Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 1-16 June 2011
Solid Waste Management: Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Ppplication of Selecting Treatment Technology in Sepang Municipal Council, Malaysia Mohd Armi Abu Samahยน, Latifah Abd Manafยน, Ahmad Zaharin Aris and Wan Nor Azmin Sulaimanยน 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia). Received on January 11, 2011 and accepted on February 15, 2011
ABSTRACT The main issues with solid waste management today are to identify and select the most appropriate solid waste treatment technologies as well as disposal method in selected areas. However the decision making process is getting more complicated especially dealing with its cost efficiency. Thus, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was chosen to use as tools to facilitate the decision making task. It is a method developed to support multi-criteria decisions, effective and practical approach that consider complex and unstructured decision. One model was developed as General Hierarchy Structure Model (GHSM) for selecting an appropriate solid waste treatment technology. The models was structured into hierarchy consists of goal, criteria subcriteria and alternatives. Based on political support, technical expertise, environmental impact, market potential, community involvement and cost critera, GHSM will give priority to recycling, composting, incineration or combination of technologies. The case study in Sepang Municipal Council, have shown that the combination of recycling and composting technology is the best alternative and suitable in Sepang area. Keywords : Solid Waste Management, Analytical Hierarchy Process, General Hierarchy Structure Model.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 29-38 June 2011
Assessment of Sediment Contamination by Heavy Metals in River Orogodo (Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria) B.R. Issa¹*, F.O. Arimoro², M. Ibrahim³ G.J. Birma¹ and E.A. Fadairo¹ ¹Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Delta State (Nigeria). ²Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State (Nigeria). ³Niger State Ministry of Education, Minna (Nigeria). Received on September 03, 2010 and accepted on October 12, 2010
ABSTRACT Sediment samples from the coast of River Orogodo in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria were sampled over four months (May to August) and analysed for heavy metals ( Cd, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr) using Atomic absorption spectroscopic method. Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as organic matter, pH and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment matrix were also determined. The result of the analysis indicates significant difference (p<0.05) in pH, organic matters, Mn, Zn and Cr levels for the four month variation. The concentration ranges of metals (in mg/kg of dry sediment) measured were in order of Fe (339-925) > Mn (4.02 -0.50) > Zn (1.91 -1.11) > Cu (1.04-0.10) > Pb (0.96-0.30) > Ni (0.75-0.57) >Cd (0.430.09) > Cr(0.30-0.10). The significant correlation (p<0.05) however exists between some of the metals and some also show high correlations at p<0.01.The concentrations of most heavy metals are low, but iron content is higher than the background value and DPR standard for soil/sediment which indicates significant contamination by iron in the water body. Keywords : Sediment, Contamination, Heavy metals and Pollution.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 39-44 June 2011
Determination of the Lead Content of Pumpkin Leaf Telfairia occidentalis in Selected Towns of Delta State Covering the three (3) Senatorial Districts of the State A.O. Opajobi¹*, C.O. Esume², A. Osasuyi³ and C.C. Okehie² ¹Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University , Abraka (Nigeria). ²Department of Pharmacology, Delta State University, Abraka (Nigeria). ³Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka (Nigeria). Received on March 25, 2011 and accepted on May 02, 2011
ABSTRACT Consumption of foods and vegetables contaminated with heavy metals is a major cause of disease and debility. In this study carried out in 15 non-oil prospecting selected towns in Delta State, Nigeria covering the three (3) senatorial districts of the state, and five (5) towns from each of the senatorial districts, the lead content of Telfairia occidentalis was determined.The mean lead concentration of the locations were tabulated with P< 0.05 student t-test and F-distribution ANOVA at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01 and these showed a significant difference among the three (3) senatorial districts. The mean concentration of lead in each district are 4.660mg/kg for Delta South, 5.771mg/kg for Delta North and 4.305mg/kg for Delta central with none exceeding the approved standard limit of 100mg/kg of the World Health Organisation. It can therefore be hypothesized that Telfairia occidentalis cropped within Delta State, Nigeria, in non-oil prospecting locations is safe for human consumption with regard to lead levels. Keywords : Telfairia occidentalis, lead concentration, non-oil prospecting locations.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 45-52 June 2011
