12.2011 by Alunraung Chay

&Sw d ef;wede&f mrS &cdik jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf (ALA) &Jabmfrsm;

pmrlzdwfac: jcif; T&cdik v hf w G v f yfa&;pmapmifonf &cdik ahf wmfveS af &;oabmw&m;rsm;udk r#0&D ef/ &cdik ahf wmfveS af &;ESihf &cdik t hf rsKd ;om;a&;ESiyhf wfoufI awmfveS af &;&Jabmfrsm;/ jynforl sm;. tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk xif[yfp&D efEiS hf yDjyifaom &cdik pf myDt&D;tom;ay:ayguv f mpD &ef&nf&, G I f xkw0f jD zef@csed ed af om trScD u kd if;aom vGwv f yfaom pmapmifwckjzpfygonf? T&cdik v hf w G v f yfa&;pmapmifukd vpOf yHrk eS x f w k 0f v D m;rnfjzpfygonf? &cdik t hf rsKd ;om;a&;ESihf &cdik pf myDukd jrwfE;kd wefz;kd xm;olrsm; uAsmrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;/ 0wÎKwdkrsm;ESifh umwGef;rsm; yD;ydk@Edkifygonf? qufoG,f&ef— AIB PO Box 113 Mae Sot Tak -63110 Thailand

vlxo k nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

twGJ(4) trSwf(6)

2011-ck ?'DZifbmv

ARG - *syef tzG@J 0ifrsm;

tar&duefa&mufjrefrmrsm; BBC udk qENjy=upOf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

rmwdum

aqmif;yg; u|efawmf cGJxGufa&;orm;r[kwf (armifcdkifapm)—————————2 EdkifiHwum t=urf;zufr_ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH (1) (armifatmifcdkif )——— 7 bwjyef-usm;wjyef w&kwftar&duef tm%mvGefqGJyGJ (rsdK;cdkif)—— 11

uAsm r&GD;jzpfca& uAsmwyk'f (ykÀm;u|ef;-Zl;a0) ——————————16 r[m0Ho (rif;ZH-&cdkifjynf) —————————————————17 0rf;enf;jcif;'dkif,m&D (cdkif,l0if;-vrk+rD) ————————————18

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

&cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD ALP . t+rJwef;*k%fxl;aqmif A[dkaumfrDwD0if cdik ef v D if;onf 'DZifbmv 21-&ufeed @f u vl}uD;a&m*gjzifh rJaqmuf+rdK@wiG f uG,v f eG v f m;ygonf? cdik ef v D if;. &kyt f avmif;udk rJaqmuf+rdK@ ausmif;}uD;bke;f }uD;ausmif;wGif 'DZifbmv 21-&ufeed @f rS 24-&ufeed @f xd xm;cJ+h yD;/ ,if; 24 &ufeed @f ede@f cif;zuf 2-em&Dcef@wiG f rJaqmuf+rdK@ bef@apmifuJG ok\mefo@kd yd@k aqmifI rD;o+*õK[fc=hJ uygonf? ,if;psmyejzpfajrmufa&;twGuf psmyejzpfjzpfa&;aumfrw d w D &yfukd rJaqmuft+cDpu kd f awmfveS af &;/ vlra_ &;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;I tcrf;tem;w&yfjzifh pnfum;odu k +f rdKufpmG usi;f ycJhygonf? ,if;tcrf;tem;od@k rJaqmuft+cDpu kd f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &cdik af cgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &cdik jf ynforl sm; pkpak ygi;f 200-cef@ wufa&mufI q&m}uD;cdik ef v D if;udk aemufq;kH *k%jf yKylaZmfc=hJ uygonf? tcrf;tem;wGif r[mrdwaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &cdik af cgiaf qmifrsm;u q&m}u;D ESihf ywfouf I ,if;&dk@. tjrifrsm;udk ajym=um;cJh=u+yD; r[mrdwftzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;rS yD;ydk@vmaom o0%mv$mrsm;udv k nf; zwf=um;cJ+h yD; ppfa&;tcrf;tem;wckjzifv h nf; tusO;f &H;k *k%jf yKcJ=h uyg onf? 'DZifbmv 27-&ufedef@ wGifvnf; q&m}uD;twGuf &ufvnfqGrf;au|;I &Dpufcs tr#yD;0DcJh=uygonf? cdkifeDvif;udk tzOD;jromatmif trda': jrvSOD;rS 1950-ckESpfwGif bl;oD;awmif+rKd@ wyf&m&yfuu G w f iG f rG;D zGm;cJ+h yD; trnf&if;rSm pHa&$cikd jf zpfonf? 1974-ckESpfwGif Edk0ifbmv 5-&ufedef@wGif ALP ygwDodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh+yD; 1974-rS 1976-ckESpfxd r[mrdwfu&if&Jabmfrsm;ESifhtwl vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? 1976-ckESpf ZGefv aemufq;kH tywfwiG f rdik f 2000-c&D;&Snf ppfa=umif;csw D uf&mwGif OuUXcdik rf ;kd vif;. t}uHy;D tjzpf yg0ifcsdwufcJholvnf;jzpfonf? ygww D m0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifpOfumvtwGi;f wGiv f nf; olwwfxm;aom vuform; ynm/ qHyifudkufynm/ pufbD;/ rD;udkuf/ v#yfppfxrif;tdk;/ [if;tdk;rsm;/ a&'D,dkESifh tjcm; v#ypf pfo;kH ypPn;f ta[mif;rsm;udk jyifonfh pufr/_ vufry_ nmrsm;udk toH;k csI pdw"f gw}f uH@cikd rf _ tjynft h 0jzifh awmfveS af &;wm0efrsm;udk aemufq;kH xGuo f uftxd usyD eG pf mG xrf;aqmifco hJ l wOD;vnf;jzpfygonf? olu, G v f eG pf Of om;wa,mufEiS fh orD;wa,muf use&f pfc+hJ yD; ol.trsKd ;orD;ESit hf wl tar&duefEdkifiHY edefxdkifv#uf[dedefygonf?

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

0ifa[mif;wa,mufjzpfol udpk ;kd vif;ESihf ed&OP&mrSt,f'w D m udck ikd jf rwfausmf &d@k vnf; wufa&mufchJ onf? Adv k rf LS ;armifoed ;f wifonf 'DZifbm 15-&uf rGe;f vGcJ sed w f iG f jrpfem;&Gmedet f rd Yf &ifwiG ;f uifqma&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG v f m;cJo h nf? AdkvfrSL;armifodefwifonf 1970-ckESpfrwfvwGif “&cdkifjynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ (AIO)” . vufeufuikd w f yfrawmfjzpfaom “&cdik jf ynfvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf AIA” udk pwif0ifa&mufco hJ nf? ucsiv f w G v f yfa&;tzG@J KIO . wyfr[m (1) e,f+rDwiG f ppfa&;oifwef; rsm; wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1971-ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif &cdkifjynfodk@qif;vmaom AIA yxrppfa=umif;wGif yg0ifco hJ nf? pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcsed rf pS +yD; uG,v f eG o f nft h csed x f d awmfveS af &;. =urf;wrf; cufxefveG ;f vSaom c&D;=urf;wGif ESpaf ygi;f (41) ESpw f ikd w f ikd f r+idKrjiifbJ wm0efxrf;aqmifcahJ om rsdK;cspf/ jynfcspf &Jabmfaumif;wOD;jzpfonf? AdkvfrSL;armifodef;wifonf &cdkifjynfvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf AIA wGif 1970-rS 1988-xd/ &cdik jf ynftrsKd ;om;nDnw G af &;wyfO;D (NUFA) umv &cdik jf ynfopfwnfaqmuf a&;wyfrawmf (NACA) wGif 1988-uyif 1990-ckx/d Adv k cf ikd &f mZmOD;aqmifaom &cdik w hf yf rawmf (AA) wGif 1990-uyif 1993-ck xd/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;ygwD (NUPA). &cdik jf ynfwyfrawmf (AA) wGif 1994-rS 2011-ckxd wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? ol.awmfvSefa&;tay:opPm[dr_/ wm0efusDyGefr_&dk@a=umifh &JabmftqifhrSAA'kppfO;D pD;csKyftqifx h 4d if;/ aemufq;kH NUPA. &Jabmfaumif;wOD;jzpfa=umif; od&onf? oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif touf(61)ESpf[d+yD; ZeD; a':ykvkESifh t&G,fra&mufodaom om;orD;3-OD;usef[dcJhonf?

ALP A[dak umfrw D 0D if cdik ef v D if;uG,v f eG f

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

at'Dwmhtmabmf 2011-ckESpfonf &cdkifhtrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;axmifvmpDzdk@ tpysdK; vmonfEh pS [ f k qdEk ikd af yonf? twkta,mif &d[ k ed *f smtrnfcH b*Fvv D v l rd rf sm;u &cdik &f @kd .rlyikd f Arakan ESmrnfukd vk,o l ;kH pGrJ u _ kd &cdik w f rsKd ;om;vH;k toGiaf qmif vky&f yfrsm;jzifh wke@f jyefEikd cf =hJ u onfomru &cdik u f *wfpu f kd 'Dru kd a&pDt&D+cHK ppftm%mydik rf sm;u vk,o l ;kH pGrJ u _ v kd nf; jynf wGi;f / jynfy [efcsun f n D D wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd cf =hJ uonf? 2011-ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDt&DJ+cHK jrefrmppftm%mydkifrsm;u jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk Aef;jy+yD; tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;twGuf aphapyfaqG;aEG;zd@k urf;vSr;f cJah omfvnf; aemufco H rdik ;f }uD;us,cf +hJ yD; rdru d rkd rd d &cdik [ f t k macgiu f aJG tmif a[medeaf om&cdik f rsm;udk *&krpdu k cf ahJ y? xdt k cg &cdik &f @kd z@kd rdr&d @kd . e*d&k yk o f iG u f kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jrifwcdG &hJ +yD; awmfveS f a&;e,fy,fY trsm;utodtrSwfjyKavmufatmif wyfzGJ@tiftm;r[dr_ESifh vltrsm;tod trSwjf yKavmufatmif Edik if aH &;toGio f ¾ef r[doI d Ttqifo h @kd a&mufc&hJ onfukd oabm raygub f J redeEf ikd af tmif tajctaeu wGe;f yd@k cyhJ gonf? csw D a=umif;/ qwfwa=umif;jzpfeed af om &cdik ahf wmfveS af &;udk jynfya&mufrsKd ;csprf sm;u t,ifuydik f bJxikd /f bkajyma0zefaom wke@f jyefrr_ sm;jzifrh [kwb f J rdr&d @kd wwfEikd &f m wm0efacsw &yfukd trsKd ;om;a&;qdik &f m ordik ;f yD;wm0eftjzpf ESv;kH oGi;f Edik cf =hJ uonf? TuJ@rrd &d @kd . yuwd tedet f xm;udk ESv;kH oGi;f Edik rf E_ iS hf rsKd ;cspjf ynforl sm;u wa,mufcsi;f pD. wm0efukd cGjJ cm;odjrif xrf;aqmifvmedefr_onf &cdkifhtrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;ESifh trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; acgif;axmifEdkifzdk@ tpysKd ;vmr_[k &cdik v hf w G v f yfa&;pmapmif at'Dwmtedejf zifh rSwcf suyf ;D az: jytyfayonf? tcsi;f &dk@ jynfopfwnf=uygpdk@?

