ITJEMAST 10(14) 2019 by TuEngr.com

Volume 10 Issue 14 (2019) (Special Issue) ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

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Levels of Permeability and Wayfinding in Autism Institution An Exploration of Job Satisfaction Indices for Teachers in Balochistan, Pakistan Analysis of Alternative Routes Connecting Between Kazan Federal University and the University Village An Experiment on Speed Bumps Built with Used Pneumatic Rubber Tires Simultaneous Construction of Phase Diagram and Hydrate Equilibrium Curve for an Iranian Gas Condensate Reservoir An Analysis of Emotional and Cultural Intelligence Relationship on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Among Employees of Iranian Tourism Organizations Roles of Equalization Policies Towards the Reduction of Regional Disparities: A Reality Check Approach of Economic Development Fuzzy-Neighborhood Model of the Plant for Maintaining Polyol Temperature Impacts of Video Gaming on Aggression and Cognitive Ability of Pakistanis Video Gamers A New Express Method for Determination of the Thermal State of Poultry Meat Classification System of Shaping Characteristics of Personal Service Robots

Cover photo is space syntax analysis from an article in this issue entitled Levels of Permeability and Wayfinding in Autism Institution.

Growth Performance, Carcass Quality, and Economics of Production of Japanese Quails Fed with Pomegranate Peel Powder An Investigation on the Malfunctioning of Fuel Injectors Due to Contamination of Water in Diesel Fuel An Investigation on the Meditating Role of Motivation in Connecting Transformational Leadership and Employees Commitment Municipal Services and Land Relations: Problems and Prospects for Improvement in Rural Areas of Sverdlovsk Region, Russia Policy Solutions for Integration of the Technological Infrastructure of Mobile Telecom Operators' Sites

2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

International Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, PhD Professor Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA

Executive Editor Boonsap Witchayangkoon, PhD Associate Professor Thammasat University, THAILAND

Editorial Board:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gadi (University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM) Professor Dr.Hitoshi YAMADA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN) Professor Dr. Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN ) Professor Dr.Mikio SATOMURA (Shizuoka University, JAPAN) Professor Dr.Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN) Emeritus Professor Dr.Mike Jenks (Oxford Brookes University, UNITED KINGDOM ) Professor Dr.I Nyoman Pujawan (Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, INDONESIA) Professor Dr.Toshio YOSHII (EHIME University, JAPAN) Professor Dr.Neven Duić (University of Zagreb, CROATIA) Professor Dr.Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman (University Malaysia Pahang MALAYSIA) Professor Dr.Masato SAITOH (Saitama University, JAPAN)

Scientific and Technical Committee & Editorial Review Board on Engineering, Technologies and Applied Sciences:

Associate Prof. Dr. Paulo Cesar Lima Segantine (University of São Paulo, BRASIL) Associate Prof. Dr. Kurt B. Wurm (New Mexico State University, USA ) Associate Prof. Dr. Truong V.B.Giang (Vietnam National University, Hanoi, VIETNAM) Associate Prof. Dr. Fatemeh Khozaei (Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, IRAN) Assistant Prof.Dr. Zoe D. Ziaka (International Hellenic University, GREECE) Associate Prof.Dr. Junji SHIKATA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN) Assistant Prof.Dr. Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed (University of Sharjah, UAE) Assistant Prof.Dr. Rohit Srivastava (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, INDIA) Assistant Prof. Dr.Muhammad Yar Khan (COMSATS University, Pakistan) Assistant Prof. Dr. David Kuria (Kimathi University College of Technology, KENYA ) Dr. Mazran bin Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA ) Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper (Salahaddin University - Hawler, IRAQ ) Dr. Foong Swee Yeok (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA) Dr.Azusa FUKUSHIMA (Kobe Gakuin University, JAPAN) Dr.Yasser Arab (Ittihad Private University, SYRIA).

:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies Volume 10 Issue 14 (2019) http://TuEngr.com

ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

LEVELS OF PERMEABILITY AND WAYFINDING IN AUTISM INSTITUTION

10A14A

AN EXPLORATION OF JOB SATISFACTION INDICES FOR TEACHERS IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN

10A14B

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ROUTES CONNECTING BETWEEN KAZAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY AND THE UNIVERSITY VILLAGE

10A14C

AN EXPERIMENT ON SPEED BUMPS BUILT WITH USED PNEUMATIC RUBBER TIRES

10A14D

SIMULTANEOUS CONSTRUCTION OF PHASE DIAGRAM AND HYDRATE EQUILIBRIUM CURVE FOR AN IRANIAN GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR

10A14E

AN ANALYSIS OF EMOTIONAL AND CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE RELATIONSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS AMONG EMPLOYEES OF IRANIAN TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS

10A14F

ROLES OF EQUALIZATION POLICIES TOWARDS THE REDUCTION OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES: A REALITY CHECK APPROACH OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

10A14G

FUZZY-NEIGHBORHOOD MODEL OF THE PLANT FOR MAINTAINING POLYOL TEMPERATURE

10A14H

IMPACTS OF VIDEO GAMING ON AGGRESSION AND COGNITIVE ABILITY OF PAKISTANIS VIDEO GAMERS

10A14I

A NEW EXPRESS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL STATE OF POULTRY MEAT

10A14J

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF SHAPING CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOTS

10A14K

GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS QUALITY, AND ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF JAPANESE QUAILS FED WITH POMEGRANATE PEEL POWDER

10A14L

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE MALFUNCTIONING OF FUEL INJECTORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION OF WATER IN DIESEL FUEL

10A14M

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE MEDITATING ROLE OF MOTIVATION IN CONNECTING TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEES COMMITMENT

10A14N

MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND LAND RELATIONS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF SVERDLOVSK REGION, RUSSIA

10A14O

POLICY SOLUTIONS FOR INTEGRATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF MOBILE TELECOM OPERATORS' SITES

10A14P

Contacts: Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel: +60-4653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi @ usm.my, Editor @ TuEngr.com Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Faculty of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022 DrBoonsap @ gmail.com Managing Office TUENGR Group 88/244 Moo 3, Moo Baan Saransiri, Klong#2, KlongLuang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel/WhatsApp: +66-995535450 (leave text messages). Postal Paid in MALAYSIA/THAILAND.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14A

LEVELS OF PERMEABILITY AND WAYFINDING IN AUTISM INSTITUTION Lim Heng Yi a*, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan a, Yasser Arab a, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood a a School

of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 12 March 2019 Received in revised form 03 July 2019 Accepted 24 July 2019 Available online 19 August 2019

Autism Institute is an organisation that helps autistic students who need legal and special education with appropriate programs and services. This study is to identify the level of permeability and wayfinding which determines the quality of the building’s spatial configuration. This research evaluates the space planning through the floor layout plans which will discover and understand the quality of spatial configuration for Autism Institute. To achieve the research objective, the research study investigates educational and autism institutions with reference to space syntax analysis. The case studies selected for analysis were Flower with Kindergarten in South Korea and Pacific Autism Family Center in Canada. A justified graph and numbering indication system for each case study are conducted, and the resulting graph is compared and summarised based on the level of permeability, wayfinding and spatial configuration in relation to space syntax.

Keywords: Spatial Configuration; Justified Graph; Wayfinding analysis; Space syntax; Permeability.

INTRODUCTION Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. Usually, they have difficulties in social communication and interaction, repetitive patterns of behaviours and interests (Nelson et al., 2016). According to the Ministry of Health (MOH, 2004), reported that one in every 600 children in Malaysia has autism. Hence, Autism Institute is a place that can help students who need legal and special education with appropriate programs and services. This paper aims to study the space planning through the floor plans layout which will discover and understand the quality of spatial configuration for Autism Institute. Quality of the spatial configuration of the building is important and determined by two elements which are the level of permeability and wayfinding. The objective of the research is to study the level of permeability and wayfinding with reference to space syntax analysis. The case studies selected for analysis were the Flower + Kindergarten, South Korea and Pacific *Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

Autism Family Center (PAFC), Canada. Each case study is conducted with a justified graph and numbering indication system and summarised based on the spatial configuration, level of permeability and wayfinding in relation to space syntax. The limitation of the study is the limited choices and insufficient sets of layout drawings for the Autism Institute from local.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 DEFINITION OF SPACE SYNTAX According to Hillier and Hanson (1984), Hillier (1996), space syntax is a theory for space and to analyse the spatial configuration in several elements such as township, cities, buildings or landscapes. Meanwhile, in architecture approach, space syntax is to determine the expression between spatial configurations with a social or cultural meaning (Nourian, Rezvani, & Sariyildiz, 2013). In other words, space syntax is to generate social interactions in the built environment by analysing the spatial configuration (Ackerson & Straty, 1978). Wayfinding and place-learning, where individuals and space interact are the spatial cognition aspects that usually will be used to analyse in space syntax theory (Beck & Turkienicz, 2009). There are few space syntax analysis graphs that can be implemented for easier to read and analyse such as a graph, syntactic step, depth and justified graph (Hillier, Hanson, Bartlett, & Benedikt, 2016). A justified graph will be used and analyse the depth and level of permeability of the case studies. Basically, these graphs help to understand the overall depth from the most bottom until the highest floor of a building. The levels of depth or steps will directly affect how the justified graph looks at the end, is either deep or shallow (Natapov et al., 2015). Each connection in a building is connected to the justified graphs which indicate the level of the depth. Space syntax consists of two measurable factors which are ‘Level of Permeability' and ‘Wayfinding'. In architectural design, level of permeability is the level of movement or circulation of people inside the building. It can be categories into three zonings which are a public area, semi-public or semi-private, and private area (Alonso de Andrade, Berghauser Pont, & Amorim, 2018; Siegel, 1975). On the other hand, wayfinding is an architectural design that gives guidance to people based on a physical environment and improves their understanding and experience of the space (Mohd Yasin, Hassan, Al-Ashwal, 2017). Also, it is a spatial space problem solving as well. It will let you know where your desired location is, and lead to get there from your present location when you are in a building or an environment (Natapov et al., 2015; Montello, 2001). Based on the study from Emo, Holscher, Wiener, & Conroy-Dalton, (2012), environment affected the wayfinding behaviour. There are four environmental variables that have been identified that will affect wayfinding behaviours such as visual access, layout plan configuration, architectural differentiation, and signage.

2.2 AUTISM INSTITUTION Children with autism need to look after and extra caring especially in education. A good institution should have provided special education base on the social and mental ability of every autistic child because every child with autism has their own characteristics and learning skills (Peterson, 2012). In other research studies from Gindis (2008), Institute for autism requires adequate training and specialist or professionals with mental health background supported such as diagnosis and therapy for neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism Institution can be defined as an educational

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

environment that can operate and provide clinical and educational knowledge at the same time for autism (Brown, 2012). In short, autistic students require special education in legally and educationally with appropriate programs and services.

CASE STUDY 3.1 FLOWER + KINDERGARTEN, SOUTH KOREA Flower Kindergarten is located in the Seocho District of South Korea. The kindergarten was designed by Jungmin Nam from OA Lab architectural firm while Yewon Kindergarten was the client of this building. Flower Kindergarten completely constructed in 2015 and has a total 2165 m2 of gross floor area. The specialty of this kindergarten came with built-in flowerpots on the façade design, an interesting interior design that plays with colours and a versatile staircase that acts as a play and study area. The building consists of a total seven floors which including two stories of basement. Basically, the canteen, teacher's room and admin, and car parking was located in the basement area while the four house classrooms were located above ground vertically. A rooftop garden was located at the topmost level for the children. Besides, several sustainable elements and eco-friendly designs were applied in this kindergarten such as a rainwater harvesting system for irrigation purposes and solar panels located at the rooftop that collects solar energy.

3.2 PACIFIC AUTISM FAMILY CENTER (PAFC), CANADA The Pacific Autism Family or known as PAFC, “The Hub” is located at Richmond, approximately 500 m from the Vancouver International Airport, Canada. The centre was designed by a local architectural firm – NSDA Architects and consists of three levels which covered approximately 5500 square meters of floor area. The PAFC is a centre that supports and helping the needs of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their parents by integrates with several resources such as research, information, assessment, treatment, education, learning, etc. Basically, this building mostly caters to children, teenagers and young adults, together provide support to families of children with ASD as well. Besides, four main spaces have been categorised and provided in this centre are educational spaces, healthcare spaces, life skill spaces, and research spaces. There are also several spaces specifically provided for the people with ASD such as a calm room or meeting room which allows children to escape or stay if they become overstimulated.

METHODOLOGY There are two types of method conducted for the space syntax methodology. Firstly, both case studies of the floor plans are indicated with alphabets and numbers. Furthermore, all the plans combined with different colours to differentiate the level of depth. For the alphanumeric, the alphabet E shows the mean of access into the building (E1, E2, E3, etc.). For building services part, the alphabet B is used for services compartments such as fire, water or electrical (B1, B2, B3, etc.) while alphabet D indicates the storage or storeroom (D1, D2, D3, etc.). Toilets or washrooms (T1, T2, T3, etc.), corridors (C1, C2, C3, etc.), staircases (ST1, ST2, ST3, etc.) and elevators (L1, L2, L3, etc.). Meanwhile, Numerical labelling (1, 2, 3, etc.) indicates the main usable spaces. The second type of method was to transfer all the labelling from the floor plans and translated them into a justified graph *Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

respectively. The level of permeability and wayfinding are the primary key to develop the space syntax of justified graphs. At last, a comparative analysis is done for both case studies. There are three levels of measurement for the Likert Scale was used to justify the level of permeability. Below show the defined scale: Depth from 0 to 2 Depth from 3 to 8 Depth from >9

= Public = Semi-Public or Semi-Private = Private

Figure 1: Site Plan and Ground Floor Plan

ANALYSIS, RESULT, AND DISCUSSION 5.1 FLOWER + KINDERGARTEN 5.1.1 SPATIAL CONFIGURATION Figures 1-6 show the site plan for each floor of the Flower + Kindergarten. Legends for each space are given.

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

Figure 2: Basement 1 (top) and Basement 2 (bottom) Floor Plan

5.1.2 SPACE SYNTAX ANALYSIS Referring to the ground floor plan (Figure 1) and justified graph (Figure 7), there is three entrance (E2, E3, and E4) that access into the building. Another entry (E1) will lead to basement one by using the staircase (Sb1) from the outdoor playground area. The first level of permeability falls on the corridor (C1) and buffer (B1) that leads to the multipurpose space (1a). For the vertical circulation, two staircases (Sa, S1) is the primary connection that leads you up to the first floor from the corridor (C1) and multipurpose area (1a) meanwhile another two staircases (Sb1, Sb1a) will guide *Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

you down to the first basement floor. Move to the third level of permeability, two classrooms (2, 2a) are connected by the multipurpose area and shared by a toilet (T1). Lastly, storage (10) and bathroom (T1) located between 2 classrooms will be the highest permeability at ground floor (fourth level of permeability).

Figure 3: First Floor Plan

Figure 4: Second Floor Plan

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

Figure 5: Third Floor Plan

Figure 6: Fourth Floor Plan At the first basement floor plan (Figure 2) with its justified graph (Figure 7), the multipurpose room (1) is the centre point that connected all the significant spaces at basement one such as director's room, break room, cafeteria and teacher’s room (fourth level of permeability). Two staircases (Sb2, Sb2a) is the primary connection that leads you down to basement two from a sunken garden (13) and corridor (C1a). Move to the fifth level of permeability; you have to pass through the cafeteria then it will lead you to these spaces such as cafeteria storage, nutritionist's room and kitchen. Kitchen store is the highest permeability space at basement 1 (sixth level of permeability). The next level is the *Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

second basement floor plan (Figure 2). Basically, basement two are located for car parking by using the car lift to transfer it (17). The car park area surrounds all the storeroom and services room. Two staircases (Sb2, Sb2a) is the primary connection that leads you up to basement 1. Storage/services are the highest permeability spaces at basement 2 (seventh level of permeability).

Figure 7: Overall Justified Graph of Flower Kindergarten.

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

At the first floor plan (Figure 3) with its justified graph (Figure 7), the majority all the spaces are considered as semi-private spaces on the first floor (fifth and sixth level of permeability). A spiral staircase concept connected from (Sa to Sb), while another fire staircase (S2) which also can lead you up to the second floor as well. The multipurpose room (1b) is the primary space that leads you to go to all the classrooms and staircases on first floor while (T3) is a shared washroom for the two classrooms (2c and 2d) while classroom (2b) has its private toilet. The second-floor plan (Figure 4) has similar permeability level of its justified graph (Figure 7), to the first floor, a spiral staircase continues connected from (Sb to Sc), while another fire staircase (S3) which also can lead you up to the third floor as well. The multipurpose room (1c) is the primary space link to all the classrooms and (T4) is a shared bathroom for the two classrooms (2g and 2e), but classroom 2e have to pass through multipurpose (1c) while classroom (2f) has its private toilet (T5). Referring to the third-floor plan (Figure 5) and justified graph (Figure 7), the majority of all the spaces are considered as private spaces on the third floor and only will be used when there is a particular activity or function happen (seventh level of permeability). The spiral staircase ended at this floor and located inside the multipurpose room (1d), and you have to use the fire staircase (S4) which only can lead you up to the topmost floor. Two toilets are located outside of the rooms, and all the users have to come out from the places and pass through the corridor (C5) to use it. Lastly is the fourth-floor plan (Figure 6), the most private spaces which are located on the topmost floor – Services (eighth level of permeability). A private rooftop garden that only can be used by kinder children and staffs. The only staircase (S4) that connected to the topmost floor due to privacy setting and design, to control the public go up. 5.1.3 DISCUSSION According to the results and analysis from the justified graph (Figure 7), a strong concept of the spiral staircase is the central circulation of the building and bring all the children to reach their classroom respective accordingly; this has helped all the children easily to achieve its potential in navigating the direction and wayfinding vertically. For all the classrooms on every floor, a multipurpose area that acts as a corridor, an open playscape area or a quiet area that connects surrounding to each of the classes respectively, it creates more fun and exciting area for the children rather than just a standard linear corridor. For the cafeteria hall from the basement one floor, it might be more convenient if the spaces relocate to the ground floor, this could ease the children for finding the cafeteria either from the classroom or from the outdoor playground. Besides, it could ease the loading and unloading services of the kitchen from the road as well. Based on the justified graph, usually, toilets, office, storage rooms, and services ledge usually are designed as the last and most private area to reach on each floor of the kindergarten which won't use by the public. Lastly, the symmetric spatial system has shown in the space syntax justified graph which the spaces between each other are directly connected to the root space. Hence, a minimum depth and straightforward spatial configuration have applied in the Flower Kindergarten which can assist the children in navigation and wayfinding efficiently.

*Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

5.2 PACIFIC AUTISM FAMILY CENTER (PAFC) 5.2.1 SPATIAL CONFIGURATION Figures 8-10 show the site plan for each floor of the PAFC for visual inspection of the building. Legends for each space are given.

Figure 8: Site Plan and Ground Floor Plan (PAFC)

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

Figure 9: First Floor Plan (PAFC)

Figure 10: Second Floor Plan (PAFC)

5.2.2 SPACE SYNTAX ANALYSIS Firstly start from the ground floor plan in Figure 8 and its justified graph (Figure 11), (E1) is the main entrance that enters the building. There is two side entrance that can come as well (E2, E3). While the last entry (E4) is mainly for loading and services purposes, basically ground floor can be divided into two spaces which are public and semi-public spaces. Library, resource centre, gift shop, family courtyard, etc. (4, 5, 6, P1) are more to public area that can shared with families, while admin,

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

classrooms, teacher's room, therapy studio, etc. (16, 22, 30, 39) are considered as semi-public area. For the circulation, the corridor (C1) is the primary connection that links all the spaces together with the lift and staircases (L1, L2, S1, S2, and S3).

Figure 11: Overall Justified Graph of PAFC. *Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

The simple concept of the corridor design is to ease the direction and wayfinding for the individuals with ASD. There is a semi-public playground (P2) provided for the children that connected between pre-school space and therapy studio (22, 39). Lastly, (T1, T2) washrooms are mainly provided for the public while from T4 until T6 are provided for the staff, children and teachers. Moved on to the first-floor plan (Figure 9) and its justified graph (Figure 11), there will be an auditorium with a pre-function area and a coffee shop with alfresco (44, 45, 46, 48) at the left side when coming out from the lift and stairs (L1, S1a). Same as the ground floor, a corridor (C5) is the primary connection that links all the spaces together with the lift and staircases (L1, L2, S1a, S2, and S3a). Basically, second-floor spaces can be divided into two which are semi-public and semi-private. Semi-public consists of coffee shop, broadcast centre, auditorium, family waiting area, etc. while semi-private consists of life skill apartment, clinical assessment, research lab, etc. (67, 69, 75). Lastly, (T9, T10, T11, T12) washrooms are catered for public and (T13, T14, T15) individual washrooms are provided for the children and staffs. Finally, at the topmost floor which is a second-floor plan (Figure 10) with its justified graph (Figure 11), all the spaces mostly are considered as private spaces such as boardroom, partner office, TV broadcast studio, staff room, etc. (85, 88, 94, 95). The long corridor (C13) is the primary connection that links all the spaces together with the lift and staircases (L1, L2, S1a, and S3a). Lastly, (T16, T17, T18, T19) all the washrooms are gathered next to TV broadcast studio; hence all the users on third floor need to come out from their spaces and pass through the corridor to reach those washrooms. 5.2.3 DISCUSSION Based on the results from the justified graph (Figure 11), the long corridor design (C1, C5, and C13) play an essential role on connecting all the different function of spaces with all the vertical circulation such as staircases and two lifts from ground floor until the highest level which is the third floor. Due to the difficulties of behaviour on wayfinding for the individuals of ASD, it is designed such a way that a long and straightforward corridor that easy to find and navigate to each space that they want to enter. The spaces located on the second floor are considered the private area, the exchange and relocation of the boardroom with TV broadcast centre might let the user of the boardroom more convenient when located next to the staff room and the washrooms. Hence, all the staff will have a shorter distance when they are having a meeting in the boardroom. As shown in the graph, the clinical assessment room and the research lab on the first floor are designed as the last and semi-private areas. The centre which partially allows the public to access such as families with children of ASD while the most private sector of this building was located on the topmost floor which is on the second floor considers the boardroom, staff room, etc. At last, a minimum depth and symmetric spatial configuration and minimum depth have implemented in the PAFC which can assist the children with ASD in navigation and wayfinding.

CONCLUSION Although both of the case studies are slightly different in components and purposes of the user,

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

there has similarity way of design and circulation either in a vertical or horizontal form. For education typology, the most important consideration is to help all the children easily to achieve its potential in navigating the direction and wayfinding neither in mainstream or ASD. Hence, Learning area, therapy studio, and classrooms are the leading spaces in both buildings for the children. Children need to navigate to those spaces by themselves easily and in a straightforward direction. In conclusion, symmetric spatial configuration system, which has minimum depth have shown in both of the justified, graphs (Figure 7 and 11). That means either public or private areas; both areas could navigate the spaces with ease. Through this study, the principal of wayfinding showed that a good design of circulation between the public and private sector is to let the public access to the spaces easily without disturbing the private areas.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information related to this work is already presented in this article.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors want to acknowledge the School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia for the support with a Bridging Grant, Number 304.PPBGN.6316521.

REFERENCES Ackerson, B. J., & Straty, G. C. (1978). Space Syntax In Architectural Design. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 69(3), 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.436655 Alonso de Andrade, P., Berghauser Pont, M., & Amorim, L. (2018). Development of a Measure of Permeability between Private and Public Space. Urban Science, 2(3), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030087 Beck, M. P., & Turkienicz, B. (2009). Visibility and Permeability Complementary Syntactical Attributes of Wayfinding. 7th INternational Space Syntax Symposium, 1–7. Brown, K. R. (2012). Institutional practices that support students with autism spectrum disorders in a postsecondary educational setting. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 73(/09(E)). https://doi.org/S1078-1439(08)00117-8 [pii]\r10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.05.002 Emo, B., Holscher, C., Wiener, J. M., & Conroy-Dalton, R. (2012). Wayfinding and spatial configuration: evidence from street corners. 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, 1–16. Gindis, B. (2008). Institutional autism in children adopted internationally: Myth or reality? International Journal of Special Education, 23(3), 119–124. Hillier, B. & J. Hanson, (1984). The Social Logic of Space. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hillier, B., Hanson, J., Bartlett, T., & Benedikt, M. (2016). What is Space Syntax, (June), 3–5. Mohd Yasin, N., Hassan, A.S., Al-Ashwal, N.T. (2017). Investigation of Mental Mapping in Urban *Corresponding author (A. Sanusi Hassan) E-mail: sanusi.usm@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.179

Design: Case of Queensbay, Penang. International Transaction Journal of Engineering Management & Applied Sciences & Technologies. 8(4). pp.261-273. Montello, D. (2001). Spatial Cognition. In N. J. Smelser and P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Natapov, A., Kuliga, S., Dalton, R., & Hölscher, C. (2015). Building circulation typology and Space Syntax predictive measures. 10th International Space Syntax Symposium (SSS10), (January), 30.1-30.16. Retrieved from http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21985/ Nelson, A., Burns, M., Ahmad, A., Anastasio, D., Fong, C., Soudan, A., & Duncan, J. (2016). Design across the Spectrum : Nourian, P., Rezvani, S., & Sariyildiz, S. (2013). Designing with Space Syntax. ECAADe 31, 1, 357– 366. Peterson, C. (2012). Institutionalized Autism and the Adopted Child, (December), 1–22. Siegel, A. & White, S. (1975) the development of spatial representations of large‐ scale environments. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, New York: Academic Press. Lim Heng Yi works at Cipta Teguh Architecture Sdn. He obtained his Bachelor of Architectural Studies from Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL), Malaysia. He was awarded a Master’s degree from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). His research thesis was Architectural Design Strategies of Sensory Integration Through Spaces on Developing Facilities for Autistic Children. Professor Dr. Ahmad Sanusi bin Hassan is Professor at the School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). He obtained Bachelor and Master of Architecture from the University of Houston, Texas, USA. He was awarded a PhD degree from the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. He was promoted to Associate Professor and later Full Professor. His research focuses on Computer Simulation on Daylighting and Thermal Comforts, Architectural History and Theory, and Housing in Urban Design. Dr.Yasser Arab is a Research Associate at the School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He teaches Studio for first year student and involves in supervising student of Master of Architecture. He got his Bachelor of Architecture from Ittihad Private University, Aleppo, Syria. He is a Registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union. He obtained his Master’s and PhD degrees in Sustainable Architecture from Universiti Sains Malaysia. His researches are related to Natural Lighting, Modern Architechture. Rasha Saeed Ba Angood is a PhD candidate in Architecture Programme, School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). She is a Lecturer in Architectural Department, Faculty of Engineering at Aden University. She obtained Bachelor of Architectural Engineering from Aden University, Aden, Yemen. She was awarded a Master’s Degree in Architectural Engineering from Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). Her research focus on Computer Simulation, Natural Ventilation, Thermal Comfort and Onsite Experiment. At Aden University, she teaches Theoretical and Practical courses related to Urban Design, Interior Design and Working Design.

