Naturvation handbook fin by Viktória Takács

nature-based urban innovation

NATURVATION project

Work Programme 2.

NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS DATA COLLECTION GUIDANCE MANUAL HORIZON 2020 // The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation April 2017

PREPARED BY:

Dora Almassy (CEU), Dr. Laszlo Pinter (CEU and IISD), Sara Maia Rocha (CEU)

Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................................................. 2

1.1. Background and project overview....................................................................................................................2 1.2. Project objectives....................................................................................................................................................3 1.3. Work Programme of the Project......................................................................................................................4 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURVATION PROJECTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NBS DATABASE.......................................................................5

2.1. Tasks of Work Programme 2 (WP2)............................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Development of an NBS database with 1000 NBS interventions from 100 cities and Basic profiling of NBS across Europe (Work Programme 2.1.)........................................................... 6 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS.................................................................................7

3.1. What are nature-based solutions?.................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. Domains and examples of nature-based solutions...................................................................................8 3.2.1. Building greens........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.2.2. Urban green areas connected to grey infrastructure .......................................................... 9 3.2.3. Parks and (semi) natural urban green areas............................................................................10 3.2.4. Allotments and community gardens...........................................................................................10 3.2.5.Green indoor areas............................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.6. Blue areas .............................................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.7. Green areas for water management........................................................................................... 12 3.2.8. Derelict areas........................................................................................................................................ 12 3.3. What benefits can nature-based solutions deliver?............................................................................... 13 3.3.1. Ecosystem services and definition of the type of services .............................................. 13 3.3.2. Challenges addressed and benefits delivered by nature-based solutions................... 14 4. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROCESS FOR DATA COLLECTION.......................................................................................17

4.1. Assignment of cities .............................................................................................................................................17 4.2. Guidelines to identifying and selecting 10 NBS in the studied city .............................................. 21 4.2.1. NBS/Green Infrastructure Strategy............................................................................................ 22 4.2.2. Climate change/Biodiversity/ Green Space/ Smart city strategy................................. 22 4.2.3. Urban planning documents............................................................................................................ 22

4.2.4. Searching online database ............................................................................................................ 22 4.2.5. Scientific literature review............................................................................................................. 24 4.2.6.Online search with specific search words................................................................................ 24 4.2.7. Example of list of selected interventions ............................................................................... 25 4.3. Collection of materials for analysis for each NBS................................................................................. 29 4.4. Analysis of documents gathered .................................................................................................................. 33 4.5. Interview guidelines............................................................................................................................................ 35 5. OVERVIEW OF THE NBS QUESTIONNAIRE............................................................................................................................37

5.1. Section 1: General information...........................................................................................................................3 5.2. Section 2: Objectives of the intervention.................................................................................................. 41 5.2.1. Goals, targets and indicators........................................................................................................... 41 5.2.2. Sustainability challenges ................................................................................................................44 5.2.3. Implementation activities .............................................................................................................. 46 5.3. Section 3: Ecological domains, ecosystem services and scale.........................................................48 5.3.1. Ecological domains ............................................................................................................................48 5.3.2. Ecosystem services provided by the NBS............................................................................... 52 5.3.3. Scale of the intervention................................................................................................................ 54 5.3.4. Beneficiaries ........................................................................................................................................ 54 5.4. Section 4: Governance and financing .........................................................................................................57 5.4.1 Governance ............................................................................................................................................57 5.4.2. Policy drivers........................................................................................................................................65 5.4.3. Enablers...................................................................................................................................................69 5.4.4 Financing .................................................................................................................................................73 5.5. Section 5: Innovation...........................................................................................................................................79 5.5.1. Type of innovation...............................................................................................................................79 5.5.2 Novelty level and replicability/transferability of the innovation..................................... 83 5.6. Section 6. Evaluation and learning................................................................................................................ 85 5.6.1. Impacts/ benefits................................................................................................................................. 85 5.6.2. Evidence for use of assessment....................................................................................................87 5.6.3. Impact assessment mechanism......................................................................................................89 5.6.4. Citizen involvement ........................................................................................................................ 92 5.7. Section 7. Sources ............................................................................................................................................... 94 6. GUIDELINES TO ACCESS AND USE THE ONLINE DATA TEMPLATE........................................................................... 95

Annex 1. NATURVATION - Categories, subcategories and definitions of NBS................................................97 Annex 2. Example of a message to sent to the contact person connected to the intervention:.........100 Annex 3. Template for registering additional data from interviews................................................................... 101 Annex 4. Weekly Progress Report Template............................................................................................................... 102

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CEU

CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

EUROPEAN UNION

H2020 HORIZON 2020 EU FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME LU

LUND UNIVERSITY

NBS

NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

SUDS SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS UU

UTRECHT UNIVERSITY

WORK PROGRAMME

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

1.INTRODUCTION This guidance manual was developed with the aim to provide assistance to the Interns from the Central European University (CEU), Lund University (LU) and Utrecht University (UU) involved in collecting and documenting details of 1000 Nature-based solutions (NBS) from 100 European cities in a database developed within the framework of the EU Horizon 2020 NATURVATION project, Work Programme 2 (WP2). The document is structured around six sections: • SECTION 1 AND 2 is a brief summary of the NATURVATION project and the NBS database development, undertaken in WP 2. • SECTION 3 provides an overview of NBS and present specific examples. • SECTION 4 offers guidance for the process of the collection of data for the NBS database. • SECTION 5 presents a detailed overview of the online data collection questionnaire and guidance for the data analysis, including examples of answers for selected interventions • SECTION 6 provides additional resources useful for data collection, guidance to the use of the online database, interview guidelines and reporting templates. This guidance manual will provide the basis for a one-day training delivered on the 30th of May 2017 to the interns of CEU and LU and on the 13th of June 2017 to the interns of UU, organized prior to the data collection process starts. To take out most of the training, the interns are requested to familiarize themselves with the guidance note before the training. In addition, the guidance manual is developed with the aim to provide definitions, examples, tips, data sources and templates, that can support a successful and efficient data collection throughout the process. Photo above: Porto’s largest green roof - Jardim das Oliveras. Porto, Portugal. Photo Credit: Gail Agular

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

KEY INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROJECT PROJECT TIMELINE:

2016 December – 2020 November LEAD PARTNER:

Durham University PROJECT PARTNERS:

Central European University (Hungary) Ecologic Institute GmbH (Germany) ICLEI (Germany) Institut fur Landeskunde (Germany) PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (The Netherlands) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain) Lund University (Sweden) Utrecht University (The Netherlands) ENT Environment and Management (Spain) The Centre for Economic and Regional Studies (Hungary) Malmö City (Sweden) Newcastle City Council (UK) Gemeente Utrecht (The Netherlands)

In the face of global change and increasing environmental, economic and social pressures in an increasingly urban world, sustainable development and resilience are more important than ever for cities in Europe and beyond. NBS are seen to hold significant promise in enabling the urban transition to sustainability and meeting sustainable development goals. They have potential to provide multiple benefits across a range of sustainability challenges facing cities – such as managing flooding, supporting improved health outcomes or create places for social interaction and recreation. The Horizon 2020, EU Framework Programme funded NATURVATION project seeks to assess the performance of NBS through examining the services that NBS provides, their value and benefit, their scope in terms of the constituents (and potentially ecosystems) through which these are realised as well as the dynamics and the politics of these interventions (including modes of governance, business/financing models and civic engagement).2

1.1. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT OVERVIEW The European Union (EU) Research and Innovation policy agenda on NatureBased Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities, implemented mainly through Horizon 2020, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, aims to position the EU as leader in ‘Innovating with nature’ for more sustainable and resilient societies.3 Despite their significant potential, the use of NBS remains marginal, incidental, and highly uneven. The challenge of unlocking the potential of NBS is three-fold:4 • CHALLENGE 1 Advancing Assessment: moving beyond existing approaches that tend to prioritise the ecosystem service benefits of NBS targeting single issues to new processes and techniques capable of assessing the multiple and systemic impacts of NBS in the urban arena, identifying where competing priorities and conflicting values emerge, and accounting for the values and priorities of urban stakeholders. • CHALLENGE 2 Enabling Innovation: scaling up from small-scale, fragmented interventions by recognising the ways in which the innovation potential of NBS can be supported through governance, partnerships, business and finance models as well as public participation to overcome the systemic conditions that currently limit their use.

WEBSITE:

www.naturvation.eu

2 Source: NATURVATION project proposal 3 https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs 4 Source: NATURVATION project proposal

• CHALLENGE 3 Realising Potential: overcoming the implementation gap in the urban arena by building momentum for NBS in through creating partnerships, knowledge platform, processes and tools required to support policy, business and civil society organisations in cities across Europe. With the aim to address the above challenges, NATURVATION, a four-year research project, was launched in December 2016. Funded by the Horizon 2020, EU Framework Programme, the project is led by Durham University and involves 12 partners and 6 urban-regional innovation partnerships across Europe.

1.2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES In order the address the challenge of unlocking the potential of NBS, the project will pursue three overarching objectives5: • OBJECTIVE 1: Advancing the knowledge frontier through novel assessment approaches for mapping and evaluating the multi-functional & systemic impacts of NBS to create a robust evidence base & tools for decision-making. • OBJECTIVE 2: Enabling innovation by generating internationally comparative insights into the ways in which governance, public participation, business and finance shape critical pathways for NBS and how the conditions that limit their use can be overcome to support more systemic integration.  • OBJECTIVE 3: Building momentum through the co-design, co-development & co-implementation of partnerships, knowledge, recommendations, processes and tools required to realise the potential of NBS.

Figure 1.

REALISING THE POTENTIAL OF NBS IN EUROPEAN CITIES THROUGH NATURVATION

Advanced assessment of NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

identification of the critical factors shaping URBAN INNOVATION

5 Source: NATURVATION project proposal

NATURVATION

partnerships, knowledge platform, processes and tools will build momentum for the systemic integration of NBS

1.3. WORK PROGRAMME OF THE PROJECT The NATURVATION Work Programme (WP) consists of four core elements: building transdisciplinary foundations; advancing assessment; enabling innovation; and realising potential. 1 More specifically, the project will undertake the following activities:

WP1

WP2

Create trans-disciplinary analytical foundations required to respond to this agenda

Map the use and impact of NBS in 100 European cities to characterise existing practice

WP4

WP3

Undertake an in-depth, internationally comparative analysis to identify the innovation potential of NBS

Develop a novel Nature Based Solutions Assessment Framework to capture their multi-faceted &  systemic impacts as well as their diverse economic and culltural values;

WP5

WP6

Investigate the regulatory, financial and development conditions that limit & enable the use of NBS

Build capacity, enabling replication and embedding cultural change through communication,  dissemination and impact activities

1 Source: NATURVATION project proposal

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURVATION PROJECT’S NBS DATABASE 2.1. TASKS OF WORK PROGRAMME 2 (WP2) WP2 of the NATURVATION project seeks to advance the state of the art beyond the analysis of individual types or cases of NBS by undertaking a uniquely comprehensive survey of NBS in European cities. The resulting NATURVATION database will detail the type, form, function and distribution of NBS in 100 European cities. The database will assess: the key characteristics of urban NBS; the relation between urban NBS and economic development, social inclusion & health; and the types of innovation that support the uptake of NBS in different European contexts.1 The WP2 includes the following three tasks: • Development of an NBS database with 1000 NBS interventions from 100 cities and Basic profiling of NBS across Europe (WP2.1) • Analysis of NBS socio-economic patterns (to understand how NBS are distributed within and across cities and to examine how this relates to different key economic, social and health variables that shape urban quality of life and livelihoods (WP2.2) • Analysis of NBS innovation patterns to examine whether the types of NBS innovation are associated with different urban conditions or sustainability challenges. (WP2.3)

1 Source: NATURVATION project proposal

Figure 2.

January 2017 Review existing similar databases February - March 2017 First draft database concept and amendments based on comments from the partnership April 2017 Pilot testing in all URIP cities, finalization of the database concept April - May 2017 Development and testing of the web-based version of the database June - July 2017 Populating the database by interns

2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF AN NBS DATABASE WITH 1000 NBS INTERVENTIONS FROM 100 CITIES AND BASIC PROFILING OF NBS ACROSS EUROPE (WORK PROGRAMME 2.1.) The objective of Task 1 of Work Programme 2 is to develop the first comprehensive survey of NBS in European cities and produce an interactive database that allows users to examine how NBS are being used under different urban conditions. By choosing a representative sample of cities using the Eurostat Urban Audit2, the project will analyse which types of NBS are being implemented, where, how they are being delivered and the issues they are seeking to address. Between January and May 2017, based on a review of existing databases, an online questionnaire was developed by the CEU and the Ecologic Institute to collect information about NBS interventions across Europe. During the course of June and July of 2017, this questionnaire will be populated by Master students drawn from the Master’s Programmes of Central European University, Lund University and Utrecht University. After a quality check on the collected data in August 2017, the CEU and the Ecologic Institute will carry out a basic profiling of NBS across Europe, including the statistical analysis of the database, identification of innovative business and finance models, governance arrangements and stakeholder participation forms. Figure 2. presents an overview of the NBS database development process. The results of the analysis will be used for the following purposes: • Create an interactive online database, which allows experts and users to discover various NBS solutions and their basic profiles across Europe. • Provide a basis for analysing the NBS socio-economic patterns in WP2.2.

August 2017 Final quality check of the collected data

September - October 2017 Basic profiling of NBS by CEU and Ecologic

November 2017 Open-data version of the database with interactive tools and final report publication

• Provide a basis for analysing the innovation patterns in WP2.3. • Support case study selection to undertake an in-depth, internationally comparative analysis to identify the innovation potential of NBS (for WP4). • Provide insights into the barriers facing NBS innovation (for WP5). • Inform capacity-building, communication,  dissemination and impact activities of the project (for WP6).

2 http://bit.ly/2pZNhiD

3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS In this chapter, we define nature-based solutions (NBS), illustrate the various types of interventions with real life examples and review the benefits they provide and the challenges they address.

3.1. WHAT ARE NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS? In recent years, several definitions have been provided for NBS: • The EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC)1 defines nature-based solutions to societal challenges „as solutions that are inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social and economic benefits and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, and more diverse, nature and natural features and processes into cities, landscapes and seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient and systemic interventions”. • According to the INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN)2 nature-based solutions can be defined as “actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”. • ALBERT ET AL. (2017, P315)3 proposes three criteria for defining nature-based solutions „First, nature-based solutions need to provide simultaneous benefits for society, the economy and nature. Second, the term should be understood to represent a transdisciplinary umbrella that encompasses experience from existing concepts such as ‘blue–green infrastructure’ in engineering, ‘natural capital’ and ‘ecosystem services’ in economics, and ‘landscape functions’ in environmental planning. Third, a nature-based solution needs to be introduced gradually, to allow time for careful assessment of its application in real-life settings and further refinement”. 1 Source: https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs 2 Source: https://www.iucn.org/commissions/commission-ecosystem-management/our-work/nature-based-solutions 3 Source: Albert C., Spangenberg J.H. and Schroter B. (2017) Nature-based solutions: criteria. Nature 543, 315.

In this context, NBS are “seen to hold significant promise in enabling the urban transition to sustainability” and are interventions which address urban challenges by exploring nature’s features. According to the NATURVATION project, NBS are “deliberate interventions that seek to use the properties of nature to address urban challenges” (which have the ability to be cost-effective and provide benefits (environmental, social and economic) while supporting resilience building.4 NBS interventions are not simply existing green areas or structures, but interventions that change or enhance the function of the area/structure to address existing/current societal challenges. The emphasis is on addressing challenges. Therefore, the NATURVATION project is interested in identifying solutions with such “function-enhancing” features. For instance, an urban park itself is not necessarily an NBS. However, if it was transformed from unused railway tracks or includes permeable surfaces that can ma-nage storm water, or if the management, ownership, organisation, financing of the park was purposefully changed to enhance its functions, then it can be considered an NBS. In addition, the use and the inspiration of nature to address an urban problem can be both a physical intervention, or a discursive one (e.g. a park that has existed for 100 years is now relabelled as a solution to health problems by creating knowledge about how exercise improves mental and physical health and how to access the park).

ADDITIONAL READINGS ABOUT NBS

Box 2.