AIB 28/ 12/ 2011

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

u|efawmf cGx J u G af &;orm;r[kwf armifci kd a f pm 31/ 08/ 2011

,ckqdkv#if jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&[dcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; 63-ESpf =umjrifhcJh+yD;jzpf ygonf? od@k aomf “jynfaxmifpk r+ydKuGaJ &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf _ r+ydKuGaJ &;/ tcsKyftjcm tm%m wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;” wnf;[laom tcsuo f ;kH csuu f kd 'd@k wm0ef ta&;oH;k yg;tjzpf owfrw S f um jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;tzd@k a'ede@f xd a=uG;a=umfeed =f uwke;f jzpfygonf? tvGepf w d yf supf &myif r[kwyf gvm;? Ta=uG;a=umforH sm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if rH S tm%mydik t f qufquf tedejf zifh wdik ;f jynf. t"duudprP sm;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;r[do[ d k tvdv k 0kd efc+H yD;om; jzpfeed f ygonf? 2

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

Adv k rf LS ;armifoed ;f wif psmye awmfveS af &;tcrf;tem;jzifjh yKvkyf ed&OP&m 18/ 12/ 2011

&cdik jf ynfwyfrawmf 'kppfO;D pD;csKyfa[mif;/ vuf[dNUPA umuG,af &;Xmewm0efcH AdkvfrSL;armifodef;wif tokb tcrf;tem;tm; 'DZifbmv(17)&ufedef@u aumhpfbZmc&dkif jrpfem;&GmwGifjyKvkyf&m ol.vkyfaz:udkifbufrsm;eef@ awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;u awmfvSefa&; tcrf;tem;jzifh *k%jf yKum o+*dK[fc=hJ ua=umif; owif;&[donf? “awmfveS af &;xJu &Jabmf&b J uf 20-avmufu wufa&muf+yD;au tav;jyKuwf/ *k%fjyKyef;acGcsuwf/ oDwrf;pmzwfuwfaw? aus;&GmwckrSmjyKvkyfa& psmyejzpfauavhoGifh awmfvSefa&;edef+rDxJutwdkif;&m usif;jyKvkyfcyga&”[k jrpfem;&GmwGifedefxdkifol ausmfodef;u ajymonf? Adv k rf LS ;armifoed ;f wiftokbtm; tqdyk geed @f cif;buf2-em&DwiG pf wifc+hJ yD; ol@tavmif; udk &Jabmfrsm;u ol.edet f rd rf S ocsKF id ;f [d&mod@k xkw, f cl +hJ yD; tqdyk g*% k jf yKyJt G m; jrpfem;&GmwGif ocsFKdif;uGif;uGufvyfwGif jyKvkyfcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? “t&yfom;wdeef@ ol.rdom;pkrdwfaqGwdyg &mcsD+yD; wufa&mufa&tcrf;tem;rSm awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfwdu awmfvSefa&;tcrf;tem;eef@ o+*dK[fuwfvdk@ t&yfom;trsm;u pdw0f ifwpm;eef@ =unfch uwfaw? &cdik jf ynftrsKd ;om;nDnw G af &;ygwu D oDwrf;pmzwfa&tcgrmS vlwda& rsuf&nfpusuwfyga&? awmfvSefa&;twGuf wb0vHk;yD;qyfvma&olwa,mufudk Zmydkifbifjzpfjzpf uGsefawmf&dk@OD;nGwf*g&0jyK+yD; o+*dK[fvdkuf&a&twGuf uGsefawmf&dk@txdkuft avsmufawmhcg ol@twGuf*k%f,lrdyga&”[k oluajymonf? Adv k rf LS ;armifoed ;f wif psmyetcrf;tem;od@k ppfwaumif;rS OD;a0ausm/f e,fomvefrS udck sKd ZH/ ANC ppfa&;wm0efcH OD;ay:vif;/ ALAE OuUX OD;zd;k vS/ &cdik , f Ofaus;r_tEkynmo#if Od;ausmrf if;/ AA tzG@0J ifa[mif; OD;eDrif;/ AASYC rS wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL; udu k jH rif/h ,ciftzG@J

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

qENjyyJGwGif awmif;qdkcJhonfESifhywfoufI olu,QKvdkajymonf? “awmif;qdkpGm uawmhcg bDbDpDowif;Xmeu tefem*sHK;qdkolu wm0eft[dqHk;qdka&tcg ol@udkbDbDpDu ta&;,ly;D zd@k / olutrSm;wdukd vkyrf ad &qdpk mG udk w&m;0if0efcsawmif;yefz@kd / &cdik t f ygt0if uGsef awmf&@kd wikd ;f &ifom;wdukd 0efcaH wmif;yefz@kd awmif;qdck yga&” qENjy&mwGif wpH;k w&m taESmuf t,Sufr[dodtjyif ol&dk@qENjy&mwGif wm0ef[dolrsm;u ulnDaqmif&GufyD;cJhonf[k olu ajymonf? “qENrjycif uGsefawmf&dk@u ygrpfav#muf&yga&? oufqdkif&m bDbDpDXmeu 6Avenue vrf;xufrSm[da&? ,if;vrf;eef@ywfoufa& &Jpcef;udkvm;+yD;au &Jpcef;u CommunityESiyhf wfoufa& XmecJw G [ d yd ga&? ,if;Xmeudk vm;+yD;au uGseaf wmf&@kd w&m;0if ygrpfawmif;a&? ol&dk@uvnf; wywf}udKwif+yD;au 'DZifbm2-&ufedefuyif vkyfvdk@&a&qdk+yD; cGijhf yKyga&? &Jwu d vnf; uGseaf wmf&@kd twGuf vH+k cHKa&;ESihf pepfwus qENjyEdik af tmifq+kd yD; pDpOf yD;yga&” urBmausmf bDbpD o D wif;XmerS owif;axmuf Anna Jone. rSm,Gi;f pGm &D;om; az: jycJo h nfh owif;ESihf "mwfyt kH wGuf t*FvefEikd if H vef'ef+rdK@[d bDbpD o D wif;Xme&H;k csKyf&w dS iG f ,laua&mufjrefrmrsm;u jyefvnfajz,Sif;awmif;yef&ef Edk0ifbmv16-&ufedef@u qENjy awmif;qdck =hJ uonf? 4if;tjyif rav;,Sm;Edik if w H iG f a&muf[ed ed =f uaom &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm; 100cef@u uGmvmvefy+l rdK@[d +Adwo d #o&H ;kH &So d @kd vm;a&muf+yD; bDbpD (D tm&Sypdzw d Xf me)rS &cdik jf ynfajr yHkay: &D;om;az: jyaom owif;ESifh"mwfyHktay: rauseyfojzifh Edk0ifbmv(24)&ufedef@u vm;a&mufqENjyawmif;qdkcJh=uonf? ,QKuJo h @kd Edik if w H umwGif qENjyawmif;qdrk r_ sm;jzpfay:vm&jcif;rSm2010-ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm v(6)-&ufeed @f tm,Sypdzw d Xf merS owif;axmuf tefem*sKH &D;om;onfh Bleak outlook of Barma’s ethinc groups aqmif;yg;wGif &cdik v f rl sKd ;udzk ,fxw k x f m;+y;D bmoma&;0wfjyKeed f aom &d[ k if*smqdo k &l @kd .yHw k yHu k kd wjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; tm;vH;k eef@twl &cdik jf ynfajryHak y:wGif az: jycJhonfhtwGuf rauseyfr_rsm;wdk;yGg;vm&mrS ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfonf?

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

jrefrmhacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awmifwef;e,f acgif;aqmif}uD;wcsdK@u t*Fvyd &f @kd xrH S vGwv f yfa&;twl&,lum jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf&ef oabmwlncD =hJ uygonf? ToabmwlncD suaf =umifyh if vGwv f yfaom jrefrmEdik if . H trnfuv kd nf; “jynfaxmifpjk refrm EdkifiH”[k uifyGef;wyfcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh taygif;ygwpku ppftm %modr;f um ygvrD efEiS hf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'rsm;udk zsupf ;D ypfvu kd o f nft h m;avsmpf mG jynfaxmifprk mS vnf; cdik cf ikd rf mrmwnfaqmuf&ef rjzpfvu kd &f bJ +ydKuGcJ &hJ ygonf? tm%modr;f awmfveS af &;aumifprD S rqvrS e0w/ e0wrS etz ponfjzifh tqufqufaom jrefrmtm%m ydik rf sm;onf +ydKuGv J m;aom jynfaxmifpu k kd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef r}udK;pm;cJ=h uay? vuf[d }uH@z@HG tpd;k &rSmvnf; e0wvufxufrS pwifa=uG;a=umfcahJ om 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;udk qufvuf [pfatmfedefwkef;jzpfygonf? 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;wnf;[laom a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;udk jrif&wdkif; u|efawmf&,fcsif ygonf? jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&odygv#uEf iS hf jynfaxmifprk +ydKuGaJ &;qdo k nfrmS &,fp&myif r[kwfygvm;? jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfol tqufqufonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk evydef;wkef;rsm; od@k r[kwf oli,fEyS pf m;rsm;[k xifrw S ef ed =f uovm;rod? Edik if t H rnfwiG f “jynfaxmifp”k qdak om pum;vH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f uifyeG ;f wyfxm;&Hrk #jzifh jrefrmEdik if o H nf jynfaxmifpEk ikd if w H ck tvdv k jkd zpfr vmyg? vuf[djrefrmEdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtjzpf rnfonfhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;urS vufcH =urnfr[kw?f tukeaf jym&v#if vuf[t d ajctaewGif rnfonfw h ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;urS jrefrm vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh twlvufwGJI redefcsif=uawmhay? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ol@vlwodkufu jynfaxmifpk}uD;ESifhtwl wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD nGwaf &;udyk g wygwnf; zsupf ;D ypfc=hJ uygonf? awmfveS af &;aumifprD S rqv/ rqvrS e0w/ e0wrS etz ponfjzifh tm%mydik t f qufquf ajymif;vJvmcJo h vdk +ydKuGeJ ed +f yDjzpfonfh wdik ;f &if; om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;rSmvnf; ydkIydkI +ydKuGJcJh&ygonf? odk@aomf rnfolurS wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; jyefvnf&[datmif apwemESihf trSet f *ifrh vkycf =hJ u? wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm; wGif ppfa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifh aus;&Gmrsm;udk rD;wdkufjcif;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;udk rawmfrw&m; jyKusijhf cif;/ trsKd ;om;rsm;udk n‡i‡ ;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;ESihf Oya'rJh rw&m;owfjzwfjcif; ponf&@kd a=umifh e0w/ etzacwfwiG f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;tay: ydrk ekd musO;f cJ=h uayonf? ,cktcg wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;rSm tqd;k &Gm;qH;k tajctaeod@k a&muf[ed ed &f m vuf[}d uH@z@HG tpd;k & vufxufwiG f apwemrSex f m;um jyefvnfwnfaqmufrnfvm;qdo k nfukd apmif=h unf=h u&yg rnf? wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;&[d&ef vufw}dG udK;yrf;rnft h pm; “wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; r+ydKuGaJ &;”[k qufvuf+yD; vl=um;aumif;&Hk a=uG;a=umfeed v f @kd uawmh vl&,fp&mom jzpfedefygvdrfhrnf? 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;. aemufq;kH wcsujf zpfaom “tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwchH ikd +f rJ a&;”qdo k nfh a=uG;a=umfrE_ iS hf ywfoufIvnf; u|eaf wmfem;rvnfEikd jf zpf&ygonf? jrefrmEdik if H onf rnfonft h rd ef ;D em;csi;f Edik if EH iS rhf # &efapmifeed jf cif;r[dovd/k jynfyrS0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd v f mrnfh t&dyfta,mifvnf; wpHkw&mrwGd&ay? tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwHhr_udk xdyg;zsufpD;rnfh tE W&m,fr[dawmhv#if tcsKyftjcmtm%m rwnfwHhp&mvnf; ta=umif;r[dyg? odk@jzpfI