Lim Heng Yi, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser Arab, and Rasha Saeed Abdulla Ba Angood

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14B

AN EXPLORATION OF JOB SATISFACTION INDICES FOR TEACHERS IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN Abdul Raziq a b

a,b*

, Raja M. Ilyas , Mir G. H. Talpur

Department of Statistics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, PAKISTAN. Department of Statistics, University of Balochistan, Quetta, PAKISTAN.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 May 2019 Received in revised form 31 July 2019 Accepted 05 August 2019 Available online 15 August 2019

Over the years, much criticism has been evidenced by the constructs of job satisfaction. This study identifies the significant components of job satisfaction among teachers working at school, college and university level in Balochistan, one of the largest province of Pakistan. Constructing job satisfaction indices are the key dimension of this research. In the past literature job, satisfaction was proven to be Keywords: linked with leaving intention and organizational turnover. However, Job Satisfaction; Job there are limitations to the existing dimensions of job satisfaction. dissatisfaction of teachers; Thus, to validate the dimensions of the job satisfaction data was Job Satisfaction Index; collected from 576 school teachers, 314 college teachers, and 158 Dimensional Scaling; university teachers. A set of 23 questions was included in the Principle Component measurement scale to tap the dimensions of job satisfaction. The Analysis. principal component analysis was used to identify the dimensions of . Job satisfaction. The results explored seven dimensions of job satisfaction, further, factor loading weighted average was used to develop the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI) that best describes job satisfaction construct. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION Researchers over the decades dedicated their efforts towards understanding several factors that can predict job satisfaction. Generally, one tends to be more satisfied with his or her job when their work environment is supportive and allows autonomy as well as there is greater person-environment fit (Duffy and Lent, 2009). Over time, a study in this field has risen and researchers have studied distinct worker populations, given the concept that some variables are strongly associated with job satisfaction among specific occupations. One such population that has gotten expanded consideration of the job satisfaction researchers is teachers, especially given their higher probability of turnover. The present study is aimed to explore the job satisfaction indices for teachers in the Balochistan province of Pakistan by building on the past research work in this domain. This study has chosen to *Corresponding author (Abdul Raziq). E-mail: kakar.stats.uob@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.180

study the job satisfaction indices of school, college and university teachers due to several reasons. Firstly, these indices have shown to strongly affect teacher turnover. Secondly, the teacher’s dissatisfaction with the working conditions is the main reason for their decision to change their institute (Stuit& Smith, 2012). Analyzing job satisfaction among teachers provides an overview for human resource managers and educational policy managers to carefully design working conditions, job responsibilities, reward system, promotional opportunities, and job security for teachers to encourage teachers to meet educational and organizational goals. Job Satisfaction is related to productivity. It also indicates passion and satisfaction leading to appreciation, salary, appraisal, promotion, and achievement (Statt, 2004). Like other organizations, the educational sector also faced with job satisfaction or dissatisfaction of teachers which sequentially, can affect their performance. Therefore, educational institutes are trying to explore the ways for lessening teacher’s dissatisfaction and improving their satisfaction by identifying factors that correlate with the job satisfaction of teachers.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Several studies have been performed around the world to investigate job satisfaction among the employees and especially teachers. This paper reviewed the past literature in the context of job satisfaction to explore job satisfaction indices. The robust predictors of job satisfaction have been explored by past researchers while gauging individual differences and job environment variables (Dinham & Scott, 1998). It has been found that the intrinsic factors like the relationship with students, autonomy, intellectual challenge and activities directly related to teaching can highly influence the job satisfaction among school teachers. On the other hand, extrinsic factors can impact job dissatisfaction. Duffy and Lent (2009) conducted a job satisfaction study based on a social cognitive model, it has been found that good working conditions, self-efficacy and organizational support all of them can predict teacher’s job satisfaction. Similar findings by other researchers depict that demographic variables like gender (Raziq et al., 2019), age and service tenure have a relatively less effect on teacher’s job satisfaction as compared to the variables like organizational support, working conditions and self-efficacy (Lent et al., 2011). Marston (2010) established that working with energetic young people and experiencing student growth were found to be strongly linked with teacher’s job satisfaction. Moreover, an interesting finding was that the significance of the subject being taught was found to be more crucial for high school teachers as compared to the elementary school teachers, but the Liu & Meyer (2005) found that higher workload along with lower salaries tends to act as dissatisfied for school teachers. It was also revealed that the perception of autonomy within the classroom, professional development opportunities and support from the top management are the integral factors, influencing job satisfaction among school teachers. Teachers' job satisfaction has been studied by Yuh & Choi (2017) in South Korea, the findings revealed a significant relationship between social support and job satisfaction of teachers. Workplace support from director and colleagues turned out to be the predictors of job satisfaction among the

Abdul Raziq, Raja M. Ilyas, Mir G. H. Talpur

female teachers. Therefore, it can be concluded that a supportive working environment can predict a high level of job satisfaction. Moreover, the past literature on job satisfaction pointed out that, compensation is an important tool to motivate workers. The research work of Muguongo et al. (2015) revealed that fair compensation to teachers can result in a high level of job satisfaction. Therefore, the positive impact of compensation on job satisfaction was well established in past literature. This impact is because of two reasons, firstly money has prime importance in fulfilling the basic needs of an individual and secondly, employees view their salary as a tool to judge the top management’s concern for them. Consequently, employees always demand a pay system that is fair, simple and harmonized with their expectations. Satisfaction is an ultimate outcome when employees perceive they pay system to be fair in relation to the job demands; their skill level and community pay standards. As discussed earlier job satisfaction is a phenomenon having multiple dimensions, therefore, researchers have identified several job satisfaction factors. According to the research findings of Ellickson& Logsdon (2001), job satisfaction of a teacher is considerably affected by having good teaching opportunities, reasonable workload, and adequate work tools. While other researchers like Shah & Jalees (2004) are of the view that job satisfaction is the outcome of good relationships with colleagues, supervisors, the strategy of the company, compensation policies, promotion and development opportunities. Similar were the findings of Luthans (1998) that job satisfaction is determined by the work itself, compensation packages, promotes, supervisory support and relationship with the colleagues. (Tella et al., 2007), is of the view that job satisfaction is linked with a number of attitudes, like job characteristics, career development opportunities, pay and compensation packages, social security, and technological challenges. Buitendach & De Witte (2005) declares job satisfaction as a very complex construct influencing individual characteristics as well as job environment factors. There are two broader categories of these factors, namely intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors comprise of pay, compensation packages, developmental and promotional opportunities, colleagues and supervisor, while the intrinsic factors include an individual’s personality, ability, education, intelligence, marital status and age (Mullins, 1999). It has been reported that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors work with each other to impact an individual’s job satisfaction, (Spector, 1985). Atchison (1972) argued that extrinsic factors affecting job satisfaction are governed by those conditions which are beyond the employee control. A review of the literature revealed some of those factors and these are; administrative and organizational policy, promotional opportunity, salary, working conditions, supervision, job security to name a few. Whereas, the intrinsic factors affecting job satisfaction of an individual are psychological rewards like, challenging environment, sense of achievement, recognition, appreciation, caring and respectful treatment. These psychological rewards are reflected by the behavior and action of the managers. While Kondalkar (2007) is of the view that job satisfaction which is driven by enjoyment in one’s own work and depends on the employee itself rather than depending on any external factor can be termed as intrinsic job satisfaction. It is based on deriving pleasure out of work rather than working *Corresponding author (Abdul Raziq). E-mail: kakar.stats.uob@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.180

for some external reward. According to Schermerhorn et al. (2004), the positive work outcomes which do not require the participation of another source and employee receives it as a direct outcome of task performance is an intrinsic aspect of job satisfaction. In this backdrop, Herzberg was of the view that employees feel highly motivated and satisfied with those jobs which are meaningful and rich in intrinsic rewards. These intrinsic aspects can be derived from, challenging and meaningful work, recognition, achievement, career development, and growth. Overall the review of past literature found mixed results about the determinants of job satisfaction. Therefore, the present study aimed at exploring some of the indices of job satisfaction. These findings can be helpful in improving the overall job satisfaction of teachers in Balochistan.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The target population for this research was 59,713 teachers of Balochistan working in schools, colleges, and universities as per Pakistan Education Statistics 2014-15. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Therefore, the total sample size was 1048 and in the total sample size, the share of school teachers was 576, 314 of college teachers, and 158 of university teachers and data collected from these teachers through designed job satisfaction questionnaire. A total of 23 statements was designed for evaluating job satisfaction and working behaviors. Principal Component Analysis was utilized in this study for the construction of the job satisfaction index for teachers.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cronbach’s alpha was used to check the reliability and inter-consistency of scales constructed. Overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.921, which is excellent. This can be interpreted as 92% of teachers in this study hold a consistent opinion. Table 1: Cronbach’s alpha (a measure of inter-consistency) Variable Overall Life Satisfaction Score Card Job Satisfaction Score Card

Cronbach’s Alpha 0.921 0.849 0.903

No of Items 48 14 34

Table 2: KMO and Bartlett’s test for job satisfaction Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square Df Sig.

0.882 6938.88 253 <0.001

Kaiser Meyer of Olkin (KMO) for a set of variables included in the principal component analysis was 0.882, which exceeds the minimum requirement of 0.5 for the overall measure of sample adequacy. Bartlett’s test of Sphericity was also found to be highly significant p < 0.001, it represents that factors computed are appropriate. The probability associated with the Bartlett test is p < 0.05, which shows that data is approximately normal and acceptable for factor analysis.

Abdul Raziq, Raja M. Ilyas, Mir G. H. Talpur

Table 3: Communalities for Principal Component Analysis Components In my institute teachers can freely share their experiences and opinion regarding their Institute and supervisor My institution is working too good at managing its responsibilities well I am satisfied with my current salary I am satisfied with my relationships with subordinates (Juniors) My job responsibilities are as per my qualification and skills I am satisfied with my job security I have a variety of job responsibilities My colleagues guide me or provides me moral and professional supports I am overall satisfied with my current job My colleagues are satisfied with the supervisor I am satisfied with my relationships with my supervisor My current level of competence is probably not enough to excel in this job. I am satisfied with the opportunities given to me to utilize my skills and abilities I am satisfied with opportunities given to me to learn new skills, abilities, and knowledge I am satisfied with the availability of my promotion opportunities In my Institute teaching procedures are very simple and straightforward I am satisfied with my employment benefits I am independent while performing my job responsibilities I know what’s exactly expected from me on job I am independent while making decisions regarding my job responsibilities I clearly know what are my job responsibilities I am satisfied with policies and rules and regulations of my Institute My job responsibilities and quality of teaching practices are influenced by my unhappiness and dissatisfaction.

Extraction 0.556 0.534 0.535 0.549 0.407 0.546 0.597 0.556 0.576 0.618 0.578 0.641 0.606 0.672 0.652 0.709 0.626 0.685 0.752 0.681 0.748 0.687 0.661

Table 4: Total Variance Explained by Components

% of Variance

Cumulative %

26.712 35.274 42.007 47.698 52.681 57.184 61.609 65.428 68.737 71.796 74.672 77.487 80.110 82.643 85.130 87.337 89.478 91.463 93.362 95.221 96.894 98.502 100.000

Total

Cumulative %

26.712 8.562 6.733 5.690 4.983 4.503 4.425 3.819 3.309 3.058 2.876 2.815 2.623 2.533 2.487 2.207 2.142 1.984 1.899 1.859 1.673 1.608 1.498

Cumulative %

% of Variance

6.144 1.969 1.549 1.309 1.146 1.036 1.018 0.878 0.761 0.703 0.662 0.647 0.603 0.583 0.572 0.508 0.493 0.456 0.437 0.428 0.385 0.370 0.345

Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

% of Variance

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total

Component

Initial Eigen Values

6.144 1.969 1.549 1.309 1.146 1.036 1.018

26.712 8.562 6.733 5.690 4.983 4.503 4.425

26.712 35.274 42.007 47.698 52.681 57.184 61.609

2.542 2.496 2.106 2.012 1.844 1.808 1.362

11.053 10.853 9.156 8.748 8.017 7.860 5.923

11.053 21.905 31.061 39.809 47.826 55.687 61.609

*Corresponding author (Abdul Raziq). E-mail: kakar.stats.uob@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.180

Tables 3, 4, and 5, the extraction method is from Principal Component Analysis. Table 5: Rotated Component Matrix 1 I am satisfied with the availability of my promotion opportunities I am satisfied with my employment benefits I am satisfied with my job security I am satisfied with my current salary I am overall satisfied with my current job My colleagues are satisfied with the supervisor I am satisfied with my relationships with my supervisor My colleagues guide me or provide me moral and professional supports In my institute teachers can freely share their experiences and opinion regarding their Institute and supervisor I am satisfied with my relationships with subordinates (Juniors) I am satisfied with the opportunities given to me to learn new skills, abilities, and knowledge I am satisfied with the opportunities given to me to utilize my skills and abilities My institution is working too good at managing its responsibilities well I have a variety of job responsibilities I clearly know what are my job responsibilities I know what’s exactly expected from me on job I am independent while performing my job responsibilities I am independent while making decisions regarding my job responsibilities In my Institute teaching procedures are very simple and straightforward I am satisfied with policies and rules and regulations of my Institute My current level of competence is probably not enough to excel in this job. My job responsibilities and quality of teaching practices are influenced by my unhappiness and dissatisfaction.

Component 4

0.755 0.716 0.691 0.644 0.507 0.736 0.705 0.674 0.652 0.609 0.720 0.647 0.582 0.575 0.854 0.853 0.765 0.750 0.804 0.781 0.745 0.723

5. ROTATION METHOD: VARIMAX WITH KAISER NORMALIZATION. 5.1 ROTATION CONVERGED IN 8 ITERATIONS Examining the patterns of the factor loading (loading greater than 0.50) makes certain that each variable load on one and only one component. ‘I am satisfied with availability of my promotion opportunities’, ‘I am satisfied with my employment benefits’, ‘I am satisfied with my job security’, ‘I am satisfied with my current salary’ and ‘I am overall satisfied with my current job’ – all these are part of the First component explaining

Abdul Raziq, Raja M. Ilyas, Mir G. H. Talpur

26.7% of variation with the title “Pay and Benefits”. ‘My colleagues are satisfied with supervisor’, ‘I am satisfied with my relationships with my supervisor’, ‘My colleagues guide me or provide me moral and professional supports’, ‘In my institute teachers or professors can freely share their experiences and opinion regarding their Institute and supervisor’, ‘I am satisfied with my relationships with subordinates – all these are part of Second component explaining 8.5% of variation with the title “Working environment/employees relationships”. ‘I am satisfied with opportunities given to me to learn new skills, abilities, and knowledge’, ‘I am satisfied with opportunities given to me to utilize my skills and abilities’, ‘My institution is working too good in managing its responsibilities well’, ‘I have variety of my job responsibilities’ – all these are part of Third component explaining 6.7% of variation in the model with title “Learning opportunities in Job responsibilities”. ‘I clearly know what my job responsibilities are’ and ‘I know what’s exactly expected from me on the job’ – these are part of the Fourth component explaining 5.6% of the variation in the model with the title “Responsibilities awareness”. ‘I am independent while performing my job responsibilities’ and ‘I am independent while making decisions regarding my job responsibilities’ – these are part of the Fifth component explaining 5% of the variation in the model with title “Independence”. ‘In my Institute teaching procedures are very simple and straightforward’, ‘I am satisfied with policies, rules, and regulations of my institute’ – all these are part of Sixth components explaining 4.5% of variation with title “Policies, rules and regulation”. ‘My current level of competence is probably not enough to excel in this job’, ‘My job responsibilities and quality of teaching practices are influenced by my unhappiness and dissatisfaction’ – these are part of the Seventh component explain 4.4% of the variation in the model with the title “Growth and Passions”. The factor score matrix is given in Table 6, these scores used for computation of factor scores. For each case and each factor. The factor score is computed by multiplying the case's standardized variable values by the component's score coefficients. All Factor scores are computed using standardized (Z-Score) of original variables. Hence, our seven main dimensions of JSI of faculty members of the school, college, and university are: 1) Pay, promotion and other benefits, 2) Working Environment/ Working relationships, 3) Learning Opportunities/ Skills and abilities, 4) Responsibilities Awareness/ Role Ambiguity, 5) Independence/ Task autonomy, 6) Policies and Regulations, and 7) Growth and Passion/ Self-efficacy. *Corresponding author (Abdul Raziq). E-mail: kakar.stats.uob@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.180

Table 6: Component Score Coefficient Matrix for Job Satisfaction Factors Job Satisfaction Factors

Component Score Coefficient Matrix 3 4 5 6

In my institute teachers can freely share their experiences and opinion regarding 0.039 0.308 their institute and supervisor My institution is working too good at -0.118 -0.056 managing its responsibilities well I am satisfied with my current salary 0.265 -0.037 I am satisfied with my relationships with -0.049 0.258 sub-ordinates (Juniors) My job responsibilities are as per my 0.039 -0.010 qualification and skills I am satisfied with my job security 0.326 -0.014 I have variety in my job responsibilities -0.141 -0.075 My colleagues guide me or provides me -0.047 0.316 moral and professional supports I am over-all satisfied with my current job 0.189 -0.034 My colleagues are satisfied with supervisor 0.019 0.365 I am satisfied with my relationships with -0.028 0.339 my supervisor My current level of competence is probably -0.032 -0.016 not enough to excel in this job. I am satisfied with the opportunities given -0.059 -0.037 to me to utilize my skills and abilities I am satisfied with the opportunities given to me to learn new skills, abilities, and 0.063 -0.068 knowledge I am satisfied with the availability of my 0.344 0.025 promotion opportunities In my institute teaching procedures are very -0.089 -0.060 simple and straight forward I am satisfied with my employment benefits 0.315 -0.034 I am independent while performing my job -0.018 -0.037 responsibilities I know what’s exactly expected from me on -0.062 -0.094 job I am independent while making decisions -0.001 -0.083 regarding my job responsibilities I clearly know what are my job -0.035 -0.067 responsibilities I am satisfied with policies and rules and -0.092 -0.069 regulations of my institute My job responsibilities and quality of teaching practices are influenced by my -0.102 -0.079 unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

-0.065

0.114

-0.007

0.003

0.030

0.313

0.027

0.061

0.095

-0.078

-0.096

0.021

-0.062

0.112

0.017

-0.076

0.124

-0.006

-0.056

0.036

0.062

0.048

-0.264

0.210

0.200

-0.189 0.308

0.017 0.016

0.101 0.257

-0.050 -0.102

-0.028 -0.061

0.010

0.047

-0.064

0.098

-0.005 -0.086

0.201 0.090

0.035 -0.003

-0.112 0.000

0.022 -0.067

-0.008

0.011

-0.063

-0.019

-0.112

0.111

0.096

-0.145

-0.121

0.625

0.044

-0.105

0.045

-0.003

0.442

0.028

-0.115

-0.101

0.015

0.041

0.082

-0.068

-0.050

-0.063

-0.134

0.005

-0.004

0.585

-0.054

0.084

0.068

-0.005

-0.093

-0.027

-0.149

0.004

0.539

-0.039

-0.031

-0.007

0.493

-0.029

-0.006

-0.024

-0.038

0.055

0.514

-0.077

-0.066

-0.042

0.493

-0.028

-0.025

-0.037

0.001

0.071

-0.066

0.556

-0.022

-0.291

0.046

0.179

0.062

0.628

0.363

The Summation method of factor scores from the principal component analysis was used to construct the job satisfaction index. Initially, a non-standardized job Satisfaction Index (NSI) would be computed using seven computed factor scores through PCA. I would be computed using a percentage of variation, explained by a given a variable dividing by total variation explained by all factors multiplying by factor score of a given variable. The mathematical equation used to compute NSI is as follows:

Abdul Raziq, Raja M. Ilyas, Mir G. H. Talpur

26.712 8.562 6.733 𝑁𝑆𝐼 = ( ) ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟1 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + ( ) ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 3 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + ( ) ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 3 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 61.609 61.609 61.609 5.690 4.983 4.503 +( ) ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 4 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + ( ) ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 5 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + ( ) 61.609 61.609 61.609 4.425 ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 6 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + ( ) ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 7 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 (1) 61.609 Factors score computed from seven questions above would be used for computing factor analysis. The equation for first factor score is given as 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.039 ∗ 𝑍𝑉1 − 0.118 ∗ 𝑍𝑉2 + 0.265 ∗ 𝑍𝑉3 − 0.049 ∗ 𝑍𝑉4 + 0.039 ∗ 𝑍𝑉5 + 0.326 ∗ 𝑍𝑉6 − 0.141 ∗ 𝑍𝑉7 − 0.047 ∗ 𝑍𝑉8 + 0.189 ∗ 𝑍𝑉9 + 0.019 ∗ 𝑍𝑉10 − 0.028 ∗ 𝑍𝑉11 − 0.032 ∗ 𝑍𝑉12 − 0.059 ∗ 𝑍𝑉13 + 0.063 ∗ 𝑍𝑉14 + 0.344 ∗ 𝑍𝑉15 − 0.089 ∗ 𝑍𝑉16 + 0.315 ∗ 𝑍𝑉17 − 0.018 ∗ 𝑍𝑉18 − 0.062 ∗ 𝑍𝑉19 − 0.001 ∗ 𝑍𝑉20 − 0.035 ∗ 𝑍𝑉21 − 0.092 ∗ 𝑍𝑉22 − 0.102 ∗ 𝑍𝑉23 (2) ZV1...ZV23 are standardized Z Scores of original values. As mentioned in Table 6: Component Score Coefficient Matrix for Job Satisfaction Factors those values are multiplied with standardized Z-scores to calculate values of Factor 1 to 7 scores. It's difficult to interpret the NSI because it can be both positive and negative. Hence, a standardized job satisfaction index (JSI) is computed, using the formula 𝑁𝑆𝐼 −𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑁𝑆𝐼

𝐽𝑆𝐼 = [𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑖

𝑁𝑆𝐼 −𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑁𝑆𝐼

] ∗ 100

(3),

where 𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑥𝑖 is the non-standardized job satisfaction index for each faculty member. 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑁𝑆𝐼 and 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑁𝑆𝐼 are the minimum and maximum value of non-standardized job satisfaction index, the value of which varies from 0 to 100. Each faculty member was classified into satisfied and dissatisfied groups. A faculty member was supposed to be dissatisfied if the SI value for a given member is less than and equal to 50 and satisfies otherwise. Table 7 shows that on the average JSI of faculty members of Balochistan is 55.38 and 64% of teachers are satisfied with their job. Furthermore, demographic variables gender, age, education, marital status, job experience, salary, location, sector, and type of institution was tested with JSI. Gender-wise, male teachers seem more satisfied with their job as compared to females, whereas no significant association was found between job satisfaction and gender. The age-wise analysis shows satisfaction with their job increases as the age of teacher increases. Association between the age of teachers and job satisfaction was found to be statistically significant. Education-wise, teachers having undergraduate, graduate, MPhil, and PhD qualification was found more satisfied with their job as compared to teachers with Masters educational qualifications. The statistically significant association between the age of teachers and job satisfaction was found. Married teachers were found more satisfied with their job as compared to unmarried teachers. The association between the marital status of teachers and job satisfaction was statistically significant. *Corresponding author (Abdul Raziq). E-mail: kakar.stats.uob@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.180

Table 7: Standardized JSI classified with studied parameters. Parameters Gender of Teacher

Age of teacher in Years

Education of Teacher

Marital Status

Job Experience in Current Institue

Total Job Experience in Years

Salary of Teacher Location District Nature of Job

Sector of Job Institution Type where the teacher works

Male Female Total <= 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51+ Under Graduate Graduate Masters M.Phil P.hD. Unmarried Married <= 2 3-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21+ <= 2 3-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21+ Up to Rs 30,000 Rs. 30,001-50,000 Rs. 50,001-80,000 More than Rs. 80,000 Rural Urban Quetta Other than Quetta Permanent Contract/Tenure Track Government Private School College University

Average of Standardized JSI 56.00 54.33 55.38 35.09 49.98 55.81 58.32 64.16 63.11 55.54 53.61 57.71 62.30 48.66 57.33 52.60 54.32 55.75 57.40 59.40 58.95 49.63 50.84 52.81 56.98 59.63 61.34 35.88 55.62 56.88 64.76 56.85 54.28 53.61 56.38 59.00 35.31

Dissatisfied N% 35 37 36 100 47 34 30 21 21 36 40 26 16 51 32 45 40 31 32 24 29 51 45 39 31 27 26 81 36 31 16 33 38 41 33 28 81

Satisfied N% 65 63 64 00 53 66 70 79 79 64 60 74 84 49 68 55 60 69 68 76 71 49 55 61 69 73 74 19 64 69 84 67 62 59 67 72 19

Chi-Square (P-Value)

58.98 37.94 53.49 56.50 60.09

28 74 40 34 25

72 26 60 66 75

<0.001

0.464

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

0.072 0.007 <0.001

0.003

Teachers were found more satisfied the more time they spent in an institution. Association between years of job experience in the current institution and job satisfaction was found to be statistically significant. Teachers with more job experience were also found satisfied with their jobs. Total-experience and job satisfaction were significantly associated. Teachers with higher salaries were found satisfied with their jobs. The association between total job experience and the salary of the teacher was found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, teachers in rural areas were more satisfied as compared to urban areas. There was found no statistically significant association between location type and job satisfaction. Teachers working in Quetta district were more dissatisfied with their jobs as compared to teachers of the rest of

Abdul Raziq, Raja M. Ilyas, Mir G. H. Talpur

the districts of Balochistan. The association between the district and job satisfaction seems to be statistically significant. The permanent teacher showed more satisfaction as compared to teachers working on contract or tenure basis. The nature of job and job satisfaction was significantly associated. The sector of job-wise analysis shows that teachers of the government sector seem to be more satisfied as compared to teachers working in the private sector. The association between sector type and job satisfaction seems to be statistically significant. University teachers were found more satisfied, followed by college teachers and school teachers. A significant association between the type of institution and job satisfaction was also found statistically significant.

