LA+LB 2050 by PennPlanning

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXISTING CONDITIONS

LA+LB 2050 is an ambitious, timely, and systematic plan to enhance the resilience of the Los Angeles and Long Beach waterfront over the next 35 years. The plan goals focus on the most critical measures of improvement.

The most pressing challenges for LA/LB include the crisis in affordable housing, the lack of a diversified economy, the high levels of congestion, and the alarming levels of pollution in neighborhoods near the ports.

THE PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

To systematically address existing challenges and prepare for future stresses, the plan defines goals for a resilient landscape, economy, and community, and proposes an interconnected system of large-scale and small-scale interventions.

To engage both the public and private sectors in implementation, the plan proposes a three-pronged implementation strategy. The strategy uses public funds to leverage private investment, utilizes voluntary and regulatory mechanisms, and builds institutional capacity.

Existing Plans

edges and smaller scale industrial uses to neo-industrial uses; the conversion of

This planThis alsoplan links tolinks and to builds upon also and builds

Port of Losuses Angeles Master Plan (2014) industrial to neighborhood-serving

several existing plans upon several existing plansdeveloped developed by

A principal goal the Port of and commercial uses; theofexpansion of Los Angeles Master Plan is touses; increase transit-oriented development infill

local policymakers. Among these are the following:

public access totothesupport waterfront. As stated development transit; and in the Plan,downtown “Waterfront access should be continued development.

Long Beach Downtown Plan (2012)

provided to both the local communities of

Port of Los Angeles Master A key goal of the Long Beach Plan (2014) Downtown Plan is to foster a citywide

A principal goal of the Port of Los Angeles multimodal transportation network that Master Plan is to increase public “reinforces the role of Downtown access as the

to thepoint waterfront. As stated in the plan, focal of the city.” This goal requires “Waterfront access should be provided increased connectivity between key to both the local communities of Pike San waterfront destinations such as The Pedro and Wilmington. These visitorand the downtown. serving areas should be developed to

connect withCommunity local commercial San Pedro Plan districts (Draft, directly outside the port district, such as 2012)

Downtown San Pedroto andthe the Wilmington According San Pedro Avalon Corridor.” To increase Community Plan drafted in waterfront 2012, key access, the port goals has already “approved redevelopment for the town plans for over 10 miles of waterfront include “production of housing for lowpromenade and pedestrian pathways that to moderate-income families; removal stretch along the Port’s waterfront and tie of structurally substandard buildings; into the California Coastal Trail.” Within changes in land use to facilitate new San Pedro, the Master Plan also calls for water-oriented commercial development;

the redevelopment of the facilities; Ports O’ and Call provision of new public Village “into vibrant, world-class urban expansion of aeconomic and employment waterfront destination.” opportunities.” In producing affordable

housing, the plan notes the changing demographics San Pedro Plan and calls Long Beachof General for more affordable senior housing and

(2015)

assisted living facilities. Such facilities The City of Long Beach General Plan would allow empty nesters to age in articulates key challenges and goals for place, retaining supportive social, the waterfront in its land use element. cultural, and family networks. The plan Among the challenges described are also calls for mixed-use development that “land use incompatibilities, fragile combines jobs and housing, and for the neighborhoods (crackerbox apartments), attraction of major retail stores, including stressed and lengthy corridors, public grocery stores and boutique retails, to the health concerns, port-related facilities Downtown. expansion projects, and deficiencies in transportation infrastructure.” To address these challenges, the land use element calls for a series of land use changes, Source: including the conversion of industrial

San Pedro and Wilmington. These visitor-

Long Beach Downtown Plan (2012)with local commercial districts connect serving areas should be developed to

A key goal of thethe Long Downtown directly outside portBeach district, such as Plan is to foster a city-wide multi-modal Downtown San Pedro and the Wilmington transportation network that “reinforces Avalon Corridor.” To increase waterfront the role of Downtown as the focal point access, the port has already “approved of the for city.”over This 10 goal requires increased plans miles of waterfront connectivity between key waterfront promenade and pedestrian pathways that destinations suchPort’s as The Pike and stretch along the waterfront andthe tie downtown. into the California Coastal Trail.” Within San Pedro, the Master Plan also calls for the of the Ports Plan O’ Call Sanredevelopment Pedro Community Village “into a vibrant, world-class urban

(Draft, 2012)

waterfront destination.” According to the San Pedro Community Plan, drafted in 2012, key redevelopment

