Expansion of Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Harbans L. Bhardwaj, Virginia State University Ernst Cebert and Rufina Ward, Alabama A&M University Mathew Blair, Tennessee State University
Expansion of Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Considerable work done by AAMU and VSU prior to 2011 Effective 2011, AAMU and VSU started cooperative research and extension USDA-NIFA funding
A Field of Canola
Canola Seeds
Canola in Virginia Dave Starner started canola, rapeseed research in mid 1980s. In 1992, cooperation between VSU and Virginia Tech was initiated (Thanks to Dr. Paul Raymer, University of Georgia). Orange, Petersburg, Suffolk.
Canola in Virginia
Production research Planting time Seed yield (t/ha), Suffolk, VA Oct. 1 2.4 a Oct. 8 2.0 b Oct. 15 1.8 b Oct. 22 1.2 c
Production research Planting time Seed yield (t/ha), Petersburg, VA Sept. 29 1.6 a Oct. 6 1.6 a Oct. 13 1.2 b Oct. 20 0.4 c
Production research Planting time Seed yield (t/ha), Orange, VA Sept. 13 2.5 a Sept. 28 2.4 a Oct. 7 1.6 b
Production Research, VA PLANTING TIME: Middle of September to early October in the Northern Piedmont, October in the Southern Piedmont, and middle of October to early November in coastal plains.
Production research, VAN fertilizer N Rate 50 100 150 200
Seed yield (t/ha) Org Pbg Sfk 1.2 b 1.6 c 1.7 b 1.6 a 1.8 b 2.1 a 1.6 a 2.0 a 2.1 a 1.5 a 2.0 a 2.4 a
Mean 1.5 b 1.8 a 1.9 a 2.0 a
Production Research, VA - Sulfur Petersburg S Rate (lb/acre) Yield (lb/acre) 0 lb/acre 2726 b 15 lb/ace 2679 b 30 lb/acre 3529 a 45 lb/acre 3810 a * MS thesis research, Ron Bowen
Oil% 40.3 a 40.3 a 39.8 a 39.8 a
Production research, VA P&K Extensive research over the last ten years has indicated lack of response to P & K fertilization.
Production Research Row Spacing Petersburg, VA Row Spacing Yield (lb/acre) Oil (%) 6 inches 3282 a 37.6 a 12 inches 3095 a 37.7 a 18 inches 2523 a 38.0 a 24 inches 3026 a 38.8 a 30 inches 2612 a 38.4 a 36 inches 2533 a 38.2 a * Ms thesis research, Ron Bowen.
Production research, VA Seeding rate SD Rate 4 pounds 8 pounds 12 pounds
Seed Yield (lbs) 3014 a 3372 a 3320 a
Production research, VA Variety Yields (lbs/acre) Five Best Varieties at 3 Virginia Locations 2258 – 3397 pounds/acre 45 – 68 bushels per acre
Production research, VA N fertilizer The effects of N rates on canola seed yield and oil content have indicated that N @ approximately 100 pounds/acre should be adequate. Recent research has indicated that N rate up to 200 pounds/acre could be utilized. “Chesapeake Bay� issues.
Production Research, VA FERTILIZATION: Canola in Virginia has not responded to K fertilization but a positive yield response has been observed with P up to 100 pounds/acre.
Production Research, VA FERTILIZATION: Canola in Virginia has responded well to S applications of up to 30 pounds S/acre.
Production Research, VA ROW SPACING: Most of the research has indicated that canola can be planted in rows varying from 6 to 36 inches. Recent data indicates that row spacing up to 18 inches might be the “BEST�.
Alternative Uses Pre-flowering canola can be harvested for food/feed uses. Canola harvest at pre-flowering, will regrow and the regrowth can be harvested for seed to make canola a multi-use crop. Canola sprouts
Canola Ready for Harvest for Greens
Canola after harvesting for Greens
Quality of Canola Oil Produced in Virginia Oil (%) 39.4 (37.9 - 41.0) 16:0 4.9 ( 4.4 - 5.5) 18:0 1.4 ( 1.2 - 1.5) 18:1 63.5 (60.4 - 64.8) 18:2 19.5 (18.1 - 21.1) 18:3 8.1 ( 6.0 - 9.1)
Quality of Canola Oil Produced in Virginia 22:1 0.2 ( 0.0 - 0.7) SFA 6.9 ( 6.4 - 7.5) USFA 93.1 (92.5 - 93.6) MUFA 65.5 (62.5 - 67.0) PUFA 27.6 (26.3 - 30.2) * Results from 11 cultivars.
