-beri of other avitamin@ses were examined, nor rhachitis. Albino's seem to be absent. No more could any · traces be @bservecl of the eventual consequences of intermarriage, th0ugh i·t must be emphasized that no researches were made in the mental side of the question. Many @ild people suffer ~mm cataract. Tracho.m e, though frequent in Karaiton ( Nanoesa) , seems to be absent here. 'fhere is a surplus @f natality. The rate oif :mortality was for the periocl April.to December 1925: 23°/00 • e. Agriculture. As on tb.e @fJher Talaucl lsla:nds the principle air ticles of fo@d are: the haotate (lpomoea Bal~tas LAMK., sweet potatoes) and the bete (Colocasia esculenla 1

SCHOTT), th..e fair© tuber, cmlti.vait ed everywhere in the ArchipeJag© an.d the South Sea Islands. The la:tter is, however , less almrrda.nt tha•n illl the ©th er Ta laud Jslands, being replaced for a g@0d deal by another tuber©us plant of the same order (Araceae ), viz. lailoega (Cyrlosperma Merkasii SCHOTT, 'ifalal!lcl. name: poeraha; figs .. 19 and 20), a very robust type ( ~ - 4! rn h i.gh) with rrna•r ly sp•i•11e.less peti©les a1ncl. :rieduncles. The spatha is light green, s©mewhat violet red on outer sicl.e, the s:riadix light green, the fniits green. Other important food articles are the pisang (Musa spec., plantain) and the sagl!l (Meiroxy1Z.On 'spec.) . The li>atate is planted mostly under the c0com1t palms in ra ther cl.istant r©ws. In planting it a :rilanting stick of coconut timber is used, parts of the creeping stem being prim~tively pushed int0 the 10osenecl soil. These fields, that are, like all ether, - individil!lal possessions, are ©ccasionally weeded. Bete is planted in places 0if the same kind, bu.t laloega is exclusively cultivated on the drier parts of the freshwater swamps, the wetter parts bei•ro:g often occupied by sagu palms. Pisang i.s occasionally planted everywhere; the fruits are always eaten. in a cooked state. Accessory a11ticles of food are: 10~0 (Karakelang: nating'a; Manado Malay: gedi; AbelmosohNs Manihoi (L.) MEDIC., forma leplodaclylus flAKH.) and t0e:ri (Sesbania gnandif lora PERS.), t1ie leaves and flowers of which are eaten as vegetali>Ies; tmehoe 1

Fig. 19 -

La loega (Cyrlosperm.a Nl erkusii Sc11 0TT ); yo ung specimens in bhe Sa la swamp j behind , sagu palms .

F ig . 20 -

La loega in Lhc shade or ia ma

FOR ST.) .

(Mafay: teli>oe; Sacchanum offidnarum L., the suiga.r cane) fer, refreshme nt; padi (rice; Oryza saliva L.), imp@rted fr<:>m Mindana@ and Karakelan g; li>esides the fol'lowing fruit"'trees : ni@e (Cocos 'irhuvifera L., coconut), nangka (Arlocarpu s in·l'egra M'.ER>R . , jakfr1:1it), d~am:b0e (Eugenia spec.), (k)iama (lnocdrpus edulis FORST., M0l1:1ccas Malay: gajang), oel;'Oek 'a (the seedless form ef Arlocarpu s communis FORST., Malay: s0eTu0e·m, bveadfrui.t) and piil'l'ang (Areca Caiechu L., :betlem1t). F011 the rest the natives plant some kapok (Ceiba penland:na G:i\.ERTN.)' k@.ff@ ('fa laud name: ware' Musa lexlilis N E·E , Manila hemp ; if>hil. : aha.ca) and als0 nato (Palaquium obfo.sifolilum BURCK.). Acc0rdihg to ST©•K.KING (Lit. 5) maize is. also grown (11909) ; I did not see i1t, and it might be either thait it ·11as vaaished sinee thait ·t ime, 0r t hat t he imp0rted, 111reduct is meant. LANGHA):'<s-RATZEBURG (Lit. 29) menti0l'ls also "Orangen " (Citrus spec .) , tol;)acco, which [ did n0t obseFve eiit her, and "Flachs'' ; with the latter Musa textilis may be meal'lt. All these plants are 0ccasiol'lally gr0wn, either alel'lg the. f0ot pa1ths ©F nea•r the '1l~ttle field h0uses that are dispersed here and there; same of them, like Ior0, a1s0 0n J1ittle fiel<lls at the foot of the hil'ls. The ~eot of the W. side ef the G. Bat@e is densely g.rowl'l wit1i the trees mentioned , intermixed with many speeimen.s 0f la~iang0 (Parkia pr0b 1 Roxburghii G. Ii>oN).