6. CONCLUSION This paper aims to identify the dimensions best represents the job satisfaction. To identify the main components of job satisfaction, 23 statements were used. The result of the factor analysis developed seven dimensions for job satisfaction. Finally, seven identified factors or components affecting job satisfaction include pay and benefits, working environment, learning opportunities, responsibilities awareness, independence, policies and regulations, and growth/ Passion. Results of Principal Component Analysis and factors score were used for the construction of job satisfaction indices. The job satisfaction indices identified by this study can be a starting point for the regulatory authorities to make effective policies so as to improve the job satisfaction of teachers by emphasizing on these indices. There is no other opinion that job satisfaction plays a crucial role in creating positive employee attitudes. The newly develop index can be used for the assessment of the job satisfaction level among teachers. However, the instrument may be valid for other sectors with slight variations.

7. DATA AVAILABILITY AND MATERIAL Data involved in this study can be requested to the corresponding author.

8. REFERENCES Atchison, T., & Lefferts, E. A. (1972). The prediction of turnover using Herzberg's job satisfaction technique. Personnel Psychology, 25(1), 53-64. Buitendach, J. H., & De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity, extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of Business Management, 36(2), 27-37. Dinham, S., & Scott, C. (1998). A three-domain model of teacher and school executive career satisfaction. Journal of Educational Administration, 36, 362–378. DOI:10.1108/09578239810211545. Duffy, R. D., & Lent, R. W. (2009). Test of a social cognitive model of work satisfaction in teachers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 212–223. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.001 Ellickson, M. C., Logsdon, K. (2001). Determinants of job satisfaction of Municipal Government employees. State and Local government Review, 33(3), 173-184. Kondalkar, V. G. (2007). Organizational behavior. India: New Age International (P) Lid. Lent, R. W., Nota, L., Soresi, S., Ginevra, M. C., Duffy, R. D., & Brown, S. D. (2011). Predicting the job and life satisfaction of Italian teachers: Test of a social cognitive model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 91–97. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.006 *Corresponding author (Abdul Raziq). E-mail: kakar.stats.uob@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.180

Liu, X. S., & Meyer, J. P. (2005). Teachers’ perceptions of their jobs: A multilevel analysis of the Teacher Follow-Up Survey for 1994-95. Teacher College Record, 107, 985-1003. Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational behavior. (8th ed.). India: McGraw-Hill. Marston, S. H. (2010). Why do they teach? A comparison of elementary, high school, and college teachers. Education, 131, 437–454. Muguongo, M. M., Muguna, A. T., &Muriithi, D. K. (2015). Effects of compensation on job satisfaction among secondary school teachers in Maara Sub-County of Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(6), 47-59. Mullins, L.J. (1999). Management and organizational behavior: (5th ed.). Great Britain: Pitman publishing. Raziq, A., Ilyas, R.M., Talpur, M.G.H. (2019). Impacts of Gender on Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation Relationship: A Case of Teachers in Balochistan, Pakistan. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. 10(13): 10A11F, 1-10. Schermerhon, J. R., Hunt, J.G. & Osborn, R. N. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Shah, S., & Jalees, T. (2004). An analysis of the job satisfaction level of faculty members at the University of Sindh Karachi Pakistan. Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of science and technology. Journal of Independent Studies and Research (JISR) PAKISTAN, 2(1):26-30. Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13 (6), 693-711. Statt, A. D (2004)., The Routledge Dictionary of Business Management, Detroit: Routledge Publishing, p. 78. Stuit, D. A., & Smith, T. M. (2012). Explaining the gap in charter and traditional public school teacher turnover rates. Economics of Education Review, 31, 268-279. Tella, A., Ayeni C. O., & Popoola S. O. (2007). Work Motivation, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment: Library personnel in Academic and Research Libraries in Oyo State Nigeria. Yuh, J., & Choi, S. (2017). Sources of social support, job satisfaction, and quality of life among childcare teachers. The Social Science Journal, 54(4), 450-457. Abdul Raziq is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Statistics, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. He earned his M.Sc and M.Phil.degrees from the University of Balochistan, Pakistan. Abdul Raziq is a Ph.D. scholar of the Department of Statistics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. His research is related to statistics with emphasis on Financial Time Series, Social Statistics, Applications of Statistics in Medical and Livestock.

Professor Dr.Raja M. Ilyas was Professor at the Department of Statistics at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, where currently he is working as a Visiting Professor. He earned his Ph.D. degree in Demography from University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. Professor Dr. Mir Ghulam HyderTalpur is Professor in the Statistics at University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan. He holds a B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. Statistics from University of Sindh, Jamshoro and Ph.D. degrees in Operations Research from Shanghai University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China (Now it has been renamed “Shanghai University”, Shanghai, P.R. China). Dr. Talpur has extensive experience with Post Doctorate from Ball State University Muncie Indiana USA. His theoretical background is Probability, Queuing Theory, Markov Decision Chains, Regression Models, Sampling Survey, Time Series Analyses and Applied Statistics in the field of Agriculture, Metrology, etc. As his research is more in Applied, he uses more other methodologies, often in joint projects with specialists in those fields.

Abdul Raziq, Raja M. Ilyas, Mir G. H. Talpur

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14C

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ROUTES CONNECTING BETWEEN KAZAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY AND THE UNIVERSITY VILLAGE Hugo Bautista a*, Gulnara Valeeva a, Svetlana Shabalina a a

Kazan Federal University.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 16 April 2019 Received in revised form 19 June 2019 Accepted 28 July 2019 Available online 19 August 2019

In comparison with pedestrian travels, bicycle trips have many advantages: improve joint mobility and cardiovascular fitness, help in releasing endorphins (reduce stress), increase speed of movement, reduces fatigue. Moreover, bicycle trips give a number of options when choosing a route with nice land escapes and roads inside Kazan. Bicycle-route connectivity is an important indicator for efficient a university route network, and can be considered with recreational and commuting purposes. At present, the indices related to bicycle connectivity have become an important concern for designing a complete route network. The aim of this study is to develop a safe route to connect two locations located in the city of Kazan: student residence N8 (2 Derevnya Universiade Str., Privolzhskom region) and the Institute of Management, Economics and Finance (6/20 Kremlevskaya Str., Vakhitovsky region) at Kazan Federal University (KFU). This study considers the Maslow Transportation Pyramid, SWOT analysis, and confirms with interviews to routes’ users.

Keywords: Bicycle scheme; University connectivity; Bicycle route; Bicycle parking; Safety tracks; SWOT analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION The concept of "bicycle zone" was included for the first time in the Russian Traffic Regulations as a part of recent changes made in December 2018. The relevant resolution was signed on 5 December 2018 by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev [1]. Before designing (planning) a bike route, it is important to consider major climate factors as solar radiation, atmospheric conditions, and road surface. Kazan has a moderate continental climate with cold winter and warm or hot summer. The average annual temperature is 4.6 °C, while the average annual amount of precipitation reaches 558 mm. It starts snowing in October and the snow remains up to the beginning of May. Windy season coincides with the cold period (from September to March), therefore it is possible to use a bicycle between May and September. However, it is necessary to *Corresponding author (Hugo Bautista) E-mail: hbautista@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14C http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.181

improve bicycle connectivity during this period in the city of Kazan [2]. Active travel ensures the livability of students by addressing environmental and public health concerns. Thoughts about going to a gym are not so interesting and sometimes not affordable for everybody. At the same time, we have an easily realizable alternative: take a bike and rush to the road for amazing impressions and also use it as everyday transport. The 30-minute trip by bicycle covers the daily need of an organism for physical activity, interfering with development of obesity and other dangerous diseases [3]. Cycling is a great way to give our bodies the necessary load. What benefits does cycling bring? The human body is, by definition, designed for an active lifestyle. It is important to give him a regular training. How good it was on your first tricycle to rush down the hill, taking our first powerful portion of adrenaline! Childhood memories are the warmest, but for some reason we lose all that directness of perception in our adulthood. Just imagine the fresh wind, the speed, a sense of freedom, long forgotten because of the daily routine [4, 5]. In September 2015, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation proposed an initiative called the “Let's bike it! Project”, and established the third Friday of May and the 22 of September of each year for carrying out a federal initiative called "Going to work by Bicycle" on a regular basis. The decision was taken by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation on September 21, 2015. No studies have explored previously the availability of bike parking options or safety bike connections between the campus and KFU student residences. This study analyzes bicycle connectivity and includes bicycle tracks, signalization and parking places between the university village and the campus at 6/20 Kremlevskaya.

2. METHODS 2.1 MASLOW TRANSPORTATION PYRAMID We tried to cover the basic needs as the prevention of road accidents and also offer a secure bike parking (Figure 1). These factors would give us convenience and comfort when we use the alternative bicycle road [6,7].

Figure 1: Maslow Transportation Level of Service in public transport (after [6]).

2.2 BICYCLE LANES As you can see in the Figure 2, we have three main bicycle route types [8].

Hugo Bautista, Gulnara Valeeva, Svetlana Shabalina

Figure 2: Types of bicycle roads/tracks between Kazan Federal University and the university village

2.3 SWOT ANALYSIS The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of this alternative route transport were identified based on KFU online surveys, literature reviews, and direct observation [9].

2.4 SURVEYS We applied cross-sectional surveys among students and university staff living at the University village but work or study at 6/20 Kemlovskaya str. Each participant was surveyed only once. However, a person who is both a student and a staff member could be randomly selected a second time to respond to the survey again.

3. RESULT Maslow pyramid of quality factors was applied to evaluate the reasons for using a bike as daily transport. People priories are in this order: 1. bike parking; 2. bike lanes and tracks; 3. safety accessories (helmet, reflective vest, and others); 4. signals, symbols, and socialization; 5. weather; 6. others.

3.1 PARKING AND LANES In this study, 80% of the people surveyed prefer bicycle racks (standard parking places) over other bicycle facilities. Parked cars in mixed roads were the most disliked encroachment, perhaps because bicycles operate at a medium speed and can be ridden in different directions. Parked cars are not considered an operating limitation to bicycles, but it is difficult to deal with them during rush hours. Close to half KFU campus lacked of parking racks, at 6/20 Kremlevskaya Str. we have no parking places for bicycles. *Corresponding author (Hugo Bautista) E-mail: hbautista@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14C http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.181

After our analysis (see table 1) we can say that we identify three types of cycle track in the route KFU- University village: a. Mixed traffic (60% of the complete route) -

Security level 1

b. Road shared (pedestrians and bicycles; 30% of the CR) -Security level 3 c. Bicycle tracks (just bicycles; 10% of the complete road). -Security level 4 Table 1: Perceived safety in the different road/track conditions from University village to KFU.

Public Transit Rules (socialization and control), bike signals, cycle tracks and parking places in Kazan showed problems. Principally because we have no administration policy of parking track, usually around the city people put tracks from different sizes and forms, but do not considerate the sidewalk spaces, which is mandatory to normalize bicycle parking environment around the city and of course on KFU.

3.2 KFU: A BICYCLE FRIENDLY UNIVERSITY We did an initial evaluation of cycling university connectivity (see table 2), we applied internet surveys at VKontakte and Facebook including 200 residents who study or work in 6/20 Kremlevskaya building. The result of SWOT analysis is given in Table 2. However, from the weaknesses, safety issues are still of main concerns. From the threats, poor road conditions need improvement. Table 2: SWOT analysis of bicycle university route connections

3.3 ROUTE Kazan federal university bike route (Figure 3) has considerate the existing traffic levels and behaviors. Bike route in Kazan city is lack of bicycle traffic lights. Our route connect a bicycle track already designed by Kazan city government (not yet socialized) with economical institute KFU.

Hugo Bautista, Gulnara Valeeva, Svetlana Shabalina

This bike lane adjacent to parked cars on the right-hand side of the street or on the left-hand side of the street in specific situations. Bike lanes typically run in the same direction of traffic, but we have no light signals for bicycles.

Figure 3: A bicycle friendly University: route connections between KFU campus and university village In the study of KFU's bicycle environments and student accommodation, half of the students surveyed preferred cycling rails over other bike facilities. There are bus stops too. Less. The most popular offerings were bike parking, security (guard or camera), bike racks and bike parking alternative services (trees, street signals, fences among others). If parking improved, 75% said they would ride more bikes.

4. CONCLUSION This study considers the Maslow Transportation Pyramid, and SWOT analysis. Bike riding safety has been discussed. The study result has been confirmed with interviews to routes’ users. This study has been able to identify connecting bicycle routes between KFU campus and university village. This makes KFU a bicycle friendly University.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Data can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work is performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.

*Corresponding author (Hugo Bautista) E-mail: hbautista@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14C http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.181

7. REFRENCES [1] PDD 2018 ПДД (2018). Transit changes rules – Russian language - [digital document].(http://government.ru/docs/34889). accessed 27.05.2019 [2] Perevedentsev, Y.P. (2006). Kazan climate and nowdays changes.—, Kazan university editorial, Kazan. — 215 с. — ISBN 5-98180-330-4 [3] Winters, M., & Teschke, K. (2010). Route preferences among adults in the near market for bicycling: Findings of the cycling in cities study. Am. J. Health Promot, 25: 40–47. [4] Bautista, H. (2016). International volunteer tourism in Kazan, «Kazan free tours«/H. Bautista , V.A. Rubtzov , N.M. Biktimirov. International Business Management, 10(24): 5740-5745. [5] Bautista, H. (2018). Touristic route for weekends (practical case of Tatarstan republic) // H. Bautista, M. Rozhko, V. Danilevich//The priority directions and problems of development of internal and international tourism, I scientific conference. С. 251-254. [6] Peek, G.J., & Van Hagen, M. (2002). Creating Synergy in and around stations: three strategies. Transport Research Board. Journal of Transportation Research Record, 1793: 1-6 [7] Cycle Tracks and Parking Environments in China: Learning from College Students at Peking University. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319215017_Cycle_Tracks_and_Parking_Environments_i n_China_Learning_from_College_Students_at_Peking_University [Accessed May 2019]. [8] Ulrich, D.A., Burghardt, A.R., Lloyd, M., Tiernan, C., & Hornyak, J.E. (2011). Physical activity benefits of learning to ride a two-wheel bicycle for children with Down syndrome: A randomized trial. Phys. Ther, 91: 1463–1477. [9] Working meeting for BICY SWOT analysis of cycling mobility in Košicek Available from: http://www.bicy.it/docs/128/WP3_1_10-SWOT-TRANSNATIONAL-ANALYSIS.pdf [Accessed May 2019]. Hugo Bautista is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Department of Service and Tourism, Kazan Federal University, Russia. He is a PhD Candidate of Science. His research is related to Management Sciences. Gulnara Valeeva is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan Federal University. She is a PhD Candidate. Her research is related to Modern Management.

Svetlana Shabalina is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Department of Service and Tourism, Kazan Federal University, Russia. She got a degree in Geography and Geoecology, Geography from Kazan State University. She is a PhD Candidate in Geographical Sciences, Kazan Federal University. Her research is related to Geography, Economic, Social, Political and Recreational Geography.

Hugo Bautista, Gulnara Valeeva, Svetlana Shabalina

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14D

AN EXPERIMENT ON SPEED BUMPS BUILT WITH USED PNEUMATIC RUBBER TIRES Boonsap Witchayangkoon a*, Sayan Sirimontree a, Krittiya Leartpocasombut a, and Sanya Namee b a Department

of Civil Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND b Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior, Royal Thai Government, Bangkok, THAILAND ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 27 March 2019 Received in revised form 03 July 2019 Accepted 24 July 2019 Available online 19 August 2019

Having a sustainability concept, used car pneumatic rubber tires are employed to build simple speed bumps to be placed on a local roadway to reduce passing speeds of vehicles. This study demonstrates a way to build low-cost speed bump. In this experiment, bumps are made with different used tire sizes (of a sedan, a six-wheel lorry, and a ten-wheel lorry). The effects on vehicles passing the bumps are observed. Traffic audits and investigation on vehicles passing the used rubber tires bump are investigated, at 85th percentile speeds. With an installation of cheap bump built with used pneumatic rubber tires, it can increase safety to the local community in the roadway neighborhood.

Keywords: Sustainability traffic engineering; Low-cost speed bump; Waste management; Tire recycling; Speed control; Traffic calming device; Vehicle maneuver; Tire reuse.

1. INTRODUCTION Over 1 billion pneumatic car tires are annually manufactured worldwide (Wikipedia, 2018). In 2018, it is estimated that Thailand manufactures more than 30 million car pneumatic rubber tires with which about two-thirds are consumed inside the country. Therefore, a million old car tires are needed to be managed and get rid of. The better way is to reuse and recycle them in an environmentally friendly way as recycling and reuses are vital to sustainable consumption and development. Old standard car tires can be seen using as flowerpots, tire swings, and furniture seats and tables. Bigger sizes of tires are even far more difficult to apply for reuses and recycling.

1.1 SPEEDY DRIVING From the record, driving behaviors that cause accident involve speedy driving. Speedy driving *Corresponding author (B. Witchayangkoon) E-mail: drboonsap@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.182

can occur not only on the highways but also on local roads. Table 1 shows death tolls and injuries record from accidents in Thailand during 2015-2017. Table 1: Death tolls and injuries record from accidents in Thailand during 2015-2017 Year 2017 2016 2015

Death Toll 15,256 9,815 11,389

Injuries 1,002,193 831,118 660,888

Recent highway accident record from Department of Highways of Thailand in the first six months (1 January to 30 June 2018) showed a total 8839 accidents with death toll risen to 1449, and 8141 people got injured, with involved 13271 vehicles and highway damages cost US$4.7millions. This accident figure is increased from the previous year 6%, the death toll climbed 7%, and a number of vehicles involved in the accidents soared 7% (DOH, 2018). The Asia Injuries Prevention (AIP) Foundation has reported that during 2001-2013 the arrested speedy driving cases in the Bangkok metro area were 4424 cases, higher than drunk driving cases 66%, even though in crowded areas that could not use speed (Isaranews, 2017). Many traffic instruments have been built to control the speed. This work thus builds and experiments low-cost speed bumps with used pneumatic rubber tires of multiple sizes. The experimentation simply observes driving behaviors through monitoring vehicular passing speeds. Traffic audits and investigation on vehicles passing the used rubber tires bump are investigated, as well.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Namee and Witchayangkoon (2011) investigated the speed bump installed at all legs of the crossroad. Traffic audit at 85th percentile speed was observed on four types of vehicles: passenger cars, pickup trucks, motorbikes, and passenger buses and lorries (i.e., more than four wheels vehicles). The study suggested the traffic calming devices should be re-shaped to have hump profile. The devices should also be repositioned to the intersection corners. The study also introduced crossroad speed tables. Zainuddin et al. (2012) reported the optimization of speed hump design for Malaysia residential streets. The study applied geometric parameters including speed hump height, length, and width, to ascertain the effect of 85th percentile speed reduction. With several analyses, a model with R-Sq value of 80.6% was developed using multiple linear regressions. Witchayangkoon (2015) presents combined traffic calming devices of humps into bumps, which had been installed in a local village community. This innovative device gave more comfort to drivers and passengers but needing drivers’ attention in aiming wheels’ positions at the hump areas. The invented device thus effectively reduced vehicular driving speeds and helped reduce noise and damage of vehicle passing the devices. This device also saved construction cost, compared to hump, however, frequent maintenance for worn out hump areas was needed. Lav et al. (2018) study a fundamental experimental approach for optimal design of speed bumps, that the wheel speed and the vertical acceleration at the speed bump were observed via a Vernier

Boonsap Witchayangkoon, Sayan Sirimontree, Krittiya Leartpocasombut, Sanya Namee

Motion Detector. The optimal dimensions of a speed bump were found with 5.0 cm in width and 2.8 cm in height. Interestingly, Pau (2002) reported that speed bumps may induce improper drivers’ behavior in Italy, due to sudden slow down before the bump and acceleration after passing the bump. When approaching the undulation, drivers were likely to perform all sorts of maneuvers, in order to reduce their discomfort, particularly where the bumps do not extend over the entire street. Where speed bumps were not properly installed, car and motorbike drivers tried to avoid the bumps to reduce noise and vibrations of the vehicle. Speed bumps induced traffic noise was reported by Wewalwala & Sonnadara (2011). The noise was measured before and after the vehicles passing the bumps. For lorries and three-wheelers, speed bumps caused the maximum noise level increased by over 5 dB (A). The results indicated that there is a considerable effect on the noise levels at a short distance from the speed bump as drivers increased the speed after passing the bumps. The equivalent noise level at 20 m from the speed bump was found to be on average 1.2dB(A) higher than at the speed bump. In Thailand, local roadways (roads with concrete and asphaltic pavement, and dirt roads) are the key transportation mode to access all areas. Roadways users include pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, personal cars, public buses and vans, and some lorries. Road safety concerns have raised awareness to all involved government and public agencies as well as to road users. Cheap bumps are installed in residential areas in order to slow traffic, expecting to reduce the danger to people in the neighborhood, particularly children. This work explores technology-based sustainable development with used pneumatic rubber tires to build sustainability speed bumps.

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 SPEED BUMP AND BUMP PROFILES Bump is a speed self-control device applied vertical deflection to the vehicle passing the bump. Bumps normally are installed in local or private roads, thus sizes of bumps may vary. Bumps may have height 7-15cm with width 30cm or more (Elizer Jr, 1993). Some vehicle drivers feel unhappy due to the immediate and specific hazard of the bumps (Namee and Witchayangkoon, 2011). In Thailand, commercialized vulcanized (caoutchouc/cinnamene-butadiene) rubbers bumps have varied width 27.5–50cm with height 4.5–7cm, with color black and white. These synthetic rubber bumps are quite hard and more difficult to get through. These bumps are installed in private areas such as hotels, schools, and shopping malls.

3.2 TRIAL AND ERROR This study experiments on bumps produced from used pneumatic rubber tires with varied sizes. Old tires used in this study are bias tires (tubeless tires). A bias tire is made up of several overlapping plies of different materials (such as rubber, steel, nylon, fiberglass or combination of these materials) (Dealer tire, 2018; Michelin, 2018). Details and prices are given in Table 2. *Corresponding author (B. Witchayangkoon) E-mail: drboonsap@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.182

Table 2: Types of vehicle tires Type of tire Sedan Six-wheel lorry Ten-wheel lorry

Price per old tire 20Baht (US$0.67) 40Baht (US$1.34) 50Baht (US$1.67)

Width 16cm 19cm 24cm

Figure 1: Cut Tires

Figure 2: Installation process of bumps built with used pneumatic rubber tires on a local road

Boonsap Witchayangkoon, Sayan Sirimontree, Krittiya Leartpocasombut, Sanya Namee

3.3 INSTALLATION OF TESTED BUMPS Installations of multiple bumps built with used pneumatic rubber tires on a road have been made to test with actual vehicle maneuver passing the bumps. Cut tires are stretch and placed across the width of a local road. Drills are made to the road. Flathead socket cap screws (or hexagonal bolts) with full thread, together with double expansion anchors, are used to fix the rubber tires to the road. It is important to make sure that while vehicles passing the bump will not rub over the bolt. Yellow paint is applied to the rubber tires bumps, to give better visibility of the bumps to road drivers to reduce their speeds. The "Caution Speed Bumps Ahead" signs are put at 65m ahead of the bump.

