REVISITING GARNER WITH GARNER: A LOOK AT DEADLY FORCE AND THE USE OF CHOKEHOLDS & NECK RESTRAINTS BY LAW ENFORCEMENT 1. II.
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INTRODU CTION ...............................................................................
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SUPREME COURT JURISPRUDENCE: USE OF FORCE UNDER THE
FOURTH AMENDMENT .................................................................... A. Use of Force: FourthAmendment Reasonableness Standard......................................................................................... B. Deadly Force Under Tennessee v. Garner ............................. "I CAN'T BREATHE:" WHAT A CHOKEHOLD IS AND WHY IT IS
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D EA D LY ..........................................................................................
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A. Medical Risk of Serious Bodily Injury or Death ..................... 409 B. Strangulation,No Matter the Context, Is Capableof 4 12 CausingDeath ........................................................................ RESPONSES TO POLICE USE OF CHOKEHOLDS ............................... 413 A. JudicialResponse: Reasonablenessand Chokeholds ............. 413 1. Supreme Court Limitation on Injunctive Relief in City 414 of Los Angeles v. Lyons ................................................... 415 a. Lyons M ajority ............................................................ 416 b. Lyons D issent .............................................................. c. Injunctive Relief Denied: Deaths from Chokeholds 418 A fter Lyons ................................................................. 2. Post-Lyons: Decisions Holding Chokeholds to Be 4 19 R easonable........................................................................ 3. Post-Lyons: Decisions Holding Chokeholds to Be 422 Unreasonable................................................................... B. Legislative Response: Ban or Limit Chokehold Use ............... 426 1. LegislationRestricting Chokeholds to the Use of 427 Deadly Force..................................................................... 2. Legislative Limitations on Certain Types of Neck 428 R estraints .......................................................................... 3. Legislation Placinga Total Ban on Use of Chokeholds ... 428
C. DepartmentalResponse: Police Policyfrom Departmentto 430 Dep artment ............................................................................. 1. Publically UnavailablePolice Use of Force Policy ......... 431 2. Use of Force Policies That Are Disclosed........................ 432 a. Sample of Department Policy Not Mentioning 432 C hokehold Use ........................................................... b. Sample of Department Policy Prohibiting or Limiting Chokehold Use ............................................ 433