Hydrochemical Profile for Assessing the Groundwater Quality of Paravanar River SubBasin, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India K. Shankar¹, S. Aravindan¹ and S. Rajendran² ¹Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram (India). ²Department of Earth Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman (India). Received on April 10, 2011 and accepted on May 08, 2011
ABSTRACT The Present investigation addresses the groundwater quality aspects of Paravanar River Sub-Basin. Groundwater samples are collected from 35 locations during pre-monsoon for the year 2008 and analyzed for various physico- chemical parameters .Groundwater quality was evaluated with drinking water standards as prescribed by WHO (1984) standards. Gibbs diagram revealed that the overall hydrogeochemical environment of the study area is controlled by rock-water interaction. Three major hydrochemical facies (mixed CaMgCl, Ca–Cl and Na–Cl) were identified using a Piper trilinear diagram. Gibb’s diagram reveals that most the groundwater sample fall in the rock dominance field. The concentrations of cations and anions are within the maximum allowable limits for drinking purpose. Keywords : Groundwater quality, Paravanar River, Rock-water interaction.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 53-59 June 2011
Adsorption of Formaldehyde on Treated Activated Carbon and Activated Alumina Madhu Agarwal*, Manan Dave and Sushant Upadhayaya Department of Chemical Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur (India) Received on March 09, 2011 and accepted on April 29, 2011
ABSTRACT Formaldehyde is extensively used for disinfection and antisepsis in medical facilities and especially in textile and paint industries as a solvent. Owing to the higher concentration of formaldehyde, both in waste effluents and local environment of medical facilities and industries, it has been reported to cause cancer and as an irritant to eyes and skin. The removal efficiency and the adsorption mechanism of formaldehyde onto the treated activated carbons and activated alumina were studied to analyze the effect of modified surface chemistry of adsorbents. The adsorption capacities of all the selected adsorbents were investigated in batch study at varying contact time and initial concentration of formaldehyde at STP. It was found that commercially implemented activated alumina, treated with effective nucleophile, showed significant formaldehyde adsorption with less variation in adsorption capacity even with decrease in initial concentration of adsorbate. These set of experiments indicate that acidity of formaldehyde can be exploited for its removal from waste effluent and air. The optimization studies were carried out to find out the optimum conditions for this adsorption process with adsorption model fitting and kinetic studies. The investigation results were evaluated on per gram of adsorbent basis to predict feasibility of scaling up at commercial level. Keywords : Formaldehyde; Activated alumina; Activated carbon; Adsorption.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 61-66 June 2011
Enhancement of Thermal Efficiency of Traditional Indian Cooking Furnace (Chulha) Ravindra Mohan¹ and Shankar Kumar² ¹Department of Mechanical Engineering M.E.(Heat Power and Thermal Engg.) Lakshmi Narayan College of Technology, Bhopal - 462 021 (India). 2Department of Mechanical Engineering Lakshmi Narayan College of Technology, Bhopal - 462 021(India). Received on March 10, 2011 and accepted on April 07, 2011
ABSTRACT Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and it is a wheel of modern economy. Future economic growth crucially depends on the long-term availability of energy, and cost of sources, availability, accessibility, and environmental friendly. India is a developing country and it needs more energy to accelerate the rate of development. India has the sixth position in the total energy consumption in the world. The energy resource is constant but energy consumption increases day by day. So each country requires more energy efficient equipment for the development and to save energy consumption. There are three ways for efficient energy conversion (a) Discover new energy resource (b) To minimize the energy losses (c) waste heat recovery. Here every human needs the energy for cook food. In India 74% population of India lives in villages and uses the conventional resources e.g. wood, cow dung and agriculture waste and available of bio-mass. So, I select rural area where mostly use bio-mass fuel, like wood and agriculture waste. The chulha (wood stove) use as a cook furnace for bio-mass in rural area. The traditional chulha give low thermal efficiency. In view of conservation of wood fuel and reduction of smoke from the kitchens of rural. In view of conservation of wood fuel and reduction of smoke from the kitchens of rural India, the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources(MNES), Government of India, launched a National Programme on Improved Chullhas(NPIC) during 1984- 85. The NPIC measure traditional Chullhas have thermal efficiency is 8 to 10 percent but in my modified model, thermal efficiency has improved by 15 to 17 percent through extra supply of air. The thermal efficiency of modified chulha over the conventional chulha is 7 % to 9% more. In my modified model do not create pollution into environment due to complete combustion of fuel. Keywords : Thermal efficiency, Indian cooking furnace (Chulha).