Long Beach General Plan (2015)

goals for the neighborhood include This plan is also closely aligned “production of housing for low-to with the Land Use element of the City moderate-income families; removal of Long Beach General Plan. Among the of structurally substandard buildings; challenges the Land Use element seeks to changes in land use to facilitate new address are “land use incompatibilities, water-oriented commercial development; fragile neighborhoods (crackerbox provision of new public facilities; and apartments), stressed and lengthy expansion of economic and employment corridors, public health concerns, portopportunities.” In producing affordable related facilities expansion projects, housing, the plan notes the changing and deficiencies in transportation demographics of San Pedro and calls infrastructure.” To address these for more affordable senior housing and challenges, the Land Use Element calls for assisted living facilities. Such facilities a series of land use changes, including the would allow empty nesters to age in place conversion of industrial edges and smaller - retaining supportive social, cultural, and scale industrial uses to neo-industrial family networks. The plan also calls for uses; the conversion of industrial uses to mixed-use development that combines neighborhood-serving and commercial jobs and housing, and for the attraction uses; the expansion of transit-oriented of major retail development, including development uses; infill development to grocery stores and boutique shops, in the support transit; and continued downtown Downtown. development. 4 11

23 2

People

Resilient Community

Resilient Landscape

Resilient Economy

Resilient Community

Resilient Landscape

Resilient Economy

Social Equity

Housing

Transportation

Environment Climate Change

Tourism

Jobs

Ports

This plan applies theEquity integrative approach Transportation of the stress. This plan therefore seeks the area’s Tourism industries Jobs and employment. People Social Housing Environment Climate Change Ports This plan applies integrative around community, health and both welfare. the impact of a to vulnerability analysisthe to define to identify theBut stresses that may For each three theme, themes: the summary below approach to vulnerability analysis to to landscape,theand Community particularinstress determined as much resilience. While early approaches emerge the is coming decades, and describes state economy. of the waterfront today This plan applies the integrative around three themes: community, health and welfare. But the impact of a define resilience. Whilethe early refers to the area’s neighborhoods, by the vulnerabilities of may the community resilience emphasized riskapproaches of natural the vulnerabilities that limit the and identifies likelypeople, stresses and observed approach to emphasized vulnerability analysis to to resilience the risk of hazards or the lack of resources among define resilience. earlyofthis approaches natural hazardspopulations, orWhile the lack resources marginalized plan to resilience emphasized the risk of amongresilience marginalized populations, frames in terms of both external

particular stress is determined as much as by the magnitude the stress. This community’s capacity toofrebound. by the vulnerabilities of the community plan therefore seeks to identify both the as resilience by the of the stress. This stresses thatmagnitude may emerge in the coming The analysis conducted for this

of both external stresses and internal and social stresses can and all welfare. create that threaten public health vulnerabilities. Environmental, economic, adverse conditions threaten public But the impact of athat particular stress is

may limit community’s to Thethe and resilience analysis neighborhoods, housing; capacity landscape rebound 2.1).plan conducted for area’s this was organized refers to (Figure the infrastructure and

natural or resilience the lack of in resources this planhazards frames terms stresses and internal vulnerabilities. among marginalized populations, of both externaleconomic, stresses and Environmental, and internal social this plan frames resilience in terms vulnerabilities. Environmental, economic, stresses can all create adverse conditions

and socialas much stresses all create determined by thecan vulnerabilities conditionsasthat threaten public ofadverse the community by the magnitude

planwas therefore to identify boththat the decades, and seeks thearound vulnerabilities plan organized three themes: stresses that may emerge in the coming may limit the community’s to community, landscape, and capacity economy. decades, and the vulnerabilities that rebound (Figure 2.1).to the area’s people, Community refers

The and resilience analysis environment; economy refers to conducted for this plan was organized

Figure 2.1 What is Resilience Figure 2.1 What is Resilience

landscape, and economy. and housing; landscape refers toCommunity the area’s vulnerabilities. refers to the area’s people, neighborhoods, infrastructure and environment; and and housing; landscape the area’s economy refers to the refers area’stoindustries infrastructure and and employment.and For environment; each theme, the economy refers to the area’s industries summary below describes the state of andwaterfront employment. theme, the the todayFor andeach identifies likely summary below describes the state stresses and observed vulnerabilities. of the waterfront today and identifies likely stresses and observed vulnerabilities.