Quality of Canola Oil Produced in Virginia Brassicasterol 9.7 % of oil Campesterol 32.0 % of oil Stigmasterol 0.6 % of oil β-sitosterol 49.3 % of oil Δ5-avenasterol 5.0 % of oil Δ7-stigmastenol 3.5 % of oil Similar to values for Canadian oil.
Quality of Canola Oil Produced in Virginia
The results indicated that oil from Virginia-grown canola was comparable to that grown in Canada.
Winter Cultivar Development High-yielding, locally-adapted cultivars have been developed. VSX-1 (“VIRGINIA”) VSX-3 (2014-15 NVT), VBX-4 (201415 NVT) VSX-11 (Cold-tolerant)
"Crop budget" (production costs) for canola as compared to wheat
Canola is competitive with winter wheat.
Canola/Rapeseed Oil for BioDiesel Might be desirable than soybean oil because of high yield. Normally ONE gallon of vegetable oil produces ONE gallon of BioDiesel. For every BTU used to produce the crop and process the oil, 3.3 BTU’s are produced as fuel.
Canola/Rapeseed Oil for BioDiesel Rapeseed oil may be more desirable than canola oil due to higher content of ERUCIC acid. Higher the content of long-chain fatty acids, higher the return from conversion of vegetable oils for BioDiesel.
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region 2011-13 Cooperative Project 2011 – 2013 AAMU, LSU, NCSU, UGA, UMD, UT, VSU, VT USDA-NIFA funding
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region 2011-13 Identify, breed, and adopt highyielding cultivars Promote outreach and farmer education Expand canola production
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region 2011-13 Agronomic research Evaluation of extensive canola germplasm – NVT, State NVTs. Breeding Demonstration plots, Field days
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Canola produced on about 30,000 acres in the region Northern Alabama and southern Tennessee realized a return of about 3.5 million dollars in 2013
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region In Alabama, canola acreage in 2013 increased 10-fold over 2008 acreage of 500 acres. In Virginia and North Carolina, approximately 11,000 produced in 2009 and 2010 seasons.
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Canola acreage in Alabama: 2006 0 2007 500 2011 4000 2013 5000
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Challenges: Lack of local market Lack of better varieties Lack of weed management Lack of optimal rotations Shattering – Direct combining
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Opportunities Price : $13/bushel. Competitive with wheat Yield : US Average = 25 bu/acre SE Average = 50-60 bu/acre Rotation advantage : Wheat, soybean Biodiesel feedstock : More oil, FAs
Winter Canola in the Southeastern Region Breeding at VSU: High-yielding, improved cold-tolerance, improved oil yield and quality Breeding at AAMU: High-yielding, earliness, Pest resistance
CANOLA
EARLY MATURING LINES
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Alabama A&M University (Dr. Ernst Cebert, Dr. Ruffina Ward) Tennessee State University (Dr. Mathew Blair) Virginia State University (Dr. Harbans Bhardwaj)
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Montana are major US canola producers With the development of winter canola cultivars well adapted to southern soil and climate, consumer demand could be met and exploited by farmers in the region
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Variety trials and research studies conducted in the southeastern U.S. showed that winter canola has great economic potential as an alternative to wheat in a double cropping system in the southeastern region
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Early maturing canola lines developed at AAMU provide an excellent fit in rotation with traditional summer crops Canola in crop rotation can break pest cycle, reduce soil compaction, improve nutrient recycling, and improve crop yield
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Our long term goals are to expand canola production and improve farm sustainability and profitability through crop diversification with increased adoption and cultivation of winter canola in the southeastern US
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016 Specific objectives Evaluate adaptability of early maturing winter canola in SE USA, Evaluate harvest aids in minimizing seed loss due to pod shattering, Educate farmers and others through educational workshops and field days
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Variety Testing AAMU has selected early maturing winter canola lines that mature 7-10 days earlier than traditional varieties Parallel studies in AL, TN, and VA will evaluate about 20 of the best performing early maturing lines with check varieties Participation in NVT
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016 Desicants Reglone, Round-up and Liberty, alone or in combination with Pod-Ceal, applied when 60-70% or 80-90% of pods have turned brown Dessicants will be applied first and allowed to dry before applying Pod-Ceal Data on seed yield, maturity, shattering, and other traits will be recorded
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Outreach Canola fields in farmer cooperators’ commercial production farms will serve as demonstration plots Two farmer field locations in each state Demonstrations and field day will be conducted to facilitate wider outreach to farmers and other stakeholders in the area
Establishment of Winter Canola in SE-USA 2014 - 2016
Expected Outcomes Identification of promising early maturing canola lines Efficacy of harvest aids (dessicants) Education/outreach Enhance canola production in SE-USA
Canola in SE-USA