Eggermont, H., Balian, E., Azevedo, M. N., Beumer, V., Brodin, T., Claudet, J., Fady, B., Grube, M., Keune, H., Lamarque,P., Reuter, K., Smith, M., Van Ham, C., Weisser, W. W. and Le Roux, X. (2015) ‘Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe Nature-based Solutions, an Emerging Term’. doi: 10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. European Commission (2015) Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities. doi: 10.2777/765301. Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N., Pauleit, S., Artmann, M., Davis, M., Haase, D., Knapp, S., Korn, H., Stadler, J., Zaunber-ger, K. and Bonn, A. (2016) ‘Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas – perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, opportunities and barriers for action’, Ecology and Society, 21(2), p. 39. doi: 10.5751/ES-08373-210239. Nesshöver, C., Assmuth, T., Irvine, K. N., Rusch, G. M., Waylen, K. A., Delba-ere, B., Haase, D., Jones-Walters, L., Keu-ne, H., Kovacs, E., Krauze, K., Külvik, M., Rey, F., van Dijk, J., Inge Vistad, O., Wilkinson, M. E. and Wittmer, H. (2017) ‘The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: An interdisciplinary perspective’, Science of the Total Environment, 579, pp. 1215–1227. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.106

3.2. DOMAINS AND EXAMPLES OF NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS This section provides a short definition of the domains within which NBS are located, since NBS in an urban environment can take various forms. The NATURVATION project distinguishes the following categories (ecological domains) adapted from various sources5: 4 Source: NATURVATION project proposal 5 Braquinho et al. (2015) A Typology of Urban Green Spaces, Ecosystem Provisioning Services and Demands. URL: http://bit.ly/2qENbhu; Xing et al. (2017), Characterisation of Nature-Based Solutions for the Built Environment. URL: https://orca.cf.ac.uk/97729/1/Xing%20 2017%20NBS%20BuiltEnvironment.pdf; Ecologic Institute (2011) Assessment of the potential of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and mitigation in Europe. URL: http://ecologic.eu/sites/files/project/2013/2345_eba_ebm_cc_finalreport_23nov2011.; US EPA website on Green Infrastructure https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/performance-green-infrastructure; F.Ndubisi, D.M.Terry, D.D.Niels, Environmentally sensitive areas: a template for developing greenway corridors. In: J.Fabos, J.Ahern (Eds.), Greenways: The Beginning of an International Movement, 1995, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

• • • • • • • •

Building greens (external) Urban green areas connected to grey infrastructure Parks and (semi)natural urban green areas Allotments and community gardens Green indoor areas Blue areas Green areas for water management Derelict areas

EXAMPLE:

3.2.1. Building greens Types: 1) green roofs, 2) green walls or facades, 3) balcony green.

Green roof in Porto, Portugal - Jardim das Oliveras. Porto’s largest green roof — an oasis of 50 olive trees and lush grass on top of a semi-open gallery of shops, restaurants, and cafés with an underground parking garage.1

Definitions: GREEN ROOFS: Roof vegetation on thin substrate either with varying deg-

rees of irrigation and management; vegetation established either artificially or by seeding or planning or naturally; can include perennials, grasses, small trees, rooftop farming, mosses, succulents, few herbs and grasses GREEN WALLS OR FACADES: Including e.g. ground-based climbing plants

intended for ornamental purposes or plants growing in façade-bound substrate (e.g. containers or textile-systems) BALCONY GREEN: Plants on balconies and terraces which are planted

mostly in pots 3.2.2. Urban green areas connected to grey infrastructure This category considers wider area than compared to building facades and roofs category. Types: 1) alley and street trees/ hedges/ greens; 2) railroad bank and tracks; 3) house gardens; 4) green playground/ school grounds; 5) institutional green space; 6) green parking lots; 7) riverbank greens. Definitions: ALLEY AND STREET TREES/ HEDGES/ GREENS: Trees planted in alleys or

along roads and paths, either solitary or in rows. Hedges along roads or paths. Non-tree, mostly shrubby or grassy verges along roads. 1 Source: https://gailatlarge.com/blog/2016/04/08/43033 2 Source: https://molgroup.info/en/media-centre/press-releases/421-mol-group-s-concept-service-station-wins-prestigious-green-award 3 Source: http://www.greenljubljana.com/funfacts/sava-recreational-and-educational-centre-ric-sava

EXAMPLE: Green wall in Budapest, Hungary Service station at Istenhegyi ut. The service station operates as a zero-carbon emission service station, with innovative solutions including thermal insulation, green wall and roof, LED-lighting and alternative heating system.2

EXAMPLE: Sava River Recreational and Educational Center, Ljubljana – Slovenia. The Sava riverside in Ljubljana was converted from a once degraded, illegal dumping area into a recreational space that provides opportunities from various sports and educational activates..3

RAILROAD BANK AND TRACKS: Green space along railroads. HOUSE GARDENS: Areas in the immediate vicinity of private houses culti-

vated mainly for ornamental purposes and/or non-commercial food production. GREEN PLAYGROUND/ SCHOOL GROUNDS: Green areas intended for playing

or outdoor learning.

EXAMPLE: Green corridor in Paris, France. La Promenade Plantée is the first elevated park in the world was created in 1988 on the former railway line, linking Place de la Bastille to Varenne-Saint-Maur.1

INSTITUTIONAL GREEN SPACE: Green spaces surrounding public and

private institutions and corporation buildings. GREEN PARKING LOTS: Parking lots which are surrounded by or intersper-

sed with trees, grass patches, flower beds, bushes, or other vegetation. RIVERBANK GREENS: Green space sideways the rivers, streams and canals,

usually with foot or bike paths. 3.2.3. Parks and (semi) natural urban green areas Types: 1) Large urban park or forest; 2) Pocket parks / neighbourhood green spaces; 3) Botanical garden; 4) Green corridor. Definitions: LARGE URBAN PARK OR FOREST: Larger green (forested) area within a city

intended for recreational use by urban population; can include different features such as trees, grassy areas, playgrounds, water bodies, ornamental beds, etc. POCKET PARKS / NEIGHBOURHOOD GREEN SPACES: Small green areas

EXAMPLE: Community gardens in Budapest, Hungary: The First Community Garden in Kispest was established in 2014 with 26 parcels and it was followed by two other. 2

around and between buildings which are vegetated by ornamental trees, shrubs, grass; often in residential areas, but also between other building types. BOTANICAL GARDEN: Educational and ornamental areas planted with

large diversity of plant species. GREEN CORRIDOR: Networks of linked landscape elements that provide

ecological, recreational, and cultural benefits to the community. 3.2.4. Allotments and community gardens Types: 1) allotments; 2) community gardens; 3) horticulture

1 Source: http://www.greenljubljana.com/funfacts/sava-recreational-and-educational-centre-ric-sava 2 Source: http://tudatosvasarlo.hu/cikk/aranykatica-kozossegi-kert-kispesten

Definitions: ALLOTMENTS: Small garden parcels cultivated by different people, in-

tended for non-commercial food production. COMMUNITY GARDENS: Areas which are collectively gardened by a com-

munity for food and recreation. HORTICULTURE: Land devoted to growing vegetables, flowers, berries, etc,

EXAMPLE: Plantwalls in Sweden, the Netherlands, Finland and Hungary1

3.2.5.Green indoor areas Types: 1) indoor vertical greeneries; 2) atrium. Definitions: INDOOR VERTICAL GREENERIES (WALLS AND CEILINGS): Including e.g.

ground-based climbing plants intended for ornamental purposes or plants growing in façade-bound substrate (e.g. containers or textile-systems) inside of a building. ATRIUM: Green area surround/enclosed in a building, planted mostly with

ornamental plants. 3.2.6. Blue areas Types: 1) lake/pond; 2) river/stream/canal/estuary; 3) delta; 4) sea cost; 5) wetland/bog/fen/marsh.

EXAMPLE: Blue infrastructure in Nijmegen, the Netherlands . The Room for the River project aims to address flood protection by managing higher water levels and improve environmental and living conditions.2

Definitions: LAKE/POND: Natural and artificial standing water bodies containing fresh-

water with (semi)natural aquatic communities; banks are artificial/managed or natural. RIVER/STREAM/CANAL/ESTUARY: Natural and artificial running water

bodies containing freshwater (or in the case of estuaries, mixed fresh and saltwater) with (semi)natural aquatic communities; banks are artificial/ managed or natural. DELTA: Landform at the mouth of a river formed by sediment deposits.

1 Source: http://www.greenfortune.hu/plantwall.php 2 Source: https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english/ 3 Source: https://www.thenatureofcities.com

EXAMPLE: An urban wetland in Bucharest, Romania. Văcărești Nature Park is a wetland area around the Lake Văcărești in Bucharest, Romania, which is the result of an unfinished hydrotechnical project during the Communist regime. Spread on 190 hectares, it is considered as one of the most innovative urban wetland area in the world that hosts over 90 bird and animal species.3

SEA COST: Contact areas between the sea and the land of different cha-

racteristics (e.g. sand beaches, cliffs, coastal dunes). WETLAND/BOG/FEN/MARSH: Areas with soil permanently or periodically

saturated with water and characteristic flora and fauna.

EXAMPLE: Sustainable urban drainage system in Germany, Freiburg: The Zolhallen Plaza was designed to manage rain water without using the urban draining system of cities - the rain infiltrates into the soil. 1

3.2.7. Green areas for water management Types: 1) rain gardens, 2) swales / filter strips, 3) sustainable urban drainage systems. Definition: RAIN GARDENS: Shallow, vegetated basins that collect and temporarily

store rainwater runoff from rooftops, sidewalks, and streets or allow for its infiltration. SWALES / FILTER STRIPS: Vegetated and gently sloped pit or shallow

drainage channels for filtering surface runoff. SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): Systemic approach to

manage drainage in and around properties, often combining green and grey components; can include e.g. green roofs, permeable surfaces, infiltration trenches, swales, detention basins, etc.

EXAMPLE: Derelict areas will likely occur in every city, in an old abandoned building, brownfield or industrial site, small corner of a neighbourhood where no developments are taking place for a period and nature is reclaiming the site.2

3.2.8. Derelict areas Types: Abandoned and derelict spaces with growth of wilderness or green features Definition: ABANDONED AND DERELICT SPACES WITH GROWTH OF WILDERNESS OR GREEN FEATURES: Recently abandoned areas, construction sites, former

industrial areas, etc. with spontaneously occurring pioneer or ruderal vegetation which are intentionally left to recolonize without interference, while awaiting development.

1â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Source: https://landarchs.com/how-zollhallen-plaza-is-ready-for-a-100-year-flood/ 2â&#x20AC;&#x201A; See an example for nature reclaiming a housing development site on a former industrial site in Ellesmere Port, England at: http://www.gettyimages.de/license/525262490

3.3. WHAT BENEFITS CAN NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS DELIVER? In this section, we define and review ecosystem services provided by nature and natural areas, present the type of challenges nature-based solutions can address and the benefits they can deliver. 3.3.1. Ecosystem services and definition of the type of services Ecosystem services (ES) are considered as the “benefits people obtain from ecosystems” (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005 p 52). Three international classification systems are established in order to classify ES: (a) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), (b) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) and The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). The concepts are related since all of them include provisioning, regulating and cultural services (Maes et al., 2013).1 Within the NATURVATION project the TEEB classification system was adopted to classify different ES. Table 1 presents the different categories of ecosystem services (ES) according to the TEEB classification.

TABLE 1: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES CONCEPTS Source: TEEB, 2017 TYPE OF SERVICES

DEFINITION

EXAMPLES OF ES

Provisioning Services

ES that „describe the material or energy outputs from ecosystems. They include food, water and other resources.”

Provision of cultivated crops (cereals, vegetables, fruits); reared animals and their outputs (meat, dairy products, honey); provision of surface and ground water for drinking purposes.

Regulating Services

Services provided by ecosystems “by acting as regulators (e.g. air quality regulation and soil regulation by providing flood and disease control).”

Mediation of smell/noise/ visual impacts; Filtration/sequestration/storage/accumulation by ecosystems; flood and storm protection.

Habitat or Supporting Services

“Habitats for species (e.g. food; water; and shelter) and “maintenance of genetic diversity”

Maintaining nursery populations and habitats; pest/ disease control; pollination and seed dispersal.

Cultural Services

“Recreation, mental and physical health, tourism, aesthetic appreciation and inspiration for culture, art and design, spiritual experience and sense of place”

Intellectual and representational interactions (e.g. scientific, educational, heritage, cultural); spiritual and symbolic interactions with ecosystems; physical interactions with ecosystem (e.g. whale and bird watching, snorkelling, diving, walking, hiking, climbing).

1 Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Liquete, C., Braat, L., Berry, P., Egoh, B., Puydarrieux, P., Fiorina, C. and Santos, F. (2013) Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Luxembourg. doi: 10.2779/12398.

Box 3:

ADDITIONAL READINGS 1. Demuzere, M., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., Orru, H., Bhave, A. G., Mittal, N., Feliu, E. and Faehnle, M. (2014) ‘Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure’, Journal of Environmental Management, 146, pp. 107–115. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.025. 2. Shackleton, S., Chinyimba, A., Hebinck, P., Shackleton, C. and Kaoma, H. (2015) ‘Multiple benefits and values of trees in urban landscapes in two towns in northern South Africa’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 136, pp. 76–86. doi: 10.1016/j. landurbplan.2014.12.004.

3.3.2. Challenges addressed and benefits delivered by nature-based solutions Inspired and supported by nature, NBS can address a variety of challenges, which are not only relevant for urban development but as well as address wider global development challenges, as defined by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Challenges addressed, with the applicable SDG shown in brackets, can include: 1. Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13) 2. Water management (SDG 6) 3. Coastal resilience and marine protection (SDG 14) 4. Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15) 5. Environmental quality, including air quality and waste management 6. Regeneration, land-use and urban development 7. Inclusive and effective governance (SDG 16) 8. Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10) 9. Health and well-being (SDG 3) 10. Economic development and decent employment (SDG 8) 11. Cultural heritage and cultural diversity 12. Sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) NBS solutions can deliver a range of ecological, economic, social or health benefits to improve urban sustainability. In addition, they can also contribute to urban design and planning. Table 2 shows some of these contributions to urban sustainability.

TABLE 2: THE CONTRIBUTION OF NBS TO URBAN SUSTAINABILITY (Source: NATURVATION project proposal) ECOLOGICAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL AND HEALTH

Adapting to climate risks Urban water management  Reducing heat stress Enhancing biodiversity Reducing air pollution Reducing energy use Sustainable use materials

Inward investment in local areas Increased value of housing Attracting visitors and increases local spending Reducing costs of healthcare  Cost-effective in relation to grey infrastructure alternatives  Job creation during & after installation

Enabling physical activity Decreasing stress Improving mental health  Creating spaces for play and recreation Inclusion e.g. women, youth, migrant communities Increasing access to locally grown food

URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING Creating a distinct sense of place Positive image of safe and clean area Improving access  Adaptability and multifunctionality

Box 4:

ADDITIONAL READINGS ON NBS Cohen-Shacham, E., Walters, G., Janzen, C. and Maginnis, S. (2016) Nature-Based Solutions to address societal challenges. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.13.en. Eggermont, H., Balian, E., Azevedo, M. N., Beumer, V., Brodin, T., Claudet, J., Fady, B., Grube, M., Keune, H., Lamarque, P., Reuter, K., Smith, M., Van Ham, C., Weisser, W. W. and Le Roux, X. (2015) ‘Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe Nature-based Solutions, an Emerging Term’. doi: 10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. European Commission (2015) Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities. doi: 10.2777/765301. Green Surge (2015) A Typology of Urban Green Spaces , Eco-System Provisioning Services and Demands. Naumann, S., Kaphengst, T., McFarland, K. and Stadler, J. (BfN) (2014) ‘Nature- based approaches for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The challenges of climate change - partnering with nature’, p. 22. Available at: http://ecologic. eu/sites/files/publication/2014/eco_bfn_nature-based-solutions_sept2014_en.pdf (Accessed: 6 March 2017). Nesshöver, C., Assmuth, T., Irvine, K. N., Rusch, G. M., Waylen, K. A., Delbaere, B., Haase, D., Jones-Walters, L., Keune, H., Kovacs, E., Krauze, K., Külvik, M., Rey, F., van Dijk, J., Inge Vistad, O., Wilkinson, M. E. and Wittmer, H. (2017) ‘The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: An interdisciplinary perspective’, Science of the Total Environment, 579, pp. 1215–1227. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.106. Oppla (no date) Urban hybrid dunes in Barcelona. Available at: http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17274 (Accessed: 8 May 2017). Potschin, M., Kretsch, C., Haines-Young, R., Furman, E. and Francesc, B. (2014) ‘Nature-Based Solutions’, pp. 1–5. Available at: http://www.openness-project.eu/sites/default/files/SP_Nature-based-solutions.pdf (Accessed: 6 March 2017). Raymond, C. M., Berry, P., Breil, M., Nita, M. R., Kabisch, N., Bel, M. de, Enzi, V., Frantzeskaki, N., Geneletti, D., Cardinaletti, M., Lovinger, L., Basnou, C., Monteiro, A., Robrecht, H., Sgrigna, G., Munari, L. and Calfapietra, C. (2017) An impact evaluation framework to support planning and evaluation of nature-based solutions projects. Wallingford, United Kingdom. Available at: http://bit.ly/2nnfC4K World Bank (2008) Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation Nature-Based Solutions from the World Bank Portfolio. Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6216 (Accessed: 18 April 2017).

4. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROCESS FOR DATA COLLECTION This chapter will provide an overview of the data collection process, guidance for identifying NBS interventions and applicable literature and for analysing the literature. Guidance about contacting project owners and carrying out interviews is also provided.

4.1.

ASSIGNMENT OF CITIES

NBS interventions will be collected from 100 cities across Europe. The 100 cities will include 6 urban-regional innovation partnership (URIP) cities where the project will carry out in-depth research and 94 cities from the Eurostat Urban Audit to represent various urban (e.g., economic development, demographics, governance structure, land-use, urban morphology, size) and environmental (e.g., temperature, rainfall, coastal/river location, proportion of green space, climate vulnerability) conditions. The 100 cities are the following1: • Belgium: Antwerpen, Liège • Bulgaria: Sofia, Plovdiv • Croatia: Zagreb • Czech Republic: Brno • Denmark: Århus • Estonia: Tallinn 1 The 6 URIP cities are in Italics

• Finland: Helsinki • France: Toulouse, Strasbourg, Lille, Montpellier, Saint-Etienne, Nancy, Clermont-Ferrand, Aix-en-Provence, Marseille, Rouen • Germany: Hamburg, München, Frankfurt am Main, Essen, Stuttgart, Bremen, Hannover, Nürnberg, Bielefeld, Augsburg, Bonn, Karlsruhe, Münster, Wuppertal, Leipzig • Greece: Athens • Hungary: Budapest, Gyor • Ireland: Dublin • Italy: Roma, Milano, Napoli, Palermo, Genova, Bari, Bologna, Catania, Venezia • Norway: Oslo, Bergen • Poland: Kraków, Poznan, Szczecin, Bydgoszcz, Lublin, Białystok, Gdynia • Portugal: Lisboa, Porto, Sintra • Romania: Bucureşti, Timişoara, Craiova, Iaşi • Slovakia: Bratislava • Slovenia: Ljubljana • Spain: Sevilla, Zaragoza, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Bilbao, Córdoba, Alicante/Alacant, Barcelona • Sweden: Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö • Switzerland: Zürich • The Netherlands: Amsterdam, s-Gravenhage, Utrecht • United Kingdom: Leeds, Glasgow, Bradford, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Greater Manchester, Cardiff, Sheffield, Belfast, Portsmouth, Coventry, Greater Nottingham, Wirral, Wakefield, Doncaster, Sunderland, Medway, Reading, Newcastle Each student from CEU and UU involved in data collection will be responsible for 4-5 cities and each student from Lund University will be responsible for 10-11 cities. In every city, 10 NBS interventions have to be analysed. After consultation with the students, cities will be assigned by the project teams in order to ensure a good coverage of needed capacities (languages) for the studied cities. The list of cities, where the students will need to carry out data collection will be sent prior to the start of the data collection. Students can work on their cities in any order, but each week they need to complete the data collection for at least one city – 10 interventions (students from Lund University will need to complete around 2 cities per week, and thus 20 interventions). The schedule for the data submission is shown in Table 3. Any possible deviation from the agreed timeline must be recorded in the weekly progress reports, which the students have to submit. A template for the weekly progress reports and instructions for submissions is provided in annex (Annex 4) and has to be submitted online on the project website (www.naturvation.eu). Information on how to reach and register the online questionnaire on the project website is also provided in Chapter 6.