Summary The preceding analysis of the Los Angeles/Long Beach Waterfront’s Landscape, Economy and Community identified four external stresses that are likely to impact the study area in the next 35 years, as well as four internal vulnerabilities that would limit the area’s capacity to rebound. Fortunately, the opportunities analysis revealed three projects that can be leveraged to improve its future. LA+LB 2050 will build on the study area’s strengths and reduce its vulnerabilities to create a Resilient Waterfront.

THE PLAN

VISION

A resilient community is... A community where quality, affordable housing is accessible to all residents and vulnerable populations can reach the services they require.

Landscape Targets

Economy Targets

Community Targets

As air quality is one of the most pressing

As mentioned, the ports are the primary

The stress of population increase will

issues in the study area, a goal of reducing

source of jobs in the study area, both

further strain the housing availability

the annual average particulate matter to

directly and indirectly. Port revenue was

of the waterfront. For this reason, a

20 micrograms per cubic meter was set.

chosen as the standard to judge port

goal of increasing total housing units to

This would bring the area into compliance

success by, with the aim being to increase

over 30,000 is set, representing enough

with both federal and state standards.

revenues by at least four-fold by 2050,

housing for the population increase that is

As the study area has some of the most

which is based on projections of global

projected for 2050. In addition to housing

polluted beaches in the state during wet

container shipping increasing by this

availability, the percentage of residents

weather, a goal was set for improving the

amount by that year. In terms of tourism,

that are housing burdened (paying over

water quality grade from an F to at least

an increase in revenues of over 200% is

30% of their income on housing) should

a C rating. Due to the importance of park

the aim of this plan. This is to be achieved

be lowered at least national averages.

and open space access, a goal of ensuring

through improvements to existing tourist

To further help with this problem, a goal

75% of residents have such amenities

destinations, greater connectivity and

of increasing the number of affordable

within a ten minute walk of their homes.

by the creation of new attractions. For

units by over 30% has been set. Finally,

This represents nearly a 50% increase from

employment, the goal is to increase total

the pressing issue of homelessness needs

existing. Due to the similar importance

employment in the study area to at least

to be addressed as the study area and Los

of waterfront access, this plan aims to

100,000 - an increase of over 20%. An

Angeles County have some of the highest

increase the amount of total accessible

additional goal is to make sure these jobs

numbers of homeless individuals in the

waterfront by 20%. Despite California

are in a diverse number of industries to

country. An ambitious 80% reduction in

being known as a car-dominated state,

better balance the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industry mix.

the number of homeless is the goal and

the aim of this plan is to see a greater

will be addressed through the creation

percentage of residents able to use other

of transitional housing, reducing housing

modes of transportation by improving

burden and new policy.

transit access and walkability. 55

Making the possibility of an alliance more

able to handle the megaships. Currently

realistic is the fact that collaboration is

when megaships arrive, if there are

already happening between the ports of

already some unloading and taking up all

Los Angeles and Long Beach. The two work

the berths at the Port of Los Angeles, they

together on a variety of issues â&#x20AC;&#x201C; security,

simply have to wait out at sea. Under the

congestion, environmental issues, and

new alliance, the ship could be handled at

port energy.13 Cooperation on issues

any open berth at the Port of Long Beach,

beyond these is not allowed currently

improving efficiency.

by the Federal Maritime Commission, due to the issue of collusion between

Finally, with the alliance, the superior

two major competitors. If they were to

Green Port Policy found at the Port of Long

form an alliance, their cooperation could

Beach can be implemented at the Port of

extend into capital improvements, long-

Los Angeles. Some components of this

term planning, shared truck, rail and ship

policy involve greater reliance on electric

scheduling, and environmental efforts

forklifts to move containers, a Green Ship

among others.

Initiative Program that rewards operators for bringing the newest and cleanest ships

Land Efficiency

to the port, and a Clean Trucks Program

In addition, like was the case with the Northwest Seaport Alliance, the LA/LB Port Alliance could free up more land for better port and non-port uses â&#x20AC;&#x201C; creating

that bans the older and most polluting trucks from the port.14 Implementing such policies will help reduce emissions from the Port of Los Angeles and help to make

more job opportunities and tax base for both cities and freeing up more of the waterfront for public uses. With better land use efficiency, the ports can work together better organize their their operations to create new berths that are