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

“tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;”qdkonfh jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;. a=uG;a=umfcsufrSm “tvkyfr[d a=umif&DcsdK;” vkyfaom a=uG;a=umfoHw&yfr#omjzpfygonf? trSeft*ifhtm;jzifh “'d@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;”tjzpf jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm; a=uG;a=umfoifo h nfrmS “jynfaxmifpw k nf aqmufa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;ndnGwfr_ wnfaqmufa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tm; tm%m cG0J yD ;D a&;” &d@k yifjzpfygonf? Adv k cf sKyfae0if; tm%modr;f &jcif;. t"duta=umif;t&if;rSm wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; tm; 4if;&d@k &oif&h xdu k af om tcGit hf a&;rsm;yD;&rnfukd rvdv k m;Iyifjzpfygonf? wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;om tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&[dvm;ygu jrefrm&dk@. wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tay: v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_ avsmhyg;vm;rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf? Adkvfae0if;tzdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; rsm;u xyfrSefI tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_rsm; rjyKvkyfEdkifpD&ef 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk ydwfyifypf&HkrSty wjcm;&GD;cs,fp&mvrf; r[dcJhacs? rSm;+yD;,if;rSm;cJhaom tm%mo#ifAdkvfcsKyf ae0if;um; oltm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_rsm;udkvnf; rqifrjcif ajAmifusL;vGecf ahJ yonf? Tod@k jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;om tcGit hf a&;qH;k ,H;_ cJ&h onfr[kwyf J jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;rSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; qHk;,H_;cJh&m 1988-ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pD vlxktHk=uGr_}uD;w&yf rvGJra,Smifom ay:aygufcJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? od@k aomf twdu k t f cHrsm;.r&ifu h surf /_ trSm;t,Gi;f rsm;jym;r_EiS hf wAdv k u f s wAdv k w f uf OD;aqmifEdkifonfh pGrf;&nftm;enf;r_[dcJhovdk ppftm%mydkifrsm;. *wdrwnfr_/ r&dk;om;r_ESifh tm%mrufarmr_rsm;a=umifh jrefrmjynfow l &yfv;kH tzd@k ,ckxd twd'u k aQ &mufv#uf [deed &f wke;f yifjzpfygonf? vuf[zd @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'rSm ppftm%mydik rf sm;tvdu k s &D;qGcJ jhJ cif; jzpfovdk vuf[t d pd;k &tzG@J wiG v f nf; ,leaD zgi;f c|wu f m t&yfom;toGiaf jymif;vdu k af om ,cif ppftpdk;&tzGJ@xJrS ppfAdkvfcsKyfa[mif;rsm; trsm;tjym;yg0ifedefygonf? odk@jzpf&m jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; tzd@k 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;udk tcsed w f t kd wGi;f &[dEikd rf nfr[kwo f vdk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ; rsm;. trsKd ;om;wef;wlnrD #a&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGirhf sm;rSmvnf; tvSr;f 0D;edeOf ;D rnfjzpfygonf? txufaz: jyyg tajctaersm;atmufwiG f u|eaf wmf&@kd &cdik v f rl sKd ;onf “trnfcjH ynf axmifpk”xJY jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tay: rSDcdkedefxdkif,if; ,cktcg tqdk;&Gm;qHk;tajctaeESifh &ifqikd ef ed &f ygonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f “csi;f vlrsKd ;” +yD;v#if 'kw, d tqif;&Jq;kH vlrsKd ;tjzpf pHcsed w f if um pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;ESihf vlra_ &;tp[donfh e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif tjcm;vlrsKd ;rsm;aemufY use&f pfeed &f onfrmS &ifemp&maumif;vSygonf? csi;f a'owGif opfawmrSty tjcm;o,HZm wr[d? odk@jzpfI csif;vlrsdK;rsm; qif;&J&onf[kqdkv#if em;axmifIaumif;od.? u|efawmf&dk@ &cdik jf ynfwiG f opfawm/ om;ig;ykZeG /f obm0"gwaf iG@ ponfjzifh o,HZmwayg=uG,0f v#uf qif;&J ede&f onfrmS vufcEH ikd pf &mr[d? “t&if;ppf tjrpf+rDu” qdo k vdk &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm; qif;&JwiG ;f eufeed f &onfh ZpfjrpfrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf cs,fvS,fr_udk cHedef&aoma=umifhyifjzpf ygonf? &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;.vufxJwGif rnfonfhvkyfydkifcGifhrSr[d? &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;. uH=urRmudk &cdik o f m;ud, k w f ikd f zefw;D cGirhf &? &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm;tm; rdr&d @kd . pmyDtEkynmrsm; aysmufysurf vm; &atmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufciG Ehf iS hf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufatmif aqmif&u G cf iG hf w&m;0ifryD;? &cdik v f rl sKd ; 4

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

tar&duefa&mufjrefrmrsm;u BBCrStifem*sHK;0efcsawmif;yef&ef qENjyawmif;qdk

ed&OP&m 10/ 12/ 2011

tar&duefa&muf &cdik v f rl sKd ;tygt0if wjcm;jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;u bDbpD rD S owif; axmuf tefem*sKH ; &D;om;aom owif;eef@"mwfyt kH wGuf 0efcsawmif;yef&ef e,l;a,muf+rdK@[d bDbpD &D ;kH &Srd mS vm;a&mufqENjy awmif;qdck =hJ uonf? tqdyk gqENjyyJu G kd &cdik t f ygt0if wjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; (150) cef@ wufa&mufc=hJ u+yD; e,l;a,muf+rdK@[d BBC world Wide Americas &Sw d iG f 'DZifbm (9)&ufeed @f u jyKvkycf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? qENjy&jcif;&nf&, G cf suEf iS yhf wfowf+yD; OD;aqmifyg0ifow l OD;jzpfol udak usmx f ;l atmifu ,QKuJhodk@ajymonf? “&nf&G,fcsufuawmhcg bDbDpD. tm,SypdzdwfXmecJGu tefem*sHK;qdka& trsdK;orD;uBleak outlook for Burma’s ethnic groups ac:a& aqmif;yg;rSm ajryHt k rSm;wd yg0ifeed af &twGuaf =umifh uGseaf wmf&@kd u ,if;csiu hf kd uef@uu G q f ENjy&pGmjzpfaw” aemuf+yD;au uGseaf wmf&@kd vx l t k oH/ a'ede@f qENjypGmrSmavh wdik ;f &ifom;aygi;f pHyk g 0ifuwfyga&? wdik ;f &ifom;aygi;f pHw k . d vlxt k oHwu d kd bDbpD u D =um;Edik af tmif/ trSew f &m;bufu &yfwnf Edik af tmifq+kd yD;au qENjy&jcif;jzpfyga&”

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

jzpfaw? tzdk;rjzwfEdkifa& &cdkifeef@ywfoufa& ordkif;qdkif&mtcsuftvufwdudk ESpf&Snfvrsm; pkaqmif;xm;cJholwOD;jzpfaw? “,if;tjyif omrefvlwdrvkyfEdkifa& rdbrJhtacswd/ rdbaqGrsdK; pGe@f ypfjcif;cHxm;&a& tacsw/d vlrsKd ;jcm;/ bmomjcm; vufxo J @kd a&mufvm;a&tacswu d kd pkaqmif; +yD;au rdr&d ifo;DG i,frsm;yrm jyKpkysKd ;axmifpmifah &Smufca&? a'ydik t f csuw f ad =umifh q&mawmfukd qkyD;zdk@ &DG;cs,f&pGmjzpfaw”? q&mawmftm; yD;tyfcsD;jr‡ifhrnfhqkudk2011-ck 'DZifbm31-&ufedef@wGifusa&muf aom227-ESpfajrmuf &cdkifh bk&ifhEdkifiHawmfusqHk;onfhedef@ tcrf;tem;wGif tar&duefa':vm 1000-eef@twl *k%jf yKvufrw S cf s;D jr‡iu hf m yD;tyfrnf jzpfonf?”uGseaf wmf&@kd u a'v 14-&uf edef@ubif q&mawmfudk &uQdwrsdK;apmifhqkcsD;jr‡ifharqdkpGm v#dK@0SufrJpepfeef@ tzJG@0ifwdt=um; &DG;cs,fxm;+yD;ygAsm,f? qkyD;zdk@tcsdefeD;uyfvm+yD;rS w&m;0ifa=unmvdkuf&pGmjzpfyga&”[k olu qufajymonf? q&mawmfto#iyf nmpm&tm; &cdik t f rsKd ;om;a&;udk aqmif&u G o f l yk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpf ojzifh ppftpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;u tjrifuyfy'k rf jzif2h 010-ckEpS f pwifbmvu axmif(8)ESpEf iS 3hf vcsrw S +f yD; ,QKcg o&ufaxmifwiG f csKyfaESmifxm;onf? q&mawmfynmpm&ud2k 010-ckEpS f Zlvikd v f u q&mawmfow D if;oH;k &m ppfawG+rdK@ tm usw d af wmifuek ;f ay:[d r[mrkeAd 'k 0< [ d m& rdbrJch av;a*[mrS tm%mydik rf sm;u zrf;pD;ac:aqmif vm;+yD;aemufyikd ;f wGif tacswt d m; tavmif;azsmufzsurf /_ w&m;r0if Edik if jH cm;azomudik af qmifr/_ azomtvJGoHk;pm;vkyfr_/ pnfyifOya'udkrvdkufemr_/ rmwk*greef@azgufjyefr_/ ponfhtr_rsm;tyg t0if tr_aygi;f (7)-ckeef@ w&m;pJq G ckd o hJ nf? q&mawmfuzkd rf;pD;+yD;aemuf q&mawmfpak qmif;xm; onfh &cdik &f adS [mif;'*F g;rsm;/ bk&m;qif;xkrsm;/ &Sad [mif;&cdik &f mZ0ifyrD rl sm;/ qD;usr;f rsm;/ tygt0if tjcm;ypPn;f rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;rS odr;f qnf;vm;+yD; w&m;&H;k wGif wpHw k &mrwifjybJ azsmuf zsux f m;onf? ‚if;tjyif q&mawmfr;DG Zyfxm;onfh t&G,rf a&mufoad om &cdik t f acs(100)ausmf udv k nf; Armjynfzufo@kd ,laqmifvm;cJ+h yD; q&mawmfausmif;udv k nf; csw d yf w d x f m;onf? q&mawmfto#iyf nmpm&tm; tjypf[o d nfqykd gu wjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;udk ta&; ,laqmif&u G o f uJo h @kd csrw S jf yXmef;xm;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;. 0denf;awmftwdik ;f ta&;r,lbJ csucf si;f vl0wfvu J m Edik if aH wmfyu kH efow l OD;yrm oabmxm;+yD; ppftpd;k &rS ta&;,laqmif &Gucf jhJ cif;a=umifh tqdygvyk &f yftay: &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;u txl;rauseyfjzpfc=hJ uonf[k od& onf?