TABLE 3: SCHEDULE OF DATA SUBMISSION

CEU INTERNS STARTING ON THE 15TH OF JUNE 1

WEEK & DEADLINE

LU INTERNS STARTING ON THE 1ST OF JUNE

MAY 29 - JUNE 2 Deadline: June 2, 5pm CET

Identify 10 interventions for one selected city from the 9 cities assigned

JUNE 5 - JUNE 9 Deadline: June 9, 5pm CET

Complete data collection for 10 interventions for the first city

JUNE 12 - JUNE 16 Deadline: June 16, 5pm CET

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a second and third selected city

Identify 10 interventions for one selected city from the 4 or 5 cities assigned

JUNE 19 - JUNE 23 Deadline: June 23, 5pm CET

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for fourth selected city. Address comments by core project team for the first city

Complete data collection for 10 interventions for the first city

JUNE 26 - JUNE 30 Deadline: June 30, 5pm CET

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a fifth and sixth selected city. Address comments by core project team for the second city

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a second selected city

JULY 3 - JULY 7 Deadline: July 7, 5pm CET

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for 7th selected city. Address comments by core project team for the third and fourth city

Address comments by core project team for the first and second city

1â&#x20AC;&#x201A; If otherwise not specified.

UU INTERNS STARTING ON THE 3RD OF JULY

Identify 10 interventions for one selected city from the 4 or 5 cities assigned

WEEK & DEADLINE JULY 10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JULY 14 Deadline: July 14, 5pm CET

LU INTERNS Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for the 8th selected city

CEU INTERNS

UU INTERNS

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a third selected city

Complete data collection for 10 interventions for the first city

Address comments by core project team for the fifth and sixth city JULY 17 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JULY 21 Deadline: July 21, 5pm CET

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for the 9th selected city. Address comments by core project team for the seventh and eight city

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a fourth selected city

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a second selected city

JULY 24 - JULY 28 Deadline: July 28, 5pm CET

Complete missing information for city 9, correct data based on request from project team

Address comments by core project team for third and fourth city. Complete the data collection for a fifth city (if applicable)

Address comments by core project team for the first and second city

JULY 31 - AUGUST 4 Deadline: August 4, 5pm CET

Address any final comments, correct and complete any remaining data based on request from project team

Complete missing information for the fifth city (if applicable). Address any final comments, correct and complete any remaining data based on request from project team

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a third selected city

AUGUST 7 - AUGUST 11 Deadline: August 11, 5pm CET

Identify 10 NBS interventions and complete data collection for a fourth selected city

AUGUST 14 AUGUST 18 Deadline: August 15, 5pm CET

Address comments by core project team for third and fourth city. Complete the data collection for a fifth city (if applicable) 20

4.2. GUIDELINES TO IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING 10 NBS IN THE STUDIED CITY The project aims to identify 10 NBS interventions for each of the studied cities. Each week you should start with the identification of the 10 NBS for one selected city (except for the URIP cities, where these interventions have been already identified). When identifying the interventions, we are looking for variety in the NBS - in terms of actors involved and the different sustainability challenges they are seeking to address (e.g. climate change, health, regeneration), so that it would be useful where possible to pick NBS that work in different ways for different groups. Once the list of interventions is defined, you have to submit them to the project team for review. Data collection can start upon the project team’s approval of the list of interventions. When identifying and later analysing NBS interventions, we are not simply looking for terms (e.g. nature-based solutions, green or blue infrastructures), but patterns of discourse around terms, often using different semantics that mean essentially the same thing. While the term “NBS” is relatively new and the studied cities themselves may not recognized and refer to these interventions as such, you can use various search words to find relevant interventions on the web. Box 5 provides some ideas for search words. For further search words see the definitions of categorisation of NBS in section 3.2. The following section provides guidance and tips for identifying these interventions based on the discourse analysis method.

Box 5:

EXAMPLES OF SEARCH WORDS (applicable both for online search or scientific literature review) • Nature-based solutions, Naturebased approaches, Ecosystem-based approaches • Green infrastructure • Blue infrastructure • Green building, roofs and walls • (Urban) Parks • (Urban) Forests • Green Corridors • Green Areas/Spaces • Community gardens, allotments • River, Riverside, Lake, Wetlands • Flood management, Water management infrastructure • Urban drainage systems, rain gardens • Derelicts, abandoned areas

4.2.1. NBS/Green Infrastructure Strategy Identify whether the city has a strategy, action plan or research document related to NBS/Green (and or blue) infrastructure/Green city development etc. Such documents can provide a useful starting point for identifying various relevant NBS interventions.

EXAMPLE: THE LIVERPOOL CITY GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY1 which identified various NBS, such as the “Croxteth

Park, in providing for opportunities for recreation, will help increase physical activity levels and reduce levels of obesity; the Leeds-Liverpool Canal and the Loop Line provide green travel routes, thus helping to reduce the need for car travel contributing to a low carbon economy; and trees along Speke Boulevard and other main transport routes can improve the image of the city whilst absorbing pollutants and reducing noise, helping to improve the quality of place and attract investment and visitors.”2 4.2.2. Climate change/Biodiversity/ Green Space/ Smart city strategy Beyond or in the absence of an NBS/Green Infrastructure (GI) /Blue Infrastructure (BI) strategy, identify whether the city has any other policy document relevant for the topic. These can include climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation/biodiversity/nature protection strategies or action plans. Some cities have also developed eco/ green/smart-city or similar planning documents, which can contain relevant interventions.

EXAMPLE: THE CITY OF ROTTERDAM

has developed a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.3 The document also includes NBS examples for climate adaptation, such as the Benthemplein, Water square, “which combines the collection of rainwater with a special, public outdoor area or the Blue Corridor, a green-blue link between the Zuiderpark of Rotteram”. 4.2.3. Urban planning documents Beside specific GI/climate change/sustainable development/green or smart city strategies, NBS interventions can also be identified in general planning documents of cities. These include spatial plans (e.g. comprehensive plans), infrastructure plans or socio-economic development plans.

EXAMPLE: THE LONDON INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN (2050)4 set out directions for long-term infrastructural development in Lon-

don and contains a section on green infrastructure development, which presents programmes for supporting the implementation of NBS as well as planned or on-going NBS interventions. 1 http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/liverpool/ 2 http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/liverpool/Executive_Summary.pdf 3 http://bit.ly/2qB7Ntg 4 https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/business-and-economy/better-infrastructure/london-infrastructure-plan-2050#acc-i-43211

4.2.4. Searching online database Various online databases can also include NBS good practices for selected cities. The good practices identified can also serve as starting points to identify additional NBS interventions for the studied city. Examples of such databases include, but are not limited to: • OPPLA.EU: online platform about ecosystem services, natural capital and nature-based solutions. NBS interventions can be found under the case study heading. http://oppla.eu/nbs/case-studies • CLIMATE-ADAPT: The European Climate Adaptation is an initiative of the European Commission and helps users to access and share data and information on various topic related to climate change adaptation, including adaptation case studies and potential adaptation options http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/about • LIFE PROJECT DATABASE: LIFE is the EU’s financial instrument supporting environmental, nature conservation and climate action projects throughout the EU. Since 1992, LIFE has co-financed some 4306 projects. Its database containing information on various LIFE project is searchable by various categories, including themes, free words or countries. While it does not include information specifically about NBS, queries can be launched for various ecological domains of interventions e.g. green infrastructure, green roofs etc. http://bit.ly/1vn6mX1 • URBACT PROJECTS LIBRARY: URBACT is a European Territorial Cooperation programme, which aims to promote sustainable integrated urban development in cities across Europe. Its library contains publications, case studies, action plans on various topics, including environment. http://urbact.eu/library-contents • INTERREG IVC GOOD PRACTICE DATABASE: collection of good practices selected in the course of EU-funded Interregional Cooperation (INTERREG IVC) projects. The database includes over 1700 good practices, which can be downloaded as an excel table. Practices relevant to the NBS topic may be identified under sub-themes such as the „Innovation, research and technology development”, the Natural and technological risks (including climate change) or the Biodiversity and preservation of natural heritage (including air quality). http://bit.ly/2rkPcTj • WEBSITES AND PUBLICATIONS OF INTERREG B, TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION PROJECTS: The European Union launched different transnational cooperation initiatives in various regions of Europe. These initiatives usually also support cooperation projects in the field of environment, climate change, biodiversity and natural risks. The description of the projects is available on their websites and analysis of these initiatives also exist in many cases. The list of transnational co-operations is available here: http://bit.ly/1N1ngna

Project database example of the North West Europe INTERREG B: http://bit.ly/2kU7hQN

• DATABASES OR COLLECTIONS OF VARIOUS INITIATIVES OR RESEARCH PROJECTS: projects and initiatives carried out by various European institutions or partnerships may have identified interesting NBS interventions. Examples of such webpages are listed below: EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL: The website of the initiati ve contains a profile and presents various interventions

of winner and finalist cities from 2010. http://bit.ly/2jSotJq ccGREEN SURGE FP7 PROJECT: Presents information from five Urban Living Lab cities. The city regions have been selected to represent the challenges and opportunities for green infrastructure and provision of ecosystem services: http://greensurge.eu/urban-learning-labs/. In addition, the case study portraits show examples from a wider range of cities: http://greensurge.eu/filer/GREEN_SURGE_Report_of_City_Portraits.pdf NATURAL WATER RETENTION MEASURES: collects and presents case studies from several European cities:

http://nwrm.eu/list-of-all-case-studies 23

ECOSYSTEM-BASED APPROACHES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION IN GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND SWITZERLAND (only in German). http://bit.ly/2qzNUPB

Naumann, S., M. Davis, T. Kaphengst, M. Pieterse and M. Rayment (2011): DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND COST ELEMENTS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Ecologic Institute and GHK Consulting and Naumann, S., G. Anzaldua, P. Berry, S. Burch, M. Davis, A. Frelih-Larsen, H. Gerdes and M. Sanders (2011): ASSESS-

MENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF ECOSYSTEM-BASED APPROACHES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION IN EUROPE. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Eco-

logic institute and Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment http://bit.ly/2qvzTmJ BARCELONA LAB FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND ERC: Urban greening projects for cities in EU, US and

Canada. http://bit.ly/2rgDdW6 4.2.5. Scientific literature review NBS interventions may also be identified from scientific literature e.g. as case study examples. Identification of relevant articles can be carried out by using academic search engines, such as Scopus, Science Direct or EBSCO.

EXAMPLE: With using the search words “Barcelona” and “urban green space”, we were able to identify a large urban park (Park Montjuic) and a list of 27 urban gardens as potential NBS from the following two articles: • Langemeyer, J., Baro, F., Roebeling, P. and Gomez-Baggethun, E. (2015) ‘Contrasting values of cultural ecosystem services in urban areas: The case of park Montjuic in Barcelona’, Ecosystem Services, 12, pp. 178–186. doi: 10.1016/j. ecoser.2014.11.016.  • Camps-Calvet, M., Langemeyer, J., Calvet-Mir, L. and Gomez-Baggethun, E. (2015) ‘Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain: Insights for policy and planning’, Environmental Science and Policy, 62, pp. 14– 23. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.007. 4.2.6.

Online search with specific search words

For a discourse-analysis, it is important to consider so-called „grey literature” (e.g. NGO reports, documents prepared by government bodies), news items (printed or online articles, blogposts) and project websites (e.g. of cooperation projects and individual initiatives). Some interventions may also have their own website or information page, or related staff have attend conferences and delivered presentations, which can be available online.

EXAMPLE: A google search for NBS in Rotterdam identified a blogpost on the website of the University of Nottingham which presented several innovative nature-based approach related to flood and water management infrastructure in the city of Rotterdam. Source: http://bit.ly/2qB76QE A google search for green belt and Essen identified a ICLEI briefing paper about NBS for sustainable urban development. Among various examples, this presented Essen’s Krupp Park, which was transformed from a former cast steel factory site. Source: http://bit.ly/2rlqx0u 24

4.2.7. Example of list of selected interventions When identifying NBS interventions for analysis, it is important to remember that the NATURVATION project is interested to identify solutions with such “function-enhancing” features. For instance, an urban park itself is not necessary an NBS. However, if was transformed from old, unused railroad tracks or includes permeable surfaces that can manage storm water, or if the management, ownership, organisation, financing of the park was purposefully changed to enhance nature based functions, then it can be considered as an NBS. In this section, we present a list of identified 10 interventions and the available documents from which these interventions can be identified via the example of Newcastle (one of the URIP cities of the project).

The City Council’s budget for Parks has been cut by 90% (over 20102017). A public consultation is being run (Jan. - Apr. 2017) on the proposed transfer of the operation, delivery and maintenance of parks and allotments from to a new Charitable Trust. The land would have remained owned by Newcastle Council, and the trust would be able to generate additional revenue to maintain the parks. The National Trust is collaborating with the Council to develop and consult on the proposal (and advocating a charitable trust model for parks nationally). In the consultation documents Newcastle City Council: highlights parks deliver multi-functional benefits; continuing to maintain parks as a public service is no longer an option in the light budget cuts (“In the absence of further funding, we cannot continue with in-house delivery”). NCC’s framing of the proposal highlights that parks provision is not a statutory obligation. Town Moor is a large area of common land (330 acres) within the City of Newcastle which is used as agricultural pasture (for grazing cattle) and as a park. The Freemen of Newcastle have the right to graze cattle on Town moor (a right that is primarily inherited, but can be acquired through an ‘apprenticeship’ with a small number of companies). This historic organisation now positions itself “as a conservation body, primarily aimed at protecting the many of the parks, Town Moors and green spaces for the benefit of the City’s residents.”. The Town Moor Act 1988, is the latest legal instrument codifying the rights of Freemen. Town Moor is recognised by the City Council as providing important benefits/services including biodiversity (Town Moor Site of Local Conservation Interest) (evident in recent planning application documents for developments nearby). Town Moor may also play an important role in reducing flood risk in the city by acting as a drainage site. Efforts to enhance this function have been contest by the Freeman, as they came in conflict with grazing rights (HB). There are also nature based problems relating to the moor. Japanese Knotweed (invasive plant species) has been identified in recent planning application documents for developments nearby. Town Moor is excluded from the scope of the transfer of the operation, delivery and 25

1 TRANSFERRING THE OPERATION, DELIVERY AND MAINTENANCE OF PARKS AND ALLOTMENTS FROM NEWCASTLE CITY COUNCIL TO A NEW CHARITABLE TRUST

2 A HISTORIC AND INNOVATIVE GOVERNANCE MODEL FOR MAINTAINING TOWN MOOR

maintenance of parks and allotments from Newcastle City Council to a new Charitable Trust. 3

Formed in 2011 by “residents and local organisations”, Greening Wingrove’s original focus was address issues of litter and flytipping in Wingrove. The GREENING WINGROVE informal association later became a Cooperative (Community Interest Company) and played in a larger consortium which won Big Lottery funding (Communities Living Sustainably scheme). Green Wingrove activities have included: • developing a former bowling green to become a community bike garden and community hub. • mobilising residents to address litter and flytipping issues. • establishing a ‘Friends of Nun Moor’ group, which helps NCC to maintain a park. • Community garden development and food growing - in the form of a community orchard on Nun Moor. Through these activities Green Wingrove has engaged with a range of organisations including: Time Exchange; NCC; local schools; Worker’s Educational Association ... (see http://greeningwingrove.org.uk/who-are-we/ local-partnership-group/). Also, Nun Moor is part of Town Moor so there are likely to be connections between Greening Wingrove and the Town Moor maintenance intervention identified above.

Groundworks (North East and Cumbria), a charity, are delivering the Ouseburn River Restoration Project (Environment Agency providing £200k GROUNDWORKS RIVER funding, March 2017-2019). Newcastle University are also involved proOUSEBURN RESTORATION viding some funding and working on monitoring the river and impacts PROJECT of the project. Activities focus on the upper sections of the river and include: re-meandering, silt traps, widening and working with landowners to reduce run-off. The primary objective is improving water quality (is the WFD the key driver?), and Groundworks appear to be interest in working with a range of stakeholders (“landowners, communities, schools and local businesses”). The project officer in launch press release (March 2017) is quoted as saying - “We’ll also be looking to survey and eradicate invasive species, remove litter, monitor wildlife and plant trees, which will keep the river cool, create riverbank habitats and help prevent bank erosion.”

Brunton Park Flood Alleviation Scheme (completed 2016 by NorthumbriBRUNTON PARK FLOOD an Water, Newcastle City Council and the Environment Agency) includes ALLEVIATION SCHEME SuDs, new water-dependent habitat (wet woodland and willow), 400m (INC. SUDS) of channel re-alignment, and, a new 250m flood wall.