ALAMEDA CORRIDOR The second Foundational Intervention

Perhaps the greatest challenges from the

of the least efficient land use patterns

will strengthen both the ports and

portsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perspective are the high costs of

in the country, which have contributed

the

congestion and the inefficient distribution

to a sprawling distribution of container

The

of container handling facilities. Southern

handling facilities that requires more

existing system consists of freight rail

California has some of the most congested

and longer truck trips. These challenges

lines, interstate highways, and a vast

highways in the country, and the resulting

are expected to be exacerbated by the

network of state and local roads, linked

delays in cargo movement translate into

continued growth in cargo volumes.

by intermodal transfer facilities and

added costs. This region also has some

community

freight

transportation

optimizing system.

regional distribution centers. The volume and complexity of freight movements supported by this system is impressive, but experts agree that the system will require significant investment to address existing and anticipated challenges over the next 35 years.15 58

Local Freight Movement Diagram

NEO INDUSTRIAL ZONING In order to provide denser networks of clean industrial jobs, allow for flexible, mixed-use

development,

and

create

productive buffers between heavy industry and sensitive residential areas, the neoindustrial land use type, as proposed by the Long Beach Planning Department in their Draft Land Use Element will be zoned in strategic locations through Long Beach, West Long Beach, and Wilmington.17 This zone allows for non-noxious industrial uses with offices, “industrial-serving” retail, and limited housing. After

incubation

company’s at

the

inception AltaSea

and

research

Neo-Industrial Map

facility, fledgling businesses will have ample space for small-scale, specialized manufacturing, further research, and

Before

After

FOUNDATIONAL INTERVENTIONS 62

CHANGING FUTURE LAND USES

The Foundational Interventions outlined

the Blue Metro Line and the Red Car Light

neighborhood will practically rise from

in this chapter, and the District Plans

Rail Line will create hubs of community

the ground, albeit likely in phases.

discussed next, result in a wide array of

activity. Big changes are coming to the

Such a change would also be rather

proposed land uses around the ports.

LA+LB Ports area, as can be clearly seen

drastic. Since this development, and the

As mentioned earlier, mixed-use neo-

on the Future Land Use Map (above).

somewhat similar Pike and Ports O’ Call

industrial neighborhoods will develop

projects will occur outside traditional

and

These land use changes are not all to

neighborhoods, it’s expected that most

residential communities, while heavy

be implemented identically. Some of

negative externalities will be minimized.

manufacturing and logistics will be

these proposals, like the neo-industrial

Specific implementation procedures and

encouraged in the rejuvenated shipping

neighborhoods of Wilmington, West Long

phasing timelines are described in the

corridor bounded by the Alameda Rail

Beach, and Long Beach, should be set into

following chapters.

Corridor and the e-Highway. New parks

motion with revised zoning codes as soon

will connect communities to nature and to

as possible, but can be expected to take

each other. A massive new redevelopment

years to develop, as properties gradually

in Banning’s Gateway will bring housing,

“turn over” to their new uses. The steady

offices, schools, and shops, with smaller

changes here, and at the proposed TOD

mixed-use developments in San Pedro

sites, will allow for input from affected

and Long Beach. The new AltaSea

communities

institution and the reimagined Ports O’

contrast, some of these changes will occur

Call will attract researchers and tourists

abruptly. Once development of Banning’s

alike, while denser developments along

Gateway is underway, an entirely new

between

noxious

uses

and

stakeholders.

TIDELANDS SWAP

All of the land controlled by the ports, and

developments

housing

parking. Nearby Golden Park, along the

many of the adjacent portions of Long

stock. Through complex land exchanges,

LA River, will, in turn, be naturalized

Beach, San Pedro, and Wilmington are

in which other parcels are swapped into

and preserved for the public use under

part of the California Tidelands. Enacted in

the public trust for the Tidelands areas,

Tidelands control. Between San Pedro

1938, this designation restricts activity on

the cities have successfully managed to

and Wilmington, a soon-to-be-obsolete

these lands to those serving “the benefit

remove restrictions from some of their

shipping wharf, controlled by the Port

of all of the people of the state” – namely

Tidelands.

This process is somewhat

of Los Angeles, will be redeveloped as

trade, transportation, and visitor serving

similar to a transfer of development rights

a full-scale, brand new neighborhood:

(TDR).

Banning’s Gateway. In order to build

facilities.

