8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network Authors
Amparo Moyano José María Coronado
INTRODUCTION HSR network development – Single lines connecting big metropolitan areas – Serving intermediate smaller cities Line effects – Bypasses connecting lines network effects
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
INTRODUCTION Spanish HSR network – –
30 stations 5 main lines + Galician corridor
274 direct city-to-city links
High amount of feasible links and variety of services Global and systematic analysis of all of them
MAIN OBJECTIVE Systematic statistical assessment through clustering analysis, considering both territorial and service-related variables of all city-pairs links. Deriving an HSR city-pair link typology
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
METHODOLOGY Variables considered in the cluster analysis Territorial variables •
Population (P): data provided by the INE. In the cluster analysis, the population is divided into Pmax and Pmin,, without distinguishing between origin and destination, to
unify groups •
Rail distance (Dr): distance between two cities following the railway route.
Service-related variables •
Frequencies (F): number of services per day
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Commercial Speed (Vc): the quotient between the rail distance and the travel time
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Commercial Cost (Cc): It is the cost per km obtained from the quotient between the ticket cost and the rail distance.
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
METHODOLOGY Clustering method: K-means •
The k-means method is a non-hierarchical clustering technique that uses the Euclidean distance between items to establish groupings. –
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Minimising the distance among items in the same group and maximising the distances among groups.
Differences in units and ranges of variation of the variables considered Variables normalisation: Z scores to homogenise the Euclidean distances calculated through the k-means cluster method
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Predefinition of the number of clusters is a requisite Variance Ratio Criterion (VRC). F-value of a one way ANOVA.
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The number of clusters established in the assessment will be that which minimises the value Wk Wk = (VRCk+1 – VRCk) – (VRCk – VRCk-1)
8 clusters High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
HSR LINKS’ TYPES: CLUSTER ANALYSIS ‘EARLY STAGE’ HSR LINKS
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Cluster 1: Links between large cities approximately 400 km distant – High frequencies – Links between Madrid and other main cities (most located at the end of the HSR lines) such as Sevilla, Malaga, Valencia or Valladolid, among others. – The most representative relation (closest to the cluster’s centre) is the Madrid – Sevilla
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Cluster 2: Madrid – Barcelona connection – Particular case of cluster 1: an extreme case and the most favourable of the entire network – Many trains per day, high commercial speeds and costs per km close to the mean.
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
HSR LINKS’ TYPES: CLUSTER ANALYSIS ‘LINE EFFECT’ LINKS
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Cluster 3: Relations between a medium-size/large cities and a small one at short distances – Cities in the same line with a high number of daily trains – HSR links between two nearby cities that benefits from various long-distance trains serving different lines (Zaragoza – Lleida or Cordoba – Ciudad Real) – HSR links between small cities and large metropolitan areas: combination of long-distance and regional services AVANT (Barcelona – Tarragona or Madrid – Segovia).
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Cluster 4: Links between a large metropolitan area (Madrid) and small distant cities. – Medium frequencies – Low cost per km and similar speeds to cluster 1. – The most characteristic cases: Madrid – Antequera or Madrid – Tarragona.
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
HSR LINKS’ TYPES: CLUSTER ANALYSIS ‘LINE EFFECT’ LINKS
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Cluster 6: Links between two medium-sized or small cities. – Cities located on the same line – Low speeds and medium prices – The most characteristic links are Ciudad Real – Antequera
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Cluster 8: Huesca – Tardienta. – Extreme case: the most unfavourable of the network. – One train per day – Commercial speed is really low – Cost per km is the highest in the network
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
HSR LINKS’ TYPES: CLUSTER ANALYSIS ‘NETWORK EFFECT’ LINKS
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Cluster 5: Link between medium sized/large cities located on different lines – Long distances – High commercial speeds, and low costs per km to avoid excessively high ticket fares – The most representative cases are Zaragoza – Malaga or Valencia – Sevilla.
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Cluster 7: Links between two medium-sized or small cities – Similar to cluster 6 but it encompasses cities on different lines. – Higher speeds, lower frequencies and lower prices than Cluster 6 – The most characteristic link is Ciudad Real – Tarragona
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
HSR LINKS’ TYPES: VARIABLES ANALYSIS
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Commercial speeds –
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‘Early stage’ HSR links (clusters 1 and 2) are in the centre of the graph • Commercial speeds over 180 km/h and distances between 350 and 600 km. • Mixed with cluster 4, which is similar in terms of speed and distance, but very different in cities’ size The other clusters appear well grouped in terms of distance and speed either above or below the ‘early stage’ ones. • Long distance connections made possible by the Madrid bypasses (cluster 5 and 7) • Intermediate stops in small and medium cities (clusters 3 and 6)
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
HSR LINKS’ TYPES: VARIABLES ANALYSIS
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Frequencies – –
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Cluster 3 is the sole cluster that achieves a level of services similar to the ‘early stage’ links The other clusters involved a high number of links, but present, in most of the cases, low frequencies, which could be a sign of its marginal role in terms of demand.
Differences in the quality of services running under the High-Speed brand. –
For the same rail distance, approximately 300 km, the speed oscillates from 150 to nearly 280 km/h (Fig. 5a).
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
DISCUSSION •
‘Early stage’ HSR links (clusters 1 and 2) – – –
Only the 6 % of the total number of connections When the population is considered, their share grows to 18% In terms of ridership, they concentrate around the 55% of the total share
Links implemented to cover the main city-pairs connections.
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
DISCUSSION •
Clusters 5, 6 and 7 – –
Highly represented in number of links (around the 65% of them) Decrease in relevance when considering the population involved (33%), and marginally represented in the total ridership (only the 10%)
These HSR links open new opportunities in terms of connectivity that can be very relevant for certain cities
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
DISCUSSION •
Clusters 3 and 4 – – –
More balanced representation Cluster 3 links, the regional HSR, benefit from a good quality of services and are generally oriented to daily commuting, reaching a relevant share in terms of ridership (22%). Cluster 4 reaches a similar share (14%) than cluster 2, the Madrid-Barcelona link
These types of links allow linking many small cities to Madrid (access to the wide business, commercial and administrative facilities located in the capital of the country)
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
CONCLUSIONS •
This research elucidates the multiple roles that the HSR system may perform as a transportation mode nowadays, bringing to light that not all the links branded as High-Speed fit in the same profile.
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HSR links shows that there is much dissimilarity among connections concerning daily trains, commercial speed and costs per km. The dissimilarities that exist in terms of the services’ quality helps to distinguish the different types of connections that result from the addition and interconnection of several lines and the mixture of different HSR services.
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In summary, the HSR offers a wide spectrum of different links that fulfil different roles. From an infrastructure perspective, the ‘early stage’ links are covering most of the HSR ridership, although clusters 3 and 4 are also representative. However, there are many other kinds of connections (clusters 5, 6 and 7) that, although they are marginally represented in the total ridership, they perform a more social role improving the opportunities for travellers
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HIGH-SPEED AND TERRITORY
High-Speed Rail links’ typology in the Spanish network
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