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Compiled by LAUREN BLANKSTEIN
Last month, we ran a head-to-head comparison of operating systems—l.lnux, Macintosh, 05/2, Wmdows NTand Vlfindows 95. To give you an idea of how and why these 05s were born, our writers have outlined their histories.
histnries product. The teams at Apple created Finder, a desktop metaphor for computer systems that became the cornerstone of the Lisa (and Iater‚ the Mac) operating system. Soon, the Mac group produced drag-and-drop file manipula-
tlo/l and many other fundamental concepts: pull
ByKEVIN LINFIELD
early 1990s, Linus Torvalds started on a clone of Minux, a small UNIX sysworking tem. He wanted to write a small‚ academic UNIX system for Minux users. Starting out in assembly code‚ Torvalds quickly changed to C as his operating system became more developed. Taking adyantage of the protected mode of Intel's 80386 CPU, he planned a stable‚ multiuser‚ multitasking netvvorked operating system that would be free for all. Version 0.01 conslsted of a basic kemel and a file system, but it was made available on the Internet in August 1991. . Wrth the popularity of the Internet (especially for UNIX gurus), Torvalds was soon assisted by a loosely—knit team of hackers around the world. This UNIX clone‚ named Linux, aims towards . POSIX compliance and as such, includes System S and BSD extensions. Originally made available as beta (test) Software for years, Version 1.0 was finally released in March 1994. Now at release version 2.0.27 (with beta versions above 2.1) lt is one of the most popular variations ofUNIX. Featuring support for 32-bit Intel CPUs as well as the PowerPC‚ DEC Alpha, and Motorola 680005, it offers the power of UNIX free for anyone. Linux is released under the GNU General Public Licence, whlch means that it is free to modify and distribute‚ but you must include (or make available) all of the source code.
IIIacIIS ByDAVID ROSEN As the basis for much of the Iook and feel of modern-day computer systems, the Apple Macintosh has pioneered the popular desktop metaphor for its graphical user Interface. The graphical user interface—or GUl—was born at Xerox’s PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), a research facility in California's Silicon Valley. The scientists at PARC found that people recognize graphic representations better and faster than they read words or phrases. Shortly afterwards, the research team designed "Smalltalk”-—a very rudlmentary graphical system controlled by a mouse with pop-up menus and icons. Already a celebrity (at least in the computer world)‚ Steve Jobs was invited by Xerox to Iook at many projects the PARC groups were researching. It was there that Jobs saw Smalltalk and got the idea to build the Lisa graphical user lnterfacq a precursor to the Mac interface. While Smalltalk worked fine in the demonstration lab, Jobs’ team recognized there wäre subfor a confrmercial stantfgal changes necessary *
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