•

;

APPENDJ:X I.

List of raek samples (cf . map , Pl. I) . (determined by Dr. W . F. GrsoLF) . The fi,r st specimen G. 17 is a tu ff of pyroxene andesite with crystals of pyroxene up to % of an inch in length , conta in ing a_lso rhombic pyroxene a11d labrador. The sec(i)nd specimen l 7a is a hyalo-andesite containing phenocrists of mon.oclinic (m.(i)re) and rhombfo (less) pyroxene a.Iii.cl of la•bra.clor. The ground-mass consists of la- · brad011, microlithes ancl pyroxene crystals in feltlike isotropic glass-gro1md mass. The third spec·i men 17 b is a tuff wherein small breadcrust bombs of absolutely isotropic brown-coloured glass with some crystals of plagiodase and mono~'linic pyro:x;ene a.re f_ound. Hyalo-andesi•t e; a~soliute ly isotr0pic olive-. n. [8. C(i)l©urecl glass, onlry few crystals and microlithes 0f plagioclase and pyroxen~ . Limestone, with chalcedone sp,eckled with n. Hl. small sp(i)ts of quartz and with small particles of an isotropic or crypto-crystallinic n . 17.

\ 55

n. 20.

n. 21 . n. 22.

n. 23.

n. 24.

brownish yelit0w e0!.0urecl material (v0lcanic glass?). Tuff of vib@phyric anaesite' isotFopic glass with small crystals of monoclinic pyroxene and !abrader. Tuff of hyalo-andesite with very few crystals of plagioclase and m<moclinic pyroxene. Part o.f it is a tl!IH o.f pyroxene an~esite; the rest is vitrophyric pyroxene andesite as described a1>0ve, with m0nocli.n.iG and i::h0rn.bic pyrox>ene (hypersthene) . Andesite; grey compact rock ; under the microscope small lists of labraaor and crystals of pyroxene, closely laying in a glassy greundrnass, wiith small sphaerelithes of rnicrofelsitic character. Light g'Fay-green c@l0ured rock, s00n yielding to pressure between thumb and index. Under the microsc0pe crystals oli plagiÂŠclase and monocline pyroxene cemented by a chloritic green fine fibry mass. Occurrence oli younger f{'l!la>l'tz, aocornpanied :IDy fringes, resembling micropegmatit e and only distinguishable from it .by very great magnify~ng. Magnetite accessorily. The soft nature points to a sediment.

APPENDIX II,

List ef pla,n ts cellected or observed. Regarding the latin names of .flowering plants, those accepted at present in the Buitenzorg Herbarium are used; where they differ from those, accepted in MERRILL'S "Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants", I-IV, 1922--1926, the latter have been added within brackets, as has been done concerning some synonyms that have been usual up to now . The native names are Ta laud names, dialect of Nlmoesa and N. Kanakelang; cl. introduction and Lit. 10 and M, native names within brackets are Malay-mostly Manado Malay-names. Where ' 'Malay Archipelago'' is mentioned, the Philippines are included. An asterisk indicates that the plant has been observed only; all other plants have been co!lected.

I:.atln names

Further distribution

Native names•!

A . P:fERIDOPHYTA I. Polypodiaceae Asplenium adiantioides €. ara-apa

paleotropica l

CHR.

3 4

Cyclo,phorus adnascens li>ES·V. Drynaria quercifolia J .SM. tabeng Dryopteris Benoitiana v. paroewangi A .v.R. Nephrolepis biserrata ara-apa

trop .Afr .,Asia and Pol. trop. Asia and Aus tr. Moluccas pantr?pical

SCHO'l'T

6 7

hirsutula PRESL. Polypodium phymatodes

pantropical melangko

tropics and subtrop. Old World

II . Selaginellaceae Selaginella spec. (no . 3403)

Latin names

Native namesJ

Further distr.tbution

B. '.M!©NQ©®"FYI!.EID®NES 9 10

l!II. Ar aceae

Colocasia esculenta Scm>:r" bete Cyrtosperma Mer.kusili poeraha (HASS·K.) SCHOTT .~ Ialoega) iliV . € ommelinaceae Pol•liia Aclisia HASSK .