4. TESTING, RESULT, AND DISCUSSION This study observes four types of vehicles passing the bumps built with used pneumatic rubber tires, see Figure 3. The experiment is conducted on bumps made from different used tires of a sedan, a six-wheel lorry, and a ten-wheel lorry. For sedan tires bump, it finds that bump has a too narrow width. In addition, the thin thickness of sedan tires bump makes it difficult to slow down big vehicles’ speeds.

Figure 3: investigation on vehicles passing the bump. The testing finds that used tires from six-wheel lorry is the most appropriate materials to make up the bump. This is due to the fact that thickness from six-wheel lorry tires is the right thickness as it is not too thick. Also, the width of six-wheel lorry tires is considered suitable, as the width is not too long for small vehicles to get through. More importantly, bump made with six-wheel lorry tires can get the impact better from the passing big vehicles. Testing the bump made with ten-wheel lorry tires as pneumatic rubber tires, it is learned that the rubber is too hard. This causes great discomfort from road-holding to bicycles and motorcycles to maneuver across the bump.

5. TRAFFIC AUDITS Traffic audits and investigation on vehicles passing the bump made of used rubber tires (from a *Corresponding author (B. Witchayangkoon) E-mail: drboonsap@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.182

six-wheel lorry) are investigated. Four types of vehicles speeds are observed and graphs are plotted at 85 percentile speed, see Figures 3 and 4. From the investigation, the bump seems to work well, as speeds go down to 25-30km/hr, especially at distance about 20m before and after passing the bump, see Figure 4. It is therefore recommended these low-cost bumps can be put every 50-60meters apart to slow down traffic speed.

Figure 4: 85th percentile speeds passing through used tires of six-wheel lorry.

6. CONCLUSION This study applies sustainability concept, with utilizing used car pneumatic rubber tires to build simple speed bumps to be placed on a local roadway to reduce passing speeds of vehicles, expecting to increase safety to the neighborhoods. This study demonstrates a way to build low-cost speed bump. In this experiment, bumps are made with different tire sizes, to observe the effect on a vehicle passing the bumps. The best low-cost bump is made of used tires from six-wheel lorry. Traffic audits and investigation on vehicles passing the old rubber tires bump are investigated, at 85 percentile. With an installation of bump built with used pneumatic rubber tires, it can decrease vehicular speeds to increase safety to the local community in the roadway neighborhood.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL All used and generated data detail is already given in this work.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work is executed with the helps of Mr. Naphot Chanma and Mr. Parinya Bangchuad.

9. REFERENCES Dealer tire. 2018. Bias Tires: Tires Facts. Available from https://www.rightturn.com/tireguide/bias-tires Accessed September 2018. DOH. (2018). Accident Report: Half Year 2018. Government, August 2018.

Department of Highways, Royal Thai

Boonsap Witchayangkoon, Sayan Sirimontree, Krittiya Leartpocasombut, Sanya Namee

Isranews. (2017). Bangkokians speed driving more than four thousand arrest cases. Isranews Agency. https://www.isranews.org/isranews-news/56274-news-562741.html Accessed October 2018. Lav, A. H., Bilgin, E., & Lav, A. H. (2018). A fundamental experimental approach for optimal design of speed bumps. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 116, 53-68. Michelin. 2018. Radial or bias, the right choice. https://agricultural.michelinman.com/us/Properly-use-your-tires/Radial-or-bias-the-rightchoice Accessed September 2018. Namee, S., & Witchayangkoon, B. (2011). Crossroads vertical speed control devices: Suggestion from observation. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 2(2), 161-171. Namee, S., & Witchayangkoon, B. (2011). Crossroads Vertical Speed Control Devices: Suggestion from Observation. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 2(2), 161-171. http://tuengr.com/V02/161-171.pdf Accessed October 2018. Pau, M. (2002). Speed bumps may induce improper drivers’ behavior: Case study in Italy. Journal of transportation engineering, 128(5), 472-478. Wewalwala, S. N., & Sonnadara, D. U. J. (2011). Traffic noise enhancement due to speed bumps. Sri Lankan Journal of Physics, 12, 1-6. Wikipedia. 2018. Tire manufacturing. Available https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_manufacturing Accessed September 2018.

from

Witchayangkoon, B. (2015). Observation on Innovative Speed Bumps with Humps. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences, 4(4), 213-218. http://tuengr.com/ATEAS/V04/213.pdf Accessed October 2018. Zainuddin, N. I., Diah, J. M., Adnan, M. A., & Sulaiman, N. (2012, December). The optimization of speed hump design: A case study in Malaysia residential streets. In Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER), 2012 IEEE Colloquium on (pp. 368-373). IEEE. Dr. Boonsap Witchayangkoon is an Associate Professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University. He received his B.Eng. from the King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi with Honors in 1991. He continued his Ph.D. study at University of Maine, USA, where he obtained his Ph.D. in Spatial Information Science & Engineering. Dr. Witchayangkoon current interests involve Applications of Emerging Technologies to Engineering. Dr. Sayan Sirimontree earned his bachelor degree from Khonkaen University Thailand, master degree in Structural Engineering from Chulalongkorn University Thailand and Ph.D. in Structural Engineering from Khonkaen University Thailand. He is an Associate Professor at Thammasat University Thailand. He is interested in the Durability of Concrete, Repair, and Strengthening of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures. Dr. Krittiya Lertpocasombut is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Thailand. She received a B.Sc. from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, an M.Sc. from Asian Institute of Technology, D.E.A. Diplome d’Etudes Approfondies in Water Purification and Treatment Engineering from INSA de Toulouse, France, and a Ph.D. in Water Purification and Treatment Engineering, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees (INSA), Toulouse, France. Dr. Lertpocasombut is interested in Water and Wastewater Treatment; Wastewater Recycled by Membrane Technology; Water Supply Sludge Treatment and its Reuse/Recycle. Dr. Sanya Namee works at the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior, Thailand. He holds a Bachelor of Engineering from King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, a Master of Engineering degree from Prince of Songkhla University and a Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering from Thammasat University, Thailand. His research interests encompass Hazardous Material Transport.

*Corresponding author (B. Witchayangkoon) E-mail: drboonsap@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.182

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14E

SIMULTANEOUS CONSTRUCTION OF PHASE DIAGRAM AND HYDRATE EQUILIBRIUM CURVE FOR AN IRANIAN GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou

, Ali Naseri

PVT Department of Petroleum Engineering Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, IRAN. b Production Department of Petroleum Engineering Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, IRAN. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 27 March 2019 Received in revised form 03 July 2019 Accepted 24 July 2019 Available online 22 August 2019

Constructing phase diagram and its subsequent quality lines for gas condensate reservoirs are always demanding but challenging problem in reservoir fluid experimental studies. Phase diagram and quality lines for gas condensate systems defines regions of gas and gas-liquid condensates through phase diagram and this is frequently used as a short-cut method by reservoir engineers to determine reservoir fluid phase behavior in each operating pressure and temperature condition. Moreover, gas production units sometimes are imposed by solid hydrate formation problem due to spatial combination of producing water and gas molecules and to some extent this phenomena complicates fluid phase conditions dramatically. This experimental research introduces simultaneous studying of reservoir fluid phase diagrams parallel with experimental constructing of hydrate stability curves in order to depict different regions of gas, liquid condensate and solid hydrates throughout of phase diagram region. To do so, phase diagram and hydrate stability curve constructed and merged together for an Iranian gas condensate sample and newly obtained curve interpreted completely and different regions of gas, liquid condensate, gas- liquid condensate and solid hydrates regions were pinpointed experimentally.

Keywords: Phase diagram; Quality line; Hydrate equilibrium Gas condensate fluid; Constant Composition Expansion.

NOMENCLATURE bbl CCE EOS

Barrel Constant Composition Expansion Equation of State

*Corresponding author (A.A. Gharesheikhlou) Tel: 98-21-48253181 Ext.3181. E-mail: shikhlooaa@ripi.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.183

MMscf P T V W L HC GAS PH LW H Ice

Billion standard cubic feet Pressure (Psia) Temperature (F) Volume (cc) water Liquid hydrocarbon Gaseous Phase( Hydrocarbon Gas+ vapour) Liquid Water Hydrate Solid ice

1. INTRODUCTION Phase diagrams of hydrocarbon systems always depict phase behaviour of hydrocarbon fluid systems at different pressure and temperature [1]. The main borderline of phase diagram always separate two phase conditions from monophasic criteria. In other words, pressure and temperature conjugates inside the phase diagram correspond to two phase flow region and contour lines in this area are so called quality lines which are drawn to show liquid drop quantities at different pressure and temperature [2]. The critical Point in a phase diagram is an indicator to show the type of fluid. In a gas condensate reservoir, the initial reservoir condition is in the single phase area to the right of the critical point in phase diagram. As reservoir pressure declines, the fluid passes through the dew point and a liquid phase drops out of the gas. The percentage of vapour decreases, but can increase again with continued pressure decline. Presence of heavier components (C4 -C7+) expands the phase envelope, so that the reservoir temperature lies between the critical point and cricondentherm in gas condensate reservoirs. Figure 1 shows the typical phase diagram of gas condensate reservoir fluid. As long as reservoir is produced, formation temperature usually doesn’t change, but reservoir pressure decreases.

Figure 1: Typical phase diagram of gas condensate reservoir fluid (after [3]). When the pressure in a gas condensate reservoir decreases to dew point pressure, a liquid phase rich in heavy ends drops out of solution; the gas phase is slightly depleted of heavy ends. As shown in Figure 1, a continued decrease in pressures leads the volume of the liquid phase up to a maximum amount, liquid volume then decreases. When pressure decreases at reservoir temperature, a rich gas forms a higher percentage of liquid than a lean gas. This behaviour can be displayed in a Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) diagram. Typically a gas condensate system yields from about 30 bbl of condensate per MMscf of gas for lean gas condensate to 300 bbl of condensate per MMscf of gas for

Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou

rich gas condensate [3,9]. One of the most important steps in better performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs is accurate phase behaviour modelling. The phase behaviour of gas condensate mixtures has been extensively studied and reported in literature [4,7]. However, depicting phase diagrams to show phase behaviour, with correspondent quality lines for very high lean gas condensate reservoir fluids is really cumbersome and time-consuming [8]. Moreover, gas condensate production units sometimes suffer from solid hydrate formation in special operating pressures and temperatures due to spatial combination of reservoir connate water and gas molecules. Therefore, this problem necessitates experimental pinpointing of three phase regions of gas, liquid condensate and solid hydrates throughout constructed phase diagram. This study aims to simultaneous constructing of phase diagram and hydrate stability curve for an Iranian lean gas condensate in order to pinpoint fluid phase criteria in each operating temperature and pressure. Combining experimental phase diagram and hydrate equilibrium curves yields to introduce and pinpoint different regions of gas, liquid condensate and solid hydrates in each operating pressure and temperature.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 2.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING PHASE DIAGRAM In PVT laboratories, different pressure depletion tests are designed and performed in order to monitor thermodynamic properties changes respect to reservoir pressure declination imposed by production scenarios. Each experiment should mimic some real phenomena of reservoir production. Constant Composition Expansion (CCE) or Constant Mass Expansion (CME) test is carried out in virtually all PVT studies irrespective of fluid type. To do so, fixed amount of monophasic subsurface sample or recombined surface sample is transferred into a PVT cell and brought to reservoir temperature and a pressure above the reported initial reservoir pressure. After that pressure is declined gradually and then fixed in some pre-designed pressure steps and fluid parameters such as liquid condensate volume, gas volume, compressibility and densities are recorded very precisely for each pressure step manually or automatically. The number of pressure reduction steps and the total pressure range covered is generally determined by consultation between the Engineer who commissions the study and the laboratory personnel. For a black oil or volatile oil, the transition from single to a two-phase System is apparent in the plot. For gas condensates the separation of the liquid phase is not readily apparent from the experimental volumetric data and it must be determined visually. It should be remind that this process is started from one phase condition of real gas condensate sample and phase changes continuously recorded by taking some snapshots from inside the PVT cell periodically. Dew point pressure is one of the most important output parameters of CCE experiment. Dew point pressure is measured by looking inside the PVT cell during pressure depletion process in conventional PVT cells or interpreting recorded pictures during CCE experiment in modern PVT cells. The CME experiment may also be carried out at other temperatures in addition to the reservoir *Corresponding author (A.A. Gharesheikhlou) Tel: 98-21-48253181 Ext.3181. E-mail: shikhlooaa@ripi.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.183

temperature to help model the producing conditions for subsequent process calculations. As mentioned above, saturation pressure test was done at pre-defined temperatures so that borderline of the phase diagram could be kept tracked and pinpointed very precisely. Measuring dew point pressure at each temperature led to find a conjugate of pressure and temperature and after finishing of dew point pressure tests, a bunch of pressure and temperature conjugates were obtained. Table 1 shows the components of reservoir fluid in which the C7+ molar mass in this sample is about 111.9 g/mol. The cricondentherm and cricondenbar points of this sample were measured about 305oF and 3420 psia respectively. Finally all the saturation pressure data were inserted in reservoir fluid simulation software and borderline of the phase diagram were continuously dra wn using a well-known reservoir fluid simulator. Second part of the PVT experiments was allocated to measure experimental data needed for generating quality lines. Hence, some constant composition expansion or CCE experiments were designed and done at pre-defined temperatures. Briefly, CCE experiments is done in order to monitor thermodynamic parameter changes i.e. condensed liquid drop-outs due to pressure depletion process. To do so, CCE experiments were done at five different temperatures and the results showed condensed liquid volumes respect to pressure changes at each predefined temperature. A magnified snapshot of a typical liquid drop-out formation through CCE experiment has been shown in Figure 2. The results of the CCE experiments were used to generate candidate quality lines. it should be noted that the experimental set up to do PVT tests in this study was designed and developed in DBR-Canada in 2005 which is shown in Figure 3 and all the experimental parts have been calibrated in accompany with DBR experts. It should be remind that calibration tests have been periodically repeated by some skilful technician in lab and it can be claim that quality of all experimental data has been checked many times by teamwork members. This experimental set up is under commercial services for many important phase behaviour studies projects for internal and international companies since 2005. The visual capability of the hydraulic experimental set up enabled us to measure the hydrate phase equilibrium curve using a high pressure visual cell. The routine procedure for measuring them has already been done through fixed volume pressure depletion. To do so, the hydrocarbon fluid to be tested is introduced to cell and at the same time the cell volume is increased until a desired pressure and volume could be attained. An HPLC pump is then used to inject water into the base of the cell. While the cell content is being mixed, temperature is lowered to form hydrates. The formation of the hydrates caused a rapid decline in pressure dramatically. Cell temperature is then raised stepwise, allowing at least 3 hours for equilibrium to be reached at each temperature. Temperature and pressure are logged continuously and equilibrium data is plotted on a scatter-gram. The point at which the slope of pressure versus temperature sharply changed is considered as hydrate dissociation point. But visual capacity of the hydrate experimental set up enabled us to measure hydrate formation temperature in each fixed pressure step. In other words, during the experiment tests pressure was kept constant and three different steps were considered to pinpoint hydrate formation temperature with acceptable accuracy. The experimental procedure for determining conjugates of hydrate formation pressures and

Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou

temperatures has been described through the following steps: 1-Cooling down and heating up the mixture of connate water and gas sample in a visual cell, just to sub-cool and melt hydrates respectively. During this step, hydrate formation temperature and melting temperature are measure by monitoring visual hydrate cell with +/-1°C. Once forming hydrate, temperature of the cell should be adjusted close to melting temperature to keep hydrate seeds in the water. 2-Sett temperature 4-5°C below formation temperature and holding this temperature until the time that corresponds to crystal growth (crystal growth effect). Once confirming this part set the temperature back to within 2°C of the suspected melting temperature immediately. Then, increase the temperature in 0.5°C steps holding for about 15 minutes after the temperature is stable to confirm that there is no melting. Continue this process until melting is confirmed. Melt most but not all of the hydrate. 3. Set the temperature 2-3°C below the formation temperature and hold until one can see crystal growth. Once confirming that crystals are growing, set the temperature back to within 2 °C of the suspected melting temperature immediately. Then increase the temperature in 0.2°C steps holding for about 15 minutes after temperature is stable to confirm that there is no melting and this process should be continued until melting is confirmed.

3. SIMULATION PROCEDURE Winprop-CMG is a well-known reservoir simulator which is able to predict reservoir fluid phase behaviour based on PVT experimental data. The point is that using reservoir simulators without any precise experimental data is really useless. Therefore it was already tried to measure experimental data as accurate as possible [10]. To perform simulation procedure, CCE experimental data i.e. liquid drops-out volume versus pressure were inserted in regression process of the software in order to tune an EOS for each reservoir fluid and after that some new liquid drop outs data versus pressure and temperature were generated. Hence, the number of reliable liquid drop-outs data versus pressure and temperature were increased considerably and there was possibility of experimental keep tracking of quality lines by interpolating and extrapolating between liquid drop data [11]. Table 1. Reservoir Fluid component. Component N2 CO2 H2S C1 C2H 6 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 C6 C7+

Reservoir Fluid 5.27 0.37 0.0005 86.44 4.36 1.47 0.33 0.45 0.21 0.15 0.22 0.73

Total

100.00

Figure 2: Snapshot of liquid drop-out forming process for lean gas condensates.

Figure 3. PVT apparatus used in this study. Table 2. 0.5% Vol. Liquid percent. Pressure(psia) 560 560 580 680 1100 1400 1700 2950 3080 3150 3020 2600 2100

Temperature(F) 15 40 72 104 140 152 155 15 40 72 104 140 155

3.1 CONSTRUCTION OF QUALITY EXPERIMENTAL-SIMULATION PROCEDURE

LINES

USING

The proposed method involved combination of experimental and simulation data to generate candidate quality lines. To do so, all volumetric liquid drop-outs percent of CCE experiments and simulation process were listed versus pressure and temperature. Finally pressure and temperature conjugates of the same volumetric liquid drop-out percents i.e. 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.3% were picked among all experimental and simulation data. To match the experimental data with simulation values, the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK 1978) equation of state is used. The matching parameters to tune experimental and simulation data were selected as critical pressure (Pc), critical temperature (Tc), acentric factor and also volume shift factor. Smoothed experimental and simulation data have been gathered in Tables 2, 3 and 4 and final construction of quality lines based on achieved

Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou

experimental-simulation data has been depicted in Figure 4. Table 3. 0.7% Vol. Liquid percent. Pressure(psia) 760 760 780 950 1250 1600 1800 2750 2880 2900 2700 2400 2100

Temperature(F) 15 40 72 104 130 140 142 15 40 72 104 130 140

Table 4: 1.3% Vol. Liquid Percent Pressure(psia) 1200 1200 1300 1550 1850 2400 2500 2430 2200

Temperature(F) 15 40 72 104 115 15 40 72 104

Figure 4: Pressure-temperature phase diagram for multicomponent gas condensate systems .

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR CONSTRUCTING HYDRATE STABILITY CURVE The high-pressure visual cell was used to measure the hydrate formation conditions in a static condition. The experimental set up mainly consisted of a high-pressure visual cell. The maximum working pressure and temperature of the high-pressure visual cell was around 1000 Atm and 300°C, respectively. It has been made in Canada by DBR Oil Phase Company. *Corresponding author (A.A. Gharesheikhlou) Tel: 98-21-48253181 Ext.3181. E-mail: shikhlooaa@ripi.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.183

The high pressure cell has been connected to a high pressure hydraulic pump and therefore the pressure of the cell could be controlled by injecting and withdrawing the hydraulic fluid to the hydraulic side. On the other hand, the high-pressure cell could be stabilized by a digital temperature controller very precisely. The internal volume of high pressure cell was divided into two separated parts. They were separated from each other by a sealed piston. One side of the piston was connected to the hydraulic pump and the other side had been filled with the gas sample and connate water. In this experimental research, total volume of the visual cell was 100cc and about 25cc of this volume was filled by connate water and the rest (75 cc) was filled by gas reservoir sample. As a rule of thumb, the ratio of connate water volume respect to gas sample volume was 1 to 3 volumetrically. To perform the experiments, the high pressure visual cell was thoroughly cleaned and evacuated before being filled with the sample. The hydrocarbon fluid to be tested was introduced to the cell and at the same time the cell volume was increased until the desired pressure and temperature was attained. A high-pressure pump was then used to inject water into the base of the cell [7].

SIMULATION SOFTWARES STABILITY CURVE

FOR

ESTIMATING

HYDRATE

Before experimental measuring the hydrate formation conditions, it is necessary to have an estimate about hydrate formation temperatures in each pre-defined pressure. To do so, we used in-house hydrate simulation software in order to predict the hydraulic formation temperature in each operating pressure. The hydrate simulation software is user-friendly software and this is able to simulate and predict the hydrate formation conditions with and without using inhibitors. It can predict incipient hydrate formation potentials using detailed algorithm based on a statistical thermodynamic model. The software has been developed form a calculation scheme suggested by Parrish and Prausnitz and this has been modified and extended by Robinson. The Peing Robinson equation of state is used for all property calculations through the structure of the simulator. Before measuring the hydrate formation temperature in each specific pressure, it was necessary to have a rough estimation using available hydrate simulation software.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION The phase behaviour of gas hydrates considerably changes depending on the size and chemical nature of guest molecules. The relationship between microscopic structure, just described, and macroscopic hydrate phase properties can be better understood through the study of phase diagrams. A brief description of phase diagrams for multicomponent systems is thus provided to gain a fundamental insight into the phase equilibrium of hydrate forming systems. The phases are separated by phase boundaries, where phase transitions occur. Tables 1, 2 and 3 include combination of experimental and simulation data for three important quality lines of the phase diagram and Figure 4 depicts final construction of phase diagram simultaneous with three candidate quality lines. According to the Figure 4, quality lines are really scattered inside the phase diagram since liquid drop volumes are really small in two phase region for

Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou

lean gas condensate fluids. In this study three quality lines i.e. 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.3% volumetric percent were constructed using the proposed experimental-simulation method. Needless to say that other quality lines could be roughly interpolated or extrapolated using the available quality lines data. The most important experimental observation of this study is that quality lines in lean gas condensates converge with each other at very low temperature and this temperature is somehow allegorical. In other words, critical points of these fluids could not be detected experimentally due to exclusive phase behaviour of gas condensate reservoir fluids and this only can be estimated by allegorical extrapolating of accessed quality lines. Depending on pressure and temperature conditions, four stability regions are defined in Figure 4. At high pressures and low temperature, crystallization occurs and the water ice and hydrate (Ice + H) zone appears. At low pressure and low temperature liquid hydrocarbon, hydrate and gas phase including hydrocarbon gas and vapor (LHC + H+ GasPH) zone is formed. The line Q1T separates the region in which water ice and hydrate (Ice + H) exist from the part in which gas phase (GasPH) exist. The line Q1Q2 separates the area in which liquid hydrocarbon, hydrate and gas phse (LHC + H + GasPH) exist from the area in which liquid hydrocarbon, gas phase and liquid water (LHC + GasPH + LW). Point Q1 is a quadruple point. At Q1, four phases are in equilibrium: liquid water, liquid hydrocarbon, gas phse, and solid hydrate. Q2, which occurs at low temperature and zero pressure, is also a quadruple point representing the point at which ice, hydrate, liquid water, and gas condensate exist in equilibrium.

CONCLUSION Due to small amounts of liquid drop-outs in lean gas condensates at reservoir conditions, full experimental constructing of phase diagram and its relevant quality lines is almost impossible for lean gas condensates fluids. Also tuned EOS models of reservoir fluid softwares are often unable to estimate condensed liquid drop-outs at different pressures and temperatures for lean gas condensates. On the other hand, an efficient phase diagram reflects some of the most important production criteria i.e. operating pressure and temperature in surface facilities to achieve optimum production. Therefore the unique procedure introduced in this paper presents a reliable experimental procedure for constructing phase diagrams and correspondent quality lines for lean gas condensates. It should be remind that increasing the number of CCE experiments helps to increase the accuracy of quality lines tracks considerably since the numbers of experimental points are increased and interpolating between experimental points will be more accurate. On the other hand, measuring the hydrate formation temperature in specified pressure led to determine the conjugates of hydrate formation pressure and temperature. Afterwards, the hydrate formation points were depicted for each reservoir fluid sample. Using the experiments, hydrate three phase equilibrium curves were constructed in order to depict safe and unsafe regions of hydrate formation zones. Also, the results showed that the experimental data are reasonably in good agreement with the simulator results. As it was expected, hydrate zone was detected at high pressures and low temperatures (above the stability curve) and the safe zone (below the stability curve) was depicted at low pressures and high temperatures for each reservoir gas sample. Using the results of the stability *Corresponding author (A.A. Gharesheikhlou) Tel: 98-21-48253181 Ext.3181. E-mail: shikhlooaa@ripi.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.183

curves, one can determine the possibility of the hydrate formation in different temperatures and pressures. In other words, the stability curves can be used as a rule of thumb in order to design the field operating conditions within the hydrate free zone. Also, determining the hydrate formation conditions using the visual hydraulic experimental set up is a time economizing method to construct the hydrate phase equilibrium curve. Results of the simulation and the experiments are reasonably in good agreement with each other and combining these two experimental curves yields to pinpoint different regions of gas, liquid condensate and solid hydrates in each operating pressure and temperature.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information used and generated from in this work is available by contacting the corresponding author.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran.