Redevelopment of the Lower Ouseburn Valley by Carrillion-Igloo, to create housing and mixed use buildings, makes use of NBS including: SUDs (at Malmö Quay); shared gardens/allotments; and, creation of green spaces. A 67 square metre green wall was installed in 2015 at Marks and Spencer retail store. This NBS intervention was framed in press releases, by Director of Plan A, as improving the urban retail environment and as part of a wider energy efficiency retrofit of the store. E.g. “We hope the completion of this project will boost Northumberland Street, and provide our customers with an improved shopping experience”. A 27m-high green wall has been installed in the Core (a flagship building for Science Central). In a press release the director of Science Central states “The aim of installing the wall was to attract a huge amount of wildlife to the local area, including insects and smaller birds, which will be able to benefit from the plants that are being grown on Science Central. We’re also installing bee ‘hotels’ onto the building which will encourage even more flora and fauna in the local area” (this a rather different framing from that of the M&S green wall). The wall was installed as part of the process of creating a new building (McAlpine construction company). Other green-blue infrastructure has also been implemented on the Science Central site including a wildflower/carbon capture and storage garden and SuDS. University of Newcastle researchers are integrated into the developments, and are working to translate research findings into practice. Hence, Science Central can be viewed as a form of Living Lab and has been studied as such in the GUST project. In the context of ongoing cuts to Newcastle City Council’s budget, the issue of how best to maintain the green space that is integrated in, and surrounds, social housing has emerged. A proposal to allow, or promote, the re-wilding of these spaces (e.g. changing turfed areas to wildflower gardens was discussed at the March 2017 URIP meeting. The key driver appeared to be the potential to reduce the costs incurred by the council in the maintenance of green spaces around social housing. In the URIP meeting the potential for contestation around this proposal was discussed and seemed to be considerable (e.g. re-wilded green space might not be consider aesthetically pleasing by residents and might not provide preferred functions such as space to play sports). The Urban Observatory are setting up a scheme for the digital monitoring of Bees.

6 LOWER OUSEBURN VALLEY REDEVELOPMENT (INC. SUDS) 7 MARKS AND SPENCERS GREEN WALL

8 SCIENCE CENTRAL GREEN AND BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

9 MAINTAINING GREEN SPACES AROUND SOCIAL HOUSING

10 DIGITAL MONITORING OF BEES BY THE URBAN OBSERVATORY

For identifying these NBS interventions, the following documents were recognized as useful sources for. • Newcastle City Council, & North Tyneside Council. (2014). Newcastle and North Tyneside Biodiversity Action Plan. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from http://bit.ly/2qbxKMG • Newcastle City Council, & Gateshead Council. (2011). Green Infrastructure Study -Evidence Base. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from http://bit.ly/2qbxKMG • Northumbrian Water. (n.d.). Brunton Park. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from https://www.nwl.co.uk/your-home/ your-account/in-your-area/Brunton-park.aspx • Blue Green Cities Project. (n.d.). Developing a [Blue-Green] Newcastle Stakeholder Map. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from http://www.bluegreencities.ac.uk/documents/newcastle-stakeholder-map.pdf • Lawson, E. (n.d.). [Newcastle Green-Blue Cities] Learning and Action Alliance (LAA) Factsheet. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from http://www.bluegreencities.ac.uk/documents/laa-factsheet.pdf • Aberg, U., & Mant, J. (2015). Ouseburn: Restoration, flood retention and enhancement opportunities and examples. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from http://www.bluegreencities.ac.uk/documents/ouse-burn-report-final.pdf • Persimmon PLC. (n.d.). Newcastle Great Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from http://bit. ly/2rbtpNS

4.3. COLLECTION OF MATERIALS FOR ANALYSIS FOR EACH NBS This section will provide ideas and specific example for collecting various types of documents about the identified NBS interventions. After the NBS interventions selection processes is concluded and the 10 interventions are identified for a specific city, the process of searching for relevant information and documents begins. The following section provides guidance and suggestions on how to find this information after identifying the correct name of the NBS, by presenting an example of an intervention.

FIGURE 3: PROCESS OF IDENTIFYING AND GATHERING DOCUMENTS, RELEVANT TO THE NBS INTERVENTION

Identify the name of the NBS intervention: in English and in the local language

Search for scientific articles and publications from databases focused on NBS case studies

Search by the name of the intervention (both languages)

Select relevant results: municipality’s website, newspaper articles, community’s events and activities related to the NBS intervention, etc.

Analyse the municipality’s website and search for the department responsible for managing urban green and blue infrastructure (and NBS’s) and for the department responsible for the selected 10 NBS

THE FOLLOWING STEPS PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE FOR FINDING RELEVANT INFORMATION: Start by identifying the name of the NBS intervention in English as well as in the local language of the country in which the intervention was implemented.

Example: Monsanto’s green corridor - corredor verde de Monsanto (in Portuguese) Use a search engine to find references in both English and the local language; Example: the following picture shows the results found when typing the name of the intervention into Google

From the results shown, select the most relevant ones such as the Municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website and news articles that can provide referenced information and additional sources of evidence. In this case, the website of the municipality of Lisbon provides a section for all the green corridors in the city and a specific page for this intervention (http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/en/living-in/environment/ corredores-verdes/monsanto):

Search for the municipality’s website, if this result did not come up in the more general search. Look for information on the municipality’s website on NBS interventions, types of green and blue infrastructure, the name of the department in charge of managing these features or specific interventions, and relevant official documents and legislation. Note that in many cities there may be several departments responsible for NBS, depending on its different aspects e.g. planning, implementation, maintenance.

Example: Master Plan of the Green Corridor (Plano Geral do Corredor Verde) in the picture below; Municipal Strategy For The Adaptation To Climate Change Of Lisbon (Estratégia Municipal De Adaptação Às Alterações Climáticas De Lisboa); Lisbon´s Green Plan Actions: Towards a Green City;

By searching in English, a result was obtained of an official document by the European Commission regarding green infrastructure in Portugal, that contained information on the green corridor (available here).1

1 More, similar country fact-sheets can be found here: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/studies/index_en.htm

Scientific articles that concern each specific NBS intervention should also be searched. For this exercise, search words such as the name of the intervention and the name of the city being studied should be identified. Examples of articles related to green corridors in Lisbon: (Oliveira, Andrade and Vaz, 2011) (Alcoforado et al., 2009) (Franco and Macdonald, 2017). • Alcoforado, M. J., Andrade, H., Lopes, A. and Vasconcelos, J. (2009) ‘Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning. The example of Lisbon (Portugal)’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(1–2), pp. 56–65. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.006. • Franco, S. F. and Macdonald, J. L. (2017) ‘Measurement and Valuation of Urban Greenness: Remote Sensing and Hedonic Applications to Lisbon, Portugal’, Regional Science and Urban Economics. doi: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.03.002. • Oliveira, S., Andrade, H. and Vaz, T. (2011) ‘The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon’, Building and Environment, 46(11), pp. 2186– 2194. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.034. Screenshot of a search on Science Direct, using as search words: “Monsanto’s green corridor” and “Lisbon”:

4.4. ANALYSIS OF THE DOCUMENTS GATHERED While some of the questions are straightforward as documents will likely to contain direct answers to them (such as the total cost of the intervention), others will require a certain level of analysis and conjecture (e.g. stakeholders or beneficiaries of the intervention not directly listed, but directly or indirectly referred to). At the same time, answers to the database will need to be based of factual information without exception. This means that answers to any question can only be recorded in the database only if an explicit reference can be provided to it. This is particularly challenging if the answer can be pieced together from indirect or implicit references to a subject. This section explains the method of discourse analysis, which will be used to analyse the collected documents about the NBS interventions and enable making interpretations based on factual information and referenced sources. First, note that the aim of the data collection exercise is to analyse what the documents say about NBS. We are not looking only for ‘content analysis’ (i.e. where there has to be an exact match of specific terms) but also ‘discourse analysis’ where we are looking for evidence of a similar/common story. CONTENT OR DOCUMENT ANALYSIS is a methodology to determine the presence of certain words or concepts in

texts or sets of texts and draw inferences about the intention of the writer based on the patterns discovered. Content analysis tends to be descriptive and not explanatory. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS involves the analysis of language beyond the sentence that looks not only at what is being said

at the basic level but takes into account the surrounding thematic, cultural, social context. Source and further overview information: https://www.slideshare.net/tesono/content-analysis-and-discourse-analysis During the review of the NBS source documents in a given city the questions and the provided answer categories should be considered as cues, which can also be explained with other similar terms. For example, ‘climate mitigation’ and ‘low carbon’ or ‘carbon neutral” are part of the same discourse and can be interpreted then as signifying the same issue/intention. Section 5, which overviews the questionnaire will provide detailed guidance for discourse analysis with explanations, search words and examples. As a rule of thumb, all questions should be answered. In case of single-choice (yes/no) selection questions, “yes” can only be selected if the answer can be backed by a reference. If based on the references you do cannot conclusively answer a large number of questions in any other way than clicking the ‘unknown’ option, you may choose to identify and interview a local contact person. Section 4.5 provides guidance regarding the identification of resources persons and the conduct of interviews.

AS FOR THE PROCESS OF DOCUMENT ANALYSIS, WE SUGGEST THE FOLLOWING APPROACH: BROWSE THROUGH ALL DOCUMENTS,

which you identified by their title during the document search and familiarize yourself with the content. REVIEW THE DOCUMENT

to find an answer to questions where deeper analysis is required.

2 3

to those questions, which that does not require further analysis and can be inserted in the database immediately

EXAMPLE One of the question concerns the start and end date of the intervention. If a document specifies these dates, they can be inserted and no further research is needed. Please make sure you record the source of the information in the reference section of the questionnaire.

EXAMPLE This question will usually require some interpretation. There are 12 answer options, one of them about water management. If a document you review states that the intervention addresses the problem/challenge/issue of planning, distributing water resources/improvement of water quality/flood protection/ flood risk management/reducing river pollution/drought management/rainwater, storm water management/wastewater management, you can answer that the intervention addresses the challenge of water management.

RECORD ANSWERS

While you should look for inferred meaning, not only the presence of specific words or combinations of words, please avoid making your own interpretation.

IDENTIFY QUESTIONS

for which insufficient or no information was found. When the answer is not straightforward or unavailable, consider launching an additional search for further documents.

EXAMPLE The questionnaire aims to investigate whether a monitoring framework was established for the intervention. If no information was found about this aspect in the documents you selected to review in the first round, please continue with a second round of a literature search by using slightly revised search words such as: evaluation/assessment/impacts/outcomes. Information about monitoring can sometimes be found in final reports of projects or presentations delivered at conferences.

EXAMPLE

While we know that effective flood protection usually has economic benefits, if the document does not refer to this using a related descriptions such as sustained economic growth/green economy/increased economic productivity/job creation; growth of small and medium-sized enterprises/full employment/productive employment/decent work/reduced unemployment/safe and secure working environment/sustainable tourism, you cannot answer that the intervention contributed to economic development and decent employment.

4.5. INTERVIEW GUIDELINES This section provides guidelines for selecting interviewees and conducting interviews. Interviews are not mandatory, their purpose is to complement data gathering in cases where baed on the review of written materials significant data gaps remain. In such cases researchers are free to identify and contact an informant and request answers to specific questions in a skype interview or via email. The interview will be focused on gap filling and verification of details that are unclear based on the review of written records. Using direct references to respective questions of the database categories, you need to make notes about the conversation and submit in a separate file. Information from the respondents should not be inserted as answers to the questions in the database, unless the informant is able to point to and provide an offline document/online source where the information in question is available and can be thus referenced. For any other cases, a template is provided for registering the answers received from respondents, as an attachment (Annex 3). The following list offers advice on how to contact a potential informant and seek answer for the questions: • IDENTIFY THE CONTACT PERSON: Based on the documents reviewed, identify an appropriate person(s) to contact regarding the NBS intervention. This can be the person responsible for managing the intervention, the landscape planner/architect who worked on the intervention, someone working at the municipality in the departments of management of green infrastructure/ environment/ urban planning, an academic researcher, an NGO representative etc. If you don’t speak the primary language of the country the particular city is located in, you need to make sure you and the interviewee have another common language that you can use to conduct the interview. • ESTABLISH CONTACT: Please note the position of the contact person and use an appropriate communication style in your introductory email. Be clear and polite in your communication, explain the purpose of the project and offer support and examples if needed. Be patient and express availability for additional interaction by other means (e.g. for someone working at the municipality in tight schedules it might be easier to address the questions over a phone call/skype). • DISCUSSION: If the informant is able to answer the question(s), ask if the interviewee can provide a reference to support the answers (e.g. webpages, reports, offline documents) and based on which the database question(s) can be completed. If such documents are available, insert the answers in the database and provide the underlying reference(s). Relevant (offline) documents received through the respondents can also be submitted as attachments, and should be identified as a document that was received by contacting someone connected to the NBS intervention. If such documents are not available, insert the answers from the informant under the relevant section of the registry template, but do not insert them directly in the database. • DATA COMPLETION: If the informant is able to answer the question(s), ask for references, that can support the answers provided (e.g. webpages, reports, offline documents) and based on which the database question(s) can be completed. If such documents are available, insert the answers in the database and provide the underlying reference(s). Relevant (offline) documents received through the respondents can also be submitted as attachments, and should be identified as a document that was received by contacting someone connected to the NBS intervention. If such documents are not available, insert the answers from the informant under the relevant section of the registry template, but do not insert them directly in the database.

• MISSING INFORMATION: If no information is available on a given topic, try to find out the reason, as this can be useful information for further analysis. Insert information under the relevant sections of the interview template. • PREPARATION OF THE INTERVIEW REGISTRY TEMPLATE: Prepare and submit the interview registry template as an attachment in the database including (1) information (“answers” to the database) that has been received through the respondents (or other means other than available referenced data from online or off-line sources) and (2) any additional insights provided by the information e.g. on missing information.

MAIN STEPS OF THE INTERVIEW PROCESS

Identify the appropriate contact person

Decide on the language (English or “local” language) used and the information needed

Present and discuss questions of the database where information is missing

Submit the additional information collected as an attachment in the registry template (Annex 2)

Ask if there is a reason why there is no available information on the question

Ask for references (webpages or offline documents) that can support the answers and if available, submit the answers

5. OVERVIEW OF THE NBS QUESTIONNAIRE This section provides an overview of the online questionnaire that has to be filled in by the interns to collect information about NBS interventions across Europe and provides specific guidance to analyse the collected documents in order complete the questions. The questionnaire consists of the following seven sections: 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERVENTION 3. ECOLOGICAL DOMAINS, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, SCALE AND BENEFICIARIES 4. GOVERNANCE AND FINANCING 5. INNOVATION 6. EVALUATION AND LEARNING 7. SOURCESâ&#x20AC;&#x192;

5.1. SECTION 1: GENERAL INFORMATION In this section, basic information about the intervention, including country and city of origin, name and short description, contact and timeline should be provided.

Table 4:

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 1 ”GENERAL INFORMATION”

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION

Name of the city where the NBS intervention was identified Name of the NBS intervention Address (location) of the intervention1 Short description of the intervention Website of the intervention CONTACT FOR THE INTERVENTION

Name Position Address of the organization Type of organization Email address Phone number TIMELINE OF THE INTERVENTION

Start date of the intervention (planning process) Start date of intervention (implementation process) End date of the intervention Present stage of the intervention For the question “short description of the intervention”, a short maximum 100 words introduction should be submitted, which provides a general explanation about the NBS and gives a general understanding about its background, objectives, activities to somebody, who did not know it before. In the next section, we provide three examples for NBS identified in the URIP cities of Malmö (Sweden), Newcastle (UK) and Utrecht (The Netherlands).

1 In case the address is not available, please provide the latitude and longitude values manually. The values can be extracted from the google map link of the intervention: https://www.google.se/maps/place/Augustenborg,+S%C3%B6der,+Malm%C3%B6/@ 55.5798106,13.0244545,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x4653a16d049e6af7:0x9c1e2db80709acca

EXAMPLES FOR “SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION” Ekostaden Augustenborg is the collective name for a program to make Augustenborg into a more socially, economically and environmentally sustainable neighbourhood. Ekostaden Augustenborg is one of Sweden´s largest urban sustainability projects. Aims and implemented measures were based on the wishes of local stakeholders and residents: No more flooding, green roofs, a musical theme playground, an open storm water system. It includes many different activities, the studied intervention focus on the NBS ponds (and linked water channels).

EXAMPLE

EKOSTADEN AUGUSTENBORG, MALMÖ, SWEDEN

In the context of ongoing cuts to Newcastle City Council’s budget, the issue of how best to maintain the green space that is integrated in, and surrounds, social housing has emerged. A proposal to allow, or promote, the re-wilding of these spaces (e.g. changing turfed areas to wildflower gardens was discussed at the March 2017 URIP meeting. The key driver appeared to be the potential to reduce the costs incurred by the council in the maintenance of green spaces around social housing.

EXAMPLE

An aquifer thermal heat storage (ATES) increases the speed of the natural groundwater circulation (hence the name Bio-washing Machine), which in turn increases the speed of the biological degradation of groundwater contamination. The ATES is connected to (new) buildings, so the cold groundwater is pumped up in summer to cool the buildings, while in winter this process is reversed and warm groundwater is used for heating. This intervention could be much cheaper than in situ soil sanitation.

EXAMPLE

Regarding the timeline of the intervention, the start date of planning and implementation and if completed, the end date should be provided. In addition, the present stage of the intervention should be defined based on identified documents.