While well-intentioned, these

and

increase

regulations place unnecessarily restrictive

much-needed housing on the 800-acre

covenants on huge swaths of land,

In LA+LB, two Tideland restrictions swaps

site, the area’s Tidelands status will be

prohibiting locally serving commercial

will open up new waterfront areas for

removed and placed on Los Angeles

uses and all residential developments.

redevelopment. Since the two land swaps

Harbor College and the surrounding Ken

Despite California’s acute housing crisis,

each entirely occur within municipal

Malloy Harbor Regional Park, just north

the state still considers housing an

bounds (Long Beach and Los Angeles,

of Banning’s Gateway. By prioritizing

inappropriate use for the Tidelands.

respectively),

development and conservation in more

extra

complications

the process are avoided. In Long Beach,

appropriate locations, the public trust will

including

Tideland restrictions will be removed

be maintained, while allowing for new

Oakland and San Diego, have managed

from a portion of The Pike, a tourist

housing and commercial opportunities.

to work around Tidelands restrictions

district dominated by the Long Beach

in order to provide more appropriate

Convention Center and a sea of waterfront

Several

California

cities,

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Remediation One of the biggest obstacles to the reuse of formerly heavy industrial lands for neoindustrial, logistics, or any other usage, is that many parcels have significant contamination

issues.

The

costs

remediation is often too prohibitive for developers to consider them as viable sites. According to a local planner, “San Pedro and Long Beach both suffer from poor land utilization due to a lack of coordination strategy or tools to acquire sites, remediate them (to industrial standards) and return them to job and tax revenue producing uses”. In order to address these issues, as well as several others related to business and land use, another Foundational Intervention of this plan is to create a new, full-service Port

District

Industrial

Development

Based on the model of the highly successful

The PDIDC would be an immediate

Philadelphia

Development

intervention that could help guide various

Corporation (PIDC), the new Port District Los Angeles already has an Industrial

facets of this plan’s interventions in the

IDC would purchase land, act as a conduit

Development Authority, however, this

Los Angeles/Long Beach Waterfront.

for EPA and state grants for brownfield

organization’s scope and capacity is

Initial funding would likely come from the

remediation, remediate parcels and resell

limited. The LA IDA does have the ability to

two municipalities, business groups like

them, as well as offer a variety of financial

issue bonds and make loans at favorable

the Chambers of Commerce as well as the

and informational resources to businesses

rates

certain

two ports themselves.

looking to relocate into or expand in

municipal standards, but does not appear

the area. Where this new organization

to be highly active. Many of the projects

differs from PIDC is by serving more than

listed on the organization’s website date

SAN PEDRO AND LONG BEACH

a single municipality. However, such an

from before 2010.22 Additionally, it does

organization has substantial precedent

BOTH SUFFER FROM POOR LAND

not appear the group works specifically

– the state of Washington has roughly a

on remediating brownfield sites. The

dozen Port District IDCs.23

Corporation.

projects

meeting

Industrial

UTILIZATION

newly proposed Port District IDC would not only service both sides of the Los Angeles/Long Beach Waterfront, but would also offer a wider range of services.

FOUNDATIONAL INTERVENTIONS 66

OPEN SPACE NETWORK The LA+LB 2050 Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s final Foundational Intervention is the development of a connected and accessible open space

ites

ent S

pm evelo

Red

network that will serve current and future residents and help to mitigate the negative externalities of the port and local industries. While the LA+LB Waterfront is served by a series of small and large open spaces, these are poorly connected and unevenly distributed. Only 52% of waterfront residents live within

eed

ace N

Sp Open

a 10 minute walk of a park. To address the gaps in this open space network, a comprehensive analysis was conducted. The first phase of the analysis identified the optimal locations for new open spaces by comparing the distribution of existing open space, the distribution of poor air

Air Q

nalys

yA ualit

quality, the locations with the greatest park need, and the locations of proposed redevelopment sites (see District Plans). Park need was determined by examining family poverty and the percentage of households with children in locations more than a ten minute walk from an existing park. Those locations with both

pen ing O

Exist

Spac

high poverty and a high percentage of households with children were identified as having a high park need. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between areas with high park need and areas

Open Space Analysis

with poor air quality. The proposed network therefore would develop new parks in each of the locations identified as having high park need, as well as all of the locations where redevelopment is proposed. The second phase of the analysis identified the optimal locations for new green streets and greenways by comparing the distribution of existing open space,

the distribution of proposed parks, the

system of greenways and green streets

location of transit lines and stations, and

including two of the waterfrontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest

the location of proposed neo-industrial

thoroughfares: the Pacific Coast Highway

zones. The analysis revealed that green

and Anaheim Street. To mitigate the water

streets along the Pacific Coast Highway

quality impacts of adjacent impervious

and Anaheim Street could connect many

areas, these greenways and green streets

of the existing and proposed open spaces

can also be designed to infiltrate and/or

both to one another and to public transit.

treat stormwater runoff.