9. REFERENCES [1] Luo, K., Li, S., Zheng, X., Chen, G., Liu, N., & Sun, W. (2001, January). Experimental investigation into revaporization of retrograde condensate. In SPE Production and Operations Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers. [2] Fang, Y., Li, B., Hu, Y., Sun, Z., & Zhu, Y. (1998, January). Condensate gas phase behavior and development. In SPE International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. Society of Petroleum Engineers. [3] Fan, L., Harris, B. W., Jamaluddin, A., Kamath, J., Mott, R., Pope, G. A., ... & Whitson, C. H. (2005). Understanding gas-condensate reservoirs. Oilfield review, 17(4), 14-27. [4] Ahmed, T. H. (1988). Comparative study of eight equations of state for predicting hydrocarbon volumetric phase behavior. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 3(01), 337-348. [5] Sarkar, R., Danesh, A. S., & Todd, A. C. (1991, January). Phase behavior modeling of gas-condensate fluids using an equation of state. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. [6] Wang, P., Pope, G. A., & Sepehrnoori, K. (2000). Development of equations of state for gas condensates for compositional petroleum reservoir simulation. In Situ, 24(2-3), 183-217. [7] Bang, V. (2005). Phase behavior study of hydrocarbon-water-alcohol mixtures. The University of Texas at Austin. [8] Luo, K., Li, S., Zheng, X., Liu, H., Zhong, T., & Zhu, Y. (2001, January). Phase Behavior of Highly Waxy Gas Condensate Systems. In SPE Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers. [9] Aminirad, P., Alavi, S.A., Nasr, M.R.J. (2019). Gas Condensate Desulfurization by Oxidation Method in the Presence of Nanoclay and Chitosan Adsorbent: An Experimental Study. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. 10(13), 10A13N: 1-13. [10] Shaikh, J. A., & Sah, P. (2011, January). Experimental PVT data needed to develop EoS Model for EOR Projects. In SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou

[11] Li, Y. K., & Nghiem, L. X. (1982, January). The development of a general phase envelope construction algorithm for reservoir fluid studies. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Dr.Ali Asghar Gharesheikhlou is an Experienced Reservoir Fluid Specialist who works at the PVT department of Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI). His works have been focused on Thermodynamic Parameter Study and Reservoir Fluid Behaviour of Oil and Gas Condensate Live Samples.

Dr.Ali Naseri is a Chemical Engineer who is working in the Production Engineering Department of Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI). His works have been focused on Fundamentals of Asphaltene Precipitation and Matrix Acidizing.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14F

AN ANALYSIS OF EMOTIONAL AND CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE RELATIONSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS AMONG EMPLOYEES OF IRANIAN TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS a

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi , Rostam Pourrashidi a b

Department of Management, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish, IRAN Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, IRAN.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 07 June 2019 Received in revised form 02 July 2019 Accepted 12 August 2019 Available online 22 August 2019

This study aims to assess the relationship between Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) with the intermediation role of the emotional intelligence (EI) and cultural intelligence (CQ) among the employees of the Tourism and Heritage Organization. This research is a practical study and descriptive correlational research. The statistical population includes all 340 employees of the Tourism and Heritage Organization in both the expertise and service employees’ sections. The instruments for data collection were EI questionnaire, CQ and organizational behavior questionnaire. The results illustrated that changes in the level of emotional and CQ lead to change the OCB and it has positive progress (increasingly), which the coefficients of Spearman and Kendall's tests and are the reason for this relationship. On the other hand, findings suggest that changes in the level of EI trigger change in CQ rank and have positive progress (increasingly). The results of hypothesis tests indicate that the changes in the emotional and CQ levels affect the OCB.

Keywords: Emotional intelligence; Cultural intelligence; Citizenship behavior; Organizational behavior; Tourism organization; Organizational effectiveness.

1. INTRODUCTION Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) has been raised as a new topic over the past two decades attracting the attention of psychologists and sociologists (Porsoltani & Amirji, 2013). Smart people can be emotionally effective and play an important role in promoting OCBs and reducing destructive work behaviors (Shirvani and Esfastani, 2013). The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has entered into the psychological literature since 1990 and is the ability to understand and control excitements emotions to help the intellectual, decision-making and communication activities. EI is the capability of individuals to identify, understand, deal and manage their own emotions and those of others effectively. From Baron's view, it is a set of non-cognitive abilities and skills that *Corresponding author (Rostam Pourrashidi) E-mail: rostam0202@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.184

affect the capability of successfully confronting the environmental desires, constraints, and pressures. Its features include the recognition of their own feelings, the use of it for proper decisions in life, the ability to manage their own moods and excitements and those others, enjoying happiness, vitality, independence, better performance in workplaces, and achievement of further progress in life. In addition to common emotional and rational intelligence, which has always been emphasized by the experts in management and leadership science, the third Millennium leaders need cultural intelligence (CQ) to guide the new complexities of global environments. CQ is a kind of intelligence having a lot of connections with diverse cultural environments. The employees of the tourism organization deal with a lot of customers during their work time. On one hand, it indicates the necessity of appropriate behaviors in the job for obtaining trust and providing customer satisfaction, and on the other hand, these employees should behave with high quality and be able to overcome the pressures of the work as well. In this regard, the proper interaction of employees with each other and the correct relationship with customers will lead to organizational productivity and profit. Organizations will not be able to develop their effectiveness without the collaboration and willingness of the employees. The distinction between arbitrary and compulsory collaboration is important, because, in a coercive situation, employees conduct their duties in accordance with determined organizational standards, while in spontaneous and informed cooperation, individuals use their energies and insight for the development of personal abilities and even for the organization benefit. In the new management literature, conducting the responsibilities beyond the prescribed formal roles spontaneously and knowingly is called the OCB (Naghdar et al., 2014). The occurrence of such behaviors depends on internal and external factors. Identifying internal variables are so important for greater sustainability as well as for enhancing the organizational policies. Two internal variables, EI and CQ of employees can, directly and indirectly, impact on such behaviors. The OCB structure seeks to identify, manage and evaluate the extra-role behaviors of the employees because the organizational productivity will increase due to such these behaviors. On the other hand, EI is a skill that an employee can control their morale (Self-awareness) by using it and improves self-management to understand its impact (empathy) and behaves in a manner that enhances their own morale and those others (relationships adjustment) (Mohammadi, 2006). Following the introduction of the concepts of cognitive intelligence and then EI in the work environments, numerous studies have shown that individuals enter the working world with something more than body, mind, and feeling, but they bring their own personal feeling and unique spirit. (Esfahani and Jahanian, 2015). The greatest helplessness of a person is the inability to achieve cooperation with others and understanding them. CQ is one of the most effective tools for performing tasks effectively in diverse cultural environments; CQ is a special ability and skill that allows a person for performing his/her tasks effectively in multicultural situations. The component of CQ (motivational) shows the volume and direction of the energy of individuals for effective interaction with a new culture. The component of the cultural (behavioral) intelligence shows the individual's ability to display proper verbal and non-verbal acts for interaction with people from different cultures. The present research seeks the main question that whether the OCB (extra-role behavior) is related to the EI and CQ of employees? Therefore, considering the importance of these behavioral variables in the tourism organization, the effects of the EI and CQ have been tested as the explanatory variables in the occurrence of employee's civic behavior.

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI) EI includes the intrapersonal and interpersonal skills that include the one's awareness of his/her own thoughts and feelings, self-regulation and the ability to listen, communicate and empathize with people who have different opinions, views, and values (Moghadami et al., 2011). One of the most important concepts for integrating cognitive aspects, such as thinking and non-cognitive, such as emotion, is EI. According to many experts, EI is one of the most recent developments and human innovations for understanding the relationship between thought and emotion. Tabatabaei (2015) showed a positive and significant correlation between EI and its dimensions (self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills). Among the dimensions of EI, self-regulation and self-reliance have more power for the organizational transformation. Also, the results of the research show that there is a positive and significant correlation between CQ and its dimensions (metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral dimensions) with a tendency towards the organizational transformation and among the dimensions of CQ, CQ and behavioral intelligence have the ability to predict the tendency toward organizational transformation. In terms of selecting words in different texts, EI that is briefly referred to the EI (its criterion is usually the “Emotional Quotient” (EQ)) is different from the “Intelligence Quotient” or IQ that are used to measure intelligence quotient. One of the differences and maybe EI scores to IQ, is its adventitious which is easy to learn, evolve, improve and correct. Therefore, the weakness of individuals in EI can be compensated while the IQ is constant in a person and does not change over time. In addition, considering the importance of social relationships in organizations, the role of EQ is greater in the job success of individuals undoubtedly (Bradbury, 2005). Baron knows the EI as a non-cognition set of skills, talents, and abilities that can increase the ability of a person to overcome pressures and environmental requirements. According to the Baron’s point of view, EI has 5 general categories and 15 components that remain in these categories, which is shown in Table 1. Experts believe that nowadays the EI has been quickly paid attention by the companies and organizations, and sometimes its importance becomes more than the cognitive and technical knowledge abilities. Because, managers found that, internal consistency and personal-organizational balance would increase in this way, therefore, organizations use soft skills to improve their effectiveness.

2.2 CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE (CQ) Working environments have become very diverse throughout the world, and this issue is particularly true for developed countries. Cultural diversity is one of the major issues that the managers face with it now. Unfortunately, most directors do not value the cultural differences as an effective source for creating a competitive advantage, and they evade from thinking about the cultural differences and skills in need to manage it by describing that cultural differences are not an important issue. The concept of CQ was first introduced by Earley and Ang who were at London Business School. These two experts described the CQ as the ability to learn new patterns in cultural interactions and providing the correct behavioral responses to these patterns.

*Corresponding author (Rostam Pourrashidi) E-mail: rostam0202@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.184

Table 1: EI Categories 1. Emotional Self-awareness 2. Definitiveness A. Intra-personal EI

3. Self-respect 4. Self-Efflorescence 5. Independence 1. Empathy

B. Interpersonal EI

2. Taking Responsibility

3. Interpersonal Relationship C. EI to deal with pressure

1. Tolerance of stress 2. Control of Looking 1- Solving the problem

D. Compatibility EI

E. EI of general temperament

2. Reality Test 3. Flexibility 1. Optimism 2. Vitality

Recognition and understanding of your own feelings Expressing emotions, Beliefs, Thoughts, and Defenses of personal rights in a constructive manner Knowledge, understanding, acceptance, and respect for oneself Realizing your potential talents Self-control is in a person's thinking and action and the releasing from the emotional dependence Awareness ability of others’ emotions as well as understanding and appreciation of those feelings The Individual's ability to introduce himself as a useful member with having collaborated sense in your social group Ability to create and maintain satisfactory mutual relations, emotional affinity, lovely affection Resistance to undesirable and stressful events Resist the ability of a person against the tensions or temptations and controlling your own excitement Identifying and defining the years and creating effective strategies Evaluating and matching between what is objectively and mentally experienced Adjustment of reflection and Behavior during position and condition changes Satisfaction Feeling of your own life, Cheering up yourself and others Looking at the bright aspects of life and maintaining a positive attitude even facing adversity

CQ is the capacity of individuals for growing their own person by continual learning and recognizing better cultural heritages, customs, different values and effective behavior with people who have different cultural backgrounds and perceptions. Managers with a different level of CQ and different talents may be able to interpret and adapt themselves to a diverse range of cultural situations. Therefore, many managers and employees should recognize the level of CQ and its quality and if necessary, improve it. Earley and Masakowski categorize the CQ into three components: cognitive means, physical-emotional means, and motivational means. In other words, people should search for CQ in the body, head, and heart. Although most managers are not able for all three equally, but each capability is seriously hampered without any other capabilities. CQ is a stick that can create coherence and harmony in a diverse environment. Researchers found in their research that EI is a more powerful predictor for the local leadership, and on the other hand, the CQ is more reliable for overseas leadership. Overall, the results show that in today's globalized world, CQ is one of the competencies for key leadership.

3. ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR (OCB) According to Appelbaum's perspective, OCBs are a set of voluntary and optional behaviors that are not a part of the formal duties of an individual, but these behaviors are carried out by them and improve the roles and functions of the organization effectively. This definition emphasizes three main features of citizenship behavior: firstly, this behavior should be voluntary that is, not a predetermined task, nor a part of the individual's official task. Secondly, the benefits of this behavior possess an organizational aspect, and thirdly, citizenship behavior possesses a multidimensional nature. OCB is a spontaneous and voluntary behavior that is not directly or explicitly foreseen by the organization's

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

official reward system. But in general, it promotes the effective performance of the organization (Azizi et al., 2017). Researchers have categorized behavior within the organization into extra-role behaviors and in-role behaviors. In-role behaviors are defined as behaviors that are expressed in the official duties and roles of the organization and these behaviors are recognized and rewarded by the formal system of the organization, but extra-role behaviors refer to occupational behaviors beyond the formal roles of employees which are optional and are not usually considered in the official reward system of the organization. Extra-role behaviors are created by the sense of citizenship that interacts with the organization. Being extra-role of these behaviors states that individuals act more than their task to increase effectiveness, and since OCB does not include as the formal role of individuals, it is a behavioral indicator for responding to colleagues' relationships. Other researchers, such as Graham suggest that OCB should be considered separately from the working. There is no problem with the distinction between role performance and extra-role behaviors. From this perspective, organizational behavior must be considered as a global concept that includes all the positive behaviors of individuals within the organization. For several reasons, the distinction between the role and extra-role behaviors will be difficult. Firstly, the perception of the managers and employees from the employees' responsibilities and performances are not the same. Secondly, employees' perceptions of their own performance and responsibilities are affected by their satisfaction in their work environment. Due to such complexities, Organ initial definition of OCB has been considered as the extra-role behavior. It can be said that the most authoritative categorization for the dimensions and components of organizational behavior is presented by Organ, which is used in various research. Because of the elegance of the organization's conceptualization for OCB, Pold Sakov, McKenzie Morman and Fitter used his model in their studies. Organ states the following five dimensions as organizational citizenship dimensions (Figure 1).

Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Courtesy

Sportsmanship

Civic virtue

Altruism

Conscientiousness

Figure 1: OCB Pattern 1) Conscientiousness: It indicates a behavior that a person acts in a job more than his/her minimum tasks (Hoveyda and Naderi, 2009). 2) Altruism: It consists of actions voluntarily that help co-workers with an organizationally relevant task in unusual situations, such as creating intimacy, empathy, and compassion among co-workers. 3) Civic virtue: it includes behaviors such as attending extracurricular and extra activities (when this attendance is not necessary), supporting the development and modifications provided by the directors of the organization, desire to study books, magazines and increasing the amount of general information, and having willingness to install posters and announcements in the organization for others’ awareness. 4) Sportsmanship: Emphasizing the positive aspects of the organization instead of its negative aspects, and willingness to tolerance minor and temporary personnel inconveniences and impositions of work without grievances, complaints (Islami and Sayyar, 2008). *Corresponding author (Rostam Pourrashidi) E-mail: rostam0202@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.184

5) Courtesy: This dimension involves all foresight of the individual in order to prevent the creations of problems for co-workers. Respecting the rights and privileges of others, consulting with those who may be influenced by the decision or action of a person, and informing others before any significant action, reflects respect and decency. SelfAwareness

Self-Manage ment

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Social Awareness

Managing Relationship

OCB Strategy

Knowledge

cultural intelligence (CQ)

Motivation

Behavioral

Figure 2: General structure of research.

4. CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF RESEARCH The conceptual model of research is a theoretical model, based on the relationships among a number of factors that are more important in the research. This framework proceeds logically by examining the research literature in the area of the problem. Integrating the logical beliefs of the researcher with the published research in order to create a scientific method for examining the problem under study is especially important. In brief, the conceptual model talks about the link between variables that play a role in the dynamics of the given situation. The conceptual model of this research is to illustrate the effect of EI and CQ on OCB through the components of these variables. Therefore, the general structure of the research evaluates the boundaries of the relationships in question in accordance with the following diagram, (Figure 2).

5. METHOD This research is a practical study and descriptive correlational research by a field research method. The statistical population of this research includes all 340 employees of the Tourism and Heritage Organization in both the expertise and service employees’ sections. The statistical sample of the study at the field study stage includes 100 people. In this study, three questionnaires were used to collect the required data. The first questionnaire

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

is to measure EI (Bradbury, Grivas, 2007), which includes 25 questions. To evaluate the CQ, the CQ questionnaire was used that designed by Ang et al. (2004), and to assess the CQ, the questionnaire with 21 questions (by Kahnouji- Rafsanjan Azad University, 2010) was used. Podsakov questionnaire (2000) and designed a questionnaire by Hosseini with 12 questions (Kerman Azad University, 2009) was used to assess the OCB.

6. FINDINGS The demographic descriptive investigation is given in Table 2. Table 2: Investigating Demographic Frequency Distribution Gender Age

Education

Years of service

Demographic Man Woman Under 25 25-35 30-35 35-40 40-45 Above 45 Associate Degree Undergraduate Masters PhD Under 5 years 5-10 10-15 Above 15 years

Frequency 66 34 3 35 24 23 9 1 9 52 35 4 42 24 25 7

Percentage of Frequency 66 34 3.2 36.8 25.3 24.2 9.5 1.1 9 52 35 4 42.9 24.5 25.5 7.1

7. HYPOTHESES TESTING The result shows that there is a significant relationship between EI and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the EI rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 3). Table 3: The Relationship between EI and OCB. Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Emotional intelligent Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Emotional intelligent Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

Organizational Behavior 1.000 93 0.542 <0.001 93 1.000 93 0.730* <0.001 93

EI 0.542* <0.001 93 1.000 100 0.730* <0.001 93 1.000 100

The result Table 4 shows that there is a significant relationship between CQ and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). *Corresponding author (Rostam Pourrashidi) E-mail: rostam0202@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.184

Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the CQ rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 4). Table 4: The Relationship between CQ and OCB Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance

Organizational Behavior 1.000

Numbers Cultural intelligent Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho Organizational Behavior Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance

93 0.044 <0.001 85 1.000

Numbers Cultural intelligent Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

93 0.205 <0.001 85

CQ 0.044 <0.00 1 85 1.000 88 0.205 <0.00 1 85 1.000 88

The result Table 5 shows that there is a significant relationship between CQ and EI because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the EI rank cause changes in CQ and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 5). Table 5: The Relationship between CQ and EI Kendall's tau_b CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers EI Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers EI Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

CQ 1.000 88 0.332* <0.001 88 1.000 88 0.405* <0.001 88

EI 0.332* <0.001 88 1.000 100 0.405* <0.001 88 1.000 100

The result Table 6 shows that there is a significant relationship between self-awareness and OCB because the obtained significance level (p = 0/01) is less than the significance level (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the self-awareness rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 6). The results show that there is a significant relationship between self-management and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the self-management rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 7).

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

Table 6: The Relationship between CQ and EI Kendall's tau_b Self-awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho Self-awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers OCBe Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

Self-awareness 1.000

OCB 0.195* 0.016 92 1.000

98 0.195* 0.016 92 1.000

93 0.280* 0.007 92 1.000

98 0.280* 0.007 92

Table 7: The Relationship between Self-management and OCB Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Self-Management Behavior Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Self-Management Behavior Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

OCB 1.000 93 0.576* <0.001 89 1.000 93 0.798* <0.001 89

Self-management 0.576* <0.001 89 1.000 95 0.798* <0.001 89 1.000 95

The result Table 8 shows that there is a significant relationship between social awareness and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the social awareness rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 8). Table 8: The Relationship between Self-management and OCB Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Social awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Social awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

OCB 1.000 93 0.389* <0.001 93 1.000 93 0.791* <0.001 93

Self-management 0.389* <0.001 93 1.000 100 0.791* <0.001 93 1.000 100

The result Table 9 shows that there is a significant relationship between the management of relations and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the management of relations rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 9). Table 9: The Relationship between Self-management and OCB. Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Management of relations Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Management of relations Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

OCB 1.000

Management of relations 0.650* <0.001 93 1.000

93 0.650* <0.001 93 1.000 93 0.570** <0.001 93

100 0.570* <0.001 93 1.000 100

The results show that there is not a significant relationship between strategy and OCB, because the obtained significance level (p = 0.354) is more than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05), therefore, this factor confirms the H0, and the studied hypothesis in this section is rejected (Table 10). Table 10: The Relationship between Self-management and OCB Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Strategy Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Strategy Management Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

OCB 1.000 93 -0.69 0.381 92 1.000 93 -0.98 0.354 92

Strategy -0.069 0.381 92 1.000 98 -0.098 0.354 92 1.000 98

The results show that there is a significant relationship between knowledge and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the knowledge rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 11). Table 12 shows that there is a significant relationship between motivation and OCB because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the motivation rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 12). Table 11: The Relationship between Knowledge and OCB Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Knowledge Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Knowledge Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

OCB 1.000 93 0.16 <0.001 90 1.000 93 0.018 <0.001 90

Knowledge 0.16 <0.001 90 1.000 96 0.570* <0.001 90 1.000 96

Table 12: The Relationship between Motivation and OCB Kendall's tau_b OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Motivation Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho OCB Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Motivation Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

OCB 1.000 93 0.117 <0.001 92 1.000 93 0.276 <0.001 92

Motivation 0.117 <0.001 92 1.000 98 0.276* <0.001 92 1.000 98

Table 13 show that there is a significant relationship between CQ and OCB because the obtained significance level (p = 0.01) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis is confirmed meaning that changes in the CQ rank cause changes in OCB and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 13). Table 13: The Relationship between Cultural (behavioral) Intelligence and OCB. Kendall's tau_b Cultural (behavioral) Intelligence Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Cultural (behavioral) Intelligence Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho Cultural (behavioral) Intelligence Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Cultural (behavioral) Intelligence Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

Organizational Behavior 1.000 96 0.190* 0.016 90 1.000 96 0.231 0.029 90

Cultural (behavioral) Intelligence 0.190* 0.016 90 1.000 93 0.231 0.029 90 1.000 93

The results show that there is a significant relationship between CQ and self-awareness because the obtained significance level (p = 0.01) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the self-awareness rank cause changes in the CQ and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 14). Table 14: The Relationship between Self-awareness and CQ Kendall's tau_b CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Self-awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Self-awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

CQ 1.000 88 0.203* 0.013 87 1.000 88 0.208 0.054 87

Self-awareness 0.203* 0.013 97 1.000 98 0.208 0.054 87 1.000 98

There is a significant relationship between CQ and self-management because the obtained significance level (p = 0/01) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the self-management rank cause changes in the CQ and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 15). Table 15: The Relationship between Self-management and CQ Kendall's tau_b CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Self-management Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Self-management Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

CQ 1.000 88 0.206* 0.010 87 1.000 88 0.246 0.022 87

Self-Management 0.206* 0.010 87 1.000 95 0.246 0.022 87 1.000 95

Table 16, there is a significant relationship between CQ and social awareness because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the social awareness rank cause changes in the CQ and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 16).