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

rsm;. tzdk;rjzwfEdkifEdkifaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm; zsufpD;cHedef&onf? tEkynmvuf&mt ajrmuftrsm; aysmufq;kH vm;&onf? trnfcjH ynfaxmifpx k w J iG f edex f ikd &f aom &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm;. yuwdb0tajctaersm;um; tvGef&ifemp&maumif;vSygonf? u|eaf wmf&@kd &cdik v f rl sKd ;onf Edik if zH @JG pnf;xlaxmifum xnfxnf0g0geed cf =hJ uaom vlrsKd ; wrsKd ;jzpfygonf? av;+rdK@acwf (at'D 818-1404) twGi;f u &D;xd;k cJah om ausmufpmwcsyw f iG f “&cdik w f Edik if u H kd igvw $ . f / &cdik w f rif;udik gvw $ . f / &cdik w f Edik if u H kd igrqd/k &cdik w f rif;udk igrqd”k [k &D;om;csuu f kd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh &cdik &f @kd onf xdpk Ofuwnf;u Edik if x H al xmifc=hJ uonfukd od[Ed ikd f ovdk rdr&d @kd wikd ;f jynfuv kd nf; “&cdik Ef ikd if ”H tjzpf oH;k pGcJ =hJ uonfukd wG[ d &d ygonf? od@k aomf ,cktcg jrefrm&d@k vufatmufwiG f &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm;tzd@k “&cdik jf ynf”[kyif w&m;0ifo;kH pG&J ;D om;cGihf r&=uyg acs? jrefrmEdik if o H nf “jynf”rsm;udk w&m;0ifaygi;f pnf;xm;onfh “jynfaxmifp”k r[kwo f I d om TuJhodk@aom uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; [dedefjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;vSygonf? u|eaf wmf q,fwef;ausmif;om;b0u u|eaf wmf&@kd ausmif;od@k q&m}uD;topfwOD; ajymif;vmcJyh gonf? q&m}uD;um; a&mufa&mufcsi;f aqmufEiS x hf iG ;f qdo k vdk ausmif;wGi;f pnf; urf;opf trsm;tjym; csrSwfcJhygonf? xdktxJ ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;+yD;r_udk xdef;csKyf&ef tvd@k imS q&mq&mrsm;tm; twef;ajymif;wdik ;f topf0ifonft h wef;wGif emrnfac:cdik ;f um emrnfac:pOf r[dolrsm;udk ol@xHtppfaq;cHpDjcif;yifjzpfygonf? aemufxl;jcm;csufwckrSm ausmif;wufacgi;f avmif; pwD;onfEiS hf “jrefrmEdik if aH wmfaw;jcif;”udk twef;wdik ;f rwfwwf&yf um qdk&rnf[k n$ef=um;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? q&m}uD;pnf;urf;opfrsm;xkwf+yD; aemufwedef@ ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;wD;oHt qH;k rSm twef;acsw[ d &d mzufrS jrefrmEdik if aH wmfaw;jcif;udk atmf[pfq=kd uonfukd =um;vdu k &f ygonf? u|eaf wmf&@kd twef;om;rsm;rSmvnf; q&m}uD;.pnf;urf;twdik ;f tm;vH;k rwfwwf&yf vdu k =f uygonf? od@k aomf rnfo@l Ew _ zf sm;urS “urBmraus Armajy”[k xGurf vm? u|eaf wmf&@kd twef;udik q f &mruvnf; u|eaf wmf&@kd tm; Zmavhrajym? xdpk Of u|eaf wmf&@kd twef;jyifaumf &DwmrS “w,Sy, f yS ”f toH=um;&I u|eaf wmf&@kd vSn=hf unfv h u kd =f uygonf? +cDoo H #iu f m; wjcm; olr[kw?f u|eaf wmf&@kd . q&m}uD;? u|eaf wmf&@kd tm;vH;k &ifxed @f vm;=uygonf? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf q&m}uD;wa,muf u|efawmf&dk@twef;xJodk@0ifvmum jypfwifajymqdkawmhrnf[k tm;vH;k u xifrw S ef ed =f uaoma=umifyh ifjzpfygonf? od@k aomf q&m}uD;um; u|eaf wmf&@kd tcef;udk twef=umapmifh=unfhum ZmavhrajymqdkcJhbJ jyefvSnfhxGufvm;ygonf? odk@jzifh u|efawmf&dk@ tm;vH;k vnf; pdwv f ufaygyh g;vm;&ygonf? q&m}uD;xGuv f m;cJ+h yD;aemuf twef;udik q f &mru u|eaf wmf&@kd tm; vufjyxdik cf ikd ;f um pmpjycJyh gonf? aemufeed @f / ausmif;acgi;f avmif;wD;oH =um; &+yD;aemuf yxrede@f uo hJ @kd yif u|eaf wmf&@kd tm;vH;k x&yfeed cf =hJ uygonf? od@k aomfxekd ed @f wiG f q&m }uD;wa,muf a&mufrvmcJah y? aemufeed @f rsm;wGirf l u|eaf wmf&@kd vnf; xr&yf=uawmh? q&mr uvnf; twef;xJo@kd 0if0ifcsi;f wef;Ipmjyygawmhonf? tm;vHk;od=uonfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmfaw;jcif; “urBmraus Armajy”jzifh pwifygonf? u|efawmf&dk@ &cdkifvlrsdK;yg? u|efawmf&dk@tm;vHk; *k%f,l0ifh=uGm;pGm qdkcsifonfrSm “urBmraus &cdik af jy”omjzpfygonf? &cdik v f rl sKd ;jzpfygv#uf “urBmraus Armajy”[k qd&k rnfrmS

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

rnfo@kd r# b0ifusp&mr[d? xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH wmfaw;jcif;oDq=kd u&ef q&m}uD;csrswcf ahJ om pnf; urf;udk u|efawmf&dk@tm;vHk; rwdkifyifxm;=ubJ qef@usifcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk@aomf ,ckxd u|eaf wmf&@kd tm;vH;k *k%, f 0l if=h uGm;pGm oDqrkd nfh &cdik Ehf ikd if aH wmfaw;jcif; r[doyd g? &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm;onf rnfonft h cgurS jrefrmrsm;ESihf twlwuGeed x f ikd yf grnf[k *wd* 0wfjyKxm;jcif;r[dyg? &cdik v f rl sm;rsm; t*kyikd f trnfcjH ynfaxmifpx k J a&muf[ed ed &f onfrmS vnf; jrefrmrsm;u ppfausnmjcif;rjyKbJ vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh &cdik b f &k ifEh ikd if aH wmfukd wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f oGi;f cJhIomjzpfygonf? &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk@ ydkqdk;onfrSm tcsKyftjcmtm%m qHk;,H_;cJh&Hkr#ru rsdK;jyKef; owfjzwfru _ v kd nf; cHc=hJ u&jcif;yifjzpfygonf? ,ckvuf[d &cdik v f Ol ;D a&rSm xdo k @kd rsKd ;jzKwfowfjzwf r_rS roDraysmuf =uGi;f usecf ahJ om vlrsm;rS wd;k yGm;vmcJah om vlO;D a&omjzpfygonf? ,cktcg jynfya&muf twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; todkif;t0dkif;=um;wGif u|efawmf&dk@u qENt&yl;aygi;f yg0ifciG Ehf iS hf qENt&oD;oef@eed x f ikd cf iG phf onfh vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;. &ydik cf iG &hf @kd uakd jymqdv k #if z,f'&,fjynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfaqmuf&ef 0dik ;f 0ef;}udK;yrf;ede=f ucsed jf zpfI taESmift h ,Sujf zpfp&m pum;rsm;udk rajymoifh[k EdkifiHa&;u0d}uD;rsm;u axmufjya0zefwwf=uygonf? jynfaxmif pk+ydKuGaJ tmif }udK;yrf;ede=f uonf[k tm%mydik rf sm; vufnKd‡ ;xd;k jyp&m tuGu&f vm;rnf[v k nf; ta=umif;jy ajymqdw k wf=u.? oifcef;pm,lEikd &f eftvd@k imS jrefrmrsm;u tjcm;vlrsKd ;rsm;tay: twdwu f usL;vGecf ahJ omtrSm;rsm;udk jyefajymv#iv f nf; tema[mif;udk jyefrqGoif[ h k qif+cDy;D wwf=uonf? u|eaf wmf&@kd ajymqdo k r# tjypfrvGw?f xd@k a=umifh a0zefcsio f vdk a0zef=uygapwmh? u|efawmf&dk@tzdk@ vkyfp&m[donfudkom vkyfvm;=u&ayrnf? vkyfp&mqdk&mYvnf; twdwf wcsdefuuJhodk@ olrsm;trSDcdkuif;rJhaomb0odk@ jyefvnfa&muf[datmif }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif; uom u|efawmf&dk@tzdk@ t"duvkyfp&mjzpfygonf? wcsdK@u TuJhodk@}udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk cGJxGuf a&;vky&f yftjzpf “n‡v D ;l ”wwf=uayonf? “n‡v D ;l ”=uygap? ta&;pdu k pf &mr[kw?f ,ckxufxd u|eaf wmf&@kd rnfonfv h rl sKd ;ESirhf S w&m;0ify;l aygi;f edex f ikd jf cif; r[doo d nft h m;avsmpf mG u|eaf wmf&@kd . olrsm;trScD u kd if;0D;a&; v_y, f mS ;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;rSmvnf; cGx J u G &f ef}udK;yrf;onfh vky&f yfrsm; r[kwf=uygacs?

