Ci#es, Food and Agriculture
The Role of Urban and Peri-‐urban Agriculture in building resilient ci8es
Agriculture Through the City Venice, 25 May 2012 René van Veenhuizen, RUAF Founda#on
Outline 1. Introduc#on 2. Urban and Peri-‐urban Agriculture (UPA) 4. City Cases 3. Role of UPA in Building Resilient Ci#es 5. Final Remarks
RUAF • Interna8onal network of 8 Resource centers on Urban Agriculture and Food security • Working in and around 20 ci8es in 17 countries • City partners and local and interna8onal partners Projects and City Programmes include: -‐ Facilita8ng a Mul8-‐stakeholder Forum MPAP -‐ Strategic Ac8on planning and Integra8on of urban agriculture in land use planning, ins8tu8onal programs and budgets -‐Knowledge genera8on and dissemina8on -‐Strengthening (poor) urban producer groups and enhancing their capacity to innovate their produc8on systems; -‐Enhancing access to local financing -‐Na8onal Policy Lobbying -‐Produc8ve re-‐use of water and waste water -‐Adapta8on to Climate Change
Mul#ple Benefits ECOLOGICAL (Healthy City)
SOCIAL (Inclusive City)
ECONOMIC (Produc#ve City )
Mul#ple Levels Resistance Resilience Transforma#on
Urban agriculture • Agricultural produc#on (crops, trees, livestock, fish) in and
around urban areas for food (vegetables, eggs, milk, meat, ..) and other products (e.g. medicinal and aroma8c herbs, fodder, fuel, flowers and ornamental plants) • And related inputs provision, processing and marke#ng ac8vi8es • OVen combined with other func#ons (recrea8on, urban greening, recycling of wastes, capturing CO2, etcetera)
Intra-‐urban agriculture
-‐Within the build up city -‐Areas cul8vated tend to be very small -‐Mainly subsistence or recrea#on or highly specialised -‐Minor economic impact, but high on food security, and community building.
Peri-‐urban agriculture
-‐In the surroundings of the built up city -‐Undergo drama8c changes: land prices, influx of people both from rural and urban areas, density increases, mul8ple uses emerge and land improvement spreads. -‐Produc8on systems tend to be more intensive. -‐More market oriented, providing substan8ally amounts of food for the city (especially perishable products), less direct link with food security of urban poor.
Micro-‐farming in and around the house
Dakar, Senegal
Bogota, Colombia
Community gardens; commercial nurseries; use of vacant land
Hanoi, Vietnam Lima, Peru Cape Town, South Africa
Havana, Cuba
Ins#tu#onal gardens: schools, clinics, prisons Lima, Peru
(Mul8-‐func8onal) urban forestry, parks and wetlands New York, USA Hyderabad, India
Accra, Ghana
Various types of hor#culture
Huairou, Beijing, China
Livestock keeping and aquaculture
PnomPenh, Cambodia
Piricicaba, Brazil
Nairobi, Kenya
Small scale specialist producers
Hydroponics in LAC
Havana, Cuba
Larger scale agro-‐entreprises Hanoi, Vietnam
Shanghai, China
Urban agriculture is part of -‐and interacts with-‐ the urban ecological, social and economic system -‐ the farm operators are mainly urban residents -‐ urban agriculture is compe8ng for land with other urban land uses -‐ uses urban resources (organic wastes, irriga8on water, transport) -‐ produces for urban consumers and is part of the urban food system -‐ is influenced by urban policies, plans, norms and regula8ons -‐ has impacts on the urban economy, ecology and especially the livelihoods of the urban poor -‐ Is a response to urban related issues……..
Increasing urbaniza#on • Urban popula8on to double before 2050 • by 2030, 60% of the world’s popula8on will live in ci8es • 95% of the urban growth will take place in ci8es of the South
Food Insecurity •
•
Urbanisation of Poverty
Limited access of the urban poor to nutri8ous and affordable food mainly due to low and irregular income High vulnerability to economic crisis and food price hikes: urban poor spend more than 50% of their cash income on food (up to 90% for the poorest)
• Growing urban poverty and slum popula8on: over I billion in 2002, 1.5 billion people by 2020; • 30-‐60% of the urban popula8on • living in informal sehlements. • (UN-‐Habitat 2007).
• Depleting resources Growing water scarcity and compe88on between domes8c, industrial and agricultural uses. According to the United Na8ons Environment Programme, the world needs to increase its water supply for irriga8on by 14 -‐ 17% by 2030 just to meet its dietary needs (UNESCO, 2003).