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

Table 16: The Relationship between social awareness and CQ Kendall's tau_b CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Social awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Social awareness Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

CQ 1.000 88 0.307* <0.001 88 1.000 88 0.416 <0.001 88

Social awareness 0.307* <0.001 88 1.000 100 0.416 <0.001 88 1.000 100

There is a significant relationship between CQ and management of relations because the obtained significance level (p < 0.001) is less than the significance level of the research (α = 0.05). Hence, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the management of relations rank cause changes in the CQ and progress to the positive side (Increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests (Table 17). Table 17: The Relationship between the management of relations and CQ Kendall's tau_b CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Management of relations Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Spearman's Rho CQ Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers Management of relations Correlation Coefficient Mutual Significance Numbers

CQ 1.000 88 0.434* <0.001 88 1.000 88 0.450 <0.001 88

Management of relations 0.434* <0.001 88 1.000 100 0.450* <0.001 88 1.000 100

8. DISCUSSION This study analyzed the relationship between EI and CQ with the citizenship behavior of employees in the Tourism Organizations. The components of EI, including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, management of relations and components of CQ, including strategy, knowledge, motivation, and behavior have been identified that their relationship rank was determined with OCB by sportsmanship, civic behavior, conscientiousness and courtesy’s components. We found that there is a positive correlation between EI and OCB because the existence of the EI’s competence among the employees creates a pleasant emotional feeling to the organization and co-workers and also a sense of belonging, identity, and self-confidence in the people. As a result, they manage relations and behaviors with more motivation, satisfaction, commitment, and cooperation in the organization, and this issue will be the basis for the appearance of citizenship behaviors in the organization. The obtained results of the main hypothesis of research are consistent with the studies by Salami (2008). It was found that there is a significant positive correlation between *Corresponding author (Rostam Pourrashidi) E-mail: rostam0202@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.184

CQ and OCB. In the sense that CQ dimensions are related to any of the variables of adaptation, decision-making, cultural adaptation, functional performance, and organizational behavior, and in fact, CQ has been introduced as a predictive factor of these variables. In this way, both strategic and CQ knowledge dimensions of the individual impact on cultural judgment and decision making. Also, the dimensions of behavior and motivation of the CQ predict the level of cultural adaptation of the individual with new cultural situations. Finally, the strategic dimensions and CQ affect the performance of the individual's duties and their behavior in the organization and the similar works have been done on the effects of this intelligence on systems in the domestic researches such as Shetaban (2016), Heydari (2014) and Tolaby (2014). Further, there was a significant positive correlation between EI and CQ. The result of this research is parallel with the studies that emphasize to issues such as CQ which is stated for the ability of individuals to grow their own person through the continuation of better learning and understanding of cultural heritage, customs, various valuables and effective behavior with individuals who possess a cultural background and a different perception. The sub-H1 indicates that there is a positive correlation between self-awareness and OCB because people with high self-awareness are able to identify their emotions and proper understanding of the individual values and abilities and identifying their strengths and limitations of the individuals. This issue strengthens the emotional self-awareness, the accuracy in the self-assessment and self-confidence in such a way that these features enhance the appropriate communication methods with others, appropriate control of behavior, liking work, as well as the promotion of extra -role and citizenship behaviors in the organization level. Sub-hypothesis 2 proved that there is a positive correlation between self-management and OCB, because individuals with self-management ability can restrain emotions and destructive tensions; show their honesty, solidarity and loyalty to their co-workers, show more flexibility when the changes happening, take the responsibility for individual performance, try to improve and achieve the required standard, and gain full advantage of opportunities. Competencies such as self-control skills, loyalty, consistency, work conscientiousness, and initiative will lead to enhancing the ability of employees in their workplace and consequently showing the OCBs. Sub-hypothesis 3 indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between social awareness and OCB. The result can be explained by this fact that employees with high social awareness can understand the emotions and views of their co-workers, the emotional processes of the group and the relations of the power in the organization and identify the needs of others for giving service, thereby empathy, organizational vigilance and service-oriented will be very high in them. In this situation, in addition being aware of the benefits and advantages of the organization, the employees gain a strong commitment to promoting organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Sub-hypothesis 4 shows that there is a positive correlation between relationship management and OCB. Employees with high emotional qualities in working often have the ability to strengthen the ability of others through the feedback, guide their colleagues and motivate them, apply effective tactics to persuade others, overcome the disagreements, grow the effective and positive relationships, and work with individuals through common goals, thereby capabilities for developing others' abilities, leadership, communication, responsiveness to changes, conflict management, teamwork, and collaborative are very high in these employees. Sub-hypothesis 5 proved that there is not a significant correlation between OCB and strategy and this hypothesis is rejected in this section. This result suggests that the issue of the strategy is very weak for the organizational behavior in the

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

Tourism organization and even it is ineffective for strengthening this variable in this organization. Sub-hypothesis 6 indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between knowledge and OCB. This means that both variables increase simultaneously. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed and it means that changes in the level of knowledge lead to changes in OCB and it progresses to the positive side (increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests. Sub-hypothesis 7 proved that there is a significant positive correlation between motivation and OCB. It means that both variables increase simultaneously. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed, meaning that changes in motivation rank lead to changes in OCB, and it progresses to the positive side (increasingly), and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests. The study of the sub-hypothesis 8 indicated there is a significant positive correlation between cultural (behavioral) intelligence and OCB. It means that changes in the level of cultural (behavioral) intelligence lead to changes in OCB and it progresses positively. It is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests. Sub-hypothesis 9 indicated that there is a significant positive correlation between CQ and self-awareness. In the sense that changes in self-awareness lead to changes in CQ and progress to the positive side, and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests. Sub-hypothesis 10 showed that there is a significant positive correlation between CQ and self-management. It means that changes in the self-management rank lead to changes in CQ and progress to the positive side, and it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests. Sub-hypothesis 11 proved that there is a significant positive correlation between CQ and social awareness. It means that changes in the level of social awareness cause changes in CQ and progresses to the positive side, as well as it is confirmed with the positive coefficients Kendall and Spearman tests. The study of the sub-hypothesis 12 indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between CQ and the management of relations. It means that changes in the relationship management rank lead to changes in CQ and progresses to the positive side. The main effect is among the three main components of EI and OCB that obtain the highest coefficient and the lowest coefficient is related to the CQ and OCB. Among the components of EI with OCB, one can point to the most effective factor in the management of relations, which its coefficient is 0.650 and the lowest factor is self-awareness with a coefficient of 0.195. This result is consistent with Golman research (2001) that indicated the management of relations is the ultimate outcome of EI, and it is a skill that based on three other skills in the EI model. In their studies, the use of management of relations compared to other skills has the greatest impact on enhancing the emotional commitment and ultimately showing citizenship behavior. Although management of relations is considered the most important aspect of EI for predicting citizenship behavior, only a few studies have been conducted so far, such as Moghadam and Farajian (2008) to prove or disprove this issue. Among the components of CQ with OCB, the factor of strategy can be considered as a rejected component, because of its negative coefficient and behavioral component can be identified as the most effective factor in relation to OCB. Among the conducted investigations about the relationship between components of EI and CQ, the most important component is the management of relations, and the weakest component possesses to self-knowledge.

9. CONCLUSION Generally, it can be concluded by the main hypotheses of the research, that EI is very effective for OCB in comparison with CQ and CQ is the result of the EI and the management of relations impacts greatly on the OCB in addition to the formation of CQ in the Tourism Organization. In the sub hypothesis between the components of CQ and OCB, it was also found that the component of the CQ strategy is ineffective and irrelevant to appearance the OCB in the Tourism organization, therefore, this component can be generally canceled and the investment for strengthening this component can be removed. According to the organizational results of the research variables, it is necessary to develop a codified work program in the domestic tourism system. It is recommended in accordance with this program, a standard job promotion system and an appropriate promotion system based on the principles of mental, emotional and cultural competence are regulated, developed and implemented by considering the efficiency in the work and OCBs in all tourism organizations. It is worthy that the conceptual foundations, functions of emotional and CQ be taught to employees by a comprehensive form throughout the group meetings, workshops, and tourism websites. In this regard, the emotional and cultural competencies should be emphasized in order to increase the extra -role behaviors and facilitate the operation of the citizenship system in the organization. With a specific and systematic program, the management of practical tourism departments can use the emotional and cultural capabilities and competencies of the employees in order to tourism activities, such as marketing strategy, attracting, maintaining, and promoting customers, as well as creating an emotional tourism brand in the minds of customers. Since, according to many experts, the emotional and CQ of individuals is not constant and a part of it is adventitious, as a result, it can be improved through the training employees. In this regard, holding courses and workshops for training the emotional and CQ will be useful for empowering employees and competitive advantage for tourism and also these workshops can improve the personal and social capabilities of the staff along with presentation of practical examples and native contents that are in harmony with the culture of any country and any organization. Holding business seminars in relation to emotional control, cultural communication, training empathy, and listening skills are efficiency and also the assessment of others' feelings, job efficiency and effectiveness, individual and organizational goals and functions, moral behaviors, team working… are important. Firstly, these skills can strengthen the morale of the staff, and renew motivation for playing the role effectively, secondly, the mentioned skills can reduce harmful laxation in the work and increases job satisfaction, and ultimately improve ethical and citizenship patterns among the organization's human resources.

10. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information used and generated from this work is available by contacting the corresponding author.

11. REFERENCES Islami H. & Sayar A., (2008) "OCB", Tadbir Publiction, 18, 187, pp. 56-59, Iraji Naghadar R., Pour Jafarian M., & Hamidi M., (2015), "The Relationship of EI with employees of OCB in the Khorasan Razavi Province Department of Sports and Youth" Research in sport management and motor behavior, 4 (7): 29-41

Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi, Rostam Pourrashidi

Esfahani, J N., and Jahanian R., (2014) "Investigation of the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and OCB of Employees (Case Study: General Education Department of Qom Province)", Management of Organizational Culture, 13, 2, pp. 601-622, Heydari M., And Mohammad Jani S., (2015), Relationship of the CQ with social capital and intellectual capital of faculty members, Quarterly Journal of New Approach in Educational Management, 6 (23), pp. 127-144, Mohammadi, D. (2006), "Explaining Effective Model of EI of Managers on Organizational Commitment of Employees According to Role of Leadership Styles", Ph.D. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Shetaban S., Pour Mousavi S., & Rezai AA., (2016), Investigating Impact Components on CQ Improvement of Urban Managers, Case Study (District 10 of the Municipality of Tehran), Urban Management Studies, 8 (26), pp. 57-70, Shirvani and Sarihi Esfastani (2014) "The Investigation of the Effect of Components of EI on Malicious Work Behaviors and OCBs", Management Studies (Improvement and Evolution), 23 (74), pp. 135-115, Tabatabaei, M. M., (2015) "Investigating the Role of EI and CQ in the Tendency to the Organizations Transformation", Journal of Innovation and Value Creation, 3, 7, pp. 105-116, Tolabi Z., Kheyri A., & Samadi S., (2015) Relationship between CQ and Social Interactions in Students, Psychology, 19, 3, pp. 286-296, Azizi B., Fahim Devin H., & Mirzazadeh Z., (2016), "Investigating relationship between organizational identity and OCB with the role of mediator of EI in the staff of the General Department of Sports and Youth", Sports Management, 9, 4, pp. 715 -726, Moghadami, M., Hamid Zadeh A., & Chavoshi SM., (2011) "The Role of EI Components in Predicting Personnel OCB", Human Development Monthly Journal, 34, pp. 89-120, Hadi Zadeh Moghaddam A., & Farajian M., (2008) Investigating the Effect of EI on OCB of employees by Considering the Role of Emotional Commitment (Case Study of Mellat Bank), Business Management Perspective, 7, 28, pp. 103-128, Bradbury, T. (2005), Emotional Intelligent, Savalan Publication. Hoveyda, R. and Naderi N., (2009) "Investigating the Level of Employee OCB of employees", Research Executive Journal, Ninth Year, 1, pp. 103-118. Sobhan Shafieihassanabadi is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Management, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. His research interest is Emotional Intelligence.

Dr.Rostam Pourrashidi is an Assistant Professor at Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Iran. He earned his Ph.D. from the Faculty of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. He is interested in OCB.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14G

ROLES OF EQUALIZATION POLICIES TOWARDS THE REDUCTION OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES: A REALITY CHECK APPROACH OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, CASE OF PAKISTAN a

Yan Jie , Qurat ul Ain

a,d*

, Tahir Yousaf

b,e

, Yasmeen Akhtar

c,d

School of Public Finance and Taxation, South Western University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, 610065 CHINA b Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, CHINA. c Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, PAKISTAN d COMSATS University, PAKISTAN. e University of Lahore, PAKISTAN. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 12 April 2019 Received in revised form 02 August 2019 Accepted 19 August 2019 Available online 22 August 2019

Using a province-level panel dataset from 1990-2015, this paper determines the effect of fiscal decentralization (FD) and equalization efforts on the regional disparities (RD) in Pakistan. However, the FD provides substantial benefits about public efficiency; a significant large shortcoming is that it may increase in Regional disparities. This study develops hypotheses and empirically determines that FD, measured from Keywords: Economic development; revenue and expenditure side, leads to larger RD at the provincial level. Whereas, fiscal equalization efforts tend to alleviate the unfavorable Fiscal decentralization; outcomes of decentralization. This research is an attempt to examine and Regional Disparities; Fiscal Equalization; provide enough support for the potential cost associated with using FD as Instrument variables. a part of the growth strategy, which is a step forward toward economic development. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION The role of decentralization in reducing regional disparities gains a lot of attention in the academic literature. Reducing regional inequalities is the key points in the Sustainable advancement goals 2030. The ongoing discussion revolves around the argument that public sector efficiency is enhancing through decentralization (Oates, 1972), but can prostrate inter-jurisdictional redistribution, increasing regional inequality (Prud'Homme, 1995). Consequently, a divergence between redistribution and efficiency may come up with decentralization. In most of the countries, this is a crucial problem, as there is an inclusive trend in public segment decentralization (Watts, 2008). *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

The long-standing questions of decentralization that, whether it is beneficial to transfer authorities and autonomy to sub-national governments or it is better to decide by the central government? The principal argument that increasing competition between the sub-national jurisdictions will direct to more efficient provision of public goods and in return, it will promote economic growth. Conversely, opponents of such types of government transfers, (Sinn & Cnossen, 2003) criticize the decentralization mechanism by allocation and redistribution of resources. Poor regions are not able to compete with richer regions, and it would result in that poor regions are getting poorer, and rich regions are getting richer (Prud'Homme, 1995). Finally, it looks like a clash of goals arises between economic performance and regional inequality, considering the case of Pakistan, which has high province-specific disparities. Our analysis based on two key questions. First, does fiscal decentralization leads towards greater regional inequality? However, decentralization, is viewed, as increases growth and efficiency of an economy, in which local governments are empowered, and diverse preferences of constituents are satisfied, its inference for the progression of regional disparities is still in the vigorous inquiry. Earlier literature, using a sample of cross-country data, finds positive relationship of FD in reducing regional inequality (Lessmann, 2009; Shankar & Shah, 2003). Some recent studies conclude that regional inequality and decentralization relationship depends on diverse conditions, for instance, the country’s level of development and the existence of a strong fiscal redistribution system (LeÃŸmann & Seidel, 2015; Lessmann, 2012; Rodríguez‐Pose & Gill, 2005). Second, what is the role of fiscal equalization policies followed by the provincial government in balancing the effect of FD in reducing regional disparities? As an essential policy of decentralization reform in Pakistan is the establishment of NFC awards under the 18th constitutional amendment and expanded over the years to improve regional disparities. Using provincial-level data from 1990-2015, this study adds to the literature in many ways. First, by using panel data analysis, the authors explore the impact of fiscal decentralization policies on inequality at the provincial level in Pakistan. Generally, most of the research focused on the general scopes of disparities at the country level. Only a little amount of studies in Pakistan have tested province-based inequalities (Raza & Hina, 2016; Shahzad & Yasmin, 2016). But these studies do not focus on the institutional arrangement that provides the base for FE efforts. Moreover, none of the studies have seen the impact of fiscal decentralization and fiscal equalization together through interaction, both measured at the provincial level, on regional inequality in the context of Pakistan. Further explorations targeting the same type of inequality, however, are fundamental because provincial inequality captures most of the regional inequality in a country (Cheong & Wu, 2013; Tsui, 1993). Therefore, a better understanding of inequality and it’s determinants at provincial level play an important role in shaping policies for practitioners to cope with regional inequality in Pakistan. Second, the study will explicitly investigate the role of provincial fiscal equalization determinations in minimizing the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional disparities. The ease of access of fiscal funds and the options of regional level governments, and in this case it means generally provincial authorities, can have a significant role in shaping the pragmatic results within the provinces. An essential component of this discussion is the sources of revenue used by provincial

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

governments to finance local expenditures. Two main sources of revenue for the provincial government are (1) the own resources of the provincial government and (2) transfers from the federal government. Own resources (for instance, services fee and local taxation) give a strong incentive to the provincial government to enhance the tax shield, which increases regional growth/output but not essentially convergence. Transfers tend to balance the fiscal capacity of regions, hence permitting general standards of public goods across the country, however, give little incentive for casing regions to become equal with the frontier – mainly if the federal government captures the gains in terms of the improved tax base. Third, using the instrumental approach the authors report the endogeneity issue for equalization efforts and fiscal decentralization. Since it is mentioned by Martinez-Vazquezetal (2015), a critical and unsettled problem in existing enormous literature of FD is about the failure to solve the problem of endogeneity. Finally, the study will see whether the results set off the literature by taking support from Pakistan for the given argument (mentioned above) that the regional disparities and decentralization relation depends on diverse situations, for instance, the country’s level of development and the existence of a strong fiscal distribution system. Specifically, in Pakistan, fiscal decentralization possibly will cause larger provincial disparities, while valuable fiscal equalization efforts may have a propensity in alleviating the unfavorable effect of fiscal decentralization on regional disparities. The paper is systematized as Section 2 labels the theoretical framework and the existing empirical evidence on the relationship between FD and regional disparities; next, Section 3 provides a discussion of the methodology used in the measurement of regional inequality and FD. Section 4 discuss and elaborate on the empirical results of the study. Section 5 discusses the robust analysis, and section 6 will simultaneously belong to the conclusion and policy recommendation part.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In the classic framework of Tiebout (1956), decentralization is beneficial because public goods preferences are discovered through inter-jurisdictional taxonomy, and standardized local taxes are in benefit since choices within the given domain are consistent. Few researchers are of the view that the Tiebout underlying principle for decentralization is not valid in the case of developing countries because of the restrictions of mobility. Though this ideology does not dependent on mobility, and although mobility could increase the potential benefits associated with decentralization, there are still possible gains, even if the mobility does not exist. As long as cost functions and preference for the provisions of the public goods fluctuate across different jurisdictions, the regional practitioners or policymakers have a (comparative) informational edge over the central policymakers. Kuznets (1955) has given the inverted U-shape theory. This theory states that an increase in the economic growth of a country firstly increases regional disparities, and afterward, it will decrease. Williamson (1965) empirically proves it twice by taking cross-sectional data of 24 samples of countries and time series data using 10 samples of countries. Data sets of both samples prove the hypothesis of inverted U-shape, i.e., the regions have a propensity to grow disparities at the start but will decrease following the period with the development process. Generally, developed countries had a more autonomous *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

fiscal structure of Sub-national governments, whereas in developing economies lower tiers of governments have less self-sufficiency in fiscal matters (Bahl and Cyan 2011).

2.1 ASSOCIATION DISPARITIES

FISCAL

DECENTRALIZATION

WITH

REGIONAL

The linkage between regional disparities and decentralization (Gbohoui et al., 2019; Rodríguez-Pose & Ezcurra, 2010) can be observed from both sides. On one side, decentralization decreasing the regional disparities because of more efficiency, greater transparency, and equalization (Ezcurra, 2019). Most studies mention that decentralization is related to a wide-ranging decrease in regional disparities (Boadway & Eyraud, 2018; Rodríguez‐Pose & Gill, 2005; Shankar & Shah, 2003). Additionally, positive results often come from country-specific case studies, for instance, the studies of (Hill, 2008) in Indonesia, and (Qiao et al., 2008) for China are the real-time existing examples. (Lessmann, 2012) mentions that the association between disparities and decentralization depends on different situations like the wealth of the nation, the aspects of its presented disparities, and the existence of sound systems of fiscal redistribution. Using an exclusive 54 countries dataset (Lessmann, 2012) mentions that decentralization minimizes regional inequalities on the whole, but this impact is associated with economic level development. On the other side, regional convergence promotes through decentralization (both fiscal and political) in developed countries, while it may increase regional inequalities in emerging and developing countries. (Kyriacou, et al., 2015) describes that government quality mediates between regional inequality and decentralization. Indeed, they take the data of 24 OECD countries for empirical evidence from 1984 to 2006, and their findings support the fact that decentralization stimulates regional convergence in good governmental setups and increase regional disparities in countries having poor governance. For better use of resources for growth, incentives are used to operate FD, which there should be higher capacity in covering regions than the regions which are already at the efficient frontier(Rodríguez-Pose & Ezcurra, 2010). Furthermore, through this system, FD can fasten a righteous process of regional convergence (Gbohoui et al., 2019). Decentralization may increase regional disparities, possibly for the two main reasons. First, FD may increase the diversity in socioeconomic endowment and institutional capabilities across provinces (X. Zhang, 2006). Second, decentralization may reduce the influence of under-developed areas to allocate financial resources across the provinces (Feld et al., 2018; Rodríguez‐Pose & Gill, 2005). Skeptics of FD mention that only developed countries can take advantage of FD, hence growing regional disparities. Especially, the recreational area is considered irregular with important distinctions in institutional capacity (competency of local administration and financial capacity) and socioeconomic endowments (Rodríguez‐Pose & Gill, 2005). Moreover, mobile factors of production and their competition are expected to direct “race to the bottom” with inadequately lower rates of tax, hence intensifying the issues of less well-endowed regions (Wilson, 2015). Lastly, yet if tax competition tends to an efficient provision of resources, as the voting-with-your-feet model of Tiebout (1956), regional disparities may arise.

2.2 INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN Pakistan has rigorous restrictions on state capacity, both in delivering public welfare services and

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

raising revenue. Fiscal federalism and its structure are integral for better functioning of the economic performance, public sector & welfare of Pakistan. A federal government structure exists in Pakistan, where resources are divided among the provinces, and it directly affects the income and living standards of common people. In Pakistan, the necessity for transfer to provinces is tinted with the fact that provinces contribute only 8% in total revenues while they have a 28% share in the spending. Moreover, Provinces have varied fiscal capacity, where comparatively developed units/provinces are generating higher resources than others. Whereas, transfers are allocated according to the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards with a motive to minimize horizontal and vertical imbalances of expenditure and revenues. The NFC awards are one of the steps towards decentralization (Mustafa, 2011), which creates a mechanism for distribution of funds from federal to Provinces Finance Commission (PFC), and from PFC to district level. The announcement of 7th NFC award taken as an optimistic gesture and makes the federation strengthen, it also realizes to people that state is equally caring for the development of all provinces (Mustafa, 2011). This mechanism has been modified in the 7th NFC Award of 2009, based on numerous factors criteria of population, inverse population density (IPD), poverty/ backwardness, and revenue generation/ collection. Moreover, the 18th constitutional modification has played the role of the bridge to minimize the gap between provincial and federal disparities. In this amendment the provinces are more autonomous and decentralization process is more strengthened in Pakistan at this time.

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The discussion on the association between fiscal decentralization and regional disparities goes back to the work of (Oates, 1972), who validate the strategy of decentralization as a mean of attaining economic effectiveness. With this supposition that public representatives react according to the wishes of their citizens, provincial administrations in the devolved economy are more capable of matching contrary preferences across jurisdictions. Though, improved efficiency in a decentralized context is among the generally established aims that lead the government programs. Numerous opinions are vital here. (Prud'Homme, 1995)in his study states that decentralization makes the federal government weaker in terms of budgetary powers, thus decreasing the extent to reallocate resources from wealthier to poorer regions. Simultaneously, decentralization often engages in fiscal competition, probably at the expense of deprived regions. As (Oates, 1972) mentioned that, regional governments have no appropriate system of redistribution. To balance the individuals and regions if regional governments increase the taxes, such phenomenon is not possible to go well, because the movement of mobile elements is very easy from one jurisdiction to another (Pauly, 1973). Thus, if the motive of the government is to balance the living standards of the areas, the transfer system should be applied nationwide (Musgrave, 1959). Decentralization could be the direct cause of regional inequality. In Tiebout (1956) agenda, decentralization entails that local goods facility is divided because of the changing inclinations of a diverse group of population. Hence, "there is a pressure between chasing goals of equality in greater decentralization and choice and service provision" (Besley & Ghatak, 2003). From the arguments presented above, this study develops the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: There is a positive association between Fiscal decentralization and regional disparities at the provincial-level in Pakistan. *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

The arguments presented above shows important impending into the effect of FD on regional disparities. Though, the discussion relies mainly on the supposition of the lack of essential complementary programs under decentralized structures. However, the net effect of FE in determining the FD cannot be ignored, and therefore, an additional, comprehensive study of the ﬁscal decentralization requires to be considered. The type of equalization policy executed is expected to reduce the possible harmful consequences of ﬁscal decentralization on disparities. After the decentralization theorem, Regional authorities can offer better and efficient quality and quantity of domestic public goods, as regional authorities know better about domestic needs (Oates, 1972). Based on these arguments, (Rodríguez-Pose & Ezcurra, 2009)confer an illustration of how decentralization influences less-developed and developed areas of a country in a different way. The purpose of regional governments is to organize local resources to uphold productive efficiency; however, the endogenous capacity of resources is different among the regions. Decentralization provides regional governments with the chance to chase economic development procedures because they better know the relative strengths and weaknesses of their localities than the federal governments. Equalization systems aim to divide and redistribute the transfers to provinces in such a way that inversely associates with their capabilities. To alleviate the negative effects of decentralization, the scope of competition between poor and rich areas needs to decrease. (Yongzheng Liu, 2014). These arguments provide reasoning for the second hypothesis Hypothesis 2: The Positive effect of fiscal decentralization will be mitigated by the Fiscal equalization reforms on increasing regional disparities

3. ECONOMETRIC TECHNIQUE, VARIABLES, AND DATA 3.1 ECONOMETRIC MODELING This section discussed the econometric strategy to test hypotheses 1 and 2. Following (Roodman., 2009a, 2009b) we have estimated a two-way fixed effect in the following form. In this case, T is large and N is small, thus dynamic panel bias becomes insigniﬁcant, and fixed effect estimation becomes more suitable. For now, with large T, system GMM and total instruments likely to explode. With small N, Arellano–Bond autocorrelation test and cluster robust standard error will not be reliable. So to assess empirically in determining the effect of FD on regional disparities, we have estimated a two-way fixed effect in the following form, 𝑅𝐷𝑖𝑡 = 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽1 𝐹𝐷𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽2 𝐸𝑄𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽3 (𝐹𝐷 ∗ 𝐸𝑄)𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽4 𝑋𝑖𝑡 + 𝜂𝑖 + 𝜐𝑡 + 𝜀𝑖𝑡

(1)

In Equation (1), 𝑡 characterizes year and 𝑖symbolizes provinces. We have taken 𝑅𝐷𝑖𝑡 as a measure for regional disparities in the economic development level taking the provincial level data;𝐹𝐷𝑖𝑡 indicates ﬁscal decentralization in the province; 𝐸𝑄𝑖𝑡 denotes the level of FE by the subnational and central government and 𝐹𝐷𝑖𝑡 ∗𝐸𝑄𝑖𝑡 is the interaction term between FE and FD. Based on Hypotheses 1 and 2, we would anticipate a positive sign for 𝛽1 and would anticipate a negative sign for 𝛽3 . Additionally, the Econometric model presented above contains provincial dummies (𝜂𝑖 ) in order to direct heterogeneity across the given provinces and to control the year effect

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

we use year dummies (𝜈𝑡 ) that affect provinces; 𝜀𝑖𝑡 denotes a stochastic error term. 𝑋𝑖𝑡 denotes the control variables in the model that includes the wide-ranging factors of signiﬁcance in shaping regional disparities on the basis of the existing empirical literature. Various factors including GDP per capita, urbanization, trade openness, and unemployment rate, have been recognized as essential in elaborating on the regional disparities in Pakistan. Per capita GDP denotes the economic development at the provincial level. The literature proposes that the level of economic development has a substantial effect on spatial disparities. However, it is still unclear. The research of economic growth from the new geography is associated with economies with lead towards spatial inequality (Fujita & Thisse, 2002; Krugman, 1998). On another side, it is also proposed that economic progression might provide the areas with a large choice for redistributive political affairs besides intergovernmental transfers and grants (Lessmann, 2009). The Urban-rural gap has firmly explained a greater part of regional disparities (Kanbur & Zhang, 1999; Sicular et al., 2007; Tsui, 1993), which, is predominately embedded in the institutional bequests which offered increase to an influenced social and economic plan of the urban regions. Thus, the level of urbanization is designed as the ratio of the urban population in the country's total population. The urban-rural gap is anticipated to decrease the level of regional inequality at the provincial level (Sicular et al., 2007; Tsui, 1993). But in the less developed country like Pakistan where the larger population is living in rural areas, the policy of urbanization may not be the last resort, and the provincial government should focus on the development within rural areas. The tariff rate is used as a proxy for the openness of the provincial economy. The traditional method i-e share of trade in the total GDP is not used because of two potential reasons. One reason is data constraints, and another reason is that in many cases, the trade ratio is perfectly collinear with FD measurements. To avoid spurious outcomes, we used a proxy as tariff revenue divide by total imports (Song, 2013). The unemployment rate is an important economic indicator, and it increases the regional inequalities in developing countries (Berger et al., 2018; Deyshappriya, 2017). An increase in the rate of unemployment denotes that an economy is not utilizing its resources properly. This, in turn, shows that the economy is not operational, and there is a chance of economic growth only if the existing resources are utilized effectively and efficiently(Jäntti & Jenkins, 2001).