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

&rRm0wD to#ifynmpm&udk &cdik rf sdK;apmifq h k csD;jr‡irhf nf ed&OP&m 28/ 12/ 2011

o&ufaxmifwiG f tusO;f usceH ed &f aom &cdik pf myDeef@ ordik ;f okawoD ynmo#if &rRm0 wDto#iyf nmpm&udk *syefEikd if H t+cDpu kd f &cdik rf sKd ;apmift h yk pf rk S ,QKESpt f wGuf “&uQw d rdsK;apmifq h k” udk cs;D jr‡i&hf ef &G;D cs,v f u kd af =umif; owif;&[donf? to#iyf nmpm&udk ,QKuJo h @kd wefb;kd [daom &uQdwrsdK;apmifhqkudk yD;tyf&ef&DG;cs,f&jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; wm0ef[dolwOD;jzpfol OD;ausmfoef; v_difu ,QKvdk,Sif;jyonf? “q&mawmfto#ifynmpm&a& trsdK;bmom omoemwnfwef@ &Sifoef}uD;yGg;a&; twGuf ESpf&Snfvrsm; pmyDordkif;ynmwdeef@ tywfwukwf}udK;pm;ca& okawoDyk*~dKvfwOD; 6

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

0rf;enf;jcif;'dik , f m&D

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

Edik if w H um t-urf;zufrKS ESihf jrefrmEdik if H (1) armifatmifcdkif pufwifbmv 16/ 2011

twdwfordkif;wdudk awG;rdvDwdkif;rSm v_dif;xefAsm,fw&dyf&dyfeef@ &ifxJyHk&dyfyrm jrifa,mifrda&/ udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;udk,f=uufjirf;eef@ xGef;xGef;awmufawmuf eDa&mifyrm Ak'<omoempnfyifwdk;wuf bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm;vnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;Adou k mausmf pdwv W uFm vuform;ac: q&mrsm;ESihf *rBD&ac: ynm&yfrsm; wwfuGsrf;cJhonfh r[mynmausmf o#iif ,fq&mOD;jr0gEiS hf t&ufaorq&mawmf 0go0q&m ynm[drsm; ay:xGef;cJhzl;? *E<0ifqefa& +rdK@ajrmufOD;vnf; rif;apmrGew f nfa& rif;bmujyK &cdkifhnGef@zl; +rdK@ajrmufOD; r[morRwrif;vufxuf0,f rif;wdk@rw&m; usifhazgufjym;I ol@rif; igrh if;tcsi;f csi;f vnf; i/oHa'ESifh teENod*f rorma&vlwpka=umifh "n0wD wdkif;&$Djynfeef@ &cdkifjynfol cyfodrf;ol&dk@ 1146-jymodkvfv>Kyf(7)&uf0,f 1784-ckESpf'DZifbm31-&ufedef@ ol@usG ejf zpf& 0rf;enf;pGwnf;? cdkif,l0if; (vrk_rD) 18

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

tar&duefEikd if rH S Twin Tower tm; t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd cf o hJ nfrmS ,ckqv kd #if 10-ESpw f if;wif; jynfah jrmufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? tjypfrv hJ al ygi;f 3000-eD;yg; oDq;kH cJ&h onf? tqdyk g wdu k cf u kd rf a_ =umifh tar&duefEikd if t H zd@k Edik if w H um t=urf;zufrE_ rdS ef if;a&;udk tm&Hpk u kd af qmif&u G f vmcJ&h onf? xdw k u kd cf u kd rf t _ wGuf wm0ef[o d nf[k pGypf cJG &H onfh t,fvu f ikd 'f gueG , f uf (AlQuada net-work) acgi;f aqmif tdq k rmbdev f m'ef (Osama Bin Laden) tm; tar&d uefEikd if o H @kd v$t J yfy;D &ef awmif;qdck &hJ m tmzuefepPwefrS wmvDAef (Taliban) tpd;k &u jiif;qdk y,fcscJhonf? odk@jzpf&m wmvDbefwdudkyg ol&dk@udkygvufcHxm;onfh t,fudkif'g&dk@udkyg ESdrfeif; onfh ppfqifa&;w&yfudk orRwbkcsftpdk;&tedefjzifh rvGJraoGjyKvkyfcJh&onf? tar&duef&dk@. wdu k cf u kd rf a_ =umifh wmvDbeftpd;k &crsm tm%mvufvw G jf zpfum +rdK@jyrsm;rS wdr;f a,Smif xGu+f yD; cJ&h onf? od@k aomf ,cktcg wmvDbefEiS hf t,fvu f ikd 'f g t=urf;zuform;rsm;rSm ajymufusm;ppf qifEu J$ m tar&duefEiS hf r[mrdww f yfrsm;udk 'kuyQ ;D v#u[ f ed ed w f ek ;f jzpfonf? ,ckEpS f rwfvt wGi;f u tdq k rmbdev f 'eftm; ygupd w P efEikd if t H wGi;f okwo f ifEikd cf ahJ omfvnf; t,fvu f ikd 'f gtyg t0if Edik if w H um t=urf;zuf*% kd ;f rsm;tm; t+yD;owf+cDre_ ;f Edik jf cif; r[dot d m;avsmpf mG t=urf; zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm;rSmvnf; urBmtEHSH@ qufvufjzpfyGm;v#ufyif [dedefygonf?

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

Twin Tower tm; wdu k cf u kd cf +hJ yD;aemufyikd ;f tpGe;f a&mufrq l vif t=urf;zuform; rsm;u 2004-ckEpS t f wGi;f r'&pf+rdK@&xm;blwmY AH;k azmufcw JG u kd cf u kd cf =hJ ujyefonf? pydeEf ikd if rH mS xdpk Ofu urBmu h v k or*~v+kH cHKa&;aumifpw D iG f tar&duefEikd if EH iS hf +Adwed &f @kd . tD&wftay: oabm xm;ESihf Edik if w H um t=urf;zufrE_ rdS ef if;a&; ay:vpDtay: jywfjywfom;om; axmufccH ahJ om Edik if w H ckjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifyh if t=urf;zuform;rsm;u vufpm;acsonft h edejf zifh pydeEf ikd if t H ay: ypfrw S x f m; wdu k cf u kd cf [ hJ efwal yonf? wzef 2005-ckEpS f Zlvikd v f wGif vef'ef+rdK@twGi;f t=urf; zufAHk;cGJwdkufcdkufcJhr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhjyefonf? odk@aomf rlqvifbmoma&; tpGef;a&mufrsm;. t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;rSm taemufEikd if rH sm;Yom uGuI f jzpfymG ;edejf cif;r[kwaf y? t&Sad wmif tm,SEikd if EH pS cf jk zpfaom tif'ekd ;D ,Sm;ESihf xdik ;f Edik if &H @kd Yvnf; ,if;&d@k . wdu k cf u kd rf r_ sm;ESihf &ifqikd f cJ=h u&onf? awmiftm,SEikd if rH sm;jzpf=uaom tdE, dN / ygupd w P efEikd if EH iS hf b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if &H @kd wiG f um; rlqvifbmoma&; w,loefrsm;. t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm; r=umc%qdo k vdk jzpfymG ; v#uf[dedefonfudk =um;odedef=u&ygonf? ,cktcg +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;aom urBmEh ikd if t H rsm;pkrmS bmoma&;udk ckw;kH vkyu f m Edik if w H umwGif t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd ef ed rf r_ sm;tm; urBmjh y\emtjzpf rSw, f x l m;=u+yD;jzpfygonf? avmavmpOfwiG f rdr&d @kd Eikd if YH wdu k cf u kd rf cH&od ojzifh Tjy\emrSm rdrd&dk@ESifhrqdkif[k rrSwf,lEdkifacs? rxifrSwfonfhtcsdefwGif rxifrSwfbJ rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&zG,f[dedefygonf? 2003-ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif;u uae'gEdkifiH axmufvSrf;a&; tpD&ifcHpmwckwGif “b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if rH mS tpPvmrft=urf;zuf0g'rD sm;. avmuedAmŠ ef”jzpfvmedeaf =umif; az: jycJh onf? 4if;tjyif xdt k pD&ifcpH mxJwiG f pmyDEiS hf tEkynmqdik &f m tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; bmoma&; tpGr;f a&muf&@kd . wdu k cf u kd rf /_ tqdyk gtpGe;f a&muf&@kd EiS hf t,fvu f ikd 'f g uGe, f uf&@kd tquftoG,f [dr_/ b*Fvm;a'hcsftpdk;&u t=urf;zuf0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkpdwfr[dr_ ponf&dk@tay: pdk;&drfrd a=umif;jzifv h nf; qufvufaz: jycJo h nf? b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu tqdyk gpyG pf cJG suf rsm;tm; owif;xkwfjyefcsufjyKvkyf+yD; y,fcscJhonf? ,if;owif;xkwfjyefcsufxJwGif uae'g axmufvrS ;f a&; tpD&ifcpH myg tcsurf sm;onf t[dw&m;ESihf tvSr;f 0D;vSa=umif; axmufjycJ+h yD; b*Fvm;a'hcsf tpd;k &tedejf zifh t=urf;zsuw f u kd zf suaf &; rl0g'tay: cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnfeed w f ek ;f jzpfa=umif;jzifh az: jycJo h nf? 4if;jyif +ird ;f csr;f +y;D vl@tv$mtkypf ck si;f yÉdyuQuif;rJah om b*Fvm;a'hcsf Edik if . H &kyyf v kH m$ udk npfErG ;f pDvakd om wcsKd @todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;. vky&f yftay: 0rf;enf;rda=umif; jzifhvnf; xkwfjyefcsufxJwGif xyfrHaz: jycJhonf? tpdk;&u rnfodk@yifjiif;qdkpDumrl b*Fvm;a'hcsfEdkifiHxkwf owif;pmwcsdK@uvnf; rdr&d @kd Eikd if w H iG f bmoma&;w,loeftzG@J tpnf;rsm; }uD;xGm;vmedeaf =umif;ESihf ,if;&d@k .v_y, f mS ; r_rsm; us,jf yef@vmedeaf =umif; axmufjycJah yonf? od@k aomf tpd;k &url owif;pmrsm;. &D;om; az: jycsufrsm;udk vufrcH&Hkr#ru owif;pmrsm;tm; vkyf}uHzefwD;+yD; &D;om;edef=ua=umif;jzifh tjypfwifco hJ nf? TtajctaewGif 2005 =o*kwv f 7-&ufeed @f u b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if v H ;kH tES@H AH;k azgucf w JG u kd cf u kd rf r_ sm; jzpfymG ;cJ&h m tpd;k &tzd@k a'gow}uD;ESihf jiif;qdck o hJ r# t&Su&f p&mjzpfc&hJ onf? c&dik af ygi;f 64-ck[o d nft h euf c&dik f 63-ckwiG f ede&f maygi;f 500-ausmYf w+ydKifeufwnf; eD;yg; jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh tqdyk g AH;k cGw J u kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;a=umifh vlo;kH OD;oDq;kH um w&mausmf '%f&m&[d 8

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

r[m0Ho rlv*k%f&nf emrnfvGJrSm; uGJjym;t,l atZrŠLrSm rsm;vlwum pm;p&mydkif &cdkif[lonf rkef@wDr[kwf? r[mpOfquf rsdK;&uQEG,f t"dy`m,fvGJrSm; oGD;om;rwl atmufom;vl&dk@ vHkcsnfvdk@ac: 0wfp&mydkif &cdik [ f u l m; 'a,mr[kwf?

