Expanding Acres & Improving Winter Canola Production In The Southern Great Plains: A Systems Approach From Planting To Post-Harvest.
A Systems Approach • Variety evaluations • Investigations in best management practices – – – – –
Row spacing Equipment demonstrations No-till Precision nutrition Plant growth regulators
• Integrated pest management – Insects; diseases ; and weeds
• Extension Program
Winter Canola Variety Trials • OSU Performance Trials-10 locations (OK) – Paid entry from seed companies – Separate conventional and RR trials at each location
• Demonstration Variety Trials-10 locations (OK) – Several locations in TX as well
• National Winter Canola Variety Trials (OK & TX) – In cooperation with Kansas State University – Locations in Oklahoma and Texas
Winter Canola Variety Trials in OK
OSU Performance Trials OOC Variety Trials NWCVT
Main Wheat Belt
212 DKW 47-15 213 DKW 45-25
112 EXP. 14-05 113 P 46W94
Border
211 KSR 07363
111 HC 125W
Border
313 KSR 4652
312 HC 125W
311 DKW 41-10
310 Star 915W
309 P 46W94
308 KSR 07363
307 HC 115W
306 DKW 44-10
305 DKW 46-15
304 DKW 47-15
303 EXP. 14-05
302 DKW 45-25
301 KSR 4653S
Border
321 Inspiration
320 NK Technic
319 Dimension
318 EXP. 1302
317 KS 4506
316 Atenzo
315 NK Petrol
314 EXP. 1301
313 Albartos
312 Mercedes
311 Sumner
310 Alabaster
309 PX 117
308 Wichita
307 Edimax CL
306 PX 112
305 Riley
304 KSUR21
303 Arsenal
302 Artoga
301 Hekip
Border
Border
413 KSR 07363
412 P 46W94
411 EXP. 14-05
410 DKW 45-25
409 KSR 4653S
408 Star 915W
407 DKW 44-10
406 HC 115W
405 DKW 41-10
404 DKW 46-15
403 HC 125W
402 KSR 4652
401 DKW 47-15
Border
421 Edimax CL
420 NK Petrol
419 Arsenal
418 PX 112
417 EXP. 1302
416 PX 117
415 Sumner
414 KSUR21
413 Alabaster
412 Albartos
411 Inspiration
410 Artoga
409 Atenzo
408 Hekip
407 EXP. 1301
406 Wichita
405 NK Technic
404 Mercedes
403 KS 4506
402 Riley
401 Dimension
Border
Border
513 DKW 44-10
512 DKW 45-25
511 HC 125W
510 EXP. 14-05
509 DKW 46-15
508 DKW 41-10
507 KS 4652
506 P 46W94
505 DKW 47-15
504 KSR 4653S
503 HC 115W
502 Star 915W
501 KSR 07363
Border
521 Riley
520 NK Technic
519 Atenzo
518 EXP. 1301
517 Albartos
516 EXP 1302
515 Inspiration
514 Arsenal
513 KS 4506
512 Artoga
511 Mercedes
510 Edimax CL
509 Sumner
508 PX 112
507 NK Petrol
506 Alabaster
505 PX 117
504 Dimension
503 Hekip
502 KSUR21
501 Wichita
Border
Conventional Test
Border
210 HC 115W
110 HC 115W
221 Wichita
121 NK Technic
209 EXP. 14-05
220 KS 4506
120 NK Petrol
109 DKW 47-15
219 Hekip
119 EXP. 1302
208 DKW 41-10
218 Edimax CL
118 EXP. 1301
108 DKW 46-15
217 Alabaster
117 PX 117
207 KSR 4652
216 Mercedes
116 PX 112
107 DKW 45-25
215 Artoga
115 Edimax CL
206 P 46W94
214 PX 117
114 Inspiration
106 DKW 44-10
213 NK Technic
113 Dimension
205 Star 915W
212 Riley
112 Mercedes
105 DKW 41-10
211 Inspiration
111 Arsenal
204 HC 125W
210 KSUR21
110 Atenzo
104 Star 915W
209 EXP. 1301
109 Artoga
203 DKW 46-15
208 PX 112
108 Albatros
103 KSR 4653S
207 Arsenal
107 Alabaster
202 KSR 4653S
206 NK Petrol
106 Hekip
102 KSR 4652
205 Sumner
105 KS 4506
201 DKW 44-10
204 EXP. 1302
104 KSUR21
101 KSR 07363
203 Atenzo
103 Wichita
Border
202 Albartos
102 Sumner
Border
201 Dimension
Border
101 Riley
Border
OSU Performance Trials Roundup Ready Test
202 DKW 47-15 203 DKW 46-15 204 HC 125W 205 Star 915W 206 P 46W94 207 DKW 45-25 208 DKW 41-10 209 HC 115W 210 DKW 44-10
102 DKW 41-10 103 DKW 44-10 104 DKW 45-25 105 DKW 46-15 106 DKW 47-15 107 HC 115W 108 HC 125W 109 EXP. 14-05 110 P 46W94
Border
201 EXP. 14-05
101 Star 915W
Border
Border
Border
Border
310 Star 915W
309 P 46W94
308 DKW 46-15
307 HC 115W
306 DKW 44-10
305 HC 125W
304 DKW 47-15
303 EXP. 14-05
302 DKW 45-25
301 DKW 41-10
Border