Eg phosphorus rock is a finite resource and aVer 2030 demand for phosphor fer8liser will exceed supply maize in the absence of any agricultural adaptation to climate change have been projected by Lobell et al. (2008). The effects of extreme weather are not included in these estimates. In addition, these effects are projected to 2030 only, when the impacts of climate change would be only just emerging. Increasing our understanding how crops may be impacted under climate change conditions may provide alternatives for adaptive strategies in the most vulnerable regions of the world (Lobell et al., 2008). Based on a consensus estimate of 6 climate models and two crop modelling methods, Cline (2007) concluded that
by 2080, assuming a 4.4° C increase in temperature and a 2.9% increase in precipitation, global agricultural output potential is likely to decrease by about 6%, or 16% without carbon fertilization. Cline suggested a range of output potential decline between 10 and 25% among regions. As climate change increases, projections have been made that by 2080 agricultural output potential may be reduced by up to 60% for several African countries, on average 16–27%, dependent upon the effect of carbon fertilization (Figures 18 and 19). These effects are in addition to general water scarcity as a result of melting glaciers, change in rainfall patterns, or overuse.
Projected changes in agricultural productivity to 2080 due to climate change, incorporating the effects of carbon fertilization -50%
-15%
0
+15%
+35%
Figure 18: Projected losses in food production due to climate change by 2080. (Source: Cline, 2007). 46
No data
Changes in Consump8on Pahers and Demand of Food
Need for more resilient urban (food) systems • Less dependent on food imports • Less vulnerable to food price increases • That enhance access of the urban poorer sec8ons to fresh, nutri8ous and safe food at affordable prices • More resistant to impacts of climate change
Changing Thinking in Urban planning Used to be • Urban sprawl in concentric circles, largely “spontaneous” • Food security not on the urban agenda • Agricultural use of intra-‐ and peri-‐urban spaces mainly viewed as temporal / not sustainable New urban development model emerging • ShiV to “eco city” planning: compact high density built up areas intertwined with mul8-‐func8onal produc8ve green open spaces • Urban food security on the city agenda; • Growing ahen8on for role of urban agriculture “City region” food systems increasingly being promoted • Urban agriculture, next to peri-‐urban and rural agriculture: op8mal use of its compara8ve advantages (poor rural infrastructure; produc8on of fresh, perishable foods, products with low space requirements)
Different urgencies or entry points
URBAN FARMING ENERGY RE-‐USE OF GREEN WASTE
MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC GREEN SPACES AGROLOGISTICS LIVEBILITY NEW ENTREPRENEURSHIP CULTURAL INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS NEW
FOOD STRATEGY
ORGANISATIONAL MODELS CARE HEALTH SOCIAL COHESION ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION SPATIAL QUALITY
Multiple Benefits ECOLOGICAL (Healthy City)
SOCIAL (Inclusive City)
Mul#-‐func#onal urban agriculture • Urban Greening
• Recrea#onal services • Produc#ve Use of Urban Wastes • Reduc#on of Urban Ecological Footprint • Improved Urban Micro-‐climate • Management of Landscape and Biodiversity
Subsistence oriented urban agriculture • Food Security & Nutri#on • Poverty Allevia#on • Social Inclusion • Community Building • HIV-‐AIDS Mi#ga#on • Social Safety Net
Market oriented urban agriculture
• Income Genera#on • Employment Genera#on • Enterprise Development • Market chain development
ECONOMIC (Produc#ve City )
Social/ inclusive city: Urban food security and nutri#on and social impacts • Urban poor grow their own food (some8mes in order to survive). • Urban agriculture complements rural agriculture: it provides products that rural agriculture cannot supply easily • About 15-‐20% of the world’s food is already produced in urban areas, for perishable products this may rise to 60 % or more (vegetables, milk, eggs) is oVen produced in urban and peri-‐urban area • Various ci8es see urban agriculture as an important strategy for social integra#on of newcomers and disadvantaged groups in the urban system (recent migrants, families affected by HIV-‐AIDS, female headed households, unemployed youth, elderly people with a low pension). Urban producing households are more resistant to increases in food prices than non-‐producing households (FAO, 2008)
Economic/produc#ve city • Urban agriculture is an important primary or secondary source of income for large numbers of urban people (Employment). A recent RUAF study for World Bank on the socio-‐economic impacts of urban agriculture in Nairobi, Accra, Bangalore and Lima indicated that in average about 20% of the urban populaJon is involved in some type of urban agriculture, of which 30% gain an important part of their income in agriculture • Savings on food expenditures (poor urban households spend 50-‐80% of income on food). Urban agriculture realises good net returns to capital invested (In Ho Chi Minh City urban vegetable farmers realise an added value 2-‐5 Jmes the average wage rate for labour) • Agriculture s8mulates enterprise development in input supply, processing, marke8ng and agro-‐tourism
Integra8on in employment genera8ng strategies • Exploring the poten8al of green jobs: UPA as a driver for job crea8on in clean energy produc8on through waste re-‐use...