The proposed network is a comprehensive

The center of the new Ports O’Call will be a main plaza at grade with the light rail line that offers views of the water and ports as visitors exit the station area. A large open green space continues towards the water where a new boardwalk offers access all along the site, providing views of the ports and access to the new buildings housing both the old commercial services as well as new restaurants and retail businesses. Larger office and retail space will sit between the parking garages and light rail station to house future needs from nearby AltaSea’s impact. The southern end of the site is made up of San Pedro-sized blocks with a 300 room hotel and large park at the end. The uses of this new Ports O’Call plan met the requirements of the California Tidelands Trust as no housing is being built on the site, it is visitor serving, and it will reflect what is currently built in Ports O’Call.

PORTS O’CALL - FUTURE FIGURE DIAGRAM Ports O’Call - Proposed Figure Diagram

Existing

Proposed

IMPLEMENTATION AND PHASING

100

101

LANDSCAPE COSTS

Freight Pricing Scheme

increase could be implemented for truck

While the benefits of the waterfrontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

The proposed pricing scheme will support

fees, and/or a portion of the revenues

freight system are national, its negative

the development of the new E-highway,

generated by the truck fees could be used

effects on traffic safety, congestion,

and

economic

to lower the rail fees. Future changes in

and environmental quality are mostly

calculations of the shipping companies.

the proposed pricing scheme, however,

local. To limit the external costs of

Fees will be charged to make rail will more

must protect the competitiveness of the

the freight system and distribute these

competitive relative to trucks, and to

ports. Any loss of port market share would

costs more evenly, the plan proposes

make electrified trucks more competitive

not be acceptable.

the construction of new infrastructure,

relative to diesel trucks. Electrified trucks

as well as the adoption of a new pricing

will be charged a fee of $0.50 per TEU for

Modeling indicates that the proposed

scheme to shift the utilization of new and

using the E-highway, and diesel trucks

pricing scheme would transform the

existing infrastructure.

will be charged a fee of $2.50 per TEU for

LA+LB freight system and dramatically

using the highways connecting to the port

reduce

Under the current pricing scheme, rail is

(including I-710, I-110, and the Terminal

with the movement of freight. This is

much less competitive than trucks, and

Island Freeway). As with the existing rail

particularly important given that the

the Alameda Corridor is underutilized.

fees, these fees will be collected by the

volume of containers arriving at the

While railroads are charged a fee of $18

regional Alameda Corridor Transportation

port is expected to triple by 2050. Under

- $40 per loaded container to use the

Authority (ACTA).

the proposed pricing scheme, 73% of

will

transform

the

externalities

associated

containers would be moved by rail, and

Alameda Corridor (assessed to repay the revenue bonds that funded the project),

Note that the magnitude of the fees

the Alameda Corridor would operate at

trucks are not charged at all for their

was carefully calibrated to provide a

full capacity. Of those containers moved

use of the interstate highway system.

sufficient financial incentive for shipping

by truck, 80% would be moved by zero-

Consequently, the Alameda Corridor is

companies to shift to zero-emission

emission electrified trucks, with the

operating at only one-third of its capacity,

electrified trucks, and to ensure that the

E-highway accommodating more than

and the waterfrontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s congested highways

E-highway project would be financially

66,000 truck trips per day. This would

carry some of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highest flows of

sustainable. Note also that the proposed

reduce the volume of truck trips along

freight-hauling trucks, exceeding 10,000

pricing scheme could be adjusted in

the waterfront segments of I-710 and I-110

trucks per day in the most congested

the future to continue to increase the

from 27,000 per day in 2015 to 16,000 per

segments.

competitiveness of rail. A progressive rate

day in 2050.