Demonstration Variety Trials
Winter Canola Variety Trials • Fall stand counts, winter survival, maturity rating, shatter rating, seed yield, seed analysis
Winter Canola Variety Trials • Varietal differences from crusted soils
Winter Canola Variety Trials • Varietal differences after November freezes
McGregor, TX winter canola variety trial on January 20, 2015
Impacts of Variety Testing • A wide range of harsh growing conditions are possible in the region • Satisfies the need for a Drought wide range of varieties Heat with climactic adaptability • Ensures producers in the Winter region have consistent positive results Identify Adapted Varieties
Canola Cropping Systems Best Management Practices • • • • •
Row Spacing & Seeding Rate Equipment Demonstrations & Trials No-Till stand establishment No-Till residue management Precision Nutrition
Row Spacing/Seeding Rate at Chillicothe Research Station 10” Spacing
Row Spacing
Seeding Rate
10”
3 & 5 lb/A
20”
3 & 5 lb/A
30”
1.7 & 3 lb/A
30” strip till
1.7 & 3 lb/A
20” Spacing
30” Spacing
February 5, 2015
Planting Practices in No-till Systems • Monosem vacuum planter trials – 3 locations – Twin Row (8”x22”), 15”, and 30” row spacings – Two cultivars – Two seeding rates
• Seed Hawk strip demos – Aggressive Direct Seeding tool with shank openers – Compared side by side to producers equipment – 4 locations
Monosem Vacuum Planter Trials • True seed singulation • Single disc row cleaner was adequate to move wheat straw away from seed furrow
Seed Hawk Demos Seed Hawk
Double shank hoe-opener
J.D. 1890
Single disc opener
Seed Hawk Demos Seed Hawk
J.D. 1870
No-till Residue Management • Growing practice in the region to improve soil health and conserve moisture • Continuing issues include residue management, stand establishment, and winter survival • The goal is to provide tools for this conservation practice that growers are increasingly utilizing
No-till Residue Management • Evaluate the impact of residue management alternatives on stand establishment, winter survival, grain yield and soil health parameters
Fairview and Chickasha, OK • • • •
No-till Burned wheat stubble Harrow Vertical tillage
• Prior crop was wheat in both locations
Fall Stand Data • Fairview planted Sept. 15th • Chickasha planted Oct. 12th Fairview TRT
Oct. 3
Chickasha
Nov. 19
Nov. 19 -2
No Till
--------Plants m --------29b 27 42
Burn
39a
23
49
VT
41a
30
51
Harrow
28b
28
47
Fairview, OK Oct 16th
No-Till
Vertical Tillage
Thermal Imagery • To evaluate treatment impacts on leaf and crown temperatures during freeze events No Till
Vertical Tillage
Impacts of No-Till Canola Studies Soil Moisture
Improved water infiltration
Improved Soil structure
Precision Nutrient Management Evaluations • Starter fertilizer on winter survival, yield and grain quality • Nutrient cycling in a canola wheat rotation • Development of sensorbased nitrogen rate calculator- using NDVI readings
Precision Nutrient Management Evaluations • Phosphorus and Potassium on winter survival applied to variety demonstrations • Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Zinc fertility on winter survival, yield and grain quality
Impacts of Precision Nutrition • Rotational benefits to improve winter cropping systems – Nutrient cycling for improved wheat yields following canola and decreases in N use
• Potential for decreases in fertilizer loads in the landscape
Planting Dates • Bushland, TX • 10 Varieties • 3 Planting Dates – Sep. 5, Sep. 15, Oct. 15
• Drip Irrigation
October 3, 2014
November 20, 2014 September 5 PD
September 15 PD
October 15 PD
Plant Growth Regulator Trial
Vegetative growth of winter canola in planting date 1 of PGR study on November 25, 2014.