MAINTAINING GREEN SPACES AROUND SOCIAL HOUSING, NEWCASTLE, UK

THE BIO-WASHING MACHINE (BIOWASMACHINE)/ AREA-ORIENTED APPROACH GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION, UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS

GUIDELINE FOR IDENTIFYING THE “STAGE OF THE INTERVENTION” ENVISIONED

the intervention is planned by a certain group or a certain strategy, but no concrete planning was carried out IN PLANNING STAGE

the intervention is planned with a concrete timeline; budget and responsible organizations are defined. ONGOING

the intervention is in the stage of implementation, but not completed COMPLETED

the intervention implementation activities are completed, and the intervention is functioning OTHER, PLEASE SPECIFY

E.g. mixed, parts of the intervention completed and parts are ongoing) Below we present three different examples for defining the timeline of the intervention along with explanations provided by the researchers in the footnotes. Note that in the first case, the NBS has only been envisioned, thus the planning and implementation has not started yet and in the second case, the research found no official end date to the project. Start date Start date of of the intervention intervention implemenplanning tation

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLES FOR “TIMELINE OF THE INTERVENTION”

End date of the intervention

Present stage of the intervention

Maintaining green spaces around social housing, Newcastle, UK

Unknown

Ekostaden Augustenborg, Malmö, Sweden

19981

19992

Ongoing

Bio-washing machine Utrech, the Netherlands

2006

20103

20134

Completed

Unknown Unknown Envisioned

1 Project officially launched 2 In relation to development of NBS ponds and open water channels. 3 May 2009 (signing of Memorandum of agreement of partners)/ January 2010 (start of project) 4 The Citychlor project (overarching EU project) ended in 2013, but the Utrecht ‘area-based approach’ horizon reaches to 2030.

5.2. SECTION 2: OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERVENTION This section aims to identify the goals, the targets and underlying monitoring indicators of the intervention, implementation activities and define the sustainability challenges that it addresses.

Heading Goals of the intervention Quantitative targets Monitoring indicators defined Sustainability challenge(s) addressed

Question What goals are/were defined for the NBS intervention? What quantitative and qualitative targets are/were defined for the NBS intervention? What monitoring indicators are/were defined for the NBS intervention? What sustainability challenge(s) are/were addressed by the NBS intervention?

Implementation What activities are implemented to realize activities the objectives and the targets?

5.2.1. Goals, targets and indicators For the purpose of this research, we define: • GOALS: as general, overarching and strategic objectives and aims (more visionary and less specific in nature; • TARGETS: as quantified, time-bound objectives containing more specific details than goals (e.g, “X” N° of green roofs to be installed, “Y” N° of trees to be planted, “W” tCO2/ha*year stored, “Z” N° of jobs created, reduced air pollution); • INDICATORS: as measurement units introduced to track progress towards set targets and goals (e.g. tCO2/ha*year for carbon sequestration, N° of people visiting green urban areas, increase in access to green urban areas, reduce heat island effect (mean local temp. in °C). Usually, goals can be easily identified in project documents or various studies/news items about the intervention. Look for search words such as “project aims/objectives/targets/plans to address/intends/aspires etc. Targets and underlying indicators are usually more specific in nature and contain a specific number and/or timeline. 41

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE INITIATIVE

The questions regarding the goals, targets and indicators require the insertion of a max 1000 character-long answer (each). If information is available, a reference should be included to the source. If no information is available, the field should indicate “unknown”. If a studied document states that no goals, targets or indicators were defined the answer should indicated “none” and reference should be provided.

EXAMPLE In a new city district Leidsche Rijn of Utrecht, the Netherlands, a closed cir-

NEW CITY DISTRICT cuit and sustainable water system has been introduced including bioswales, LEIDSCHE RIJN natural wetlands and permeable paving providing organic filtering of stormOF UTRECHT, THE water to provide a more sustainable solution with associated biodiversity NETHERLANDS

benefits when compared to traditional grey stormwater infrastructure as it prevents the need for stormwater sewer and treatment facilities and the influx of unfiltered surface water from elsewhere. The goals, targets and indicators defined for this initiative are listed below.

EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR “GOALS, TARGETS AND INDICATORS OF THE INTERVENTION” IN THE CASE OF THE NEW CITY DISTRICT LEIDSCHE RIJN OF UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS GOALS OF THE INTERVENTION

What goals were defined for the NBS intervention? • To make use of natural processes in water circulation and filtration as much as possible in order to achieve clean and clear surface water. For example, by making use of natural elevation differences for water circulation, water buffer areas to allow influx of clean water in dry periods, and natural filtering by riparian vegetation and natural soil processes in bioswales. • To minimize environmental strain by preventing polluted water from entering the system. For example, any water captured by road surfaces cannot enter the surface water systems before filtration by e.g. bioswales has taken place • To create a water system with high multifunctionality and functional integration, providing an aesthetic environment with opportunities for recreation and biodiversity. For example, by providing habitat for specific flora and fauna species • To create a system that is robust in delivering benefits yet flexible to changing demands for recreation and biodiversity conservation in the city district. (Ref. 1.)

QUANTITATIVE TARGETS

What quantitative targets were defined for the NBS intervention (including unit for measurement)? • Maximum 20% of all stormwater in the city district is allowed to enter the sewage system. The rest will be captured either in water bodies or in the soil. • Bioswales are designed in such way that the predicted frequency of overflow is once per 2 years. Water can also be actively discharged from bioswales at a rate of max. 1.5l/ha in case water levels in bioswales remain high for 2 consecutive days. • The permeable paving has an infiltration capacity of 90 l/s/ha There are other quantitative targets related to maximum water level in different types of water courses in the district, which depend on type of water course, elevation level of water course and connectivity with water buffer areas. Also, there are regulations regarding the depth of the water in different types of water bodies and water levels relative to street level. • Targets have been set for the reduction of heavy metals such as zinc and copper in the substrate of water bodies. Also for transparency of water (> 1 meter), phosphate (max. 0,05 mg P/l) and oxygen levels (> 6 mg O2/l). (Ref. 1.) MONITORING INDICATORS DEFINED

What monitoring indicators were defined for the NBS intervention (including unit for measurement)? Different water (substrate) quality and quantity indicators (see above). Slib levels in water courses in order to determine timing of dredging activities (Ref. 1.) While in the above case, the researcher was able to identify both goals and targets with underlying indicators, in some cases targets and indicators may be missing and only more general goals were formulated for the intervention. In these cases, it should be noted in the answer-box that targets or indicators were not possible to identify. Also note the overlap between targets and indicators – as some of the indicators are introduced to measure the progress towards set targets.

5.2.2. Sustainability challenges As presented in section 3.4.2, NBS can address a variety of challenges, which are not only relevant for urban development but address as well wider global development challenges, as defined by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This question, aims to identify which of the 12 challenges the intervention can specifically address. The sustainability challenges addressed by the NBS intervention are also to be identified based on the project goals, targets or implementation activities. Challenges from the list can be selected, if the project description or a document presenting the intervention mentions an objective that aims to address a specific challenge. For example, if an urban park aims to increase the quality of life and provide green recreational areas, we can conclude that the intervention will address the challenge of â&#x20AC;&#x153;health and well-being (in line with the SDG3). Search words for these challenges, in line with the relevant NBS literature and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a more general sense are listed below.

EXAMPLES OF SEARCH WORDS FOR THE QUESTION ON SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES ADDRESSED BY THE INTERVENTION CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)

Low-carbon development; GHG emissions reduction; carbon neutrality; limit the risk of changing climate; address changes in temperature, precipitation and weather patterns; reducing vulnerability to climate; addressing climate risks; strengthen capacity to address climate hazards/natural disasters; natural disaster risk reduction;

Water management (SDG 6)

Planning, distributing water resources; improve water circulation/water quality; flood protection; flood risk management; reducing river pollution; drought management; rainwater, storm water management; wastewater management, prevention of overflows;

Coastal resilience and marine protection (SDG 14)

Reduce marine pollution, coastal eutrophication marine debris; protect/restore marine and coastal ecosystems; minimize ocean acidification; regulate fishing; end overfishing; increase protected areas; sustainable use of marine resources; sustainable management of fisheries; aquaculture or tourism;

Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)

Conserve or restore ecosystems, forests, wetlands, mountains, inland water resources; create/increase forest area, green area or protected areas; sustainable management of forests, biodiversity and ecosystems; combat desertification; restore degraded land and soil; reduce the degradation of natural habitats; reduce the loss of biodiversity; prevent the extinction of threatened species; prevent or control invasive alien species;

EXAMPLES OF SEARCH WORDS FOR THE QUESTION ON SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES ADDRESSED BY THE INTERVENTION CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Environmental quality, including air quality and waste management

Reduce air pollution, reduce noise; reduce environmental pressure; improve access to open space; sustainable/green transport systems; environmentally sound management of chemicals and wastes; reducing waste; management of the use of chemicals, improve air quality;

Regeneration, land-use and urban development

Regulate built environment; create functional living spaces; complementary uses; zoning; stimulate development in e.g. lower-development or lower-density areas; revaluation of areas; refurbishment of dwelling houses; restore contaminated sites, conversion of former industrial areas; brown field development; re-development of an area; promote naturalistic styles of landscape design; enhanced nature beauty and aesthetical experiences;

Inclusive and effective governance (SDG 16)

Strengthen institutions; build capacity; combat crime and corruption; ensure human rights; ensure public access to information; promote voting rights, inclusive/participatory decision-making, effective, accountable and transparent institutions; reduce illicit flows; community-based activities (e.g. communal clean-up, riverbank greening and community gardening); citizen involvement, intercultural communication, communal self-reliance; community involvement;

Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10)

Empower/promote social, economic and political inclusion of groups of all age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, religion or economic status; ensure equal opportunity; reduce inequalities; reduce discrimination; social protection; enhanced representation of disadvantaged groups in decision-making; orderly and safe migration; Social cohesion and harmony; civic engagement; sense of community and identity; community spirit; meeting place for local residents; gender equity; reduce social isolation, increase quality of life;

Health and well-being (SDG 3)

Improved mental and physical health; reduced stress; reduce traffic accidents; reduce diseases from pollution and contamination; reduce health risks; healthy lifestyles; recreation;

Economic development and decent employment (SDG 8)

Sustain economic growth, green economy, increase economic productivity; job creation; growth of small and medium-sized enterprises; full employment; productive employment; decent work; reduce unemployment; safe and secure working environment; sustainable tourism;

Cultural heritage and cultural diversity

Safeguard traditions; preserve historic importance of natural places; safeguard/restore cultural-historical values and traditions; improve sense of belonging, sense of place; Traditions; historic importance of natural places; significance of cultural-historical values and traditions;

Sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12)

Sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; resource efficiency; improve recycling, green public procurement; sustainable business practices/processes; sustainable/green/eco-tourism; reduce waste disposal, prevent the generation of waste; sustainable lifestyle; reduce food waste. 45

EXAMPLE In Leipzig, Germany the expansion and redevelopment of the park between “SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES OF THE INTERVENTION” IN THE CASE OF THE URBAN PARK RABET, IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY

Volkmarsdorf and Neustadt-Neuschönefeld – Urban park Rabet – aimed to provide important impulses for leisure and recreation; to develop a central “green switch” which contributes to sustainable urban development and that also extends beyond the district. In connection to this intervention, the research identified the following sustainability challenges, addressed by the objectives and the activities of the intervention. EXAMPLE ANSWERS FOR ‘SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES OF THE INTERVENTION” IN THE CASE OF THE URBAN PARK RABET, IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES ADDRESSED

What sustainability challenge(s) are addressed by the NBS intervention? • Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15): “creation of a green recreational area” • Environmental quality, including air quality and waste management: “air quality regulation” • Regeneration, land-use and urban development: “green switch which contributes to sustainable urban development; revaluation of surrounding residential districts, refurbishment of dwelling houses; conversion of former industrial areas; rehabilitation of brownfields with modern town houses” • Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10): “recreation areas for all citizens, with an inclusive character” • Health and well-being (SDG 3): “impulses for leisure and recreation” Since the answers to the questionnaire should be based on referenced sources, only those answers options should be selected which were noted in the document (see the text with italics in the above example). For example, while green space creation can contribute to the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, if not specifically indicated in the studied documents, it should not be selected.

5.2.3. Implementation activities Implementation activities include all those actions that are/were carried out in order to implement the vision and the plan of the intervention. Such activities can include construction of an infrastructure, development or rehabilitation of a green/blue area; introduction of a new governance, financing structure or reorganization of existing ones (related to NBS interventions).

EXAMPLE

At the Newcastle Science Central, UK various green and blue infrastructure SCIENCE CENTRAL has been implementation. The next section presents the activities that were GREEN AND BLUE undertaken to implement this NBS

INFRASTRUCTURE IN NEWCASTLE, UK

EXAMPLE ANSWERS FOR ‘IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERVENTION” IN THE CASE OF THE SCIENCE CENTRAL GREEN AND BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE IN NEWCASTLE, UK IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES

What activities are implemented to realise the objectives and the targets? • A 27m-high green wall has been installed in the Core (a flagship building for Science Central). The wall was installed as part of the process of creating a new building (McAlpine construction company) • Other green-blue infrastructure has also been implemented including a wildflower/carbon capture and storage garden and SuDS. • University of Newcastle researchers are integrated into the developments, and are working to translate research findings into practice.

5.3. SECTION 3: ECOLOGICAL DOMAINS, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND SCALE This section aims to gather information about the ecological domain(s) where the NBS was/is being implemented, the ecosystem service they can provide, the scale to which they concern and the beneficiaries who can profit from the intervention.

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 3

Heading

Question

Ecological domains

Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented

Ecosystem ser- Please select the ecosystem services, which vices provided the NBS intervention provides Please specify the spatial scale of the NBS intervention

Spatial scale

Primary benefi- Please select the primary beneficiaries idenciaries tified by the project

5.3.1. Ecological domains The NATURVATION project is concerned with NBS as they evolve in the urban arena. The urban is neither a uniform nor singular space (ecologically, physically, politically, economically or socially). Instead it comprises a multiplicity of different systems, domains, landscapes and milieu. An initial starting point is therefore to consider the ecologies and physical systems that comprise the urban as one set of domains within which NBS are located. These include the following categories, as presented in section 3.2.: • Building greens (external) • Urban green areas connected to grey infrastructure • Parks and (semi)natural urban green areas • Allotments and community gardens • Green indoor areas • Blue areas • Green areas for water management • Derelict areas The next section provides examples for the eight different groups of ecological domains of NBS. 48

DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES OF SEARCH WORDS FOR THE ECOLOGICAL DOMAINS OF NBS NTERVENTIONS CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Building greens (external)

Green roofs (can include perennials, grasses, small trees, rooftop farming, mosses, succulents, few herbs and grasses); green walls or facades (ground-based climbing plants intended for ornamental purposes or plants growing in faรงade-bound); balcony green (pot plants);

Urban green areas connected to grey infrastructure

Alley and street trees/hedges/greens (hedges along roads or paths, shrubs or grassy verges along roads); railroad bank and tracks; house gardens; green playground/ school grounds; institutional green space (green spaces surrounding public and private institutions and corporation buildings); green parking lots; riverbank greens;

Parks and (semi) natural urban green areas

Large urban park or forest (can include different features such as trees, grassy areas, playgrounds, water bodies, ornamental beds, etc.); pocket parks / neighbourhood green spaces; botanical garden (educational and ornamental areas); green corridor;

Allotments and community gardens

Allotments; community gardens; horticulture; farmlands;

Green indoor areas

Indoor vertical greeneries (walls and ceilings e.g. ground-based climbing plants intended for ornamental purposes or plants growing in faรงade-bound substrate); atrium;

Blue areas

Lake/pond; river/stream/canal/estuary; delta; sea coast (e.g. sand beaches, cliffs, coastal dunes); wetland/bog/fen/marsh;

Green areas for water management

Rain gardens; swales / filter strips; sustainable urban drainage systems;

Derelict areas

Abandoned and derelict spaces with growth of wilderness or green features;

ECOLOGICAL DOMAINS AND SUB-DOMAINS INCLUDED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE EXTERNAL BUILDING GREENS

• • • •

Green roofs Green walls or facades Balcony green Other

URBAN GREEN SPACE CONNECTED TO GREY INFRASTRUCTURE

• • • • • • • •

Alley and street trees/hedges/greens Railroad bank and tracks House gardens Green playground/ school grounds Institutional green space Green parking lots Riverbank greens Other

PARKS AND (SEMI)NATURAL URBAN GREEN AREAS

• • • • •

Large urban park or forest Pocket parks / neighbourhood green spaces Botanical garden Green corridor Other

ALLOTMENTS AND COMMUNITY GARDENS

• • • •

Allotments Community gardens Horticulture Other

GREEN INDOOR AREAS

• Indoor vertical greeneries (walls and ceilings) • Atrium • Other

BLUE AREAS

• • • • • •

Lake/pond River/stream/canal/estuary Delta Sea coast Wetland/bog/fen/marsh Other

GREEN AREAS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT

• • • •

Rain gardens Swales / filter strips Sustainable urban drainage systems Other

DERELICT AREAS

• Abandoned and derelict spaces with growth of wilderness or green features • Other 50

When identifying the ecological domain of the intervention, in some cases the selection will be rather straightforward. For example, Jardim das Oliveras, a green roof in Porto (Portugal) can be categorised as an “external building green” and specified as “green roof”. One intervention however will often belong to more than one domain and subdomain: as the development of a park can also include a creation of e.g. lakes (blue areas) or rain gardens (green areas for water management). The next section, is a database example from the “ecological domains” section with the answers provided by the Barcelona URIP test, an urban green corridor at Passeig Sant Joan avenue. This NBS intervention involved the redevelopment of a portion of the Passeig Sant Joan avenue to create an urban green corridor in response to the Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020. The project addressed various ecological domains, including the plantation of street trees and street greens; greening playgrounds and developing a sustainable urban drainage system. EXAMPLE ANSWER OF “ECOLOGICAL DOMAINS” TYPES FOR THE URBAN GREEN CORRIDOR AT PASSEIG SANT JOAN AVENUE IN BARCELONA, SPAIN ECOLOGICAL DOMAIN

• External building greens • Urban green space connected to grey infrastructure: ccAlley and street trees/hedges/greens ccRailroad bank and tracks ccHouse gardens ccGreen playground/ school grounds ccInstitutional green space ccGreen parking lots ccRiverbank greens ccOther • Parks and (semi)natural urban green areas ccLarge urban park or forest ccPocket parks / neighbourhood green spaces ccBotanical garden ccGreen corridor ccOther • Allotments and community gardens • Green Indoor areas • Blue areas • Green areas for water management • Rain gardens • Swales / filter strips • Sustainable urban drainage systems • Other: permeable surfaces 51

EXAMPLE URBAN GREEN CORRIDOR AT PASSEIG SANT JOAN AVENUE IN BARCELONA, SPAIN

5.3.2. Ecosystem services provided by the NBS The NATURVATION project also seeks to assess the performance of NBS through examining the services that NBS provides as well as their scope in terms of the constituents (and potentially ecosystems) through which these are realised. Our starting point for this analysis is to use the TEEB classifications (see section 3.3.1) of the kinds of ecosystem services that NBS interventions might provide, including: • • • •

Provisioning services Regulating services Habitat and supporting services Cultural services

In the next section, some examples of ecosystem services key-words are presented for each ES group.