Indoia to New-Guinea

v;. Cypera ceae Gyper,u s odor.atus L. , var. adoeroe ·panicu•latustF.l.o'lrr.s.) MERR.

G)jperus pennatus bAMK. pepantah (Mar.iscus pennatus M•ERR.)

14 15

pantropica'11¥·CU•l 6ivated in swamps, spread al•l • over the Maill'Y Ar.chipelago

Fimbristylis annua R. & S. tentari•l6me spathacea

pantropica•I, acc. to Bmiten.:. Herb . in the Mal. Alrch . onl'Y knomn from the Phitl. and Borneo paleotropic, alongsh01·es pantr.opical . pantr.opical

Jl.'OTH (g.lomer.ata N>EEs! Scleria hebecarpa NEES, t.e ntaripa var . pubescens C. B . CLARKE (S. pubescens CL.ARKE)

SE . Asia and Malay J\Jr.ch ipelago

VI . Gramineae Andropogon austr.alis SPRENG

Boeroe, 1'imor

G:enchrus inHe:x;us R . BR. dend1f'i ~vir.idis SP.RENG.)

ata cylindr ica • h :qper BEAUV., var . Koenigoii BENTH.

Monerma r epens BEAUV.

Panicum rep tans L.

au'iidli

rngg6leh alangalang)

Ielampah

22 * Saccharum officinarum I!.. toeboe VII . lY.[usacea e 23 • Musa te:x;ti1Hs NEE

ware(koffo•)

24 • Musa spec.

'( pisang)

VIII. G rchidacea e Spathoglottis plicata BL.

sasawa 'an

native of trop. Amer., now widely, spr.ead in SE .Asia to Pol')'Ilesia and N. ~ustralia pa•Ieotropica•I

SE . Asia to iPol'Ynesia, sea shor.e pantr.opical pantr.opical~y cu•lbivated

Phitl ipp., 1'aolaud, Sangihe, cu'1t. (and wi1Jd~) pantro,picaU'Y cutltiovated Malay .A:rch<ipelago to Formosa and ©ar.oHnes

Latin names

] Native names

IX. Pahnae 26 • Areca Ca techu L . 27 • Cocos nucifera L . 28 • Metroxylon spec .

JUNGH.

Further dlstrlhutfon

paleotropic (pinang) pantropically cultivated nioe Malay Archipelago (sagoe, roembia)

X. Pandanaceae 29 • Pandanus prob. Bidur 30 •

a'ab3. 'a, babah

tectorius anam 'a SOL .

XI. Taccaceae anoewoe Tacca leontopetaloides K'l'ZE (pinnatifida FORS'I',) Tacca parl mata BL.

Malay Archipelago, sea shore . paleotropical, sea shore

paleotropical, coast Malay Archipelago

C. DICOTYLEDONES

XII. Acanthaceae 33 • Acanthus ilicifolius L . Hemigraphis reptans T. 34 AN•DERS. XIII.

lalonda aromptlna

paleotropica•l, coast Malay Peninsula and Archipelago

Apoc~aceae

'35 • ?Ochrosia glomerata VAL. aba'a

XIV. Araliacea Schetrlera elliptica HARMS anoewoe

XV. Asclepiadaceae etymnema tingens (Roxe.) ses6no SPRENG.

XVI. Bombacaceae 38 • Ceiba pentandra GAERTN. (kapok) X¥lI. Borag.f naceae Ehretia microphylla LAMK. dandlla (buxHolia Roxe.) Tournefortia argentea L .f. windoe, bindoe

Kai, Talaud W. Mal. Archipelago, Celebes, Ternate, Halmahera India to Moluccas I

pantropically cu'itivated

39 40

XVIII, C:::ombretaceae Lumnitzera littorea VotGT saw6wo

Terminalia spec. (no. 3370) salise

tropical S. and E. Asia and Malay Archipelago Mascarenes to Polynesia, sea shore

\ tropical Alsia, Australia and Polyrl\~a, coast

Latin names

Native name•

X!EX. Gompositae Wede Ii a Mflora IDCi: .