Plant Growth Regulator Trials
PD 1 PD 2
PD 4
Photo taken November 15, 2014.
PD 3
PGR Measurements – December 2014 • Stand count, crown height, crown diameter, plant height • No treatment effect on any of the measured variables. • Only statistical effect was due to variety, with OP variety resulting in higher stand count, and hybrid variety resulting in higher crown diameter and plant height. Crown height was significantly higher for hybrid variety at alpha=0.1 level.
PD = Sept. 23 Photos taken February 6, 2015.
PD = Sept. 15
PD = Sept. 8
3.0
Impact of Fall Applied PGR on Crown Height of Two Winter Canola Varieties 46W99
Crown Height (cm)
2.5
ab
abc
a-d
a-e de
Mercedes
a
e
cde
a-d a-e
ab a-e
cdeb-e
2.0
1.5
1.0
Caramba
Control
Folicur Pentia Pix_4 Plant Growth Regulator
Pix_8
Priaxor
Impacts of PGR Testing • Drought mitigation through fall top-growth management • Earlier planting dates could improve winter survivability; but additional tools are needed to manage excess growth
Pest Management in Winter Canola
Evaluate mode-of-actions for efficacy and cost effectiveness of control for aphids and diamondback moth. Replicated Trials. Diamondback Moth (Fall 14)
Aphids and DB Moth (Spring 15)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Prevathon (14 fl oz/A) Besiege (5 fl oz/A) Mustang MAX (4 oz/A) Proaxis (1.92 oz/A) Warrior (0.96 oz/A) Warrior (1.92 oz/A) Water
*Plots sprayed *Sampling continuing: low #’s *Yields at harvest
Prevathon 20 fl oz/A at detection Prevathon 20 fl oz/A at threshold Warrior 1.92 oz/A at detection Warrior 1.92 oz/A at threshold Beleaf 2.8 16 oz/A at aphid threshold Transform 0.75 oz/A at aphid threshold Water
*Aphids detected Feb 4, 2015: Very Early *Plot treatment to be initiated *Sampling then Yields at harvest
Evaluate the effectiveness of registered insecticides for suppression of false chinch bugs in pre-harvest and post-harvested canola. *False chinch bug infestations in
maturing canola are common. *How will management of this pest influence infestations in common double-crop systems?
Replicated Double-crop Treatments *Canola sprayed vs unsprayed (pyrethroid) *Insecticidal-seed treatment vs untreated in double-crop
Canola/Sorghum
*Replicated foliar insecticide trials and pest monitoring in double-crops
Canola/Soybean
Develop an efficient scouting plan that can be used as a decision aid for determining the need for preventive fall applications of pyrethroid insecticides. *Scouting over 50 fields throughout the western half of Oklahoma to clarify pest activity periods. Goal is to validate and improve calendar below. SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
Army Cutworm---------------------------------------------| Beet Armyworm------| Diamondback Moth-----------------------------------------------------------|
Turnip Aphid--------------------------------------------------------------| Green Peach Aphid----------------------------------------------------------------| Cabbage Aphid----------| False Chinch Bug-------------------------------------------------------------------| Harlequin bug------------| Variegated Cutworm--|
*Results to date: No unexpected infestations. Aphids not present in fall with use of insecticidal seed treatments
Genetic Resistance to Black Leg Multi-gene resistance resistance to canker development in adult plants field resistance genes are not well described
Major gene resistance resistance to leaf spot seedling resistance R1-9 genes described
Screening for Field Resistance NWCVT + KSU Breeding lines 2011- 2013: results but disease pressure low 2014: stand failure 2015: planted
Disease Rating Scale = Disease Severity
0
3
1
4
2
5
Major Gene Resistance Plant genotype Pathogen genotype AvrLm1
Rlm1
rlm1
Resistant
Susceptible
R
S
S
S
Avirulent
avrLm1 virulent
Modified from Genoscope - Centre National de SÊquençage http://www.genoscope.cns.fr
Disease severity rating: Infection Classes (IC, 1-6) 1
2
3
1-3 Resistant (-)
4
5
6
4-6 Susceptible (-) Balesdent et al., 2001
Avirulence Alleles in L. maculans isolates (n=94)
Isolates (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Av1
Av2,3
Av4-7
Av6
AvrLm1 was determined by pathogenicity tests on Quinta (Rlm1) and by PCR. AvrLm2-3 was determined by pathogenicity tests on Glacier (Rlm2,3). AvrLm4-7 and AvrLm6 were determined by PCR.