EXAMPLES OF ES SEARCH WORDS CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Provisioning Services

Food (harvest, fruits, vegetables), raw materials (wood, biofuels and plant oils), fresh water, medicinal resources;

Regulating Services

Local climate and air quality; Carbon sequestration and storage; Moderation of extreme events; Waste-water treatment; Erosion prevention and maintenance of soil fertility; Pollination; Biological control;

Habitat or Supporting Services

Habitats for species: food, water and shelter Maintenance of genetic diversity;

Cultural Services

Recreation and mental and physical health: outdoor activities, physical exercise, relaxation, well-being, mental and physical health; Tourism: Cultural and eco-tourism, biodiversity education; Aesthetic appreciation and inspiration for culture, art and design: Language, inspiration for art, culture and science; Spiritual experience and sense of place: sacred spaces or with a religious meaning, sense of belonging, religious;

Besides the options of answers under each ecosystem service group, there is also space for „other” examples of services, in one of the URIP tests (Leipzig) a need was identified to specify an additional cultural ecosystem service, an „meeting place with an inclusive character”. The next section presents an example answer provided by a URIP test re- EXAMPLE garding NBS interventions of allotment and large urban parks in Newcastle NEWCASTLE NBS (UK), which delivered flood regulation measures, introduced habitats for dif- INTERVENTION “ALLOTMENTS ferent species as well as provided opportunities for recreation and aesthetic AND LARGE URBAN PARKS” appreciation. EXAMPLE OF THE ANSWERS TO THE “ECOSYSTEM SERVICES” PROVIDED BY THE INTERVENTION FOR A NEWCASTLE NBS INTERVENTION “ALLOTMENTS AND LARGE URBAN PARKS” ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE NBS INTERVENTION

• Provisioning services Regulating services ccLocal climate regulation (temperature reduction) ccAir quality regulation ccCoastal protection ccNoise reduction ccCarbon storage/sequestration ccFlood regulation ccWater purification ccPollination cc

• Habitat and supporting services Habitats for species ccMaintenance of genetic diversity ccOther cc

• Cultural services Recreation and mental and physical health ccTourism ccAesthetic appreciation ccInspiration for culture, art & design ccOther cc

5.3.3. Scale of the intervention In addition to the ecological domains and the ES provided, we will also seek to understand the scope of these interventions by recording the scales at which the NBS interventions are achieved. We will distinguish: • Macro-scale: Global, continental and national level (additional key-words: European, transnational, international, cross-boarder, country) • Meso- scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level (additional key-words: region, province, county, urban, city, municipality) • Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level (additional key-words: district, quarter, zone, neighbourhood) • Sub micro-scale: Street scale (additional key-words: street, road, households, building)

EXAMPLE Ekostaden Augustenborg in Malmö, Sweden is the collective name for a proEKOSTADEN gram to transform the district of Augustenborg into a more socially, economAUGUSTENBORG ically and environmentally sustainable neighbourhood and is one of Sweden´s

largest urban sustainability projects. The intervention was carried out at the district level, thus the researcher identified that the spatial scale as “microscale”. 5.3.4. Beneficiaries This section aims to identify the primary beneficiaries of the interventions, that directly benefit from the challenges addressed or the services/benefits provided by the NBS. This section includes one multiple-choice question that aims at assessing the beneficiaries of each intervention and a reference should be provided for this question. We will distinguish the following type of beneficiaries: • National-level government (e.g. national ministries or public agencies) • Local government/Municipality (e.g. mayor office, city council, city assembly, town council) • Public sector institution (e.g. school or hospital) • Non-government organisation/Civil society (not-for profit organization, operating independently from the state, international organizations or the private sector) • Private sector/Corporate/Company (for-profit organizations, run by companies or individuals) • Researchers/University • Citizens or community groups (Individuals, groups of local people, association of individuals working for a public benefit) • Disadvantaged groups (e.g. older or disabled people, families with small children) The following table provides examples for the type of beneficiaries and benefits that different NBS interventions can provide. 54

TABLE 4: BENEFICIARIES AND BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT NBS INTERVENTIONS GROUP OF BENEFICIARIES

NBS INTERVENTION

BENEFITS

CASE STUDY

National or local level government

Green corridor

City attractiveness and tourism (especially given the current tourism strategy; among other benefits (recreational opportunities, healthier lifestyles: bicycle and pedestrian network, etc.)

Lisbon, Portugal1

Urban hybrid dunes

“Involvement of administrations and local media interest; Hybrid dune strategy emerging as a viable alternative of coastal defence against erosion and sea level rise.”

Barcelona, Spain2

Public sector institution

Green roof

Patients in intensive care benefit from looking at vegetation and nature.

Kanton Hospital in Basel3

Non-government organisation/Civil society (among other stakeholders

Rehabilitation and restoration of rivers

“Increase the capacity of the river system to absorb the urbanisation impact (to increase water storage and purification capacity); Restore the river functions to provide ecosystem services to the inhabitants.”

Lodz, Poland4

Private sector Corporate, Company

“Montado” conservation

“Ecosystem services assessment was presented to managers as an incentive to explore other income sources besides cork and cattle, contributing at the same time to the conservation of the system”

Alentejo, Portugal5

1 Source: http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17285 2 Source: http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17274 3 Source: https://livingroofs.org/health/ 4 http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/urban-river-restoration-a-sustainable-strategy-for-storm-water-management-in-lodz-poland/#adapt_options_anchor 5 http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17273

TABLE 4: BENEFICIARIES AND BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT NBS INTERVENTIONS GROUP OF BENEFICIARIES

NBS INTERVENTION

BENEFITS

CASE STUDY

Researchers/University

Green roof

Production of better green infrastructure designs

University of East London (project leader), UK1

Citizens or community groups

Urban gardens

Opportunities for physical and cognitive connections with nature; caring and nurturing life; learning and education; recreational purposes

Barcelona, Spain2

Citizens

Green living room

Attractive open space; resting spot within the dense urban fabric

Ludwigsburg 3

Disadvantaged groups

Urban green spaces

Opportunities provided by green areas for social interaction can be more important vulnerable societal groups, e.g. the elderly, those in poor health, or those with young children

n.a.4

1 http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17556 2 http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17283 3 http://www.oppla.eu/casestudy/17555 4 Kazmierczak, A., Carter, J., 2010. Adaptation to Climate Change Using Green and Blue Infrastructure. A Database of Case Studies. The University of Manchester

5.4. SECTION 4: GOVERNANCE AND FINANCING The NATURVATION project aims at building an understanding of how to create the right enabling frameworks for large-scale innovation at urban scale, including the development and testing of new business, financing and governance models that allow for quick replication at scale and for this purpose it will map and analyse existing experiences and practices and recommend innovative business models, financing mechanisms ... and governance arrangements to develop socially acceptable NBS.1 This section collects information about governance arrangements, key actors and stakeholders involved in the planning and implementation of NBS, policies that drive and other factors that enable(d) NBS interventions. Additionally, this section will also focus on financing sources and types used/being used for the intervention. 5.4.1 Governance The section on governance includes four questions as presented below.

Heading Governance arrangements

Question Please characterize the power distribution within the initiative. Specify the nongovernment actors involved

Key actors - Initiating Who is/was the initiating organization of organization this NBS? Who are/were the key actors involved in the NBS intervention? Please select the type of stakeholders involved. Participatory methods/ Please describe the nature of any parforms of community ticipatory methods/forms of community involvement used involvement in the NBS intervention Key actors - Type of stakeholders involved

1â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Source: NATURVATION Project proposal

? QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 4, GOVERNANCE

GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS The aim of the question on governance arrangements is to have a better understanding about the different actors who are involved in the governance/management of the initiative. One important axis of governance is “power distribution” with on one side those arrangements where government is in control over policy design and/or execution and on the other end nongovernmental actors being in control. The other axis is “public performance” with on one side of the spectrum arrangements mainly focused on developing new policy, and on the other side arrangements focused on “hands-on” maintenance activities. Thus, under this question we included two sub-questions to characterize the power-distribution within the initiative and to define the role of the nongovernment actors involved. The first question is a single-selection choice the second question is a multiple selection choice question. In addition, if non-government actors were involved in governance activities, there role should be also specified and reference should be provided.

QUESTION AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS

Please characterize the power distribution within the initiative • Government-led • Co-governance or hybrid governance (mix of responsibilities between government and non-government actors) • Led by non-government actors NON-GOVERNMENT ACTORS

If the initiative is led by co/hybrid governance or by non-government actors, please specify the non-government actors involved • • • • • • • •

Public sector institution (e.g. school or hospital) Non-government organisation/Civil society Private sector/Corporate/Business Researchers, university Citizens or community groups Coalition with multiple of the above Other Unknown

Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative 58

EXAMPLES OF SEARCH WORDS FOR THE QUESTION ON GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS OF THE INTERVENTION CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Power distribution

Govern, manage, lead, direct, administer, execute, implement, responsible

Government

Ministry, public body, regional or local government, municipality, city authority

Non-government

Private sector, companies, businesses, citizens, community groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society, schools, hospitals, public institutions, research institutions, universities

EXAMPLE

In case of the bio-washing machine (Biowasmachine)/ Area-oriented approach BIOWASMACHINE groundwater contamination in Utrecth (The Netherlands), the researcher indicated that the implementation of the intervention was jointly managed by regional/local public bodies and a transnational cooperation partnership (INTERREG), the CityChlor project. ANSWER EXAMPLE “FOR GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS” OF THE THE BIO-WASHING MACHINE (BIOWASMACHINE)/ AREA-ORIENTED APPROACH GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN UTRECTH, THE NETHERLANDS GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS

If the initiative is led by co/hybrid governance or by non-government actors, please specify the non-government actors involved • • • • • • • •

Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative The project was a pilot in the European (INTERREG) project CityChlor, in search of an integrated area-based approach to improve the quality of soil and groundwater. KEY ACTORS This section includes two questions on key actors involved in the delivery and the implementation of the NBS intervention. The first concern the type of organization, which developed the idea and launched the process of implementation for the NBS intervention. This can be identical to the current owner of the organization but it can also differ. The second question concerns the stakeholder groups which may involved in the implementation of the intervention. Both question allow multiple selection of answers and the specification of additional type of key actors. QUESTION AND ANSWER OPTION FOR “ KEY ACTORS”

KEY ACTORS - INITIATING ORGANIZATION

Who is/was the initiating organization of this NBS? • Multilateral organization • EU bodies • National Government • Regional Government • Local government/Municipality • Public sector institution (e.g. school or hospital) • Non-governmental organisation/Civil society • Business Association • Private sector/Corporate/Company • Private Foundation • Transnational network • Researchers/University • Citizens or Community groups • Other • Unknown

KEY ACTORS – TYPE OF STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED

Who are/were the key actors involved in the NBS intervention? Please select the type of stakeholders involved • Multilateral organization • EU bodies • National Government • Regional Government • Local government/Municipality • Public sector institution (e.g. school or hospital) • Non-governmental organisation/Civil society • Business Association • Private sector/Corporate/Company • Private Foundation • Transnational network • Researchers/University • Citizens or Community groups • Other • Unknown

TABLE 5:EXAMPLES FOR ORGANIZATION TYPES CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Multilateral organization

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). International Finance Corporation (IFC)

EU bodies

European Union Institutions, agencies and other bodies such as European Council, European Investment Bank, European Commission

National Government

National Ministries or Agencies e.g Ministry of Environment or National Flood Protection Agency

Regional Government

Regional or Provincial Ministry or Agency, regional committees, regional assembly, county assembly,

Local Government /Municipality1

Mayor office, city council, city assembly, town council

Public sector institution

Institutions that are operated by the government, e.g. schools, hospitals, elderly homes, police stations, post offices, public transportation companies

Non-governmental organisation /Civil society

Not-for profit organization, operating independently from the state, international organizations or the private sector e.g. CEE Bankwatch Network, Climate Action Network Europe, Friends of the Earth Europe, Third Generation Environmentalism (E3G)

Business Association

Not-for profit organization, supporting large companies and SMEs with research, technology transfer or capacity building. E.g. German Association of Environmental Management;

Private sector /Corporate /Company

For-profit organizations, run by companies or individuals

Private Foundation

Not-for profit organization, created by an individual or company for charitable objectives. E.g Open Society Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation

Transnational network

Network of non-state actors, such as transnational co-operation projects or FP7/H2020 transnational research projects. E.g. GREENNET, INTERREGIVB Central Europe Prgramme or the GreenSurge FP7 project

Researchers/ University

Besides universities, other higher-education institutions and research institutions can be also considered here

Citizens or Community groups

Individuals, groups of local people (e.g. living in the same building, street or neighboord or district), association of individuals working for a public benefit

1â&#x20AC;&#x201A; The following document contains information on regional and local governments in all European countries: Ehttp://www.ccre.org/docs/ Local_and_Regional_Government_in_Europe.EN.pdf

EXAMPLE For the Ekostaden Augustenborg NBS ponds and linked water channels in EKOSTADEN AUGUSTENBORG NBS PONDS AND LINKED WATER CHANNELS IN MALMÖ, SWEDEN

Malmö, Sweden, the researcher indicated that the initiating or was the local government/municipality and various stakeholders were indicated in the process: “The process started in 1997 when there were discussions about closing down Kommunteknik’s industrial area. Peter Lindhqvist at the Service Department suggested that an eco-friendly industrial park opened in the area. At the same time Bertil Nilsson, former headmaster at the school in Augustenborg, had become one of the co-ordinators for the Swedish Urban Program in Malmö. He contacted Christer Sandgren at MKB, Malmö´s public housing company, who was their housing manager for Augustenborg, with the mission to renew the area. The three men pulled all their strings and gathered a group of senior officers, colleagues and most important residents in the area who all wanted to turn the area into a sustainable district of Malmö.”

ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR “KEY ACTORS” FROM THE EKOSTADEN AUGUSTENBORG NBS PONDS AND LINKED WATER CHANNELS IN MALMÖ, SWEDEN KEY ACTORS - INITIATING ORGANIZATION

KEY ACTORS – TYPE OF STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED

PARTICIPATORY METHODS/FORMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT USED The aim of this question is to better understand how are/were stakeholders (different organizations or citizens) were involved in the planning, the implementation or governance and the monitoring of the interventions. The answer options are presented below and please note that question allows multiple selection of answers. QUESTION AND ANSWER OPTION FOR PARTICIPATORY METHODS/FORMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT PARTICIPATORY METHODS/FORMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT USED

Please describe the nature of any participatory methods/forms of community nvolvement in the NBS intervention • Co-planning • Crowd-sourcing/Crowd-funding/Participatory budget • Taskforce groups • Dissemination of information and education • Consultation (e.g. workshop, surveys) • Joint implementation • Co-management/Joint management • Citizen oversight (E.g. boards, advisory) • Citizen science • Citizen monitoring and review • Other • Unknown A list of definitions and examples for the different types of participatory methods or forms of involvement is provided below

TABLE 6: EXAMPLES FOR PARTICIPATORY METHODS/FORMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT CATEGORIES CATEGORY

EXPLANATIONS AND EXAMPLES

Co-planning

Direct involvement of and cooperation between different stakeholder groups in the planning/ development process of the intervention e.g. citizens, experts, civil society representatives E.g. children and younger people were involved in the development of the Park Rabet in Leipzig.

Crowd-sourcing/ Crowd-funding/ Participatory budget

A specific financing model for raising financial or human resources. These gather a larger group of “contributors” to donate smaller amount of funds or provide technical expertise for a set objective or for the implementation of a project. E.g. the Red Rose Forest in Manchester raised £39,000 through the crowdfunding platform Spacehive for green infrastructure improvements to regenerate St Stephens Square near to the city centre.1

Taskforce groups

A formally established group of people, formed to carry out a specific task or solve a specific problem. E.g. Green Infrastructure Task Force was set up in London to set out infrastructure needs for London on the longer-term. Various stakeholders, including the London Council’s Transport & Environment Committee, the London Manager for the Environment Agency, London Regional Director of Public Health England was involved in the process.

Dissemination of information and education

This includes any formal and informal education activities (e.g. information session, capacitybuilding, training, courses) that targets various stakeholders (e.g. city planners, citizens, researchers etc.).

Consultation

Consultation methods can include questionnaire/surveys, interviews, focus groups, online forums.

Joint implementation

Various stakeholders are involved in the implementation of the intervention (they not only join in the planning phase but take an active role in the actual realization of the intervention) E.g. students and parents are involved in tree planting in a school garden.

Co-management/ Joint management

Various stakeholders are not only involved in the planning and/or the implementation of the NBS but as well as in decision-making processes concerning the intervention, once it is operational. E.g. members of a community garden decide together about issues related to planting and harvesting

Citizen oversight (e.g. boards, advisory)

Citizen participation mechanism in which individuals from the local population are included in the review of management processes during planning, implementation, and maintenance (e.g. delegate managers).

Citizen science

Research conducted partially or wholly by non-researchers and involvement of citizens in research processes e.g. Green Living Labs or open spaces for innovation. E.g. eBird is a website where citizen can record bird abundance via field observation.

Citizen monitoring and review

This refers to the involvement of citizens in the evaluation of the outcomes of programme results/project implementation e.g. community-based monitoring of government services.