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 67-70 June 2011
Morphological Parameters and Chlorophyll Content of Green Vegetable Plants Available Around Jamkhandi M.C. Sangannavar* and B.M. Kalshetty Department of Chemistry, Comm. BHS Arts and TGP Science College, Jamkhandi - 587 302 (India). Received on December 09, 2010 and accepted on January 10, 2011
ABSTRACT Soil science and plant nutrition due to its potential toxicity to humans and also dependent upon the relative mobility in the soil plant system. The present work includes the study the effect of domestic sewage and industrial effluent on vegetable plant growth and chlorophyll content have been estimated. The effluent is alkaline in nature (pH=9.0), comprises of metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Mn and Cr in trace quantities (< o.1 ppm). The parameter values and chlorophyll content showed in a gradual decline due to effluent concentration. It has been observed that the chlorophyll content at vegetables grown near industrial area. After 20 days there was decline in all the parameters observed. However, at higher concentrations of the effluent, toxic effects were observed from 20th day. The present investigation suggests that the effluent can be used for green vegetable cultivation safely only after proper treatment of effluents. Keywords : morphological parameters, Chlorophyll, Green vegetables.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 71-76 June 2011
Impact of Physico-Chemical Parameters on Microbial Diversity: Seasonal Study Mangla Raibole* and Y.P. Singh šDepartment of Zoology, (DESM) Regional Institute of Education (NCERT), Shyamla Hills, Bhopal (India). ²Jawaharlal Nehru P.G. College, Shyamla Hills, Bhopal (India). Received on February 07, 2011 and accepted on March 15, 2011
ABSTRACT Water is the most precious resource on earth. It plays a predominant role in distribution of organisms. Fresh water contains various micro-organisms6. The quality of water1,5 through parameters (Physico-Chemical) affects the species composition, their abundance and productivity of water. Some organisms can survive in a wide range of conditions and some are more tolerant to pollution while others are very sensitive to changes in conditions and intolerant to pollution. These fresh water bodies namely Ravishankar, Murrum-silly and Sondhur reservoir, which serve as drinking, irrigation and major Sources of fish culture were studied with relation in between physicochemical condition and diatoms flora. Samples were collected on the monthly basis from three selected sites of water bodies for a period of one year. Author carried out the 28 species of diatoms have been recorded minimum species were recorded in Sondhur reservoir and maximum species are recorded in Ravishankar reservoir. The number of species diatoms were directly affected to physico-chemical condition of concern water bodies. In this study, reported, diatoms species grow better during January to April and November to December and pH range of 7.8 to 8.6. Similarly high nitrate and phosphate content and dissolved oxygen favour more growth of all the species. The role of physico-chemical parameters in productivity of diatoms has been discussed in this research. Keywords : Physico-chemical parameters, Indicator, microbial diversity, seasonal changes.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 77-85 June 2011
Effect of Enzyme Treatment on Recycling of Shredded Currency Waste of RBI for Making Handmade Paper Ashish Khandelwal and Sunita Chauhan Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute, Ramsingpura, Sikarpura Road, Jaipur -302 029 (India). Received on December 11, 2010 and accepted on January 13, 2011
ABSTRACT Enzymatic recycling process of shredded currency waste was conducted at Kummarappa National Handmade Paper Institute Jaipur. The present study was aimed at recycling of shredded currency waste of Reserve Bank of India in the form of good quality hand made paper and products. Kummarappa National Handmade Paper Institute has already developed a simple technology for currency recycling. An effort was made to utilize blend of certain microbial enzymes for the recycling of shredded currency waste. It was observed that with the application of identified enzymes, a better quality pulp could be produced as compared to the conventionally produced pulp. Therefore, the enzymatic route of recycling the shredded currency waste of RBI for making handmade paper and products was found to be very useful. The tag of “Bio-processing”/enzymatically processed handmade paper” might help in improving the competitiveness of the Indian handmade paper industry especially in the international markets. Keywords : Enzyme Treatment, Recycling, Currency waste, Handmade paper.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 87-90 June 2011
Legal Framework for the Protection and Control of Air Pollution with Special Reference to M.P. Seema Malhotra and H.C. Kataria Government Gitanjali Girls P.G. College, Bhopal - 462 038 (India). Received on April 29, 2011 and accepted on June 30, 2011