Race of L. maculans in Oklahoma 60
Isolates (no.)
50 40 30 20 10 0
Av1,2,3,4-7,6
Av2,3,4-7,6
Av1,4-7,6
Av4-7,6 n=94
Screening Cultivars and Breeding Lines Against Local Races • Cotyledon assay • IC 1-3 = resistant • IC 4-6 = susceptible • R = ≥80% resistant • R/S = Intermediate (heterogeneous) • S = ≥ 80% susceptible
Conclusions
• Virulence alleles to R1,2,3,(4) common in local pathogen population
• Avirulence alleles to R6,7 common • Round-up ready cultivars lack effective R genes – also most susceptible in field
• Several conventional cultivars with nonspecific (heterogeneous) resistance
• Several hybrids resistant to all races – probably have R7
Weed Management
• To evaluate on the market products for improved weed control in conventional winter
• Four trials established in OK • Two preemergence • Two postemergence
Use of herbicide dessicants evenly mature the crop and maximize yield
80% Color Change
50% Color Change
30% Color Change
Impacts of Pest Management Testing Improved Scouting Protocols Targeted Pesticide Applications
Increased safety to beneficial pollinators
Decreased pesticide load in the environment
Impacts of Pest Management Testing
Identification of resistant lines Improved Black leg screening
Incorporation into breeding stock for variety development
Storage of Winter Canola in Oklahoma
Storage Quality Differences among Winter Canola Varieties • Evaluate storage quality of multiple winter canola varieties during summer in Oklahoma – Simulated storage environment • Temperature cycling, controlled relative humidity • Three month storage period
– Monitor seed quality • FFA, mold, odor, seed viability
Study of Polyethylene Liner in Unaerated Steel Bins • Two-year study initiated in 2014 – Sponsored by NC-213, U.S. Quality Grains Research Consortium
• Compare quality of winter canola seed stored in unaerated steel bins • Will use of a plastic liner improve storage quality and duration?
Study of Polyethylene Liner in Unaerated Steel Bins • No significant difference in FFA between lined and unlined bins during year 1 (ι=0.05)
Commercial Storage Study • Preliminary study to monitor canola stored in four different commercial storage environments – Steel bin, concrete bin, flat storage, grain bag – Three sites near Enid, OK and one site in Carnegie, OK – Free Fatty Acid determined by AOCS Ca 5a-40
• Support from Oklahoma Oilseed Commission, Johnston Enterprises, Northstar Agri Industries
Commercial Storage Study • All storage types maintained FFA below 1% • Concrete bin – Lack of aeration was a significant concern – Turned the bin several times throughout storage with little impact – Likely only for short term storage
• Flat storage – Maintained low temperatures during storage – Needs further study, but appears promising
• Steel bin – FFA increased, then stabilized – Initial sample not available – FFA range of 0.08% - 0.29%
• Grain bag – Initial decrease in FFA, followed by increase and stabilization – FFA range of 0.23% - 0.81%
Impacts of Commercial Storage Testing Maintains the healthful qualities of the oil in the seed
Manage moisture content
Prevent mold development Manage free fatty acid
Extension Programming Field Trials & Demonstrations
Implement changes in practice
Educate Producers
Generates data
Train the Trainers
Extension Programming • Winter Crops School & County Canola Extension Events • Canola College coming up Feb 19th • Field Plot Tours • So far this crop year we have directly impacted 763 individuals with attendance at canola extension events and direct media views
Funds Leveraged • National – USDA-RMA
• State – OK Department of Food & Forestry
• Stakeholders – – – –
Great Plains Canola Association -Johnston Enterprises Oklahoma Oilseed Commission NorthStar Agri Industries Seed Companies with paid entry to performance trials
Cooperating Investigators Name
Subject Matter
Brian Arnall
Precision Nutrition
Jourdan Bell
Agronomy
Josh Bushong
Agronomy
John Damicone
Plant Pathology
Paul DeLaune
Agronomy
Kris Giles
Entomology
Carol Jones
Post-Harvest Storage
Rick Kochenower
Agronomy
Clark Neely
Agronomy
Angela Post
Weed Management
Tom Royer
Entomology
Jason Warren
Soil Health
Institution
Objective 3.