3.2 MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES This section will provide a detailed measurement of the key variables used in the paper. 3.2.1 REGIONAL DISPARITIES The dependent variable is regional disparities; coefficient of variation (cov) of GDP per capita (GDPpc) is used as a measure of regional disparities, which is calculated following the literature ( Hoshino, 2011; Lessmann, 2009). The criteria are that it satisfies the principle of Pigou-Dalton transfers (Cowell, 2011; Dalton, 1920; Pigou, 1912). The population-weighted coefficient will be used to check the robustness (Song, 2013). 1 1

cov = 𝑦 [𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑦̅ − 𝑦𝑖 )2 ]

1⁄2

(2)

In Equation (2), 𝑦̅ denotes the average level per capita income at the national level,𝑦𝑖 denotes *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

income per capita of the province, and 𝑛 is the total provinces in Pakistan. 3.2.2 INDICATORS OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION Following the first hypothesis, our independent variable will be FD measured through revenue decentralization, expenditure decentralization. According to many authors, FD is a complex phenomenon that cannot be measured with a single variable (Martinez-Vazquez & Timofeev, 2010). So multiple dimensions will be used following the literature (Y Liu et al., 2013). The degree of FD is measured using both revenue and expenditure decentralization. Provincial-level measurement of FD much better fits in this framework, as we are interested in explaining the provincial disparities in the economic development level (Weingast & Pöschl, 2013), specifically, extending and following (Wu & Wang, 2013). Although most of the quantitative studies in Pakistan suing the FD and equalization concept have relied on data at the central level and times series data (Raza & Hina, 2016; Shahzad & Yasmin, 2016), we have utilized provincial and panel data to measure fiscal decentralization. This is more accurate because provincial authorizes in Pakistan enjoy more or less full freedom in designing their policies within their jurisdiction. 3.2.3 LEVEL OF EQUALIZATION EFFORTS Equalization effort reflects the degree of transformation in the allocation of resources from central to provincial and from provincial to local governments, both with and without the existence of transfers from central authorities and then at the provincial level. Following the concept from(Martinez-Vazquez & Timofeev, 2008), FE at the provincial level is measured as the change in the percentage of provincial disparities, taking the before and after fiscal revenue, after receiving the total equalization transfers acknowledged by the provincial authorities. We would calculate the FE of the provincial government as follows Fiscal Equalization =

𝑏 𝑎 𝐹𝑖𝑡 −𝐹𝑖𝑡 𝑏 𝐹𝑖𝑡

(3)

where 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑏 is the coefficient of variation (population-weighted) of own-source revenue for year t in province i based on provincial-level data; 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑎 it is the coefﬁcient of variation (population-weighted) of total revenue by taking into consideration the equalization transfers received by provincial governments for year t in province i. (Total revenue=equalization transfers + own source revenue). The difference of dispersion shown by the negative (positive) sign in the numerator of the equation suggests the introduction of fiscal transfers from the central government to provincial government increases (decreases) revenue disparities at the provincial level. As the ﬁscal transfers flow from central to the provincial government is the discretion of central authorities in Pakistan which is applicable through NFC awards, a greater value of 𝐸𝑄𝑖𝑡 , therefore, designates greater equalization efforts followed by the federal government. A formula-driven method is used for the equalization transfer program in Pakistan with a clear motive to balance these fiscal resources within and across the provinces.

3.3 DATA We use the panel data set for quantitative analysis covering four provinces (a federal state of has four provinces) of Pakistan from 1990-2015. The time period of data is selected from 1990-2015

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

because of two reasons (1) the data aims to cover the fiscal equalization plan under NFC awards 1990, 2006 and the most recent one is 2009. Moreover, the data is online variable on the websites of Pakistan bureau of statistics and Ministry of Finance up to 2015, and 2015 is the last year that fiscal data at the provincial level is released. In this study, we specifically focused on four provinces of the federation of Pakistan because the limitations of the data availability do not allow us to extend the scope of research. Data used for the calculation of main variables are taken from Statistical Yearbooks of Pakistan published by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Economic survey of Pakistan from Ministry of Finance and Public Finance data from State Bank of Pakistan. The Provincial Gross Domestic Product (PGDP) were calculated for the first time by Dr. Kaiser Bengali (Bengali & Sadaqat, 2006), the PGDP estimation and its provincial figures are available for 1972-2000. By following the same estimation methodology for the estimation of PGDP Shaheen Malik (Research Analyst at unit SASEP) for World Bank estimated the PGDP from 1999-2015. Price indices data for provinces is not available in Pakistan, so GDP deflator is used as an alternative method. The year 2005-06 is taken as a base year for the calculation of GDP deflator and nominal GDP to real GDP ratio is used as a proxy (The most recent national GDP is available at the base year of 2005-06). Table 1 in the supplementary materials shows the sources and description of the variables used, while Table 1 in the main text shows their summary statistics.

4. ECONOMETRIC RESULTS 4.1 BASELINE MODEL Table 2 shows the results for the basic model presented. All the empirical results presented here are reported after correcting the robust standard errors and with the use of the two-way fixed model. R-squared for each specification of the model is given in Table 2 around 0.90, which explains that 90% of the variation in the regional disparities is explained the baseline model. Beginning with the baseline results, we estimate the impact of FD on regional disparities along with the main controlling variables. Column (a) represents the corresponding results using the revenue decentralization as a main variable and column (b) represents the corresponding results using the expenditure decentralization as the main variable. The empirical results presented in the column (a) show the positive and significant value of the coefficient of revenue decentralization supporting our first hypothesis showing an increase in the FD increases regional disparities. The interaction term between revenue decentralization and FE shows the negative value of the coefficient, which supports our second hypothesis that an introduction of FE with FD helps in reducing regional disparities and achieving sustainable economic development. Column (b) shows the positive and significant value of the coefficient of expenditure again supporting our first hypothesis showing an increase in the FD increases regional disparities. The interaction term between expenditure decentralization and FE shows the negative value of the coefficient, which supports our second hypothesis that an introduction of FE with FD helps in reducing regional disparities, showing a step toward sustainable economic development.

*Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

Table 1: Summary Measurement Statistics (observation n = 104) Variables Cv_per capita GDP Wcv_per capita GDP Revenue Decentralization Expenditure Decentralization Fiscal Equalization Efforts Per capita GDP log Urbanization Tariff rate Unemployment rate Interaction term(RD*EQ) Interaction term(ED*EQ) W_revdec W_expdec Trans_depen

Mean 0.2907 0.2796 0.2555 0.3724 0.3499 4.2583 0.3169 0.0072 5.4503 0.0830 0.1058 0.1739 0.2826 0.1857

SD 0.1647 0.1879 0.1540 0.5106 0.2241 0.5129 0.1338 0.0072 2.3326 0.0649 0.0882 0.2149 0.6033 0.1487

Min values 0.0068 0.0050 0.0784 0.0704 0.0211 3.5098 0.1585 0.000067 2.58 0.0017 0.0023 0.0166 0.0141 -0.2367

Max values 0.5136 0.6633 0.5713 4.1400 0.9874 4.8414 0.5855 0.0371 13.09 0.3040 0.4883 0.6077 4.6139 0.7264

As shown, the coefficient’s magnitudes in both revenue and expenditure also show that the assessable effect of ﬁscal decentralization do not significantly differ in both cases, which is in consistence with the traditional knowledge that both revenue and expenditure decentralization seems to stay an accurate and meaningful measure of FD in Pakistan. Equalization Efforts In Each Province Sindh

KPK

Balochistan

0 1 .5 0

Equalization efforts

punjab

1990

2000

2010

20201990

2000

2010

2020

year Equalization efforts

Equalization efforts

Graphs by provinces

Figure 1: Trends of Equalization Efforts in each province. Fiscal decentralization*Fiscal equalization Sindh

KPK

Balochistan

punjab

1990

2000

2010

20201990

2000

2010

2020

year FD*FE

FD*FE

Graphs by provinces

Figure 2: Trends of Interaction between FD*EQ efforts in each province

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

Figure 1 shows the equalization efforts incorporated over the selected sample of years. The graphs show an increase in the equalization efforts in the Sindh, KPK, and Baluchistan over the years; however, the trend in Punjab decreases a little bit around in the year 2014. Figure 2 shows the Interaction between Fiscal decentralization and the level of Equalization efforts incorporated over the selected sample of years. The graphs show an increase in the interaction term in the Sindh, KPK, and Baluchistan over the years; however, the trend in Punjab decreases a little bit around in the year 2014. The increase in the trend of the interaction term between FD*EQ shows helps a step toward achieving regional development and in reducing regional Disparities at the provincial level. For each variable in Tables 2, 3, and 5, the values in columns (a) and (b) are the values of coefficient and the value in parenthesis referring to t-value. Table 2: Main Results: Fixed Effects Estimation Variables Revenue Decentralization

(a) 0.963** (2.51)

Expenditure decentralization Equalization Efforts Revenue Dec* Equalization Efforts Expenditure Dec* Equalization Effort GDP per capita log

0.504*** (4.60) -1.322*** (-4.03)

3.347*** (9.86) 4.529*** Urbanization (6.88) 0.138 Tariff Rate (0.07) -0.012*** Unemployment rate (-2.44) -13.07*** Constant (-9.53) Provincial Fixed Effect Yes Yearly Fixed Effect Yes Obs 100 R-squared 0.91 p < 0.01***; p < 0.05**; p < 0.1

(b)

0.145** (3.74) 0.475*** (4.19)

-0.775*** (-2.88) 3.284*** (9.43) 3.284*** (6.34) -4.245 (-0.99) -0.016*** (-3.39) -12.58*** (-12.58) Yes Yes 100 0.92

Among the other main variables that are incorporated in our model, the equalization efforts have a significant and positive relationship; however, together with the FD, the coefficient for the interaction between FE and FD is significant and negative. However, after estimating the mean value of the sample of either of the ﬁscal decentralization terms, the effect of FE efforts is always significant and negative signifying that, taking the mean values, greater equalization efforts is related to a decrease in the provincial disparities. Among the control variables, per capita GDP and urbanization are found to have a significant and positive relationship while unemployment has a significant and negative relation with regional disparities. Trade openness, however, is found insignificant with the magnitude of 0.138 with revenue decentralization and 4.24 along with *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

expenditure decentralization. Urbanization, in the case of Pakistan, increases regional disparities because majorities of the population living in rural areas need the resources and facilitation to be allocated in respective rural areas. Inconsistency with Myrdal theory, the developed regions grow at the expense of underdeveloped regions. Inconsistency with the previous literature (Deyshappriya, 2017), is related to an increase in the level of regional disparities especially in developing countries like Pakistan where there is a high unemployment rate.

4.2 INSTRUMENT VARIABLES One major potential concern of FD is the issue of endogeneity that may bias the results in Table 3. The chances of endogeneity may be there because the decrease in provincial disparities may have stronger support for centralization, so lowering the level of fiscal decentralization through increase FE efforts. (Sacchi & Salotti, 2014) in his findings provide more strong arguments for the presence of potential endogeneity in association with FD. Various previous studies have also acknowledged the endogeneity issue in estimating the effect of fiscal decentralization, though they do not control for it due to either lack of good instrument or a problem of sample size (Jin et al., 2005; Qiao et al., 2008). This specific section is about controlling for endogeneity in our model using the approach of instrument variable. The instruments used here includes one period lagged (i) the weighted_average of revenue decentralization on the basis of ranking among the provinces (ranking according to Household Income and Expenditure and Asian Development Bank) (Ghaus-Pasha et al., 2010), (ii) the weighted average of expenditure on the basis of ranking among the provinces (ranking according to According to Household Income and Expenditure and Asian Development Bank) (Ghaus-Pasha et al., 2010) and lastly (iii) is the degree of fiscal transfer dependency of provincial governments on the central government. Precisely, the wgt _average of revenue decentralization and the wgt_average of expenditure based on a ranking among the provinces are employed as decentralization’s instruments. The soundness of first and second instrument is valid on the basis that the aim of FD policy in a province is associated with the decentralization policies in the adjacent strategies because the ranking assign to these provinces is on the basis of different development status, (including per capita GDP, average household income, human development index, the incidence of poverty, Deprivation index and vulnerability) while inequality among the provinces have practically no straight effect on FD of the adjacent provinces in the past year. The fiscal transfer dependency of provincial authorities on the central government is calculated by taking the ratio of total fiscal transfers to the total expenditures of the province. Tables 3 and 4 show the results obtained after employing the method of instrument variables (IVs). Both revenue decentralization, expenditure decentralization, FE efforts, and the interaction among the given variables are used as an endogenous variable. To check the validity of instruments, some tests like Sargen Statistic of over-identification restriction are used. For the results Table 3, the Sargen statistic and the p-value are higher than 0.30, indicating that there is no correlation between the IVs and the error term that we are unable to reject the null hypothesis in the regression. (Null hypothesis states no correlation of instrument and error term).

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

Table 3: Estimated Results of Fixed Effects along with IVs Variables Revenue Decentralization

(a) 0.892** (2.37)

Expenditure Decentralization Fiscal Equalization Efforts Revenue Dec* Fiscal Equalization Efforts Expenditure Dec* Fiscal Equalization Efforts Per capita GDP log Urbanization Tariff rate Unemployment rate Constant Provincial-level fixed effect Yearly Fixed effect Obs R-Squared Cragg–Donald F Statistics Sargan statistic

0.551*** (4.78) -1.602*** (-4.65)

3.464*** (9.64) 4.803*** (7.30) 0.809 (0.40) 0.012*** (-2.54) -13.58*** (-9.40) Yes Yes 98 0.91 25.30 0.091 (0.7634)

(b)

0.151** (3.87) 0.524*** (4.23)

-0.818*** (-3.02) 3.181*** (8.77) 4.267*** (6.34) -2.462 (-0.92) -0.015*** (-3.28) -12.26*** (-8.47) Yes Yes 98 0.90 8.15 0.947 (0.3305)

p < 0.01***; p < 0.05**; p < 0.1.

Another important requirement of a valid instrument is that they have a close relation with endogenous variables. To check this, the endogenous variables are regressed on the instrument variables along with the exogenous variables included in the model to perform the Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) to check the significance of the instruments. The results of the first-stage are presented in supplementary material Tables S2(a) and S2(b). Table 4 shows that in the case of each specification, the Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test value is greater than 10 (Sanderson & Windmeijer, 2016) showing that our variables are associated with the endogenous variables. Moreover, the LM test is employed to check the under-identification,i-e to see that the equation is identified. In other word, the instruments are relevant to the endogenous variables. The null hypothesis states the equation is under-identified. The results presented in Table 4 for each specification of the LM test suggest the rejection of the null hypothesis. In other words, each specification suggests that instruments correlate with the endogenous variables. The test is basically for matrix rank: According to the null hypothesis, the excluded instrument that has the reduced form coefficients matrix on L1 has the rank (K1-1), where K1 shows the figure of endogenous regressors. The null states that, the statistic is chi-squared distributed with (L1-K1+1) degrees of freedom. A rejection of the null shows that the matrix is full column rank, or we can say the model is identified (Sanderson & Windmeijer, 2016). If we compare our results in Tables 2 and 3, we can confirm our previous findings that FD increases regional disparities at a provincial level in Pakistan while the equalization efforts employed by the fiscal transfers helps in reducing the unfavorable effects of FD in creating regional disparities. *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

Table 4: Validity of the Instruments Endogenous variable Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) Anderson canon. Corr. LM statistic (p-value) Endogenous variable Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic (P-value) Endogenous variable Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic (P-value) Endogenous variable Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic (P-value) Endogenous variable Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic (P-value) Endogenous variable Sanderson-Windmeijer multivariate F test (p-value) Anderson canon. corr. LM statistic (P-value)

Revenue decentralization 60.30 (<0.001) 44.83 (<0.001) Expenditure decentralization 18 (<0.001) 20.94 (<0.001) Fiscal equalization with revenue decentralization 25.60 (<0.001) 35.31 (<0.001) Fiscal equalization with expenditure decentralization 18.94 (<0.001) 28.98 (<0.001) Revenue decentralization*Fiscal Equalization Efforts 47.91 (<0.001) 31.029 (<0.001) Expenditure decentralization*Fiscal Equalization Efforts 12.23 (<0.001) 20.93 (<0.001)

5. ROBUST ANALYSIS For robustness check, we have conducted a sensitivity analysis, along another dimension using an alternate measure for regional disparities and equalization efforts incorporated by the governments. In all robust analysis, in every specification, the results are in coordination with the main results. The results presented are equivalent to those presented in Tables 2 and 3.

5.1 ALTERNATIVE MEASURE OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES Firstly to check the robust analysis, we use a different measure of regional disparities. This may be necessary because different estimations and different approaches may lead to different analysis distribution (Rodríguez-Pose & Ezcurra, 2009). So we measure again both regional inequality using different measure i-e Popweighted_Cov is broadly used in the empirical works of regional disparities(Song, 2013). This is calculated as follows 1 1

Wcov = 𝑦 [𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝𝑖 (𝑦̅ − 𝑦𝑖 )2 ]

1⁄2

(4)

In Equation (4), 𝑦̅ denotes the average level per capita income at the national level,𝑦𝑖 denotes income per capita of province 𝑖, 𝑝𝑖 represents the share of the province population in the country and 𝑛 is the total provinces in Pakistan. Table 5 shows the results of the substitute measure of provincial disparities of provincial authorities using popweighted_Cov. The results again illustrate that larger levels regarding revenue and expenditure decentralization create larger regional disparities in provinces, while greater FE

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

efforts by the central authorities help in reducing the negative effects associated with ﬁscal decentralization on the regional disparities. Table 5: Robustness Check: Pw_Cov Degree of Regional Disparities Variables Revenue Decentralization Expenditure Decentralization Fiscal Equalization Effort Revenue Dec*Fiscal Equalization Efforts Expenditure Dec*Fiscal Equalization Efforts Per capita GDP log Urbanization Tariff rate Unemployment rate Constant Provincial-level fixed effect Yearly Fixed effect Obs Value of R-Squared Cragg–Donald Fstatistics Sargan statistic

Fixed effect values (a) (b) 0.043*** (2.07) 0.142*** (2.94) 0.016 0.007 (0.11) (0.05) -1.607*** (-2.10) -0.50** (-1.98) 0.810** 0.911** (1.80) (2.10) 1.786** 1.631** (2.05) (1.95) -1.657 -6.903** (-0.62) (-2.17) -0.0024 -0.007 (-0.37) (-1.27) -3.167* -3.266** (-1.74) (-1.87)

Fixed effects along with IVs (c) (d) 0.032*** (2.14) 0.153*** (3.30) 0.027 0.064 (0.20) (0.44) -1.542*** (-3.63) -0.66** (-2.07) 1.350*** 1.047** (3.04) (2.42) 2.517*** 1.875** (3.10) (2.34) 0.446 -4.433 (0.18) (-1.40) -0.003 -0.007 (-0.53) (-1.26) -5.331*** -3.865*** (-2.99) (-2.24)

Yes

Yes 100 0.74

Yes 100 0.79

Yes 98 0.81

4.80

8.41

0.001 (0.98)

2.423 (0.11)

6. CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION There is a long and ongoing discussion on the effect of decentralization on regional disparities. The empirical studies showed mixed results even if the study has focused on the same group (OECD) of countries. After cautiously examining this matter in Pakistani institutional perspective, we hypothesized that in Pakistan FD increases regional disparities, while the FE efforts executed by the central government in favor of provincial (regional) government helps in mitigating the detrimental effect of FD hence helps in the sustainable economic development. The results offer sufficient provision for our hypothesis. The results are also robust using different specifications and different measures for regional disparities. The effect of FD on regional disparities are consistent with the work presented by (Lessmann, 2012; Rodríguez-Pose & Ezcurra, 2009), which shows that in the developing countries, FD increases regional disparities. This study gives a better understating of regional disparities at the provincial level in Pakistan with special attention given to the FD policies adopted by the provincial government. Another finding that reinforces our traditional point of view is the importance of equalization efforts by the central authorities towards the local level for the successful implementation FE along with decentralization for the achievement of sustainable *Corresponding author (Qurat ul Ain) Tel: +8615520795974 E-mail: quratulain_ad36@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.185

economic objectives. However, it is still an open question of whether the regional administrations are also adequately involved in executing those equalizations plans in perusing a balanced, sustainable regional development plan for the citizens. Greater FE plans and efforts at the regional levels will increase the overall grants that are allocated for equalization and make the available funds more predictable and stable. Regarding the policy perspective, this study provides important insights into reducing regional disparities and achieving sustainable economic development at the regional level in Pakistan. (Shankar & Shah, 2003) have discussed the earlier officious policy by federal authorities, perusing to encourage regional development will outcome in reducing regional disparities. The academic and pragmatic arguments recommend that provincial governments are an essential and liable element of the national system of government. The subsequent proposals have been provided to reinforce their role to promote comprehensive and sustainable development and decrease regional disparities in Pakistan. Decentralization, along with FE, has improved the situation in areas. However, such economic and social policies should be adapted, which helps to eradicate the issue of regional inequality and develop backward regions. Given the large size of Pakistan's provinces, achieving a considerable improvement in the delivery of basic services will need real involvement of regional governments. So a clear and time-bound framework for enlightening public finance systems, administrative capacity, and local administrations are needed to provide resources from central to provincial and then to local governments will provide grounds in providing on the socio-economic assurance of decentralization. Attaining a far-reaching consent on the development of strengthening the fiscal agenda will require extensive dialogue to stabilize the provincial concerns about protecting their independence on one side, and the requirement for flexibility and more coordination recover overall economic outcomes. In this framework, a closer understanding of federal and provincial economic goals could help develop coordination systems and common strategies over time.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information used and generated from this work is available by contacting the corresponding author.

8. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Dr. Yan Jie has supervised & administrated the project and present the main concept of the paper. Ms. Qurat ul Ain has done the following tasks; Formal Analysis, methodology of the paper, and applies techniques through software. Mr. Tahir Yousaf writes, review and edit the draft, also helped in data collection. Ms. Yasmeen Akhtar has reviewed and edit the draft and also help in data collection.

9. FUNDING/ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China [12XMZ025]s, West project of National Social Science planning office China.

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11. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Table S1: Variable Description and Data sources Variables

Definition

Cov_gdppc

coefﬁcient of variation of GDP per capita at the province level

Pw_cov_gdppc

Population_weighted coefﬁcient of variation of provincial GDP per capita

Revenue Decentralization Expenditure Decentralization Equalization efforts

Per capita GDP log

Urbanization Tariff rate Unemployment rate Wgt_rev_exp

Wgt_exp_dec

Trans_depen

The ratio of provincial revenue in the country’s total revenue The ratio of provincial expenditure in the country’s total expenditure Percentage change in intra-provincial inequality in ﬁscal revenue before and after taking into account the transfers received; based on C.V. measure Log of Per capita GDP The share of provincial urban population to the total provincial population The Ratio of tariff revenue to imports(total) Unemployment rate as a share of the provincial population Weighted _average of the revenue decentralization according to the development ranking among the provinces Weighted_average of the expenditure decentralization according to the development ranking among the provinces The share of total ﬁscal transfers to the province to total expenditures of the province.