daroenoe

XX . €onvolv.ulaceae 44 • ~pornoea Batatas P orn . baMte 45 • pes caprae Ro'l\H. 46

47 48

XXI. Ebenaceae Diospyros rnaritirna BI>.

wa.w ani

Furth•• distribution

tropical Asia, Austr. and Poliynesia pantropical1JycuoJltivated pantropical, sea shore Malay Arcfrip~lago to Alustr. and Jj!olynesia

XXM . Eupliorbiaceae A:ca•lypha amentacea Roxn. 1 aransian 'a Malay Ar.cfripelago (stipulacea KLOTZ ~ boehrnerioides Malay. A:r.cMpe1ago to lll!IQ . P,olynesia

Anttdesrn~ celebicurn Mil:). banah Breynia cernua MUELL. 'l arimoeta J\:RG.

Ci:elebes, T alaud Malay A:nchipelago to Australia

Euphorbia Atoto

,, hirta L. Excoecaria Agallocha L..

M'efa.nolepis multjgl!!ndu- para losa REI<i:HEN•B. f . & ZOLL. (Ma'J.lotus moluccanus Af•lilELL. ARG.)

SE .Alsia , Austr. and Polyn ., sea shore pantropica'l SE. Asia ~o Polynesia, sea shore SE . Asia to Polynesia

I!, .

pampoeroe lari

XXMI. Goodeniaceae Scaevola frutescens KRAl!l - panimboeSE ran 'a XXIV. Lauraceae Cassytha H liformis I!, .

bari-bari

pan tropical, sea shore and dr.y p'iaces in the interior

'1angi

SE . Asia and Malay Archipelago paleotropica•l

.. .. .;

XXV. ll.e!l'IJIIlinosae 517 • Alb i22ia saponaria 81> . 58

lllesrnodiurn gangeticurn JDC. I>nocarpus edullis F ORST.

adoeroe ~k)iarna

60 • P arkia prob. Roxburghoi-i lariango G. !DON (javanica MERR.) 61 • ~S'esbania grandiflora (L .) toe~i PERS.

XXVI. L:y:thraceae Pernphis acidrnla FoRST.

Madagascar t oAustr.aJ.ia and Pol•y nesia, sea shore

ng-ira 60

Ma.Jay Alr.cMpelago to Poly n., olten cultiv. Indfa to 'llirnor. and Philippines Mascarenas to tr.opica11 Austr.aiia paleotropica•l ,. sea shore

Latin names

Native names [

XXVll. Malvaceae Abelmoschus Manihot (L.) loro(gMi) 1) ME:o1c . 1 fonma leptodactylus BAKU_,

64 • Hibiscus Hliaceus L.

waroe

XXVIII. Moraceae 65 • Artocarpus intefna M>ERR. (nangka) (integrifo'lia . . ) oeroeka 66 • Artocarpus communis FORST. (incisa L .) (soekoen) Ficus arr. callicarpa M1Q .') pale 67 (no. 3353) 68

leucantatoma Porn. poewah

retusa L.

XXI'X.Myrsinaceae Rapanea densitlora M>Ez

XXX . M~aceae 71 • Eugenia spec.

panamboeri pirine

Further distribution

native of China, now cultiv. in the Minahasa, Talaud and the Moluccas pan tropical

pantropically cultivated (native of SE. Asia) pantropicaHy cultivated (native or Po·Jynesia) in Buitenz. Herb. from Salajar and Celebes (S.-N. ). Malay Archipelago (Phil: syn .? Ficus Hauili BLANCO) SE. Asia and Malay Archipelago Talaud, Salawati, Kai, New-Guinea

td~amboe)

XXXI. <l>xalidaceae Biophytum sensitivum BC. roenti 'i

pan tropical

XXXM. Bhamnaceae Colubrina asiatica BRONGN. angkaraha

pa'leotropical, sea shore

XXXUI . Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera caryophylloides nanasi BL. (cylindrica 11.)

SE. Asia and Malay Archipelago

7,5

XXXIV .. Rubiaceae Marinda citni!olia I!..