Evaluation of new and existing pest management strategies for insects and weeds in winter canola. Expected outcomes for this research are 1)improved best management practices for insect and weed control for winter canola; 2) generation of data useful in requesting section 18 labeling where needs are present; 3) improved quality and yield potential for winter canola in the Southern Great Plains. A. Evaluate mode-of-actions for efficacy and cost effectiveness of control for aphids and diamondback moth.
B. Evaluate the effectiveness of registered insecticides for suppression of false chinch bugs in pre-harvest and post-harvested canola.
C. Develop an efficient scouting plan that can be used as a decision aid for determining the need for preventive fall applications of pyrethroid insecticides.
Kris Giles, Tom Royer and Ali Zarrabi Entomology and Plant Pathology, OSU
Reaction of Winter Canola Varieties to Black Leg: 2011-2013 Entry DKW 44-10 HyCLASS 115W DKW 47-15 HyCLASS 125W Wichita Sitro Visby Flash DKW 46-15 Kiowa DKW 41-10 Riley Rossini Chrome Safran Dynasty Sumner LSD 0.05
Black leg (% ≼3) 50 55 49 46 44 44 39 44 42 36 34 33 31 36 29 31 30 16
Black leg (0-5) 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.5
Yield (lb/A) 1977 1433 1203 1436 1486 1229 1614 1556 1388 1552 1296 1988 2175 2112 1732 1400 1196 574
Races Identification in L. maculans R genes (1-9) R1 (Quinta) R1 (PCR)
status
R2, R3 (Glacier) R4 (Jet Neuf) R5, R6 (Aurea)
✓ + +
R4 + R7 (PCR) R6 (PCR) R8 (lost)
✓ ✓ -
R9 (Darmor)
+
✓ ✓
✓ = completed, + = in progress, - = needed
Canola Variety Trials in Texas Duma s Bushland Added before 2013 Added in 2013 Added in 2014
Chillicoth e
Electra
Lubbock Covington McGregor Doss Thrall
Refugio
College Station
Commercial Storage Study Concrete Bin
Flat Storage
• 7.5% MC and 40.2% oil • No aeration - temperatures were elevated • Four samples collected from discharge as bin was turned • Samples at 4 weeks and 6 weeks
• 7.0% MC and 41.7% oil • Five locations sampled with torpedo probe • Aeration system in place • Average canola temperature approx. 80°F during July • Samples at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of storage
– FFA 0.14% and 0.11%
• Testing ended prematurely
– FFA 0.14%, 0.08%, 0.14%
• Testing ended prematurely
PGR Study Lockett, TX 3 plant dates 2 Varieties (HyClass 125W & Pioneer 46W99) 8 Treatments Control tebuconazole (4 oz) mepiquat pentaborate (8 oz) mepiquat chloride (4 & 8 oz) fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin (4 oz) metconazole (8 oz) Treatments applied at 4-6 leaf stage
PD3 =9/23/2014 Trt. App. 10/26/2014
PD2 =9/15/2014 Trt. App. 10/17/2014
PD1 =9/8/2014 Trt. App. 10/10/2014
Reaction of Canola Entries to Races of L. maculans Entry Westar DKW 41-10 DKW 44-10 DKW 46-15 DKW 47-15 HyClass 125W HyClass 115W Kiowa Riley Sumner Virginia Wichita Zhongyou Dimension Safran Visby Chrome Hornet Sitro MH06E10 Rossini
Av1,6,7 S S S R/S S S S R/S S S S R/S S R R R R/S S S R R
Races Av1,4,6,7 S S S R/S S S S R/S S R/S S S S R R R S S S R R
Av6,7 S S S R/S S S S R S R/S S R/S S R R R R/S R/S S R R
Probable R gene ? ? ? R6-R7 R6-R7 R6-R7
R6-R7 R6-R7
Reaction of Canola Entries to Races of L. maculans Entry Westar KS4426 KS4428 KS4564 KSUR21 KS4506 KSR073525 KSRO7363 NK Techni NK Petrol SY Marten SY Saveo DK Sensei DK Extorm DK Imiron Cl DK Impression Mercedes Popular Albatros P46W94 P46W99
Av1,6,7 S R/S R/S R/S S S S S S S S S R R/S R/S S S S S S S
Races Av1,4,6,7 S R/S R R S S S S S S S S R R/S R/S S S S R/S S S
Av6,7 S R R/S R/S S R/S S S S S S S R S S S S S S S S
Probable R gene ? R4 R4 R6-R7 R1? R1? -