ABSTRACT Air is the most important factor of environment. Without air no body can survive. But today the polluted or degraded air quality is a big problem because pollution of air has affected the health of people or causing many diseases. Air pollution raises Blood Pressure according to the study of Sherry Baker¹. Pollution problem cannot deal only technology. Hon’ble Justice Niley Chowdhary said that enormous pollution control problem can be dealt with isolation. It should be integrated with total over all national planning schemes as also with the vibration of Judicial process² and Justice Krishana Iyer has pointed out that if development programs are extensive and extraordinary as they are bound to be, are delinked from the legal process, the decline and fall of democracy may certainly begin³. It means that without economists, sociologists, scientists and lawyers, the pollution can not be solved. Law is regulator of human conduct. There are about 200 major laws directly related to environmental protection. The number of minor legislation directly or indirectly related to control pollution is closed to 3000. M.P. Government also has formed and passed various Acts and Rules to control pollution. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rule 1983 is direct force to control of air pollution of the state but some other Acts and Rules of M.P., are also participated to control the air pollution. We must be aware of these Acts and Rules because we control the pollution origin place or complaint to proper authority for necessary action. Keywords : Air Pollution, Legal framework, Blood pressure, Technology.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 91-93 June 2011
Biodiversity of Algae in River Narmada at Hoshangabad R.K. Raghuwanshi, Pramod Patil¹ and Alka Verma² Govt. Narmada Mahavidyayala, Hoshangabad (India). ¹Government MLB (Auto.)Girl’s P.G. College, Bhopal (India). ²Government Sarojani Naidu (Auto) Girl’s P.G. College Bhopal (India). Received on April 12, 2011 and accepted on June 17, 2011
ABSTRACT The present paper communicates the species richness of algae in river Narmada. The relative contribution of these primary producer groups to the total photosynthetic production of organic matter in rivers is undetermined. The present work is an effort to determine the range of variation among different groups of algae. Composition of algal flora comprises Chlorophyceae (56%), Euglinophyceae (4%), Bacillariophyceae (20%), and Cyanophyceae (20%). Chlorophyceae were reported maximum (128 sp.) during the study period. Keywords : Chlorophyceae, Euglinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Narmada river, algae.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 95-99 June 2011
Study of Physico-chemical Parameters of Drinking Water of Bhopal city with Reference to Health Impacts H.C.Kataria, M.Gupta, M.Kumar, S.Kushwaha, S.Kashyap, S.Trivedi, R.Bhadoriya & N.K.Bandewar Department of Chemistry, Government Geetanjali Girls PG College, Berasia Road, Bhopal - 462 038 (India). Received on April 15, 2011 and accepted on May 29, 2011
ABSTRACT Safe drinking water is the primary need of time most of the people depends upon groundwater sources that have problems of hardness, calcium, Nitrate, Phosphate, fluoride, D.O., B.O.D., COD and heavy metals copper and Zinc and excess of MPN count, Different samples has collected in pre and post monsoon seasons during 2008-09. Different parameters of water has been analyzed and evaluated to the suitability of drinking water for human consumption and public hygiene scenario and health impacts. Some of the parameters are observed within the prescribed limits of 15 : 10500 while others are beyond the limits of WHO and ISI. Keywords : Physic-chemical parameters, Drinking water, Bhopal city, Health impacts.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 101-107 June 2011
Characterization of Processed Jatropha Oil for use as Engine Fuel Anil Kumar Dubey¹, R.M. Sarviya² and A. Rehman² ¹Division of Agricultural Energy and Power, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal - 462 038 (India). ²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal - 462 051 (India). Received on March 29, 2011 and accepted on May 04, 2011
ABSTRACT Out of various no edible oil resources, jatropha curcas oil is considered as a promising alternate fuel for CI engines. The present study describes the process used for production of degummed jatropha oil (DGJO) and jatropha methyl ester (JBD) The important fuel properties of DGJO and JBD were determined and compared with fossil diesel and jatropha oil. The degumming and trans esterification process has reduced the viscosity by 19.8% and 74.8% respectively. The heating of degummed oil at 70 0C reduce the viscosity by 6.8 times when compared with viscosity at 10 0C. Further the degummed oil at 70 0C becomes viscous at par with fossil diesel, hence could be used directly in IC engines. Keywords : Jatropha Curcas, biodiesel, degummed jatropha oil, diesel fuel, water degumming
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 109-114 June 2011
Assessment of Physico-chemical Parameters of Well Water of Kalmeshwar Town, Nagpur Maharashtra (India) DILIP L. BUDHLANI¹ and P.B. NAGARNAIK² ¹P. G. Student, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur (India). ²Dean Academy, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur (India). Received on May 10, 2011 and accepted on June 16, 2011
ABSTRACT Physico-chemical analysis of Well Water of Kalmeshwar Tehsil, District Nagpur has been studied, All the samples were analysed to assess the water quality parameters like Temperature, Physical appearance, Odor, Turbidity, pH, Chloride, Nitrates, Total hardness, Permanent hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium, Potassium, Sulphate, Iron, Fluoride, Total alkanity, Dissolved Oxygen, B.O.D, C.O.D. It was found that most of the parameters are within the permissible limit as described by W.H.O. (1978) except Total Hardness and Total Dissolved solids found to be 510 to 1640 mg/L, 930 to 2800 mg/L. respectively. Keywords : Ground Water Quality, Chemical Parameter, Observed range, Season and Wells.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 115-124 June 2011
Formation of New Products in a Solid-Solid Reaction in the Presence of Organic Solvent Impurity Rabia Ahmad¹ and Qamer Faisal² ¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) Jamia Nagar, New Delhi - 110 025 (India). Received on April 12, 2011 and accepted on June 17, 2011