'a,mrkef@wD ajymr+cDauh pmyDusrf;*ef tbd"mefxuf wHcGefeDv vlousvdk@ zGifh[xdk;vdk@ &uQrsdK;EG,f Tzjynfudk jyefvnfwzef wnfcsdefwefau jynfh0Sef,dkzdwf rsdK;cspfpdwf&dk@ tH}udwfazgufjy jyouwfar nDnw G u f wfaw &cdik v f @kd +rDjrwfu, kd jhf ynf ydik o f #i&f @kd —? ?

cdik rf if;ZH (&cdik jf ynf) tz&cdik jf ynf}uD;tm; tpOfO;D nGwv f #uf

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif r&G;D jzpfca&uAsmwyk'f t0D;qH;k udak vSmcf wfvm;auavh cHk;wdkifu}udK;rqHk;Edkifyg? xGufayguf+AD;ayguf/ vGwfayguftxifavh tvGrf;oifpGmydkifjzpfwwf,ifh? vrf;qHk;vrf;ydwfrSm/ wrGdrGdoDqHk;jcif;tawG;udk ighudkigtoHk;cs=unfhvdkuf/ tzdk;wefjr‡m;wpif; oD;jcm;ajryHkwckodk@vm;Edkif,ifh?

c&D;OD;}udKol eDylxJursufESm rESif;rHk—olucspfwwfawvlwa,mufyg? rdciftvGrf;om;tvGrf; zcifrsuf0ef;uwrf;wr_ i,faygif;cspfolrsuf&nfyl wedef&mrSmqHkcGifhyD;zdk@ tdk——Ak'<bk&m;o#if ol@udkpGrf;tm;r#0Dyg? a[mif;EGrf;r_'dkif,m&DxJu tjyif;xefqHk;wGef;tm;wck tvSyqHk;edef@opfysdK;zdk@ eD!akd rSmif&rD oef;cif (ol@ut kd m;yD;,if;) pmqdkudkqufawG;cGifhjyKyg r&DG;jzpfca&uAsmwyk'f tcef@em;qHk;cHpm;zGJ@oDzdk@? ykÀm;u|ef;Zl;a0 28/ 6/ 2005 16

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

cJhonf? vltoDtaysmuf rrsm;vSaomfvnf; ,ckvdk pepfwuspDpOfum us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jyKvkycf o hJ nfh AH;k cGw J u kd cf u kd rf _ usL;vGeo f rl sm;tay: av#mw h u G I f r&rSe;f tpd;k &tedejf zifh oabm aygucf o hJ nf? txufaz: jyyg AH;k cGw J u kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;rSm Edik if . H vH+k cHKa&;udk t}uD;tus,x f cd u kd cf o hJ nfh tm;avsmfpGm tpdk;&tzdk@ vufonfw&m;cHrsm;tm; az:xkwfEdkif&ef tylwjyif;}udK;yrf;cJhonf? Edik if t H ES@H vltajrmuftrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJ&h m 4if;&d@k tm;vH;k rSm bmoma&;w,loef tzG@J tpnf; ESpfckjzpfonfh Jagrata Muslim Janata, Bengladesh (JMJB) ESihf Jama’aatul Mujahideen Bengladesh (JMB) tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? xdt k zG@J tpnf;ESpcf rk mS AH;k cGJ wdu k cf u kd rf /_ vk,ufr/_ vlowfr/_ +cdr;f ajcmufrp_ onfh t=urf;zufrp_ yG pf cJG surf sm;jzifh 2005-ckEpS f azaz:0g&Dv 23-&ufedef@u ydwfyifjcif;cHcJh&onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uonf? tm%mydkifrsm; bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;tm; t}uD;tus,f vdkufvHzrf;pD;edef onf=h um;uyif xdEk pS f atmufwb kd mv 3-&ufeed @f wiG f ppfwaumif;+rdK@ w&m;&H;k wcktygt0if +rdK@ (3) +rdK@rS w&m;&H;k oH;k ckwiG f AH;k azgucf w JG u kd cf u kd rf _ jzpfymG ;cJjh yefonf? xdw k u kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;a=umifh w&m;ol}uD;wpfO;D tygt0if vl 38-a,muf '%f&m&&Scd +hJ yD; 2-a,mufrmS toufq;kH ,_;H cJ&h onf? ,ckvdkw&m;&Hk;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;rSm zrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh bmoma&;w,loefrsm;tay: tjypfryD;&Jatmif +cdrf;ajcmufvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? w&m;&Hk;rsm;Y AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufr_ rjzpfyGm;rDw&ufu Harkatul Jihad A Islami (HUJI) tzG@J . b*Fvm;a'hcsf tzG@J acgi;f aqmif Mufti Hannanudk 'gum+rKd @Y zrf;qD;&rdco hJ nf? 4if;rSm Sheikh Hasina wa,muf 0ef;}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifeed pf OfumvtwGi;f 2010-ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 20-&ufeed @f u olrtm; AH;k cGv J yk }f uHowfjzwf&ef }udK;yrf;r_jzifh tvd[ k ed ed o f l wpfO;D jzpfonf? 4if;jyif xdyk *k Kd~ vfrmS vufeufrw _ ckwiG f woufwu|e;f tjypf'%fy;D cHxm;&onfh olvnf;jzpfonf? 4if;um; tmzuefepPwefwiG f qdAk , D ufwyfz@JG rsm;[deed pf Ofu ygupd w P efEikd if YH ppfoifwef;wufum qdAk , D ufwyfrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ w l a,mufjzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG xdpk Ofu wnf;u Edik if w H um tpPvmrftpGr;f a&muf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tquftoG,[ f cd o hJ w l a,muf yifjzpfonf? 4if;. HUJI tzGJ@rSm wdkif;jynfwGif;jzpfyGm;cJhonfh t"duAHk;cGJwdkufcdkufr_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufco hJ nft h jyif Sheikh Hasina ESihf Edik if w H iG ;f xif&mS ;onfh ynmwwfy*k Kd~ vw f csKd @tm; vky}f uH&ef }udK;yrf;r_&@kd twGuv f nf; wm0efruif;onfh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfonf? ,cifu TtzG@J tpnf;v_yf,Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI owif;pmrsm;Y &D;om;az: jycsufrsm;tm; b*Fvm;a'hcsf trsdK;om;ygwD-bDtefyD (Bangladesh Nationalist Party –BNP) OD;aqmifyg0ifonfh av;ygwn D eG @f aygi;f tpd;k &url r[kwrf rSeaf =umif; t}udr}f udrf jiif;qdck zhJ ;l ayonf? od@k aomf bmom a&;tpGr;f a&mufrsm;u us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ AH;k cGw J u kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;a=umifh wdik ;f jynfqq l yl yl l jzpfeed cf hJ onfhtm;avsmfpGm tpdk;&tedefjzifh ,if;tzGJ@tm; t=urf;zuftzGJ@tpnf;tjzpfowfrSwfum 2005-ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 17-&ufeed @f u rvGrJ a,Smifom ydwyf ifc&hJ onf? tar&duefEikd if u H rl HUJI b*Fvm;a'hcst f zG@J tm; 2003-ckEpS u f wnf;u Edik if w H um t=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;tjzpf owfrSwfa=ujimcJh+yD;jzpfonf? b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if t H wGi;f tpPvmrfbmoma&;tpGr;f a&mufrsm;. acgi;f axmifvmr_EiS hf 4if;&d@k .v_y, f mS ;r_rsm; wGiu f s,v f mederf &_ @kd tay: Edik if w H iG ;f rS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;omru jynfyrSy*k Kd~ vfrsm;u

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

yg owdy;D aqmif;yg;rsm;&D;om;um owif;pmrsm;wGif wifjycJ=h uayonf? od@k aomf av;ygwn D eG @f aygif;tpdk;&url tqdkyg&D;om;wifjycsufrsm;udk tjzpfwifcs,fycJhonf*sJjzpfonf? tm%m& nGef@aygif;tpdk;&tzGJ@xJwGif tpPvmrfbmoma&; tajccHygwDESpfck yg0ifedef&m tpdk;&u xdkodk@ jiif;qdkjcif;rSm tqef;awmhr[kwfyg? av;ygwDnGef@aygif;tpdk;& tm%m&,lxm;onfh 2001ckESpfrS 2005-ckESpftxd ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; tpdk;&taxmuftyHh&xm;aom taxGaxG ynmoifausmif;rsm;rSm 10µ om wd;k yGm;cJ+h yD; tpd;k &taxmuftyHr&onfh r'&mqm Madrasa ac: bmoma&;oifausmif;rsm;url 22µ xd wd;k yGm;vmonfukd wG[ d &d ayonf? Ttcsuu f vnf; b*Fvm;a'hcsEf ikd if t H wGi;f bmoma&;tajccHvy_ , f mS ;r_ +cDou G ef ed af =umif; jyoedejf cif;yifjzpf onf? Far Estern Economic Review pmapmifrS aqmif;yg;o#if Bertil Lintneru b*Fvm;a'hcsfEdkifiHwGif tpPvmrfbmoma&; tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rnfodk@rnfykH acgif;axmif vmcJh=uonfudk axmufjy+yD; 4if;&dk@ESifh EdkifiHwum t=urf;zuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; Zmenf;ZmyHk qufE, G rf [ _ o d nf&@kd ukd 1992-ckEpS f pufwifbmv 3-&ufeed @f 'gum+rKd @xw k f The Bengladesh Observer owif;pm}u;D Y Religious Extrimism and Nationalism in Bangladesh acgi;f pOfjzifh aqmif;yg;&Sn}f uD;wyk'f &D;om;cJo h nf? 4-&ufqufwu kd f az: jycJah om ol.aqmif;yg; xJwGif b*Fvm;a'hcsfEdkifiHwGif; t+cDpdkufxm;onfh jrefrmrlqvif vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf; wckjzpfaom &d[ k ed *f smaoG;pnf;nDnw G af &;tzG@J -tm&ftwfpt f kd (Rohingya Solidarity Organization-RSO) ESihf Edik if w H um bmoma&;tpGe;f a&muf tzG@J tpnf;&d@k qufE, G yf wf oufr_rsm;tm; &D;om;az: jyxm;onfudkvnf; zwf&_&ygonf? tm&ftwfpt f rkd mS 1974-ckEpS u f xlaxmifco hJ nfh &d[ k ed *f smrsKd ;cspw f yfO;D -tm&fyt D wfzf (Rohingya Patriotic Front-RPF) twGi;f rS bmoma&;t,l0g' ydrk jkd yif;xHonft h yk pf u k 1980-jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif; cGJxGufxlaxmifcJhonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? TtzGJ@acgif; aqmif rd[ k mrwf,El pk f (Muhammad Yunus) um; ,cktcg +Adwed Ef ikd if w H iG f Edik if aH &;cdv k rH_ _ &,lum edefxdkifedefolwpfOD;jzpfonf? jyif;xefaom bmoma&;&yfwnfcsufa=umifhyif tm&f twfpt f kd tzG@J rmS Edik if w H umrS cH,cl suw f t l zG@J tpnf;rsm;. axmufcrH u _ &kd &Scd o hJ nf? tm&ftwfpf tdt k m;axmufco H nfh tzG@J tpnf;&d@k rmS b*Fvm;a'hcsEf iS hf ygupd w P efEikd if &H @kd rS Jammat-e-Islami tmz*efepPwefrS Hzb-e-Islami uwfcsrf ;D ,m;rS Hizbe-ul Mujahideen ESihf rav;,Sm;rS tpPvmrfvil ,ftzG@J tpnf; wckjzpfaom Angkatan Belia Islam sa-malaysia (ABIM) &dk@yif jzpf=uayonf?