105

For industrial land uses, the plan seeks to reduce the use of potable water by

Effectiveness

minute walk of a park, and nearly 40% of

The proposed foundational and district-

the waterfront will be publicly accessible.

promoting the recycling and reuse of

scale interventions are expected to exceed

The planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to advance the water

wastewater on-site. Incentives could

the planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s air quality, open space, and

quality and mode share targets was

be offered to help businesses install

waterfront access targets, and to make

limited by physical and cultural realities.

reverse osmosis systems or develop other

significant progress towards its water

The Los Angeles River watershed covers

innovative reuse systems.

quality and commute mode targets. The

an area of 834 square miles. Since the

air quality target will be achieved mostly

LA/LB waterfront represents less than 4%

Implementation After 2050

through the optimization of the portsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

of the watershed area, even the complete

The funding sources and policies identified

freight system. Despite the expected

transformation of the LA/LB waterfront

above would continue to advance the

increase in cargo volume, shifting much

from urban to natural land covers would

goals of LA+LB 2050 well beyond 2050.

of this cargo from diesel trucks to rail

not achieve the plan target. Similarly, the

For example, the user fees for diesel

and/or electric trucks will dramatically

extensive reliance on private vehicles in

and electric trucks would continue to

reduce

smog-forming

Southern California limited the impact

incentivize freight operators to use rail

nitrous oxide and cancer-causing diesel

of the plan interventions. After 100 years

or electric trucks beyond 2050, and the

particulate matter. The open space and

of car-oriented development, existing

Port

Development

waterfront access targets will be achieved

land cover patterns simply do not

Corporation would retain the waterfront

through implementation of the proposed

lend themselves to transit, walking, or

easement policy ensuring as much public

open space network and the proposed

biking. However, future transit-oriented

access to the waterfront as possible.

district-scale

Following

developments along the Red Car Light

plan implementation, almost 9 out of 10

Rail Line will increase the proportion of

waterfront residents will live within a 10

transit-users as they are developed.

District

Industrial

emissions

interventions.

LANDSCAPE METRICS

108

Two mechanisms will be used to grow

are complementary. While Ports Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Call

pipeline will continue to support new

businesses and employment opportunities

is a food destination; Banningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gateway

businesses as they grow and require more

in areas beyond the proposed district

is a walkable shopping destination with

and different types of space.

projects. First, to help catalyze business

breathtaking views of the continentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

creation and growth, the Port District

largest working port; portions of the LA

Effectiveness

Industrial Development Corporation will

River offer beautiful natural scenery;

The proposed foundational, district and

offer low-interest capital and project

Downtown Long Beach offers high-

policy-based

loans.

interventions

will

help

Second, to create stronger

end retail, restaurants, and miles of

the LA+LB 2050 plan exceed most of its

commercial corridors, the PDIDC will

beach; and the RMS Queen Mary offers

economic goals. The port alliance and

administer a corridor improvement fund.

the opportunity to experience a pre-

optimization

This fund will provide low-interest loans

WWII ocean liner. These sites can work

allow the ports to better coordinate

to business owners looking to grow or

together to form a new tourism Business

capital improvements, and allow the

renovate their businesses along existing

Improvement District that will provide

port terminals to accommodate more

commercial corridors. With strengthened

transportation between the sites, help

megaships. These efficiencies of scale

corridors, new jobs and amenities will be

with

projects,

are projected to increase annual port

available to residents near where they

and develop marketing for the entire

revenues to $1 billion in 2015 dollars,

live, improving quality of life, expanding

Waterfront.

exceeding the plan target by almost 15%.

employment opportunities, and reducing car-dependence.

With

these

loans,

capital

improvement

Implementation After 2050 policies

and

programs

will

reduce

overhead,

The growth of the ports and the tourism and innovation sectors is expected to

commercial strips like Gaffey street

Several

can eventually look more like Pacific

continue to support economic growth in

jobs, creating a more diverse waterfront

Boulevard.

the LA+LB waterfront well into the future.

economy

For example, after the expenditure of the

target by 25%. While the proposed plan

generate

approximately and

40,000

exceeding

the

new plan

initial PDIDC funding provided by the

interventions are not projected to meet

strengthened by improving collaboration

Ports and the adjacent cities, profits on

the ambitious goal for tourism revenues,

between the various tourist destinations.

land sales and the collection of fees on

the indirect effects of the plan are not

The different districts within LA+LB

loans would provide a continuing revenue

included in this projection. The increased

have long worked to steal tourists from

stream for future projects. This dedicated

accessibility and quality of the waterfront,

one another. In San Pedro, for example,

funding stream will allow the PDIDC to

as well as the new tourism BID, would

vans from Long Beach gather at the

continue operations regardless of the

likely increase tourism revenues beyond

cruise ship terminal whenever a ship

financial capacity of the municipalities.

the projected value.

docks to transport new arrivals directly

Similarly, the tourism BID will have its

to Long Beach. This plan recognizes,

own dedicated revenue collected from the

however, that most of the amenities and

business owners in the waterfront tourist

attractions in Long Beach and San Pedro

destinations.