ABSTRACT We discuss the formation of new products in a solid – solid reaction in the capillary as in well as in bulk in the presence of an organic solvent impurity in a small amount. Three reactions namely KI + HgCl2, CuI + HgCl2 and AgI + HgCl2 were studied. It was found for some of the organic solvent impurities, a small amount of some substance appeared in the half occupied by HgCl2. Thus it became clear that some of the organic substances were reacting with HgCl2 to produce a new substance which be an organo-metallic product. In this light HgCl2 was made to react with the different solvents. However, the new product could be separated out only in two cases, with Cyclohexanone and Dimethylsulfoxide. A black coloured product was formed with Cyclohexanone and with Dimethylsulfoxide the new product was of a light greenish colour. With the other solvents like Acetophenone and Nitrobenzene, the product, if formed, could not be separated out. So a preliminary study of the two products naming these as product A and product B formed with Cyclohexanone and Dimethylsulfoxide respectively has been done. The product A is formed by the reaction of Cyclohexanone solvent with HgCl2 and product B is formed by the reaction of Dimethylsulfoxide solvent with HgCl2 both at 80ºC, for 5 hours. The preliminary studies carried out were measurement of molecular weight (by elevation of boiling point method), ionicity, XRD, FTIR etc. Keywords : New products, organic solvents, molecular weight, ionicity, XRD and FTIR.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 125-130 June 2011
Clean Environment-Clean Technologies, Hydrogen Peroxide for Clean Environment Alina Jyothi Joseph, Kalpana Madgula and Rita Kakkar Department of Chemistry, St. Francis College for Women, Hyderabad (India). Received on April 01, 2011 and accepted on May 08, 2011
ABSTRACT If any substance is interesting, it’s hydrogen peroxide. By now everyone’s aware of the ozone layer that surrounds the earth. Ozone consists of three atoms of oxygen (03). This protective layer of ozone is created when ultraviolet light from the sun splits an atmospheric oxygen molecule (02) into two single, unstable oxygen atoms. These single molecules combine with others to form ozone (03). Ozone isn’t very stable. In fact, it will quickly give up that extra atom of oxygen to falling rainwater to form hydrogen peroxide (H202). It is this hydrogen peroxide in rainwater that makes it so much more effective than tap water when given to plants. With the increased levels of atmospheric pollution, however, greater amounts of H202 react with air-borne toxins and never reach the ground. To compensate for this, many farmers have been increasing crop yields by spraying them with diluted hydrogen peroxide. We can achieve the same beneficial effect with house plants. If you’ve never used Hydrogen Peroxide you are overlooking one of the most powerful healing tools ever discovered. Most of us started on hydrogen peroxide shortly after birth. Not only does mother’s milk contain high amounts of H202, the amount contained in the first milk (colostrum) is even higher. This seems only reasonable now that we know one of its main functions is to activate and stimulate the immune system. Hydrogen peroxide is safe, readily available and dirt cheap. And best of all, it works! We do know that it is loaded with oxygen. (Half a liter of the food-grade 35% solution contains the equivalent of 65 lits of oxygen under normal conditions. We also know that when H202 is taken into the body (orally or intravenously) the oxygen content of the blood and body tissues increases dramatically. Hydrogen Peroxide is most versatile chemical used in various industries as bleaching agent, reagent in chemical synthesis, environmental control / effluent treatment, sterilization etc. The important constituent being active oxygen which is obtained by the controlled decomposition of H2O2 and water as a by-product. In this paper, the usage of H2O2 to provide ‘clean’ processes, without the production of any harmful or environmentally unsafe product is presented. Keywords : Environment, Hydrogen peroxide, Ozone.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 131-134 June 2011
Groundwater Quality in Beed District of Maharashtra During Summer Season A.V. Gaikwad and S.R. Mirgane ¹Department of Chemistry, V.M. Kaij Dist-beed (India). ²J.E.S.C. Jalna Dist. Jalna (India). Received on January 03, 2010 and accepted on March 10, 2010
ABSTRACT A systematic physico – chemical study of ground water in 16 different localities in Beed district of Maharashtra has been taken up to evaluate its suitability for drinking purpose in the year 2008-09. The physic –chemical parameters are such as pH, EC, TDS, TH, TA, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+ of ground water were studied. In present study water samples were collected monthly for four months during summer from sixteen selected ground water sources i.e. Bore wells. The values of physcio – chemical parameters are compared with standard values suggested by WHO. It is observed that values of TDS, TH, TA,Ca++, Mg++ and Na+ have high values than the permissible limit prescribed by WHO. Keywords : Ground water, Beed district, physic – chemical analysis.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 135-139 June 2011
Preliminary Results of the Electrical Conductivity and Magnetic Nature of the Highly Pressed Double Halides of Mercury and their Equimolar Mixtures Rabia Ahmad*, Jamshed Ali and Qamer Faisal Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi - 110 025 (India). Received on May 10, 2011 and accepted on June 13, 2011