1 Source: https://www.landscapeinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TIN4-15Crowdfunding2015-03-24.pdf

For the extension and redevelopment of the Rabet Urban Park in Leipzig, the EXAMPLE researcher indicated that the citizens were involved via planning, consultation RABET URBAN PARK and monitoring/review activities. LEIPZIG ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR “FOR PARTICIPATORY METHODS/FORMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT” FOR THE RABET URBAN PARK IN LEIPZIG PARTICIPATORY METHODS/FORMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT USED

Please describe the nature of any participatory methods/forms of community involvement in the NBS intervention • Co-creation/co-development/co-planning • Crowd-sourcing/Crowd-funding/Participatory budget • Taskforce groups • Dissemination of information and education • Consultation (e.g. workshop, surveys) • Joint implementation • Co-management/Joint management • Citizen oversight (E.g. boards, advisory) • Citizen science • Citizen monitoring and review • Other • Unknown

5.4.2. Policy drivers The questions under the policy drivers heading aim to understand and explore whether the NBS intervention was developed as a result/in response to/influenced by/based on a certain international (EU), national or regional/ local strategy, plan or regulation and whether the intervention was a result of a mandatory mechanism or a voluntary initiative.

? QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 4, POLICY DRIVERS

Heading NBS intervention implemented in response to an EU Directive/ Strategy NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/ strategy/plan

Question Is/Was the NBS intervention implemented in response to/ influenced by an EU Directive/Strategy? Is/Was the NBS intervention implemented in response to/influenced by a national regulation/strategy/plan?

NBS intervention Is/Was the NBS intervention a result implemented in response of/influenced by a regional or local to a local regulation/stratregulations/ strategy/ plan? egy/plan

Mandatory or voluntary intervention

Is/Was the NBS intervention a result of a mandatory (e.g. based on policy or to deliver policy objectives and/ or ensure regulatory compliance) or a voluntary mechanism? Is/was the NBS intervention spontaneous or based on policy?

The first three questions under this section, regarding the influence of a certainEU/national or region/local policy document, are yes or no, single-choice selection questions. They should only be answered with “Yes”, if a concrete reference is made to a certain policy document. “No” should be selected, if the studied docu-ments explain the motivation behind the intervention and it is clear that the intervention was not influenced by a certain policy (e.g. if the studied documents indicate the intervention is based on a national legislation and make no references to EU and local policies, “no” should be selected). If no indication is made regarding the motivation behind the intervention, the option “unknown” should be selected. If the “Yes” answer is selected, the relevant policy document should be specified and a reference should be provided. The creation of NBS interventions can be linked to/influenced by various types of policy documents (regulations or laws/strategies and action plans) across Europe. The focus of these documents can range from green infrastructure, climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity protection, water management, wastewater management, air pollution, health and sustainable development or urban development. The below section provides examples of relevant search words. 66

EXAMPLES OF RELEVANT SEARCH WORDS CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

EU Directive/ Strategy

Examples of relevant directives/strategies include: EU Strategy on Green Infrastructure, EU Adaptation Strategy, Habitats Directive and other Nature Directives, EU legislation on climate change, Water Framework Directive, Directive on Urban waste-water treatment, Floods Directive

National Regulation/Strategy/Plan

Examples of relevant regulation/strategy/plans: Environmental Law, Water management Act, Climate Act, Law on Air and Noise pollution, Law on Nature Protection, Climate Strategy, Green Infrastructure Strategy, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Sustainable Development Strategy, Environmental Action Plan, Spatial Planning Strategy

Regional/Local Regulation /Strategy/Plan

Regional/Local level regulation on wastewater management, air pollution or waste management, Regional/Local Climate Change Strategy, Regional/Local green Infrastructure Strategy Local environmental Plans, Urban Plans, Spatial Plans, Environmental Zones Program

In case of the redevelopment of a portion of Passeig Sant Joan avenue to create an urban green corridor in Barcelona, Spain, the research found that the intervention was implemented in response to the Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020. The answers are presented below.

EXAMPLE

REDEVELOPMENT OF A PORTION OF PASSEIG SANT JOAN AVENUE” ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR “POLICY DRIVERS” FOR THE NBS INTERVENTION “REDEVEL- BARCELONA, SPAIN

OPMENT OF A PORTION OF PASSEIG SANT JOAN AVENUE” IN BARCELONA, SPAIN Was the NBS intervention implemented in response to an EU Directive/Strategy? (e.g. Green Infrastructure strategy, Adaptation strategy, WFD, Floods Directive, CAP) • Yes • No • Unknown Was the NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulation/ strategy/plan? (e.g. Climate Strategy, Green Infrastructure Strategy, Sustainable Development Strategy, Environmental Action Plan) • Yes • No • Unknown Was the NBS intervention a result of a regional or local regulations/ strategy/ plan? • Yes • No • Unknown If yes, please specify: In response to the Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020. 67

Regarding the mandatory or voluntary nature of the NBS intervention, first you need to evaluate whether the intervention was based on policy or was it a spontaneous initiative of the project developer/owner. Then, if the intervention was/is mandatory the relevant policy/regulation/law etc. should be selected or specified. If the intervention was/is voluntary, the relevant initiative should be selected. The option “unknown” should be chosen if the assessed literature made no reference to the motivating factors/reasons behind the development of the intervention.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR, “MANDATORY OR VOLUNTARY INTERVENTION” MANDATORY OR VOLUNTARY INTERVENTION

Is/Was the NBS intervention a result of a mandatory mechanism (e.g. based on policy or to deliver policy objectives and/or ensure regulatory compliance) or a voluntary initiative? Is/was the NBS intervention spontaneous or based on policy? • Mandatory (based on policy) • Voluntary (spontaneous) • Unknown INTERVENTION IS MANDATORY

If the intervention was mandatory, was this the result of ... (Please select the relevant option) • • • • • •

Spatial planning guidance Spatial planning law Environmental regulation Energy regulation Building regulation Other, please specify

INTERVENTION IS VOLUNTARY

If the intervention was a voluntary initiative, was this the result of ... (Please select the relevant option) • • • • •

Voluntary building certification scheme Voluntary planning guidance Voluntary environmental standards Corporate social responsibility strategy Other, please specify

While the development of the above presented green corridor intervention in Barcelona was inspired by the city’s Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Action Plan, the researcher indicated that the intervention was not developed as a result of a legislation, but it was a voluntary initiative, inspired by a voluntary planning guidance. See the answers presented below. ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR THE QUESTION ON THE MANDATORY OR VOLUNTARY NATURE OF THE NBS INTERVENTION “REDEVELOPMENT OF A PORTION OF PASSEIG SANT JOAN AVENUE” IN BARCELONA, SPAIN Mandatory or voluntary intervention • Mandatory • Voluntary • Unknown If the intervention was voluntary, was this the result of ... (Please select the relevant option) • Voluntary building certification scheme • Voluntary planning guidance • Voluntary environmental standards • Corporate social responsibility strategy • Other, please specify Please specify, “other”: Strategic planning (Barcelona GI and Biodiversity Plan 2020)

EXAMPLE REDEVELOPMENT OF A PORTION OF PASSEIG SANT JOAN AVENUE” BARCELONA, SPAIN

5.4.3. Enablers The project also aims to study and explain why certain forms of NBS interventions exist in certain cities. Therefore, the questions under this heading will examine the existence of a shared urban/regional vision/framing/discourse on NBS (such as a specific policy vision, or a strategic document by citizen groups, etc.); the existence of learning mechanisms on NBS (know-ledge infrastructure/research activities, monitoring program, participation in trans-local networks); the presence of urban/regional networks and actors involved in nature-related activities that NBS is building upon (e.g. ‘suppliers’ of NBS, active ‘user’ groups, cultural organisations, research institutes, NBS related policy networks) and the presence of resources for supporting/‘protecting’ NBS (public subsidies, private investment programs).

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 4, ENABLERS

Heading

Question

Presence of specific Does the city, where the NBS takes city-level GI/NBS vision/ place, have a specific Green Infrastrategy/plan structure (GI)/NBS vision/strategy? Does the city, where the NBS takes places, have plans that mention the GI/ BI/NBS concepts, and outline a vision for their implementation, but are not specifically GI or NBS plans? Is there a city network or regionPresence of city network al partnerships focused on (climate or regional partnerships change/ sustainability/GI or NBS) in focused on NBS the city where the NBS takes place? Presence of a specific city-level GI/NBS concept

Presence of GI/NBS research project

Is the city, where the NBS takes place involved in, a GI/NBS research project?

Subsidies/investment for GI/NBS in the city

Are there any funds or subsidies/ investment for GI/NBS in the city (available for the city or provided by the city where the NBS takes place?

All questions under this section, are “yes” or “no”, single-choice selection questions, which requires specification if possible. The questions should only be answered with “Yes”, if a concrete reference is madeto a certain strategy, network or partnership, research project and funds or financial incentives. “No” should be selected, if the studied documents suggest that the city lacks a relevant strategy, network or partnership, research project and funds or financial incentives. If no indication is made to the above categories, the option “unknown” should be selected. If the “Yes” answer is selected, the relevant policy docu-ment, network, research project or financial incentive should be specified and a reference should be provided. Please note that when researching the above questions, your aim is not to be fully comprehensive, but to list those strategies, networks, projects etc. that enabled/supported the given intervention according to the studied documents. Explanations of the categories and a list of possible search words are provided below. 70

EXAMPLES OF RELEVANT SEARCH WORDS CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

GI/NBS strategy/ plans and plans that mention GI/NBS

Local/urban strategies and action plans should be considered here, which are mentioned or found throughout the research. Strategies are documents, which set longer term goals/ objectives, while action plan usually detail implementation activities that are set out to reach strategic goals. Some cities in Europe has already developed a GI strategy or action plans (e.g. Liverpool or Barcelona), while other has included elements of a GI/NBS vision in a general plan (e.g. London Infrastructure Plan 2050).

City network or regional partnerships

Network that are mentioned or found through the research should be considered. Such networks/partnerships/ cooperations /collaborations may include, international, EU or national/regional initiatives focusing on specifically on NBS/GI, climate change, nature protection, sustainable development or urban development, smart cities etc. Participation in an interregional, transnational or cross-border co-operation projects (INTERREGs) can also be considered here.

GI/NBS research projects

Research projects that are mentioned or found through the research should be entered only. Besides referenced research outcomes, logos used, sponsorship acknowledged, a document or a study produced as part of a partnership can all be considered here. Relevant research projects may include European Union-funded FP7, H2020 and LIFE projects; national research initiatives, or Urban Living Labs type city-level projects.

Funds or subsidies/ investment for GI/ NBS

Only the financial mechanism/instruments that are mentioned in the studied documents or found through the research should be entered only. Direct grants, financial investments, loans, financial incentives such as subsidies, payments for ecosystem services or tax exemptions provided for the city and by the city can be considered here. E.g. The Natural Capital Financial Facility (NCFF) of the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Commission provide loans and investments in funds to support conservation of natural capital, including adaptation to climate change.

1â&#x20AC;&#x201A; Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/pdf/Green%20Infrastructure/GI_finance.pdf

EXAMPLE In relation to the closed circuit and sustainable water system in the city district ENABLERS FOR THE NBS INTERVENTION “CLOSED CIRCUIT AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SYSTEM IN THE CITY DISTRICT LEIDSCHE RIJN OF UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS

Leidsche Rijn of Utrecht, the Netherlands, the researcher indicated the various enablers, as presented below. ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR “ENABLERS FOR THE NBS INTERVENTION “CLOSED CIRCUIT AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SYSTEM IN THE CITY DISTRICT LEIDSCHE RIJN OF UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC CITY-LEVEL GI/NBS VISION/STRATEGY/PLAN

Does the city, where the NBS takes place, have a specific Green Infrastructure (GI)/NBS vision/strategy? • Yes • No • Unknown Please specify: Green Structure Plan Utrecht, part of which looks at opportunities for connecting and integrating green and blue spaces in Utrecht PRESENCE OF CITY NETWORK OR REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS FOCUSED ON NBS

Is there a city network or regional partnerships focused on (climate change/ sustainability/GI or NBS) in the city where the NBS takes place? • Yes • No • Unknown Please specify: Utrecht municipality works together with citizen greenspace groups at city, district and neighbourhood level. There are also regional partnerships. PRESENCE OF GI/NBS RESEARCH PROJECT

Is the city, where the NBS takes place involved in, a GI/NBS research project (e.g. H2020, but also national research, or Urban Living Labs type research projects)? • Yes • No • Unknown Please specify: Case study city in GREEN SURGE (FP7 research project) Member of Energy Cities (European Association of local authorities in energy transitions) Utrecht is partner in the ‘Kansen voor West’ Operational Program (ERDF, 2014-2020) which focuses on innovation and low carbon economy. As an Intermediate Body, Utrecht also implements an Integrated Territorial Investment strategy (ITI) that is funded by ERDF/ESF.

SUBSIDIES/INVESTMENT FOR GI/NBS IN THE CITY

Are there any funds or subsidies/investment for GI/NBS in the city (available for the city or provided by the city where the NBS takes place? • Yes • No • Unknown Please specify: The municipality has made available €0.5 million for the implementation of each of the ten Neighbourhood Green Structure Plans. Citizens were invited to contribute their ideas to these neighbourhood-level plans and some of these ideas were funded through this budget. Community initiatives aimed at improving parks and greenspaces are sometimes sponsored (e.g. through neighbourhood revitalisation funds) The municipality also subsidizes several urban agriculture projects, as well as green rooftops and green facades. 5.4.4 Financing This section aims to map the financial aspects of the NBS intervention, including its total cost, the financial sources that were used to implement the intervention and the organizations that provided the financial resources.

Heading

Question

Total cost

What is/was the total Cost/Budget of the NBS intervention?

Source(s) of funding

What are/were the financing sources of the NBS intervention?

Type of fund(s) used

What type of financing instruments are/ were used for the NBS intervention?

Non-financial contribution

Are/were non-financial contribution provided for the NBS intervention?

The first question concerns the total investment cost of the NBS, which should be indicated in EUR. It is a single-selection choice question, where the cost range should be defined. If known, the exact budget can be also provided in EUR and if available in the local currency. In some cases, interventions were designed to deliver cost savings, in this case the not applicable option should be selected.

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 3 FINANCING

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR “TOTAL COST” TOTAL COST

What is/was the total Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS intervention? • Less than 50 000 EUR • • • •

50 000 – 1000 000 EUR 1000 000 – 500 000 EUR 500 000 - 2 000 000 EUR 2 000 000 - 4 000 000EUR • above 4 000 000 EUR

• Unknown • Not applicable, the intervention isn’t expected to incur costs, but deliver cost savings If the intervention delivered cost savings, please, specify If known, specify the budget of the intervention NBS interventions can be financed by various financial sources. This question aims to investigate what sources were used. It is a multiple-choice question, given that one NBS intervention can be financed from more than one source (e.g. from EU and local budget).

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR FINANCIAL SOURCES SOURCES OF FUNDING

What are/were the financing sources of the NBS intervention? • • • • • • • • • •

EU Public national budget Public regional budget Public local authority’s budget Corporate investment Non-governmental organization Foundation Crowd-sourcing Other, please specify Unknown

The table below provides definitions and examples for the various financial sources.

TABLE 7: DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES FOR THE VARIOUS FINANCIAL SOURCES CATEGORY

EXPLANATIONS AND EXAMPLES

Funds provided by the European Union for the implementation of EU strategies and policies. The 5 major Structural and Investment funds include the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); the European Social Fund (ESF) ; the Cohesion Fund; the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund.

Public national, regional and municipal budget

The budget of the national/regional/local government concerns the annual financing sources of the relevant government body, available for various objectives.

Corporate investment

Investments made or funds provided by private sector organizations, including larger corporations and SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises)

Non-governmental organization

Investments made or funds provided by not-for-profit organizations

Foundation

Not-for profit organization, created by an individual or company for charitable objectives. E.g Open Society Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation

Crowd-sourcing

A specific model for raising financial resources with relatively smaller contribution from a larger number of â&#x20AC;&#x153;investorsâ&#x20AC;?. E.g. Spacehive platform

The following question in the database concerns the type of funds and the financing organizations used or provided for the realization of the NBS intervention. This is again a multiple-choice selection question as various types of funds could be used for the same project. QUESTIONS AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR “TYPE OF FUNDS”

TYPE OF FUNDS

What type of financing instruments are/were used for the NBS intervention? • • • • • • • • • • •

Earmarked budget Direct funding or subsidies Loan Equity funding (investment in shares) Green bonds Asset-backed funding (leasing, factoring) Tax exemption Donations Membership fees Other, please specify Unknown

The table below provides definitions and examples for the various types of funds.

TABLE 8: EXPLANATIONS AND EXAMPLES OF CATEGORIES CATEGORY

EXAMPLES

Earmarked budget

Government resources, earmarked/dedicated from the annual budget of the government for specific sectors or objectives

Direct funding or subsidies

Non-repayable grants or benefit provided in cash

Loan

Repayable fund provided usually with an interest rate

Equity funding (investment in shares)

Sale/Purchase of ownership via issued shares

Green bonds

Fixed-income instruments (standard bonds) that support/fund environmental improvements or projects

Asset-backed funding (leasing, factoring)

A fund that invests in tangible assets such as real estates, buildings, equipment, stocks etc.