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

“wdkufyJGjzpfpGmuawmhcg vGefca&Edk0ifbmv27-&ufedef@u nZmbuf(5)-em&DcJG avmufrmS yvuf0+rdK@e,f carmif;0eef@ uif;wvif;=um;rSmjzpfpmG yg? &efob l ufu cr&-344 ppfawGt+cDpu kd f Adv k rf LS ;cifarmifoef;OD;pD;a& ppfa=umif;eef@ uGseaf wmf&@kd bufu Adv k cf ikd Ef ikd pf ;kd OD;pD;a& vl20-cef@yg0ifa& wyfzGJ@wzJG@eef@jzpfpGmyg? uGsefawmf&dk@bufuawmhcg wpHkw&mxdcdkufr_r[dyg? &efob l ufu xdcu kd u f sq;kH r_[ad &vd@k od&yga&? t*ktcsed af wmhcg owif;twdus r&odyg” [k ajymonf? &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfESifh tpdk;&wyfrsm;t=um; ESpfwm&SnfwdkufyJGrsm; jzpfyGg;edefcJh&m ,QKwdkufyGJonf2011-ckESpftwGif; (7)}udrfajrmufjzpfyGg;cJhaom wdkufyJGjzpfonf? “t*kjzpfa&wdkufyGJrSm2011-ckESpfrSm aemufqHk;jzpfa&wdkufyJGjzpfaw? 2011-ck ESpf-ZEM0g&D3-&uf ede@f rmS w}udr/f bl;oD;awmif+rdK@e,fxu J e[H;k e[ef;w}udr/f EH;S Al;ud0k ifwu kd af &tcgw}udr/f yvuf 0+rdK@e,f uif;wvif;rSmw}udrf/ vy0pcef;udk0ifwdkufa&tcgrSmw}udrfeef@ t*kw}udrfqdkau (7)}udrfjzpfvm;ygAsm,f”[k oluqufajymonf? tqdyk gwu kd yf rGJ sm;wGif ArmppfwyfbufrS Adv k w f OD;tygt0if &Jabmf(10)a,mufcef@ usq;kH r_[+d yD;/ ALAwyfz@GJ rS (1)OD;usq;kH cJ+h yD; &JabmfwcsKd @'%f&m&[dco hJ nf[k OD;okcuajymonf? od@k aomfvnf; ArmppfwyfbufutustqH;k eef@ywfouf+yD; twnfjyKEdik jf cif;r[doyd g? &cdik jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmftedejf zifh taemufbuf ppfrsuEf mS wGio f mru t&Sb d ufppfrsuEf mS wGifvnf; u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf KNLAESifhtwl vufwGJwdkufyJG0ifedef a=umif;od&onf? &cdik jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwo D nf wjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ygwu D o hJ @kd tpd;k &ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;&ef tvm;tvmr[da=umif;ESihf ol&@kd tedejf zifh ajymufusm;ppfjzifh tpd;k &wyfz@GJ tm; qufvufwu kd cf u kd v f m;rnfjzpfa=umif; oluajymonf? &cdik jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmfukd 1973-ckESpfwGif &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf; t&H;k e,f+rDwiG f Adv k cf ikd rf ;kd vif;u wnfaxmifco hJ nf?

aemufvmrnfh pmapmifwiG f tydik ;f (2) udk qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

&yfwnfrw _ u d =uyfwnf;vm+yDvm;? tu,fIom tdb k m;rm;tpd;k &tedejf zifh e*d&k &dS if;pGJ tiftm; csed cf iG v f #m Edik if aH &;t,ltqudk qufvufrqkyu f ikd af wmhygu tm,Sa'owGif w&kwv f r$ ;f rd;k r_ }uD; tvdt k avsmuf +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f jzpfay:vmrnfvm;? a'owGi;f ppfusrd ;f oHwd ydq k n l v H m rnfvm;? t&Sad wmiftm,SwiG f w&kw-f tar&duef&@kd . ppftiftm;+ydKifqikd v f mygu &k,mS ;/ w &kw/f ajrmufu;kd &D;,m;&d@k uwzuf/ tar&duef/ *syef/ awmifu;kd &D;,m;Edik if &H @kd uwzuf uGerf sLedxf tkypf ek ef@ t&if;o#it f yk pf &k @kd . EsL;uvD;,m;ppfrufa&;&mu tm,St&Szd sm;a'owGif ayguu f JG vmrnfomjzpfayonf? ,if;ede@f onfum; urBm}uD;ysuo f Ok ;f rnfeh ed yf if jzpfayvdrn R ?f ,if;od@k r [kwyf gu urBmt h ar&duefu, kd w f ikd u f yg acgi;f uederf 'ke;f txd tpmwd0+zdK;edeo f nfh w&kwef *g; }uD;udk vdv k v kd m;vm; v$wx f m;cJv h rD vm;? tar&duef-w&kwf tiftm;}uD;ESpEf ikd if . H bwjyefusm;wjyef Edik if v H eG q f yJG JG csed cf iG v f #mu rnfo@kd jzpfvmrnfenf;qdo k nfukd apmif=h unf&h OD;rnfom jzpfayonf?

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

bwjyef=usm;wjyef w&kw=f tar&duef tm%mvGeq f yJG JG rsdK;cdik f 24/ 10/ 2011

ALAESiAhf rmppfwyf xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd w f u kd yf jGJ zpf ed&OP&m 9/ 12/ 2011

&cdik jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmfEiS hf Armwyfrawmf&@kd t=um; Ed0k ifbmv(27)&uf ede@f u csi;f jynfawmifyikd ;f yvuf0+rdK@e,fwiG f &ifqikd w f u kd yf jGJ zpfygG ;cJah =umif; ALPygwD ajym&Jqckd iG hf [dou l ajymonf? &cdik jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmfrmS &cdik jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD ALP .vufeufuikd w f yfrawmfjzpf+yD;/ tdE, dN b*Fvm;a'hcsEf iS hf jrefrme,fpyfukd +cDuw k , f +l yD; v_y, f mS ; edeaf om wyfjzpfonf? &cdik jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;2-cdik o f ck rS wdkufyJGjzpfyGm;yHkudk ed&OP&modk@ ,QKuJhodk@ajymonf? 14

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

“tdyfedefaome*g;}uD;udk rEd_;ygeef@”qdkonfh jyifopfppfol}uD; eydkvD,ef. owdyD; pum;u t*ktcsed w f iG f vGecf ahJ y+yD? w&kwf (od@k ) tm,Se*g;}uD;u Ed;k vm;cJyh g+yD? Ed;k xvl;vGe@f vm&HkawmifruyJ teD;tyg;u tm,Susm;rsm;/ cGD;rsm;/ jcoô;rsm; ponfh[dor# taumifA avmifwu d kd rGm;rsKd zd@k }udK;pm;edeaf y+yD? cyf0;D 0D;u tz&duawmqif&ikd ;f wduakd wmif tvGwrf yD;yJ tcdk;taiG@wdxkwfv$wf+yD; n‡dK@iifxm;+yD;vD+yD? xdktcsdefrSmyif w&kwf'Drdkua&pDa&; v_yf,Sm;ol vsLudk 2010 twGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;Edb k ,fqyk ;D &ef &G;D cs,q f ;kH jzwfcrhJ u _ aemfa0Edik if . H Edb k ,fqak umf rDwDtedefjzifh tm,Se*g;}uD;. E_wfcrf;rGD;udk jAKef;ceJ qGJE_wfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? w&kwf. e,fy,fcsJ@xGifr_rsm;u ,cifppf+yD;acwf taemuftkyfpkESifh tar&duef&dk@. vuf0g;}uD;tkyyf pkH eH ef@rwlyJ wrsKd ;wbmomjzpfeed o f nfukd wG&d ayonf? urBmv h Ol ;D a&. ig;yH;k wpf yH[ k ad om w&kwEf ikd if }H uD;twGuf pGr;f tifvakH vmufra_ emufukd vdu k ef ed o f nf[k xifp&m[daomf vnf; ,if;xufydkaumif;ydkedefayvdrfhrnf? psD;uGufcsJ@xGifr_ [kwfr[kwfqdkonfu,Sif;ygonf? ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum; }uD;xGm;vdrk v _ m;qdo k nfh t&dyt f a,mifuv kd nf; wG&d onf? t,l0g' a=umif[ h q k &kd atmifvnf; uGerf sLedxyf gw}D uD;[k rsupf rd w dS af tmfeed af omfvnf; 'Dru kd a&pDtoH xuf0ufy;D +yD; t&if;o#ipf epfaemuf aumufaumufygatmif vdu k ef ed v f @kd rjzpfEikd ?f aocsmonfh &nfreS ;f csuw f ckonfum; w&kwt f edejf zifh ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm; tvGet f rif; =unfv h jkd cif;om jzpfay vdrRnf? vsLudk 2010-twGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;Edb k ,fqyk ;D &ef &G;D cs,q f ;kH jzwfct hJ +yD;wGif “taemuf tkypf rk sm;tedejf zifh w&kw. f w,Sed x f ;kd wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;vmederf u _ kd a=umif=h ur&_prd v hf I kd wrif