76 • Mussaenda pnob. phHippica A. RICH, 77

01denlandia biflora (paniculata L.)

sera(mangkoedoe )

nanapoe

India to Polynesia Philippines (or if only a form or M. frondosa L.: SE . Asia and Malay Archipelago) tnopic_aJ,, Asia to Polynes1a

1) J. J. OcusE, Vegetables of the Dutch East Ind'ies, 1931 , 473, mentions as names in Sangihe: sarolo and in Ta laud : rlatinga. ') Either a new species or, as may be F. callicarpa, one of the many forms or F. gibbosa BL . (SE. Asia to New-Guinea ). ,

Latin names

Native nam••I

Further dlstrlbuUon

XXXV. Rutaceae 6-.lyeosmis pentaphyl'la soew,i !!;oRR·EA (cochincMnensis PI•ER•RE)

tr.opical Asia and Malay Archipelago

Triphasia foifolia W1Ls.

aloewatoe

pan tropical

XXXl'"I. Sapindaceae Al1lophylus Gobbe B!!..

arapoe(e)

SEl. Asia and Mail. Arch. to Austr.. and Bolyn.

XXXV·H. Sapotaceae Pa'laquium obtusi folium

nato

Malay Archi,pelago tSumatr.a to <Geram)

BURCK

82 83

XXX\l'Illi, Sterculia ceae <i:ommersonia Bar.tramia ansoeara MERR. StercuJ.ia prob. nov'. spec, 'awea (no. 3362) XXXIX. Tiliaceae . 'Fr..i umfetta pr.ocumbens

S1E . Asia to Polynesia in the Bui.teno:. Her.b . 1-epresented from S. N. Celebes, 'femate and Amboina Madagascar., lndo China, Ma11a~ Archipelago to !i)ueensland

FORST,

XL . 1!Jrticaceae Pipturus argenteus WEDD . dertdame

XL'(. Verbenaceae Ca!tlicarpa bicolor Jus& .

Clerodendron Buchanani WALP., var . fal1la·x

Malay Arch·i pelago to Australia and Polyn. Ph~lippines,

andaliara

N. <'Jelebes, 'F·ail aud, New-<iluinea

saro

Madagascar t.o Polyn., preferably near sea shore

BAKH.

Premna integrifolia L,

APPENDIX III.

Literature . ~Older literature - VALENTIJN, o. a. - may be found cited in some of the publications mentioned below; for supp'Jy,ing me with the papers numbered 3, 5, 6, 9 and 13 , I am indebted to the Mission,nary Consulate at Batavia).

1. 1899 -

2. 3.

4. 5.

A. WICHMANN, ]i]),ie h1sel Miangas-Petermann 's Geogr . Mitteilungen. 1905> . .:. ._ ANONYMUS, De Nanoesa-eilanden- Indische Gicls XXVU, 314. I \905 - ScHRi:iDER, G. F. , Het zendingswerk op de Sangir- en Talaud-eilanden~D e Haagsche Zendingsbode, VIII, 11 (no. 2), 28 (no. 4) 39 (no. 5),_55 (no. 7), 65 (no. 9) and 75 (no. 10). Âˇ 191(]) - ANONYMiUS, Het eiland Palmas of Miang' as - lnclische Gicls XXXIr, I, 88 . 1910 - ANC>NYMUS, Een geschil tusschen Amerika en Nederland om een onzer Talauer-eilanden - Mecl. Sangir en Talaud Comite (No . 6) 10. 1910 - ST@KKING, H . J ., NaarMiaJi/.gasenNa noesa ~8-11Oct.1909)-;-Med. Sangir en Ta laud Comite, 12, (no . 7) . \

7. l911 -

8. 19tll -

9. 1\911 -

IQ. 1911 -

.AN©NYMUS, Het eila,FJ.cl Palnias -lml.ische Gicls XXXHI, [, 8@!B. AN©NYM'WS, IDe Talauer-eilaFJ.de.a -Iml.isC'lrn Gids XXXIII, U, 1~6 (e0pied fF©m the ' ' N ieuwe Cou.1ra.nt' ' 0f J'l!Ily 16th arnl. 2~th , 1911 ; afterwa.r ds als© c0p•ie<!l. by;. the '' Nie:nwe S0erabaia <Coura:nt ' ·• C .G., Hamiel en Nijverheid in dienst der zend!ing- De iIBa•FJ.ier I H, 450 (summary ©~ .ar . S). 'fALBNS, J. l_l>., Nen en aFJ.der ©Ver het 1'ala0etsch-Verh. :Bat. Gen. van KuinsteFJ. en Wetenseh., LIX, [, 4 and 5.