Tax exemption

Exemption from a certain government tax regulation. E.g. stormwater fee reduction credits

Donations

A sum of money, given to a charity organization

Membership fees

A regularly payable fee to become a member of an organization 76

Besides the financial resources, NBS interventions can also use non-financial contributions such as a land or building provided by the city to a private or not-for-profit organization or provision of services or labour e.g. by experts. If non-financial contribution were involved, the type of contribution should be specified as well. QUESTIONS AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR NON-FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION Are/were non-financial contribution provided for the NBS intervention? • Yes • No • Unknown If applicable, what type of non-financial contribution was provided? • Provision of land • Provision of goods • Provision of services and labour • Provision of tools and technology • Provision of knowledge • Other, please specify In case of the Rabet Urban Park in Leipzig (Germany) the total cost of the EXAMPLE intervention was above 2 million EUR and it was financed by directing fund- RABET URBAN ing from various sources, including EU funds and national, regional and local PARK IN LEIPZIG government budgets. TOTAL COST

What is/was the total Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS intervention? • Less than 50 000 EUR • • • •

50 000 – 1000 000 EUR 1000 000 – 500 000 EUR 500 000 - 2 000 000 EUR 2 000 000 - 4 000 000EUR • above 4 000 000 EUR

• Unknown SOURCES OF FUNDING

What are/were the financing sources of the NBS intervention? • • • • •

EU Public national budget Public regional budget Public local authority’s budget Corporate investment

• • • • •

Non-governmental organization Foundation Crowd-sourcing Other, please specify Unknown

TYPE OF FUNDS

What type of financing instruments are/were used for the NBS intervention? • • • • • • • • • • •

5.5. SECTION 5: INNOVATION Understanding the relationship between sustainability and innovation is at the heart of the NATURVATION1: the project will contribute to the evidence base through both advancing how we assess the contribution of NBS and producing new knowledge about how innovation in this domain is taking place and can most effectively be supported. By focusing on the dynamics of innovation at the urban scale and understanding the systemic challenges that shape the conditions for successful transitions, NATURVATION will make a substantial contribution to the overall objective of positioning “Europe as world leader in innovating with nature to address urban societal challenges and thus support transition pathways towards sustainable urbanisation.” Therefore, Section 5 aims to uncover the innovation potential of the studied intervention. Questions will investigate whether the intervention contains an element of technological and social innovation as well as focus on its novelty level and its transferability potential.

Heading

Question

Type of innovation

Is the NBS intervention a technological or a social innovation?

Novelty level of the innovation

Does the innovation build on previous initiatives?

Replicability/Transferability

Is the innovation transferred to new initiatives?

5.5.1. Type of innovation The questions regarding the type of innovation aim at assessing the kind of innovation involved in the intervention. We consider technological and social innovation therefore we include three sub-questions to characterize the type of innovation involved in the intervention, as multiple-choice selection answers. In addition, if any type of innovation was realized, it should be also specified (maximum text of 1000 characters) and a reference should be provided.

1 Source: Project proposal

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 5, INNOVATION

QUESTION AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR THE TYPE OF THE INNOVATION TYPE OF INNOVATION

Is the NBS intervention a technological or a social innovation? • • • •

Technological Social System innovation Unknown

TECHNOLOGICAL

If the intervention is a technological innovation, was it: • Product innovation • Process innovation • Infrastructural innovation SOCIAL

If If the intervention is a social innovation, was it: • • • •

Policy innovation Economic innovation Governance innovation Cultural innovation

PLEASE SPECIFY SYSTEM INNOVATION

If the intervention is a system innovation (both a technological and a social innovation), please specify. You may find references to innovation in project documentations as experiment, test bed, best practice, novel approach, trial, platform etc. The follo wing section provides explanation and examples of the types of such innovations.

TABLE 9: EXAMPLES OF RELEVANT SEARCH WORDS CATEGORY

DEFINITION

SEARCH WORDS

EXAMPLES

Technological

Technological innovations comprise new products, production processes or technological infrastructures or entire systems, or significant technological changes in them.

Technological innovation; technological change; new technologies

See examples below

Social

Social innovations comprise significant changes in policies, economic frameworks, governance structures or cultural framings.

Social innovation; social change; new social arrangements

See examples below

System innovation

System innovations lead to systemic changes System innovation; in both social (values, regulations, attitudes etc.) and technical (infrastructure, technology, tools, production processes etc) dimensions and, most importantly, in the relations between them

The Room for the river project â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a paradigm shifting innovation with both technical and social innovation elements

Product innovation

A product innovation is the introduction of a Product innovation; new good or service that is new or has significant- products ly improved characteristics or intended uses

Green roof; green building facades

Process innovation

A process innovation refers to the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method.

Fungal bioremediation of foil

Infrastructural innovation

An infrastructural innovation refers to a new Infrastructural innovation type of (or significant changes to existing) infrastructure that enable the flow of goods, people, resources, etc.

Sustainable Urban Drainage System

Policy innovation

This refers to new (or significant changes in) in public policy frameworks such as new forms of regulations and public incentives.

Policy innovation; policy change; policy learning

Tree planting policy, restoring habitat policies

Economic innovation

An economic innovation refers to new (or significant changes in) economic frameworks such as new business models.

Economic innovation; novel economic frameworks; new business model

Crowdfunding for new green space development

Process innovation; new process

Governance innovation

A governance innovation refers to new (or significant changes in) governance frameworks such new forms of collaboration between public and private actors.

Governance innovation; novel governance arrangements; new collaborations

Cooperative green space maintenance. Citizen-based monitoring

Cultural innovation

This refers to new (or significant changes in) cultural frameworks such as new concepts or cultural categories

Cultural innovation; novel concepts; novel discourse

Discursive innovations like 'the living garden'

EXAMPLE The researcher identified both technological and social innovation elements

DATABASE EXAMPLE OF THE SELECTED “INNOVATION” TYPES FOR THE LEIPZIG URIP TEST

in connection to the expansion and redevelopment of the Rabet urban park in Leipzig, Germany. First, with the help of an infrastructural innovation, it created an amoebic tape around the district. Second, it provided important areas for leisure and recreation, developed as a central green adjustment to contribute to the sustainable urban development that it also extends beyond the district. DATABASE EXAMPLE OF THE SELECTED “INNOVATION” TYPES FOR THE LEIPZIG URIP TEST. TYPE OF INNOVATION

Was the NBS intervention a technological or a social innovation? • • • •

Technological Social System innovation Unknown

TECHNOLOGICAL

• Product innovation • Process innovation • Infrastructural innovation If the intervention was a technological innovation, please specify • “Amoebic tape” around a very heterogeneous quarter SOCIAL

If If the intervention is a social innovation, was it: • • • •

Policy innovation Economic innovation Governance innovation Cultural innovation

If the intervention was a social innovation, please specify • Implementation of urban redevelopment strategy: integrated urban development concept • Recreation areas for all citizens • Leisure meeting place – integrative demand

5.5.2. NOVELTY LEVEL AND REPLICABILITY/TRANSFERABILITY OF THE INNOVATION This question aims to investigate whether the innovation delivered by the intervention build on previous interventions. This can be a result of a copy of a previous intervention without considerable adjustments or on the other hand with considerable changes, if the innovation is brand new or if it’s ambiguous. This is a single-choice selection type of answer, with an option to choose “unknown” if it isn’t possible to discover this answer. QUESTION AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR “NOVELTY LEVEL OF THE INNOVATION

NOVELTY LEVEL OF THE INNOVATION

Does the innovation build on previous initiatives? • The innovation is copied/derived from previous initiative(s) without substantial adaptation • The innovation is copied/derived from previous initiative(s) with substantial adaptation • The innovation is completely new without connections to previous initiative(s) • Ambiguous (e.g. multiple interpretations) • Unknown In this section, a question is requested to consider if the innovation was transferred to new initiatives, either with or without substantial adaptations, is not referred to the innovation as being transferred to new initiative, or it is ambiguous. Similarly, to the previous question, this question is a single-choice selection type of answer, with an “unknown” option. If possible, the selected answer should be specified with underlying reference provided. QUESTION AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR “REPLICABILITY/ TRANSFERABILITY OF THE INNOVATION” REPLICABILITY/ TRANSFERABILITY OF THE INNOVATION

Is the innovation transferred to new initiatives? • The innovation is transferred to new initiative(s) without substantial adaptation • The innovation is transferred to new initiative(s) with substantial adaptation • The innovation is not referred to as being transferred to new initiative(s) • Ambiguous (e.g. multiple interpretations) • Unknown

EXAMPLE In connection to the intervention that aim at transferring the operation, de-

“TRANSFERRING THE OPERATION, DELIVERY AND MAINTENANCE OF PARKS AND ALLOTMENT” IN NEWCASTLE, UK

livery and maintenance of parks and allotments from Newcastle City Council (UK) to a new Charitable Trust, the respondent indicated that the novelty level of the innovation is ambiguous and did not find any evidence for being transferred. ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR THE INTERVENTION “TRANSFERRING THE OPERATION, DELIVERY AND MAINTENANCE OF PARKS AND ALLOTMENT” IN NEWCASTLE, UK NOVELTY LEVEL OF THE INNOVATION

If the innovation builds on previous initiatives, please specify as much as possible to which initiatives the innovation is linked, what is transferred, and how? The National Trust (a national charity) is advocating that this model for maintaining parks should be adopted in the UK. It is unclear if the model has been adopted elsewhere in the UK yet, but other cities (e.g. Sheffield) are also considering adopting it. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/ rethinking-parks-for-the-21st-century REPLICABILITY/ TRANSFERABILITY OF THE INNOVATION

5.6. SECTION 6. EVALUATION AND LEARNING One of the aims of the NATURVATION project is to create a novel assessment approach to analyse the multi- functional & systemic impacts of NBS from diverse perspectives & evaluate their contribution to urban sustainability goals.1 It is therefore important to understand what kind of evaluation has been carried out for existing NBS interventions and what type of assessment tools were developed to measure the impacts. This section will collect information about the social, economic and ecological impacts of the NBS and underlying assessment activities. The type of impacts should be identified based on project documents or scientific literature, in line with the 12 sustainable challenges defined in section 2. Data will be also gathered for evidences for undertaking monitoring activities, such as the existence of a monitoring framework, and impact assessment in connection to the intervention. Questions were included as well to investigate to what extent citizens were involved in the evaluation and learning, in connection to the implementation of the NBS intervention. Please note that for interventions under envisioning or in early-stage planning (in case monitoring and assessment framework has not been planned and ex-ante evaluation was not carried out), the option “unknown” should be selected or indicated. 5.6.1. Impacts/ benefits This section includes two questions: one addresses the environmental, social and economic impacts of the NBS interventions in a multiple-choice selection type of answer that represents the NATURVATION project challenges and the second question aims at gathering more detailed information regarding the impacts by asking for specification about the impacts/ benefits and respective indicators.

Heading Impacts, benefits

Question What are/were the environmental, social and economic impact of the NBS interventions?

? QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 6, IMPACTS AND BENEFITS

Under impacts, we understand the tangible and non-tangible, positive and negative influence of the intervention on the society or the environment. The question about the type of impacts offers 12 categories, in line with the 1 Source:NATURVATION project propsal

NATURVATION sustainability challenges (see 5.2.2. for detailed explanation). It is a multiple-choice selection question, but solely those categories should be selected, which were identified by the literature, thus they can be referenced. If information was provided in the literature, please describe the impact in more detail (qualitative, quantitative or monetary) and list the respective indicators (eg. N° or ha of green roofs installed, N° of trees planted, xx tCO2/ha*yr stored, N° of jobs created, reduced air pollution -PM10 (µg/ m3), level of flooding risk reduced by xx%).

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER OPTIONS FOR “IMPACTS AND BENEFITS” What are/were the environmental, social and economic impact of the NBS interventions? • • • • • • • • • • • •

Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13) Water management (SDG 6) Coastal resilience and marine protection (SDG 14) Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15) Environmental quality, including air quality and waste management Regeneration, land-use and urban development Inclusive and effective governance (SDG 16) Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10) Health and well-being (SDG 3) Economic development and decent employment (SDG 8) Cultural heritage and cultural diversity Sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12)

EXAMPLE For the Ekostaden Augustenborg NBS ponds and linked water channels in

EKOSTADEN Malmö, Sweden. The researcher found information regarding the following AUGUSTENBORG NBS benefits: PONDS AND LINKED • There have not been any floods in the area since the open stormwater WATER CHANNELS system was installed. Augustenborg even managed well when large parts IN MALMÖ, SWEDEN

•

• •

•

of Malmö were flooded in the summer of 2007. (water management) The green roofs have attracted birds and insects, and the open storm water system provides better environment for the local plant- and wildlife (habitats and biodiversity) Participation in elections increased dramatically during the project (inclusive governance) As a direct result from the project three new local companies have started: Watreco, the Green Roof Institute and the car pool (Economic development and decent employment) The heat and hot water consumption has decreased (water management and climate action for mitigation)

Some of the identified impacts were also quantified, including the impacts on biodiversity, election participation and heat/water consumption. 86

ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR “IMPACTS AND BENEFITS” FOR THE EKOSTADEN AUGUSTENBORG NBS PONDS AND LINKED WATER CHANNELS IN MALMÖ, SWEDEN What are/were the environmental, social and economic impact of the NBS interventions? • • • • • • • • • •

Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13) Water management (SDG 6) Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15) Environmental quality, including air quality and waste management Regeneration, land-use and urban development Inclusive and effective governance (SDG 16) Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10) Health and well-being (SDG 3) Economic development and decent employment (SDG 8) Cultural heritage and cultural diversity

If available include quantified indicators • • • •

Biodiversity in the area has increased by 50 %. Participation in elections increased from 54 % 1998 to 79 % in 2002. The heat and hot water consumption has decreased by 25 % 5.6.2. Evidence for use of assessment

In this section, there are four single-choice selection questions to obtain information on evidence of a presence of monitoring systems, of indicators used in assessments, of evaluation reports as well as to gather if a web-based monitoring tool is available. Heading

Question Is there a formal monitoring system in place?

Evidence for use of assessment

Are there specific indicators that have been used in reporting?

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 6, EVIDENCE FOR USE OF ASSESSMENT

Have monitoring/evaluation reports been produced? Is there a web-based monitoring tool in place?

These questions should only be answered with “Yes”, if a concrete reference is made or evidence was found to the existence of monitoring systems, indicators, evaluation reports or web-based monitoring tools. “No” should be selected, if no monitoring system or monitoring/evaluation tools were introduced. If no information was found regarding this topic, the option “Unknown” should be selected. If the “Yes” answer is selected, a reference link/document should be specified and provided to monitoring/evaluation reports and web-based monitoring tool. 87

The following table provides explanations and examples for the terminologies used throughout the questions.

TABLE 10: EXPLANATION AND EXAMPLES OF CATEGORIES CATEGORY

Monitoring system

EXAMPLES

DEFINITION

A system of monitoring equip- • Socio cultural valuation by social media listening and stakeholder mapping. Case study: urban hybment’s, tools, indicators and evarid dunes in Barcelona luation reports was put in place to assess the impacts of the interven- • Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM) is a tion on the environment or the socisystem of measures that aim at enhancing the waety (introduced during the planning, ter storage potential of soils, landscapes and aquithe implementation and/or monitorfers. Case studies: green roofs in Vienna1 and in ing phase) Geneva2; rain gardens in the UK3 • Case study: urban corridor in Lisbon; Report: Biodiversity Action Plan of Lisbon has 23 indicators for monitoring (e.g. CO2 sequestration or the use of green areas by people)4

Indicators used in reporting

Statistical measures that are/ • Vulnerability/ threats to water resources are asseswere used to analyse and present sed based on climate indicators. Vulnerability Asthe environmental/socio-economic sessment includes water availability (total runoff), impacts of an intervention water demand, surface and groundwater pollution, load index due to land use. • Case study: Ljubljana: Nature-based Solutions (NBS) for Urban Regeneration and Wellbeing5

Monitoring /evaluation reports

Reports that were produced to • Case study: “Montado” conservation; Report: Siteshowcase the environmental/sociobased ecosystem services mapping and assesseconomic impacts of the intervenment in Portuguese montado agro-forests6 tion

Web-based monitoring tool

Examples include here: remote sen- • InVEST toolkit to quantify and map services (“Montado” conservation) sing, data-streams from satellites, community-based monitoring with • Social media listening (Urban hybrid dunes in Barmobile devices, big data collected celona) and analysed from social media

1 http://nwrm.eu/case-study/green-roofs-vienna-austria) 2 http://nwrm.eu/case-study/green-roofs-geneva-switzerland 3 http://nwrm.eu/case-study/rain-gardens-day-brook-uk 4 http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/en/living-in/environment/biodiversity/plano-de-acao-local 5 http://oppla.eu/casestudy/17284; 6 http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC98777

In case of the Bio-washing machine (Biowasmachine)/ Area-oriented ap- EXAMPLE proach groundwater contamination in Utrecth (NL), the research found that BIOWASMACHINE a formal monitoring system was introduced with a contamination and monitoring network for the area, it introduced indicators for reporting and prepared evaluation reports (although the reports were not available online). ANSWER EXAMPLE FOR THE BIO-WASHING MACHINE (BIOWASMACHINE)/ AREAORIENTED APPROACH GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS PRESENCE OF FORMAL MONITORING SYSTEM

Is there a formal monitoring system in place? • Yes PRESENCE OF INDICATORS USED IN REPORTING

Are there specific indicators that have been used in reporting? • Yes PRESENCE OF MONITORING/EVALUATION REPORTS

Have monitoring/evaluation reports been produced? • Yes LINK TO MONITORING/EVALUATION REPORTS

If yes, please provide a link to the documents • http://bit.ly/2rjUMET AVAILABILITY OF A WEB-BASED MONITORING TOOL

Is there a web-based monitoring tool in place? • No 5.6.3. Impact assessment mechanism Concerning the impact assessment mechanism section, two questions were formulated. The first enquires about the name of a specific impact assessment tool, that may be have been used during the evaluation, while the second concerns the utilization of the GIS during the impact assessment.

? Heading Impact assessment mechanism

Question Provide the name of any specific assessment tools (commercial or free) and describe the tool briefly Is/Was GIS used to map the impacts of the NBS intervention?

QUESTIONS UNDER SECTION 6, IMPACT ASSESSMENT MECHANISM

The first question should be specified by a text type of answer (maximum text of 1000 characters) and a reference should also be provided. The second question, is a single-choice type of answer that requests to specify if GIS methods were used to map the impacts of the NBS intervention. Yes, should be selected if there is evidence for the use of GIS and no if the literature states that GIS was not used. In case of no information is available, the unknown option should be selected. The table below provides examples of assessment tools and the use of GIS for mapping of the impacts.

TABLE 11: EXAMPLES OF CATEGORIES EXAMPLES