Waterfront

tourism

will

also

Finally,

the

innovation

ECONOMY METRICS

112

COMMUNITY COSTS

To expand the supply of permanent and

The supply of affordable housing could

Community land trusts are nonprofits that

transitional low-income

housing, the

also be expanded by taking advantage of

acquire land in neighborhoods expected

plan will promote the use of the Federal

a new economic development tool made

to see rising property values, and sell

Low Income Housing Tax Credit and

available by the state in 2015. Four years

or lease affordable units on that land

California Multifamily Housing Program.

after a legislative fight dissolved all of

to low-income residents. To maintain

These programs will be utilized to build,

the state’s redevelopment authorities,

affordability, the trust retains the option

rehabilitate,

the state has authorized cities to create

to repurchase structures on its land,

units. Much of the existing affordable

Community

Investment

and sets the resale price based on a

housing in the LA+LB waterfront is

Authorities. Like the earlier RDAs, CRIAs

formula that balances the seller’s right

deteriorating and in need of repair. To

can use property tax-increment financing

to a fair return on their investment with

rehabilitate these homes, the plan will

to improve buildings and infrastructure

the buyer’s need for affordable housing.

promote the use of the California Housing

in low-income communities. Unlike the

The local entities that establish these

Rehabilitation Program. This program

earlier RDAs, however, CRIAs cannot

community land trusts can then reinvest

provides deferred payment loans for

take funding that would otherwise be

their profits in the development of new

lower-income homeowners, and can help

allocated to schools. While CRIAs will not

affordable housing projects. While difficult

residents stay in their homes and build

be as well-financed or far-reaching as

to fund, community land trusts are in

their equity. Finally, to fund schools and

the former RDAs, both Los Angeles and

increasingly widespread tool, with 300

community facilities near the new and

Long Beach can use these authorities as

land trusts expanding the supply of long-

rehabilitated affordable housing units, the

one tool among many that can improve

term affordable housing in communities

plan will assist local CDCs in obtaining and

buildings and infrastructure in poorer

across the country. Relevant precedents

administering HUD 108 grants. Section

areas.

include the community land trusts in

and

preserve

affordable

Revitalization

Burlington, Vermont and Roxbury/North

108 is the loan guarantee provision of the Community Development Block Grant

To ensure that a significant share of new

(CDBG) program, and offers communities

affordable housing units are affordable in

a source of financing for community

the long-term, the plan will also catalyze

development activities.9

the development of community land trusts.

Dorchester, Massachusetts.

THE PLAN WILL ALSO CATALYZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS

115

Effectiveness The proposed foundational, district, and

episodically homeless living in shelters.

policy-based interventions will help the

THAN 9,000 NEW HOUSING

Changes in the percentage of housing

LA+LB 2050 plan approach or exceed

burdened residents will be impacted by

UNITS ACCESSIBLE TO

all of its community goals. As shown in

global, regional, and local economic and

the accompanying table, LA+LB 2050

social processes that cannot be predicted

creates more than 9,000 new housing

with any certainty. While the increase in

units accessible to residents at different

housing supply generated by the plan will

incomes. Not only will the proposed

improve these outcomes, it is not possible

projects exceed the goal for new housing

to develop a quantitative projection.

LA+LB 2050 CREATES MORE

RESIDENTS AT DIFFERENT INCOMES

Implementation After 2050

supply, but the planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s indirect effects

As housing development is expected

(including increased job opportunities and

to be a continued need, several of

waterfront livability) will likely generate

the implementation mechanisms will

additional housing development. The

continue well into the future. For example,

plan also exceeds the goal for affordable

as community land trusts redevelop and

housing units and begins to approach

sell or rent properties, they can use their

the goal for reducing homelessness. A

profits and the growth in their equity

Housing First program will reduce the

to continue to redevelop vacant and

number of chronically homeless living

dilapidated housing.

on the streets, while a Rapid Re-Housing program will reduce the number of

COMMUNITY METRICS

118

FINAL VISION

122

APPENDIX Costs by Project

124

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