11 . HH2 -

ANONYMTUS, Ue zeHbes·t urende lap.dseha}!li(!Jen T ahoeJa•n dang, Siaoe, 1'ab0eka, · Kandfia•r -'Faroe.na en Ma1ngaait0e 0p de Sangi- en 'Falaud-eilanden-Med. iEneyel©}!laedisoh Burearl!l II, pa,r t I, 16, 20. 12. 1912 ·_ AN©NYMtrs, De Sangi- en Talautd-eilanden - 1'ijtdsehrift v . ~C©Mmische ,G eographie, III, 136 \sl!lmma,r y ©f nr. H). 13. 19•1 2 - STOKKING, H. J., De G0dsaienst <d:er 'fa lawreezen - Ned erl. Zenlllingsb0cl.e X:XIH, 221 (no . 2$j (CO:{!)ied fF0:gi the Sangir-b0de vo0r No0rd en Zuid-BeveJand). 64

14. 1914 -

[5.

1915 -

16. 1915 -

17. 1916 -

19. 1922 -

19 . 1922 -

20. 1924 21. 1925 -

22. 1925 2g. 1925 ~4.

1927 -

Dr. K. G. F ., Nade11e bijdrage tot de kennis van. het Talaoet sch -Verh . Bat. Gen. v.Kuns tenen Wetens ch. LIX, IV. AN0NYMUS, Aan wie behoort Mianga s? -Tijdsc hF. l(:on. Ned. Aairdrijksk . Gen@0tsehap, S. II, V0L XXXII , 856 (summa ry of nr. 4) . ANONYMUS, Het eiland Mianga s-lndische Gids XXXV II, II, 1754 (copied from nr. 15). ADRIANI, Dr. N., Heteila ndMian gaslndisehe Gids XXXV III, [, 22'1 . PHAFF, J. M., Kustbes chi:ijvin g, in : De Zeeen van Ned. lndie- Jub. Ui.tg. K@n. Ned. Aardrijksk . Gen., 414. ANONYMUS, Zeemansgids voor den OostIndische n Arehipe l, Vol. V (4th ecl .), 55. ANoNYMus, Kofonia al Weekb. , 16 Sept. G . NIJPELS, Het Amerik aansch- Nederlandsche grensgeschil .:._ lndische Gids XLVII, i26 (Fehr.). fo., 'Same title-ln dische Gids XLVII, 427 (May). fail ., Same tiUe -"Indisc he G.i ds XL VII, HH4 (NOiV .) . AN0NYMUS, Het Amerikaan~ch-Neder ·iandsche grensge schil-ln dische Gids XLIX, 458 (May). \ STE'LLER ,

25. 1928 -

H.J. !LAM, Mra1:ng;as, the aispu1tec1l foter-@eea•n:, ~95-2<iH ~April~

~sle

~with

ma~).

26>. ]\92$ -

27. 192$ -

G. NuPE'LS, Het A.merikaa•nse!!l-Ne(!]:erla11:;u!lisclile Gren.sgeschil-]mdiseb.e Gilds L, 503. $. KAil.FF, Betwist g;r©ndgefuiec11 in G>©stInai e-Haagsc'fil MaaJildiMacil: V, 6>©@(;)(i)4.

2$. 192$ -

2\9. ]92$ -

ANioNYMlllJS, Miangas - lnclisclie (has L, ]@\95-~@\9'7 (Dec.) ~ Summary 0f n@. 25). M. LAN.GHANs-RATZEBVfiG, IDe11 Sc:hiedsspr.Nch ull!Jer die 'l.i>alrnas- ~Mi•i:mgas-) Inse:I-Ji>eterm.anns Mitteilu1Jilgen 74, 343, with map.

Maps a·n d <E:hal'ts . (cf JLilt . 25 and 29) 1 . 1\913 - Vaairwaters en ankerplaatsel'l :na1>~j de Sangi- el'l 'falauc11-eilaJi1den, sea ehart n©. 1$3, 0a1rto0n \9, Miangas ('Palmas) ; survey o,f tfie Gvt. S.S. '' F1lami1mg©'', 1 : 2(i) .©@Ii>. 2. 1919 - The same, American. Sl!lrvey by t'fue tJ .S . S.S. Pa1thfineler " , Eila1nd ~ahna·s, 1 :4@ ..,(j)Q@.