ABSTRACT A preliminary report of some of the results of the measurements of the electrical conductivity of HgCl2, HgBr2, HgI2 and an equi-molar mixture of HgCl2 and HgBr2 and another of HgBr2 and HgI2, all these being pressed to 10 tons/cm2 of pressure, are reported. The very low value of the electrical conductivity of the two equimolar mixtures, compared to those of the corresponding double halides strongly suggests formation of some new product in both the cases. This is also supported by the X- ray diffractograms of the compounds. Finding the nature of the product is a matter for detailed study before any reliable conclusions can be drawn. Keywords : Mercury double and mixed halides, Electrical Conductivity, XRD of products.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 141-144 June 2011
Study of Fluorides in Different Water Sources around Bilaspur City (C’garh) and its Effect on Surrounding areas MILAN HAIT¹*, SHUCHI GUPTA¹, UTPAL JANA² and DIBYAJYOTI SAHA³ ¹Department of Chemistry, Shantiniketan College, Dayalbandh, Bilaspur - 495 001 (India). ²Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002 (India). ³Department of Pharmacy, Chouksey Engineering College, Lalkhadan, Masturi Road, Bilaspur - 495 004 (India). Received on February 07, 2011 and accepted on March 14, 2011
ABSTRACT Water is essential for life on earth. A study was made on surface and ground water of different locations of six major villages around Bilaspur city, Chattishgarh. Samples were collected in the month of April, 2010 and concentrations of Fluorides were analyzed in the laboratory of PHE department, Bilaspur city. A comparative graph was plotted. Fluoride concentrations were found to be less than 1.5 mg/L, which is permissible limit, no harmful effect were found in this area. Keywords : Water, Fluoride, SPADNS method.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 145-149 June 2011
Comparative study of Drinking Water Quality Parameters of three Manmade Reservoirs i.e. Kolar, Kaliasote and Kerwa Dam Ranjeeta Choudhary, Pushpa Rawtani¹ and Monika Vishwakarma² Department of Chemistry, Sant Hirdaram Girls College, Bhopal 462 023 (India) ¹Department of Chemistry, Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls College, Bhopal - 462 016 (India) ²Department of Chemistry, NRI Institute of Information Science and Technology, Bhopal (India). Received on January 11, 2011 and accepted on February 18, 2011
ABSTRACT A physico-chemical study of the Kerwa dam, Kolar dam and Kaliasote dam of Bhopal has been carried out to examine the suitability of surface water for drinking purposes. Water Samples were collected from two sampling stations of each dam and analyzed (APHA, AWWA, WEF, 1998) for the physico– chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sulphate, fluoride and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to know the present status of the water bodies. The concentrations of investigated parameters in the water samples were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines except for the values of COD and total hardness. The value of COD was found in the range of 18 mg/l to 30 mg/l which was much higher than the maximum permissible limits as prescribed by WHO standards (1993). The value of total hardness ranges from 118 mg/l to 170 mg/l which is also above the permissible limit as prescribed by WHO standards. Keywords : Kerwa dam, Kolar dam, Kaliasote dam, Physico chemical characteristics etc.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 151-157 June 2011
Experimental Investigations on Packed Bed Solar Air Heater M.K. Lalji*, R.M. Sarviyaยน and J.L. Bhagoriaยน *Department of Technical Education and Skill Development, M.P. Govt, S.V. Polytechnic College, Shyamla Hills, Bhopal 462 002 (India). ยนDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal - 462 052 (India). Received on April 25, 2011 and accepted on May 29, 2011
ABSTRACT Solar collector is important component of active solar heating systems. It has been observed that the performance of flat plate collector improves appreciably by packing its duct with blackened wire screen matrices and this improvement is a strong function of bed and operating parameters. In this paper an experimental test setup is designed and fabricated. Performance evaluation of packed bed Solar air heater using wire mesh screen matrices and its comparison with conventional design has been done. Data collection at different mass flow rates for a number of configurations has been done. Further suitable recommendations have been made accordingly. Keywords : Solar Energy, Air-heater, Test-duct, Wire-mesh,
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 159-163 June 2011
Macrobenthic Fauna of a Local Stream, Ghomanhasan (Jammu) Seema Langer, A. Sharma and S. Parvez Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu - 180 006 (India). Received on March 19, 2011 and accepted on April 20, 2011
ABSTRACT Stream Gho-Manhasan is analysed for physical, chemical and biological status of its water. Variations both in water and benthic life inhabiting the stream were noted down. Keywords : Physico-chemical parameters, Benthos.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 165-168 June 2011
Physico-chemical Parameters of Textile Mill Effluent, Hinganghat, Dist. Wardha (M.S.) N.P. MOHABANSI, P.V. TEKADE and S.V. BAWANKAR Department of Chemistry, Jankidevi Bajaj College of Science, Jamnalal Bajaj Marg, Civil lines, Wardha - 442 001 (India) Received on March 25, 2011 and accepted on May 01, 2011
ABSTRACT Sample of textile industry effluent was collected from Hinganghat, District Wardha (M.S.) India and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The results of this analysis were compared with the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). In this analysis the various physicochemical parameters such as colour, odour, temperature, density, surface tension, viscosity, alkalinity, acidity, chloride, hardness, total dissolved solids(TDS), total suspended solid, pH, conductance, sulphate, COD, BOD, were determined using standard procedures. Elements like Sodium and potassium were determined flame photometrically. The quality of water samples were discussed with respect to these parameters and thus an attempt were made to ascertain the quality of water used for drinking and domestic purposes in the studied area. Keywords : Physico-chemical parameters, textile industry effluents, Water quality BIS.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 169-172 June 2011
Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Water Quality of Irrigation Reservoir (Kaliasote Reservoir) of Bhopal (M.P.) Ganesh Ram Namdev, Avinash Bajpai¹ and Suman Malik² Department of Chemistry Sadhu Vaswani College Bhopal (India). ¹Makhanlal University Bhopal (India). ²Head of Department of Chemistry, Sadhu Vaswani College, Bhopal (India). Received on March 25, 2011 and accepted on April 30, 2011
ABSTRACT The use of chemical fertilizers in the catchment area of the Kaliashote reservoir has increased many fold thus, residual impact of the chemical fertilizer as well as agriculture waste inflow in the lake considerably increased water pollution problem. The residues of the chemical fertilizer reaching to the Kaliashote reservoir with storm water enriched the lake water with the loading of nutrients. The extra loading of the nutrient causes eutrophication that supports luxuriant growth of macrophytes. Results of analyzed of several physicochemical parameters such as pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen(DO) , Biological Oxygen demand(BOD) , Chemical Oxygen demand(COD), Nitrates ,Phosphates and Potassium shows high concentration of nutrients in the areas where chemical fertilizer are being used (at the station near Bhadbhada) in comparison Reference sample i.e. Behind MACT, Kaliasote Reservoir. Keywords : Eutrophication, Chemical Fertilizers, Organic Fertilizers, Water Quality
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 173-176 June 2011
Water Quality of Reservoir in Mandsour Disrict, Madhya Pradesh Deepali Amb, Rachna modi, M.S.Sharma², Vipul Sharma and Kuldeep singh Gour Limnology & Fishries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, M.L.Sukhadiya University, Udaipur (India). Received on April 30, 2011 and accepted on June 11, 2011
ABSTRACT Shivna river is an important tributary of chambal river. It is Originated in Rajasthan and flows along border of madhyapradesh and enters in mandsour district near achera. the famas templs of lord shiva is situated form mandsour of the river Shivna. the present study has been made to investigate the Physico-chemichal parameters of the river Shivna .the present study was carried out form the month of Dec. 2008 to Sep. 2010.Sample were collected on seasonal basis form three sampling sites of mandsour i.e. Ramghat dam,Mirzapur dam and Pashpatinath Pond. The Physico-chemichal parameters like temprature ,PH, Depth of visibility total hardness,conductivity,T.D.S. nitrate phosphate dissolved oxygen etc. were analysed during the course of study. the study revealed the Pashpatinath site showd higher concentration of nitrate ,phosphate due to many domestic activities as compare to other site eutrophication is increasing. Keywords : Water quality, Mandsaur. physico-chemical parameters.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 177-181 June 2011
Green Nanotechnology for Cleaner Environment Present and Future Research Needs E.D. Sherly, Kalpana Madgula and Rita Kakkar Department of Chemistry, St. Francis College for Women, Begumpet, Hyderabad (India). Received on March 10, 2011 and accepted on April 28, 2011
ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. At this level, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter. Nanotechnology R&D is directed towards understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties. It is expected to result in cleaner and less wasteful methods of manufacture, stronger and lighter building materials, smaller yet faster computers, and more powerful ways to detect and treat disease. Nanotechnology promises exciting break through and sustainable future. This paper fundamentally covers how nanotechnology can be envisaged as a green alternative in different aspects nanoparticle synthesis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; by green route Use of metal nanoparticles and nano clay as additives in polymer nanocomposites - special applications with respect to composites in packaging Minimizing the use of nonbiodegradable plastics (thermoplastic & thermosetting) and replacing them to some extent with biodegradable plastics and biopolymers Tailor made applications and future needs Keywords : Nanotechnology, Environment, Future Research Requirements.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 183-186 June 2011
Innovative Teaching: Using Multimedia in a Problem-Based Learning Environment Ashvini Joshi Sri Satya Sai College of Engineering, Bhopal (India). Received on February 06, 2011 and accepted on March 12, 2011
ABSTRACT Presently, traditional educational approaches have resulted in a mismatch between what is taught to the students and what the industry needs. As such, many institutions are moving towards problem-based learning as a solution to producing graduates who are creative, can think critically and analytically, and are able to solve problems. In this paper, we focus on using multimedia technology as an innovative teaching and learning strategy in a problem-based learning environment by giving the students a multimedia project to train them in this skill set. The purpose of this project was to access the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; skills in framing and solving problems using multimedia technologies. The students worked in groups and each group had to pick a topic for their project, develop, design and present it in a CDROM. They were then surveyed on their attitudes toward the project and their skills as a team. Results showed that the students were very positive toward the project, enjoyed teamwork, able to think critically and became active participants in their learning process. Therefore, multimediaoriented projects, like many other problem-based learning solutions, can be used alternatively as an innovative and effective tool in a problem-based learning environment for the acquisition of problem-solving skills. Keywords : Problem-based learning, Interactive Multimedia, Macromedia Director, Teamwork, Problem-solving.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 187-190 June 2011