...or in produc8ve decentralised waste management Or micro-‐ enterprise development
Ecological/environmentally healthy city • In urban agriculture composted urban organic wastes may be used (replacing harmful chemical fer8lizers) • Urban agriculture and urban forestry contribute to greening the city, improve the urban micro-‐climate (wind breaks, shade, reduc8on of dust and CO2), reduce the air pollu#on and conserve biodiversity. • Strong mul8-‐purpose urban agriculture is crucial for maintaining the city green belts and buffer zones • By producing fresh food close to the consumers, urban agriculture reduces the energy consump#on (less transport, cooling, packaging) • Peri-‐urban farmers may provide important recrea#onal and eco-‐ educa#onal services for the urban ci8zens and maintain the landscape
Climate Change Mi#ga#on and Adapta#on: UPA / F -‐ Reduces the vulnerability of the urban poor / enhances their coping capacity -‐ Reduces the impacts of higher rainfall (average/extremes) -‐ Contributes to reduc8on of the urban energy use and green house gas emissions
Include UPA/F in city development : akending development needs + CC adapta#on & mi#ga#on : a win-‐win solu#on
Multiple Farm Types and Policies ECOLOGICAL (Healthy City)
SOCIAL (Inclusive City)
Mul#-‐func#onal urban agriculture S: Green Roofs, Storm water containment Urban Food waste recycling, Energy Crops, P: Climate Change, Biodiversity Closed loop systems
Subsistence oriented urban agriculture S: Community Gardens, School gardens Food Bank Produc#on, Social Care Farms P: Cultural Diversity, Networking, Neighbourhood funds, Youth, Disabled
Market oriented urban agriculture
S: Landscape Maintenance and food (compensa#on) Entrepreneurship, Farmer Markets, Public Procurement ECONOMIC P: Financing, Budge#ng, Skill Development, (Produc#ve City )
Freetown/ Western Area Rural District, Sierra Leone LAND Zoning and alloca8ng low lying areas and valleys for agriculture to reduce impacts of flooding, storm water runoff is reduced, and excess water is stored and infiltra8ng in these green open spaces • Min. of Lands maps and demarcates the areas; Local authori8es sign agreements with farmers groups; Min. of Agriculture provide extension services and inputs; GREEN JOBS Micro-‐enterprise development with groups of 700 unemployed youth and women related to urban agriculture (e.g. bohled fruit juice, jams, yoghurt and fruit cakes produc8on, cuqng / mixing vegetables, compos8ng and vermiculture, etcetera)
Mul# func#onal use of open spaces in and around Chicago • Produc8on of vegetables, and sale on local market and up-‐town market • Link to regional small scale farmers in training, sale of produce and policy influencing • Community development: Youth, Poor communi8es, Figh8ng Crime, Rehabilita8on of ex-‐convicts, Neighbourhood development. • Use of local wastes and propaga8on of Vermiculture.
