Cartoon illustrating soil-applied use of a systemic insecticide
including immature stages (grubs) of wireworms, white grubs, and flea beetles.
risk” (RR) or as “organophosphate alternatives” during these initial registration processes.
Since the initial registration of imidacloprid, other neonicotinoid insecticide registrations like clothianidin and thiamethoxam soon followed for at-plant or below-ground uses.
The RR designation resulted in an expedited review and regulatory decision-making process given what was understood about these compounds and that they met one or more of the following criteria: i) limits impacts on nontarget organisms; ii) Illustrated is the soil-applied use of a reduces acute and chronic exposure systemic insecticide. Photo courtesy of A Photo credit. A. Huseth (http://psep.cce.cornell.edu/) to farm workers; and iii) decreases Huseth (http://psep.cce.cornell.edu/) additional pesticide use (U.S. EPA 2013). threaten the long-term sustainability of the compounds. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE Although the adoption of these soilIncreasing concern about applied neonicotinoid insecticide neonicotinoid resistance in uses could be regarded as largely CPB populations and unknown beneficial to the potato industry environmental risks posed by given that far fewer broad-spectrum this MoA group have elevated foliar insecticides (e.g., carbamates, the importance of proactive pest pyrethroids, and organophosphates) management programs that integrate have been used, the emergence of non-neonicotinoid insecticides. insecticide resistance and other noncontinued on pg. 58 target and environmental impacts
Over the past 27 years, the benefits afforded to producers by this mode of action (MoA) group (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee MoA Group 4A, http://www.irac-online. org/) have included versatility in application method (e.g., at-plant in-furrow, seed-treatment, foliar, chemigation, irrigation drip, and side-dress), longer periods of residual control when applied at planting, and a broad spectrum of pest control. When initially registered, the U.S. EPA had designated several neonicotinoids as either “reduced
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