Physico-chemical Assessment of Ground Water in Dhule city of Maharashtra, India R.C. CHAUTMAL¹, N.J. BIRARIS² and T.J. PATIL* ¹Department of Chemistry, GET’s Art’s Commerce and Science College, Nagaon (India). ²Department of Applied Sciences, SSVP’ BSD College of Engineering, Dhule -424 002 (India). *Department of Chemistry, JET’s Zulal Bhilajirao Patil College, Dhule - 424 002 (India). Received on April 20, 2011 and accepted on May 29, 2011
ABSTRACT Ground water samples of the selected locations in Dhule city were analyzed in respect of physico-chemical aspects in order to determine the potability of the water and call for same effective measures to be taken to minimize the adverse impact on human health. The avarage values of assessment were compared with the standards given by WHO, ISI and ICMR. It was found from present study that there are variations in many physico-chemical parameters. The sample S-1 and S-3 were found within the possible limits, while S-2 and S-4 shows large variations and found to be exceeding their acceptable limits of standards indicating poor potability due to contamination from sewage. Keywords : Ground water, Physico- chemical Parameters, Potable of water.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 191-193 June 2011
Assessment of Ground Water Quality and its Impact in and around Mangalam near Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India G.D. RANI1, M. SUMAN¹, C.N. RAO¹, P.R. RANI¹, V.G. PRASHANTH², R. PRATHIBHA² and P. Venkateswarlu¹* ¹Department of Chemistry, S.V. University, Tirupathi - 517 502 (India). ²Department of Chemistry, GATE Degree and P. G. College, Tirupathi - 517 502 (India). Received on January 06, 2011 and accepted on February 26, 2011
ABSTRACT Ground water quality and its impact on human health in and around Mangalam, near Tirupathi, India was assessed. Water samples were collected from 8 different areas in and around Mangalam and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates and dissolved oxygen. The found values of physicochemical parameters were compared with the World Health Organisation water quality standards. Based on the analysis, it was found that ground water of some of the areas was polluted and not suitable for drinking purpose. Thus the ground water of the area needs purification before drinking. Keywords : Ground water, physicochemical parameters, purification, permissible limit.
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 195-200 June 2011
In vivo Study of Immune Response against Vibrio vulnificus in Mugil cephalus by Caccination P. VIJAYALAKSHMI¹, K. REVATHI², K. MOORTHY¹* and AZAD ISMAIL SAHEB³ ¹Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women Thiruchengode- 637 205 (India). ²Department of Zoology, Ethiraj College, Chennai - 600 008 (India). ³Department of Pathology, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai (India). Received on April 12, 2011 and accepted on June 17, 2011
ABSTRACT vulnificus isolated from diseased Mullet, Mugil cephalus L., were immunized with formalin inactivated Vibrio vulnificus to the juveniles of priming and booster groups of fish. Assessing the humoral immune response using the serum agglutination assays. This experiment was performed to compare the antibody titre in priming dose and booster dose. The result revealed that the higher priming response at 21 dpp and booster response at 35 dpb. This intramuscular injection was more suitable for inducing the primary response than intraperitoneal injection. Keywords : Immune response, Vibrio vulnificus, juveniles of Mugil cephalus, Agglutination titre
Volume 6 No. 1 Page No. 17-27 June 2011
Physical and Chemical Properties and Algal Composition of Derbendikhan Lake, Sulaimania, Iraq Janan Jabbar Toma Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Salahaddin, Hawler, Kurdistan region of Iraq, (Iraq). Received on March 27, 2011 and accepted on May 14, 2011
ABSTRACT Limnological studies of Derbendikhan Lake were carried out was carried out seasonally over period of 4 season (summer, autumn, winter and spring). The present study deals with physico - chemical parameters and algal composition. The maximum and minimum range of physico - chemical properties were as, 13-34 °C and 12-30 °C for air and water temperature, Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids varied from 435-485µs/cm and 278-310mg/L respectively, pH on alkaline side of neutrality, alkalinity 200 - 240 mgCaCO3/ L in February and May respectively, harness ranged between 210280mgCaCO3/L, the highest value of calcium and magnesium reached to 70mg/L and 34mg/L respectively, minimum value of sodium was 7.0 mg /L and maximum value of potassium was 1.4 mg /L, sulfate value ranged from 125-175mg/L, minimum value of chloride was 24mg/L.Higer value of nitrite, phosphate and silicate was 0.86µgN-NO2/L, 25µgP-PO4/L and 0.5µgSiSiO2/L respectively. A total of 30 species were recorded. Fourteen species of the total belong to Bacillariophyceae, 8 species belong to Chlorophyceae, 5 species to Cyanophyceae, 2 species to Pyrophyta, and 1 species to Euglenophyceae. Keywords : Limnological investigation, Dokan, Lake.