-‐Food Policy Council -‐Green Chicago -‐Land Bank
Inclusion of urban agriculture in Amman “Clean Development” Plan • Urban agriculture & forestry is made one of the five components of the plan • Promotes intra-‐ and peri-‐urban foresta#on (applying wastewater) • Enhances access of urban poor to agricultural land: Iden8fica8on of vacant open spaces; seqng up of a Land bank • Promotes produc8ve green roofs
Peri-urban Beijing, China • Strict protec8on of agricultural land within city region • Increased investment in sub-‐ & peri-‐urban agriculture • Promo8on of various types of mul#-‐func#onal and intensive agriculture • Strips of urban forests along all major roads to reduce urban heat, dust, CO2 and winds
Intra urban: green spaces/parks, agro-‐ exhibi#ons, allotment gardens Sub-‐urban: sightseeing, agro-‐parks, eco-‐ educa#on, landscape management Plains: intensive high tech agriculture and livestock keeping Mountainous areas: village based agro-‐ tourism, ecological protec#on, cultural heritage
Cape Town, South Africa • Protec8on of 450 hectare of wetlands within the built up city as hor#culture cum ecological area (against pressure of building companies) • Provision of vacant land, seed, tools and water to groups of urban poor for small scale hor8culture • Establishment of “short chain” marke#ng schemes (producer2consumer)
Colombo, Sri Lanka • • •
Integra8on of urban agriculture as part of slum and lane upgrading (beau8fica8on, drainage, shade, consump8on) Housing design and plot regula8ons take into account micro-‐farming requirements (growing on walls and window sills, loca8on with regards to solar access; limi8ng maximum built-‐up area) Diffusion of “low space/No space ” technologies
WASH in Tamale, Ghana Iden#fied systems
- 350,000 Inhabitants -‐ High rate of growth -‐ 15% own toilet -‐ > 50% depend on public toilets -‐NaJonal Water Policy and Revised SanitaJon Policy allow re-‐use -‐PlaTorms on WASH
- School Sanitation and Education - Public/Community Toilets linking to recycling of organic waste and energy (biogas) - Use of faecal sludge, raw or co-composted - Eco-sanitation - Safe wastewater use
Lima, Peru Par#cipatory design of mul8-‐func8onal “produc8ve parks” Reuse of wastewater to irrigate parks and urban forests (greening; recrea8on; income genera8on through community nurseries) Electricity company is leasing land under power lines to groups of urban poor to prevent illegal building on these strips
Belo Horizonte, Brazil • Major urban agriculture programme (as part of na8onal Zero Hunger policy) • Promo8on of small scale organic urban hor8culture (technical assistance, credit , cer8fica8on, farmers’ markets) • Support to associa8ve food enterprises • Local food procurement by government offices and social programmes)
Almere, The Netherlands Urban agriculture as part of the city food strategy: is it possible to produce in Agromere 20% of the daily food basket of future Almere with 350.000 inhabitants? Design Agromere: 180 ha urban farming (88 ha animal husbandry; 25 ha fruits and vegetables; 62 ha arable farming; 5 ha hor8culture)
What would be the climate impact due to produc8on of fresh food close to city (less transport, cooling, packaging processing) ?
Almere Agromere
ROSARIO, Argen#na • • • •
1 million inhabitants 60% poverty, 22 % extreme poverty End of 2000: economic crisis Municipal urban agriculture programme:
• Mapping of vacant land, and a Land Bank • Exemp8on from property tax for landowners • Inclusion of UA in the urban development plan and in social housing schemes • City Network of farmers and suppor8ng them • Providing loans and collateral • Designing produc8ve parks • And designa8ng areas for farmers markets
Resume : A growing number of ci8es use urban agriculture to enhance the resilience of the urban (food) system, by Including UPA in City (region) planning and produc8ve green open spaces as a permanent land use into urban, master, land use and zoning plans; Large variety in types of urban agriculture, each with their own merits and support needs; Focus / Paradigm shiV, from urban agriculture “within city boundaries” to “city region” with its intra-‐, sub-‐ (transi8on) and peri-‐urban zones and rural linkages; But s8ll, challenges: the need for evidence, poli#cal will, perceive food as intrinsic (and not an alterna8ve, or temporal) part, and an integrated strategy.
What Ci#es and Regions can do: An enabling policy environment 1. Integra8ng urban agriculture in na#onal policies: Poverty reduc8on and Food Security strategies, Agricultural and Environmental programmes; 2. Linking municipal urban agriculture policies to physical planning of ci8es and neighborhoods (urban development, slum upgrading and social housing programs, water and sanita8on, parks design and management; and s8mulate 3. Par#cipa#ve planning and budge8ng: Mul# Stakeholder plauorms 4. Making urban agriculture a component of climate change mi8ga8on, adapta8on and disaster reduc8on plans; A municipal / regional strategy for development and support 5. Promo8on of various forms of mul8-‐func8onal urban agriculture; 6. Enhancing access to and security of land; 7. Strengthening urban farmer groups, city networks, micro-‐enterprise development and direct marke8ng by producers; 8. Reducing health and environmental risks;
What Ci#es and Regions can do: Include pilo#ng and planning for transi#oning of the city to … 9. For example: ShiVing from disposal to re-‐use (in thinking, design, etc.): promote technologies, markets, investment, etc. Recovery and re-‐use of nutrients and water: link WASH and UPA in city planning Improve knowledge and technologies 10. (Co)financing of local urban agriculture ini8a8ves by na8onal and interna8onal sources; Improved access of urban producers to local sources of credit; 11. Enhancing the produc8ve and economic viability of urban agriculture: 12. Integra8ng urban agriculture in the agenda of na8onal research organiza8ons (low space and safe technologies, value chains, health impact assessment and monitoring of nutri8on and economic benefits); 13. Enhancing the training offer on urban agriculture (University curricula, schools, municipal training programs, extension programs).
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