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

December , 2 0 1 1

xdk;ESufjcif;jzpfonf? aemfa0qkaumfrDwDtedefjzifhvnf; Edkb,fqk}uD;udk toa&zsufjcif; jzpfonf?”[kqu kd m w&kwb f ufrS pGypf aJG jym=um;cJo h nf? w&kwaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;tedejf zifh 'vdik ;f vm;rm;udk EdAk ,fqyk ;D pOfuvnf; t}uD;tus,f a'goayguu f cJG o hJ nf? w&kwt f edejf zifh urBmrh d om;pkukd OayuQmjyK+yD; urBmt h qd;k ,kwq f ;kH pm&if;0if Armzufqpf0g'D tm%mo#io f ef;a&$uv kd nf; rsupf pd rkH w dS u f m tumtuG,yf ;D edeo f nfukd xif;&Sm;pGmwG&d ayonf? w&kw. f Tvkyaf qmifcsuf rsm;u t,if'w k , d urBmppf t[derf ajyodaom ppft;D umv t,l0g'wdu k yf o JG ufouf r[kwf awmhyJ ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDusi0hf wfwu d yd+k yD;ta&;ygvm+yD; t*,ifph pfyw JG ckyg;udak wmif jyef+yD;OD;wnfaumif; OD;wnfEdkifayonf? qif;&JraJG wr_}uD;rm;onfh tmz&duwdu k }f uD;udk taemufEikd if t H pd;k &rsm;u wa,muf csi;f tvdu k yf g tvH;k t&if;eef@yg vlom;csi;f pmemr_wd jyocJo h nfrmS =um+yDjzpfonf? od@k &mwGif a'ede@f xufwikd f tmz&duwdu k v f nf; ydrk wd;k wuf/ rpnfyifvmcJ?h TtajctaersKd ;wGif w&kwf Edik if . H &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS r_ sm;pGmonf tz&duod@k 0ifvmcJo h nf? tjiif;yGm;zG,f tm%mo#iq f 'l ef. &eHobm0"gwaf iG@ ukeo f , G rf w _ rd S tpjyKum w&kwt f edejf zifh vrf;ayguv f m;cJo h nf? tcktcsed f wGif tmz&du+rdK@}uD;rsm;. rGaJ jcmufajcmuf vrf;r}uD;rsm;xufwiG f rSeaf &mifajymifvufeed o f nfh w&kwv f uf&m taqmuftOD;rsm;pGmudk wGv d mede&f ovdk taemufEikd if o H m;q&m0efrsm;/ use;f rm a&;vkyo f m;/ u,fq,fa&;vkyo f m;rsm;. =um;xJrmS vnf; w&ket f ed *f sed ef , D m aqmufvyk af &; vkyfom;rsm;udk ta&mifpHkpGm wGdedef=u&awmhonf? 'kwd,urBmppft,Sdefjzifh ypdzdwfu|ef;pkEdkifiHrsm;tay:wGif tar&duef=oZm v$rf;rdk; edecf ahJ yonf? zdvpfyikd /f *syefponfEh ikd if rH sm;wGif &Dwyfpcef;wd[ed ed rf /_ awmifu;kd &D;,m;ESihf wdik 0f rfukd ppfa&;ulnDr_wdyD;edefr_ zdvpfydkifEdkifiH *ltefu|ef;vdkrsdK; edef&mtrsm;udk tydkif&,lxm;r_ponfh tedet f xm;rsm;=um;wGif w&kwt f edejf zifh ol.touf,LS usyv f o S nfh w&kwyf ifv,fxu G af yguf udk tomxm;+yD; tdE, dN ork'&N mbufqif;um ausmufjzL/ ppfwaumif;/ oD&v d uFm&d@k wiG f qdyf urf;}uD;rsm; wnfaqmufzdk@ vkyfvdkufonf? tar&duefu ypdzdwfu|ef;pk &Dwyfpcef;rsm;ESifh tvky, f y_ ef ed o f nft h csed w f iG f tm,Se*g;w&kwu f tdE, dN ork'&N mwGif pD;yGm;a&;qdyu f rf;}uD;rsm; zGifhvSpf&efvkyfedef+yD; tdENd,ork'N&m. r[mAsL[mudk ydkifqdkif}uD;pdk;&ef wmpledefayonf? tm,SEdkifiHwdxJwGif jrefrm/ AD,uferf/ vmtdkESifh ajrmufudk;&D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;uvGJ+yD; tmvH;k vdv k o kd nf urBmch seyf , D H tar&duefEiS hf qufqaH &;[donfh Edik if rH sm;jzpf=uonf? pdeu f myl EdkifiHonfomvsif EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;wGifyg &yfwnfcsuftydkif;wGifyg xdkvdkvdka'vdkvdkESifh wdusrr_ [donfukd wG&d onf? Armtm%mo#irf sm;tedejf zifh w&kwef ef@u aocsmayguf aygi;f zuf cJv h +D yD? &cdik v f rl sKd ;&d@k . ausmufjzL+rdK@u Armjynftv,fyikd ;f udk jzwfazgurf nfh w&kwt f usKd ;pD;yGm; ydik f "gwaf iG@yu kd v f ikd ;f }uD;u w&kw-f jrefrm qufqaH &; rnfr#cikd +f rJeed o f nfqo kd nfukd jyovdu k f jcif;yifjzpfonf? Armppf0g'rD sm;tedejf zifh tdE, dN eef@avh ppfawGqyd u f rf;aqmuf/ w&kwef ef@vnf; ausmufjzLqdyu f rf;aqmuf+yD; Edik if aH &;upyfeed o f nfh Armtedejf zifh T+ydKify}JG uD;xJrmS AsL[majrmuf onft h edet f xm;wGif [deed o f nf? useo f nfh tmpD,rH sm;tedejf zifh w&kwt f wGuf aygacsmifysuf pufrx _ u G u f ek yf pPn;f wd pkyakH &mif;cs&m ps;D uGu}f uD; (dumping ground) jzpfeed +f yD; wcsed w f nf; rSmyif xGufukef/ pm;p&mukef=urf;rsm;udk psD;csdKcsdKeef@ &,lEdkifedefonfudk wGdedef&onf? 12

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf

December , 2 0 1 1

&cdik vhf wG vf yfa&;pmapmif

w&kwt f edejf zifh ud;k &D;,m;u|e;f qG,f qufqaH &;udak wmh Divide and Conquer AsL[mudk oH;k xm;onf? ysKH ,rf;udk rsupf rd w dS f axmufcyH ;D edeo f nft h csed rf mS yif =um;cHtjzpftjrwf xkw, f if; qd;k vfeef@vnf; tqufqaH umif;atmif vkyx f m;Edik o f nf? ajrmufusq;kH vm;yguvnf; ol@uykd t kd m;ud;k &rnf? ,if;ydik rf [kwyf J awmifeef@aygi;f pnf;vm;v#iv f nf; awmif-ajrmuf ud;k &D; ,m;opfu *syefxuf ol@udkom qufqHp&m[dvdrRnf? w&kwftzdk@ Zmavht,H_;ray:edefqdk onfukd w&kwef *g;u aumif;aumif;odxm;ayonf? *syefeef@tjiif;yGm; e,f+rDvkedef=uonfh awmifw&kwfyifv,fxJu u|ef;pkjy\em wda=umifh w&kwjf ynfwiG ;f rSm trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwu f kd jr‡iw hf ifxm;Edik o f nf? yx0Dtedet f xm; t& w&kwyf ifv,fEiS hf ydek ;D uyfonfh *ltefu|e;f udk tar&duef&@kd u ydik q f ikd x f m;r_uvnf; obm 0rusonfhudpPjzpfonf? 0g,Sdefwef-yDuif;tpdk;&&dk@. t"dujy\emjzpfonfh wdkif0rfu|ef;pkudpP onfvnf; pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;vSonf? w&kwb f ufu “One China Policy”udk [pf atmf+yD; w&kwv f rl sKd ;rsm; pkpnf;nDnw G af &;a,mifa,mif ajymedeo f nf? ajymif;vJvmonfh Edik if aH &; tcif;tusi;f rsm;=um;rSyif wdik 0f rftpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u f w&kwef ef@qufqaH &;aumif;zd@k vdv k m;jyedef onft h csed rf mS tar&dueftedeef ef@ wdik 0f rfukd qufItumtuG,yf ;D p&mta=umif; uaumif; r[dawmhay? tu,fIom wdik 0f rfukd tar&duefEikd if cH sex f m;vm;rnfqykd gu a'owGi;f Edik af cs wd=um;xJ tar&duefEdkifiHtay: ,Hk=unftm;udk;r_ ysufvm;Edkif+yD; w&kwf=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_u tvG,fwul edef&m,lvm;EdkifayvdrRnf? yd+k yD;pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;onfrmS Central Asia bufu “—pwef” Edik if w H Ed iS hf qufqaH &;jzpfonf? w&kwt f edejf zifh ArmjynfrS obm0ydu k v f ikd ;f }uD;rsm;tjyif aemufxyfyu kd f vdkif;}uD;ESpfcktwGuf t}uH}uD;wd[dedefodonf? tl&*gvlrsdK;pkrsm;edefxdkif&m Zdefusef;jynfe,f xda&mufatmif azguv f yk rf nfh ydu k v f ikd ;f }uD;ESpcf rk mS &eHyu kd }f uD;u umZwfpwefukd jzwfazguf rnf? obm0ydu k }f uD;u tkpbwfupd w P efay: jzwfrnf? ydu k v f ikd ;f }uD;rsm;ESihf odr;f ydu k v f u kd +f yDqkd v#if tqdyk gEikd if rH sm;onf w&kwef ef@woufrcGpJ wrf; aygi;f &ayawmhrnf? vrf;uvnf;oifv h m; +yDjzpfI tmzuefepPwefwGif[donfh owWKwGif;rsm;udkawmif rsufpdusedefjyefonf? xdk@a=umifh tcktcsdefwGif w&kwftwGuf ZdrfwumhZdrf jzpfayvdrhfrnf? wdAufukd rsupf rd w dS o f rd ;f xm;jcif;onfvnf; e,fy,ftm%mcs@J xiG zf @kd oufoufom jzpfayonf? vlo}l uJyg;vSonf rGe*f ;kd vD;,m;}ud;udak wmif ordik ;f wywfvnf+yD; e,fcs@J vufopf vkyef ed o f nfh t&dyt f a,mif wG[ d ed ed o f nf? &k,u S vnf; 4if;udpk ;kd &dref ed o f nf? Armjynft&Sad jrmuf jcrf;udk wtdtdwdk;0ifvmaom t+cDcsedefxdkifr_rsm;uJhodk@yif rGef*dk;vD;,m;e,fpyfrsm;udkvnf; w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm; aomif;eef@csD 0ifa&mufvmedefvD+yD? wav#mufv;kH +idro f ufww d q f w d ef ed cf o hJ nfh w&kwef ,fpyfwav#muf[d tm,Sv,fyikd ;f Edik if }H uD;wdrmS vlwd vrf;wd wef;x}uD;wd ydu k v f ikd ;f }uD;wdeef@ oG,w f ef;,SuEf , G f pD;yGm;pnfyifvm cJhv#if w&kwf.ukef;wGif;tiftm;onf rcef@rSef;Edkifatmif }uD;xGm;vmayawmhrnf? w&kwf tedeef ef@ Tod@k tzufzufu tiftm;wnfaqmufeed rf e_ ef@twl [efcsun f n D D &Dwyftiftm; udyk g wd;k cs@J eed rf u _ a'owGi;f *syef/ awmifu;kd &D;,m;eef@ tdE, dN &d@k uykd g &Dwyftiftm; t+ydKifjyifqif vmpDonf? ,_yx f ;DG vmonfh qufqaH &;wd=um;wGif ypdzw d af 'orS tar&duef. tedet f xm;

vlxok nfawmfveS af &;\&if;jrpfjzpfonf