Yan Jie, Qurat ul Ain, Tahir Yousaf, Yasmeen Akhtar

Sources Data of provincial GDP is estimated and disaggregated by Shaheen Malik (Research Analyst at unit SASEP) for World Bank, Regional Accounts of Pakistan, Methodology, and Estimates 1973-2001and author’s calculations Data of provincial GDP is estimated and disaggregated by Shaheen Malik (Research Analyst at unit SASEP) for World Bank, Regional Accounts of Pakistan, Methodology, and Estimates 1973-2001and author’s calculations. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Pakistan and authors own calculations

Data of provincial GDP is estimated and disaggregated by Shaheen Malik (Research Analyst at unit SASEP) and Regional Accounts of Pakistan, Methodology, and Estimates 1973-2001 Population census of Pakistan Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Pakistan Finance division Labour Force Statistics Authors own calculations (ranking according to Household Income and Expenditure and Asian Development Bank)

Authors own calculations (ranking according to Household Income and Expenditure and Asian Development Bank ) Author’s own calculations

Table S2(a): First Stage Regression Estimated for IV Endogenous variable Wgt_revenue decentralizationt-1

Revenue Dec 0.608*** (12.73) -0.375*** Trans_depent-1 (-5.40) Wgt_revenue* -0.705** Trans_depent-1 (-2.51) 0.0068 Per capita GDP log (0.63) 0.342*** Urbanization (8.41) 2.473*** Tariff rate (2.41) 0.002 Unemployment rate (0.96) -0.007 Constant (-0.21) Observations 98 T values in brackets :p < 0.01***; p < 0.05**; p < 0.1*

Fiscal Equalization efforts -0.585*** (-3.65) -0.927*** (-8.29) 0.057** (1.93) 0.000*** (7.73) 0.000*** (-6.87) 0.764 (0.30) 0.967 (0.04) -0.187* (-1.69) 98

Renvenue dec*Equalization efforts 0.066* (1.86) -0.178*** (-5.09) -0.055 (-0.19) 0.072*** (7.09) -0.072** (-1.90) -0.274 (-0.29) 0.002 (-1.04) -0.173*** (-5.00) 98

Table S2(b): First Stage Regression Estimated for IV Endogenous variable Wgt_Expenditure Decentralizationt-1

Expenditure Dec 0.874*** (4.43) 0.018 Trans_depent-1 (0.43) Wgt_expdec* -1.233*** Trans_depent-1 (-4.59) 0.0075 Per capita GDP log (0.50) 0.562*** Urbanization (10.05) -2.123 Tariff rate (-1.28) 0.041* Unemployment rate (1.72) -0.064 Constant (-1.24) Observations 98 t-values in brackets :p < 0.01***; p < 0.05**; p < 0.1*

Fiscal Equalization efforts 0.084 (-1.47) -0.716*** (-6.93) -1.301*** (-2.50) 0.253*** (7.43) -0.804*** (-6.52) -4.974*** (-2.03) -0.002 (-0.28) -0.278*** (-2.41) 98

Expenditure dec*equalization efforts 0.089*** (6.82) -0.170*** (-4.76) -0.005 (-0.02) 0.074*** (6.10) -0.030*** (-2.02) 0.732 (0.54) -0.001 (-0.51) -0.191*** (-4.57) 98

Dr.Yan Jie is an Associate Professor at the Department of Public Finance and taxation of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics. He has done his PhD degree from Sichuan University. His area of research is Regional Public Finance.

Qurat ul Ain is doing a PhD from Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in Public Finance. She is also serving as a Lecturer in COMSATS University Pakistan. Her area of research is Public Finance & Policy and Capital Markets.

Tahir Yousaf is doing a PhD at Sichuan University in Accounting and Finance. He is also serving as a lecturer in The University of Lahore, Pakistan. His area of research is Investment & Portfolio Analysis, Capital Markets and Public Finance & Policy.

Yasmeen Akhtar is doing a PhD at COMSATS University in Finance. She is also working as a Lecturer at University of Sargodha Pakistan. Her area of research is Banking Regulations and Performance, Capital Markets and Public Finance.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14H

FUZZY-NEIGHBORHOOD MODEL OF THE PLANT FOR MAINTAINING POLYOL TEMPERATURE a

Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich , Yartsev Alexey Gennadievich a

Department of Higher Mathematics, Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 20 May 2019 Received in revised form 31 July 2019 Accepted 15 August 2019 Available online 22 August 2019

A fuzzy-neighborhood bilinear model of the plant for maintaining polyol temperature is considered. A fuzzy-neighborhood model was identified in which the fuzziness coefficients facing the bilinear members the product of the corresponding fuzziness coefficients is facing the linear members. A comparison was made of the deviations of the system obtained as a result of identification, and a comparison of the values of the heat transfer coefficient obtained as a result of the mixed control of fuzzy and the traditional neighborhood model.

Keywords: Neighborhood model; Mixed control; Variable coefficients; Fuzziness; Identification; Heat transfer coefficient.

1. INTRODUCTION Previously, the work considered the neighborhood models, where the structure of connections between the nodes of the system was clearly defined and did not change in the process of control. In reality, there are mechanisms that allow you to change connections between system nodes, for example, valves, switches, etc. That is, to describe real technological processes, it is advisable to use fuzzy neighborhood models [1, 2], where fuzziness is the change in the structure and quality of connections between system nodes. In this paper, a fuzzy-neighborhood bilinear model of the plant for maintaining polyol temperature is considered. Similar plants are applied at the enterprises for the production of refrigerators. For thermal protection polyurethane foam is applied to the walls of refrigerators, and polyol is one of the two main components of polyurethane foam [3,4]. Refrigerator production is an uneven process, and therefore, the required amount of polyurethane foam changes and, accordingly, the polyol consumption. A change in polyol consumption, its initial temperature, as well as the consumption and temperature of the heating agent can lead to a change in the quality and structure of the connections between the nodes of the system. *Corresponding author (A.G. Yartsev). E-mail: yartsev.ag@yandex.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID: 10A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.186

2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM The structural model of the plant for maintaining polyol temperature is represented as a graph in Figure 1, where 1 – polyol storage container; 2 – polyol transfer pump; 3 – heat exchanger; 4 – polyol consumer; 5 – refrigerator.

Figure 1: Structural model of a plant for maintaining polyol temperature Essential parameters for state and control of the plant for maintaining polyol temperature are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Parameters of state and control. Designation x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 v1 v2 v3 v4 v5

Parameter Polyol temperature in the storage container, °C Polyol consumption, tons/day Heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger, W/(m2∙K) Temperature of polyol transferred to the consumer, °C Temperature difference of the heating agent before and after the heat exchanger, °C Polyol reserve in the storage container, tons Rotation speed of the pump shaft, rpm Polyol temperature after the heat exchanger, °C Consumption of polyol transferred to the consumer, tons/day Heating agent consumption, tons/day

The fuzzy-neighborhood bilinear model of the plant for maintaining polyol temperature has the form: k x11  wx11  x1  k x12  wx12  x2  kv11  wv11  v1  kv12  wv12  v2  k xv111  wxv111  x1  v1    k xv112  wxv112  x1  v2  k xv121  wxv121  x2  v1  k xv122  wxv122  x2  v2  0; k x 21  wx 21  x1  k x 22  wx 22  x2  k x 23  wx 23  x3  kv 21  wv 21  v1  kv 22  wv 22  v2    kv 23  wv 23  v3  k xv 211  wxv 211  x1  v1  k xv 212  wxv 212  x1  v2  k xv 213  wxv 213  x1  v3   k w  x v  k w  x v  k w  x v   xv 221 xv 221 2 1 xv 222 xv 222 2 2 xv 223 xv 223 2 3  k xv 231  wxv 231  x3  v1  k xv 232  wxv 232  x3  v2  k xv 233  wxv 233  x3  v3  0;  k x32  wx32  x2  k x33  wx33  x3  k x 34  wx 34  x4  k x 35  wx 35  x5  kv 32  wv 32  v2   kv33  wv33  v3  kv34  wv34  v4  kv35  wv35  v5  k xv322  wxv322  x2  v2    k xv323  wxv323  x2  v3  k xv324  wxv324  x2  v4  k xv325  wxv325  x2  v5   k w  x v  k w  x v  k w  x v   xv332 xv332 3 2 xv333 xv333 3 3 xv334 xv334 3 4  k xv335  wxv335  x3  v5  k xv342  wxv342  x4  v2  k xv343  wxv343  x4  v3    k xv344  wxv344  x4  v4  k xv345  wxv345  x4  v5  k xv352  wxv352  x5  v2   k xv353  wxv353  x5  v2  k xv354  wxv354  x5  v4  k xv355  wxv355  x5  v5  0;  k x 43  wx 43  x3  k x 44  wx 44  x4  kv 43  wv 43  v3  kv 44  wv 44  v4  k xv 433  wxv 433  x3  v3   k w  x v  k w  x v  k w  x  v  0;  xv 434 xv 434 3 4 xv 443 xv 443 4 3 xv 444 xv 444 4 4 k x53  wx53  x3  k x55  wx55  x5  kv 53  wv 53  v3  kv55  wv55  v5  k xv533  wxv533  x3  v3    k xv535  wxv535  x3  v5  k xv553  wxv553  x5  v3  k xv555  wxv 555  x5  v5  0.

Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich, Yartsev Alexey Gennadievich

The fuzzy-neighborhood bilinear system includes model coefficients – wx, wv, wxv, and fuzziness coefficients – kx, kv, kxv, characterizing the connection between the nodes of the system. It is worth noting that the fuzziness coefficients facing the bilinear members kxv, can be either independent of the values of the coefficients facing the linear members kx и kv, or have a certain dependence on them, for example kxv=kx∙kv. This article discusses a fuzzy-neighborhood model where the coefficients kxv are equal to the product of the corresponding fuzziness coefficients facing the linear members. The aim of this work is to conduct identification and mixed control of fuzzy-neighborhood model; comparison of system deviations resulting from identification and mixed control; comparison the results of determining the heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger in the process of mixed control of fuzzy-neighborhood model and the traditional neighborhood model, analyzing the behavior of the fuzziness coefficients in the process of mixed control.

3. IDENTIFICATION OF THE FUZZY-NEIGHBORHOOD MODEL For identification [5], the values of the state and control components were selected corresponding to the nominal operating mode of the plant for maintaining polyol temperature. These values are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Nominal values of state and control components x1, °C x2, tons/day x3, W/(m2∙K) x4, °C x5, °C

40 13.2 71.2 22 5

v1, tons v2, rpm v3, °С v4, tons/day v5, tons/day

22 319 22 11.88 27.5

The identification procedure was carried out in the Mathcad program, where the normalized values of the state and control components [6] and part of the predefined model coefficients [7] were entered. Part of the values of fuzziness coefficients were also set equal to one: kx11 = 1, kx22 = 1, kx33 = 1, kx44 = 1, kx55 = 1; kv11 = 1, kv22 = 1, kv33 = 1, kv44 = 1, kv55 = 1. In the identification process, the values of the model coefficients w and the fuzziness coefficients k are determined. In this case, the fuzziness coefficients can take values in the range from 0 to 1. The choice of the initial approximation value has a great influence on the identification results. The initial approximation for the model coefficients was assumed to be zero. The deviations of the fuzzy-neighborhood model equations and the traditional neighborhood model equations obtained as a result of identification are presented in Table 3. The results of determining the coefficients k for the initial approximation for the fuzziness coefficients from 0.5 to 0.9 are presented in Table 4.

*Corresponding author (A.G. Yartsev). E-mail: yartsev.ag@yandex.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID: 10A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.186

Table 3: Deviations of system equations for fuzzy-neighborhood model with dependent fuzziness coefficients Initial approximation Deviation of the first equation Deviation of the second equation Deviation of the third equation Deviation of the fourth equation Deviation of the fifth equation

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Traditional model

3.03∙10-9

1.32∙10-10

6.83∙10-13

3.05∙10-9

3.81∙10-8

1,44∙10-8

5.72∙10-8

1.23∙10-9

1.81∙10-8

2.36∙10-9

3.62∙10-9

1,17∙10-8

9.61∙10-10

1.32∙10-8

2.26∙10-11

1.8∙10-9

3.22∙10-10

4,44∙10-8

2.93∙10-9

2.09∙10-10

7.39∙10-10

1.31∙10-9

1.79∙10-10

1,11∙10-6

4.78∙10-13

1.14∙10-9

2.19∙10-8

5.2∙10-10

6.1∙10-8

7,13∙10-8

Table 4: Identification results for fuzzy-neighborhood model with dependent fuzziness coefficients Initial approx. kx12 kv12 kx21 kx23 kv21 kv23 kx32 kx34 kx35 kv32 kv34 kv35 kx43 kv43 kx53 kv53

0.5 0.12501 0.25049 0.5001 0.50171 0.50006 0.50006 0.12496 0.24993 0.12492 0.24425 0.12494 0.24972 0.12376 0.24931 0.50057 0.5001

0.6 0.59932 0.59739 0.14879 0.1284 0.14939 0.29511 0.14984 0.2997 0.14965 0.27667 0.14976 0.29885 0.14608 0.2978 0.1503 0.30035

0.7 0.6223 0.43686 0.17488 0.33343 0.17494 0.3495 0.69351 0.69848 0.68579 0.63438 0.69459 0.69676 0.57929 0.68274 0.68302 0.69625

0.8 0.80004 0.80012 0.79854 0.77417 0.79848 0.79848 0.80058 0.80014 0.80128 0.80555 0.80046 0.80027 0.7988 0.7998 0.75744 0.78977

0.9 0.22471 0.43993 0.22478 0.41862 0.22487 0.44894 0.22497 0.44995 0.22494 0.44772 0.22498 0.44989 0.59377 0.84299 0.90054 0.90013

When choosing the optimal initial approximation, one should be guided not only by the minimum value of the system deviations, but also the requirement to get the obtained values of the fuzziness coefficients in the existing production ranges of connections between the nodes of the system. Based on this, the initial approximation equal to 0.8 is optimal for the considered case. In this case, sufficient accuracy of the system is observed – deviations are an order of magnitude lower than the deviations of the traditional neighborhood model, and the obtained fuzziness coefficients satisfy the existing range of connections.

4. MIXED CONTROL OF THE FUZZY-NEIGHBORHOOD MODEL The purpose of mixed control is to determine the heat transfer coefficient at varying values of the polyol consumption and the temperature difference of the heating agent. The procedure of mixed control with variable coefficients [8-10] was applied, where the coefficient q=k∙w was used as a variable. The model coefficients w, found in the identification process remain constant during the mixed control. The change in the coefficient q in the process of mixed control indicates a change in the value of the fuzziness coefficient k, i.e. indicates a change in the quality of the connections between the nodes of the system. The new value of the fuzziness coefficient is defined as:

Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich, Yartsev Alexey Gennadievich

k'

q' w

(1),

where q’ – is the value of the variable coefficient found in the process of mixed control. Mixed control was carried out in the Mathcad program, in which there are restrictions on the number of parameters of the function, so only the coefficients qx and qv were used as variables. The qxv coefficients remained constant, i.e. the product of kx∙kv remained constant. The results of determining the heat transfer coefficient in the process of mixed control of a fuzzy-neighborhood model with dependent fuzziness coefficients are presented in Table 5. The obtained values of the fuzziness coefficients are presented in Table 6. Table 5: The obtained values of the heat transfer coefficient Temperature difference of the heating agent x5, °C 5 10 20

Polyol consumption x2, tons/day 5 10 15 20 25 43.2 57.32 73.13 77.58 81.68 42.51 55.57 73.07 77.58 81.68 40.91 52.03 73.14 77.58 81.68

Table 6: The obtained values of fuzziness coefficients at the the value x5=5°C Fuzziness coefficients kx11 kx12 kv11 kv12 kx21 kx22 kx23 kv21 kv22 kv23 kx32 kx33 kx34 kx35 kv32 kv33 kv34 kv35 kx43 kx44 kv43 kv44 kx53 kx55 kv53 kv55

Polyol consumption x2, tons/day 5 10 15 20 25 0.9899 0.99 1 1 1 0.8056 0.7919 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 0.8025 0.8163 0.7921 0.7921 0.7921 0.7906 0.8064 0.798 0.7994 0.8003 1 1 1 1 1 0.7666 0.7819 0.767 0.7819 0.7819 0.7984 0.7985 0.7979 0.7985 0.7985 1 1 1 1 1 0.7984 0.7985 0.7979 0.7985 0.7985 0.7944 0.7926 0.8006 0.8006 0.8006 1 0.99 1 1 1 0.7955 0.7923 0.8 0.8001 0.8 0.8012 0.7932 0.8013 0.8013 0.8013 0.8037 0.8056 0.7975 0.7975 0.7975 1 1 1 1 1 0.7985 0.8164 0.7963 0.7965 0.7924 0.8083 0.8161 0.7979 0.7984 0.7972 0.7981 0.8068 0.7916 0.7908 0.7908 1 1 1 1 1 0.7979 0.7996 0.7989 0.7996 0.7996 1 1 1 1 1 0.765 0.765 0.7499 0.765 0.765 1 1 1 1 1 0.7898 0.7898 0.7898 0.7898 0.7898 1 1 1 1 1

Identification results 1 0.80004 1 0.80012 0.79854 1 0.77417 0.79848 1 0.79848 0.80058 1 0.80014 0.80128 0.80555 1 0.80046 0.80027 0.7988 1 0.7998 1 0.75744 1 0.78977 1

When analyzing the behavior of the fuzziness coefficients, it should be noted that due to the restriction associated with the constant value of the product kx∙kv, the fuzziness coefficients facing the linear members change slightly and take values close to the value obtained during identification. *Corresponding author (A.G. Yartsev). E-mail: yartsev.ag@yandex.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID: 10A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.186

5. COMPARISON OF RESULTS The results of determining the heat transfer coefficient in the process of mixed control of fuzzy-neighborhood model and the traditional neighborhood model [11] are compared with the results of thermotechnical calculation [12]. The relative deviations of the results of mixed control are presented in Figures 2–4. 2

Relative Deviation, %

0 -2 -4

-6 -8

-10 -12

Fuzzy model

Traditional model

-14

-16 5

10 15 20 Polyol Consumption, tons/day

Figure 2: Relative deviation of the results of mixed cotrols at the value x5=5°C 8

Relative Deviation, %

6 4 2

-2 -4 -6

Fuzzy model

-8

Traditional model

-10

10 15 20 Polyol Consumption, tons/day

Figure 3: Relative deviation of the results of mixed cotrols at the value x5=10°C 21

Relative Deviation, %

18 15 12 9 6

3 0 -3

Fuzzy model

Traditional model

-6 5

10 15 20 Polyol Consumption, tons/day

Figure 4: Relative deviation of the results of mixed cotrols at the value x5=20°C Most values of the heat transfer coefficient found in the process of mixed controls satisfy the

Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich, Yartsev Alexey Gennadievich

error of ±15%, which characterizes the criterial equations for determining the heat transfer coefficient [13]. The values of mean-square deviations obtained during the mixed control are presented in Table 7. Table 7: Values of mean-square deviations x2, tons/day 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

x5, °C 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20

Traditional model 0.32133 0.23505 0.16258 0.63522 1.12057 0.26477 0.19382 0.19507 0.66179 1.14159 0.20926 0.33537 0.27709 0.62237 1.06536

Fuzzy model 0.31171 0.22468 0.15785 0.65035 1.17634 0.25418 0.18566 0.21036 0.70127 1.23139 0.20497 0.31598 0.24146 0.71252 1.22257

The traditional neighborhood model and the fuzzy-neighborhood model show approximately equal results.

6. CONCLUSION In this paper, identification and mixed control of fuzzy-neighborhood model was carried out. The fuzziness coefficient facing the bilinear members is the product of the corresponding coefficients facing the linear members. The deviations obtained in the identification process for fuzzy model are an order of magnitude lower than the deviations for the traditional neighborhood model. Most values of the heat transfer coefficient found in the process of mixed controls correspond to the values obtained in the thermotechnical calculation. The use of mixed control with variable coefficients for neighborhood systems with fuzzy neighborhoods allows enhancing the control effect and improving the accuracy of the model. The fuzziness coefficient characterizes the connection between the nodes of the system, indicating whether the combination of state and control components is permissible. If the fuzziness coefficient takes on a value that is inconsistent with the permissible limit of change determined by the technological instruction, this indicates a possible appearance of risks in the system.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information used and generated from this work is available by contacting the corresponding author.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) according to the research project № 19-48-480007 p_a. *Corresponding author (A.G. Yartsev). E-mail: yartsev.ag@yandex.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID: 10A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.186

9. REFERENCES [1] Blyumin, S.L. and Shmyrin A.M. (2005). Neighborhood systems. Lipetsk: Lipetsk Institute of Ecology and Humanities, 132 p. [2] Shmyrin, A.M. (2011). Neighborhood systems with variable neighborhoods. Bulletin of higher educational institutions of Chernozem region, 2(24), 63-66. [3] Janusz Datta, Paulina Kosiorek, Marcin Wloch. (2017). Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Poly(ether-urethane)s Synthesized Using a Tri-Functional Oxypropylated Glycerol as a Polyol. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 128, 1, 155-167. [4] Beltran, A.A. and Boyaca L.A. (2011). Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Soy-Based Polyols. Latin American Applied Research, 41, 1, 75-80. [5] Blyumin, S.L., Shmyrin A.M., Shmyrina O.A. (2006). Bilinear neighborhood systems. Lipetsk: LSTU, 131 p. [6] Shmyrin, A. M. and Yartsev A.G. (2018). Effect of number of data tuples on results of mixed control of the neighborhood model. 2018 International Russian Automation Conference RusAutoCon, 1-5. [7] Shmyrin, A. M. and Yartsev A.G. (2018). Mixed control of the neighborhood model for the installation of maintaining the optimum temperature of the polyol. Bulletin of the Lipetsk State Technical University, 1(35), 39-44. [8] Shmyrin, A. M. and Yartsev A.G. (2017). Reduction of the Fluctuation Range of Hot-Rolled Strip Coiling Temperature Using Mixed Control with Variable Coefficients. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12, 12, 3174-3176. [9] Shmyrin, A.M. and Yartsev A.G. (2017). Application of mixed control for determining the heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger. International journal of Applied engineering research, 12, 20, 10399-10401. [10] Shmyrin, A.M. and yartsev A.G. (2018). Damping procedure for mixed control with variable coefficients of the neighborhood model. International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), 7, 3.5, 21-23. [11] Shmyrin, A.M. and Yartsev A.G. (2018). Comparison of the results of mixed control of neighborhood models of the installation to maintain the optimum temperature of the polyol. Vestnik VSU, Series: Systems analysis and information technology, 2, 34-43. [12] Shmyrin, A.M., Kramchenkov E.M., Sterligov V.A., Yartsev A.G. (2018). A neighborhood model of a station for maintaining polyol optimum temperature. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 53, 5, 801-806. [13] Romankov, P.G. and Frolov V.F. (1982). Heat transfer processes of chemical technology. L.: Chemistry, 288 p.. Professor Dr.Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich is Head of the Department of Higher Mathematics at Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, Russia. Professor Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich holds a Doctor of Technical Sciences degree. His research encompasses Structural neighborhood modeling, neighborhood structures, mathematical modeling of complex distributed systems; methods of multidimensional optimization and adaptive parametric identification; mathematical theory of optimal control systems. Yartsev Alexey Gennadievich is a graduate student of the Department of Higher Mathematics at Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, Russia.

Shmyrin Anatoly Mikhailovich, Yartsev Alexey Gennadievich

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14I

IMPACTS OF VIDEO GAMING ON AGGRESSION AND COGNITIVE ABILITY OF PAKISTANIS VIDEO GAMERS Kanwal Shahbaz

, Annum Khan b , Faiza Rasul c

Psychology & Education Department, Foundation University Rawalpindi Campus, PAKISTAN Centre for Counseling and Career Advisory, C3A, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), PAKISTAN c National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, PAKISTAN b

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 08 March 2019 Received in revised form 23 July 2019 Accepted 19 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

A video game is an electronic device that employs electronic algorithms to create an interactive engaging system with a human. This study investigated the impact of excessive video gaming on aggression and cognitive ability of video gamers; Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale and Video Game Survey were used to measure aggression, attention span and time span of video gamers respectively. The age of the sample ranged from 11-35 years old. The correlation, regression, t-test and ANOVA analysis were applied. The results of the study indicated that time-span is significantly positively correlated to aggression and negatively to cognitive ability. Timespan as an independent variable predicted 97% variance in aggression and cognitive ability. Video gaming and aggression are found high among males and cognitive ability among females. The study is applicable in careful designing of policy for advanced computerized technology in Universities and the world of work that addresses reduced aggression and increased cognitive ability.

Keywords: Video game player; Cognitive ability; Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire; Emotional disturbances; Male-video-gamers; Female-video-gamers.

1. INTRODUCTION In today’s world, the extensive use of video games is becoming a trend for which it became essential now to study its impact on humans. The human-machine interaction was for the good instead it turned out decaying the health psychologically and physically both. This study is significant because of the relationship between the variables i.e. aggression and cognitive ability and its relationship to extensive time spent on video gaming. Much of the researches have done in western culture and similar to that the young adults are playing these games at homes and out of homes like clubs, gaming zones, etc. The nature of many video-games shows that Video gaming is a way of manipulating minds. They tend to have weak social life affecting their mental health and hence certain precautions and interventions need to be taken for Video gamers to make *Corresponding author (Kanwal Shahbaz). E-mail: non ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.187

their psychological and physical well-being better. Individuals who are not having any physical activity are more aggressive because of less physical activity and exertion. So, this is also happening in people playing video games for more than 2 hours a day because video gaming is being in a room (closed room in most of the cases) playing on electronic devices for pleasure purposes. The user does not roam around and does not let others interrupt in most of the cases, this results in less physical activity and more aggressive behavior (Farah, 2015). Most of the previous research has depicted that people who spent two hours a day in front of screens either TV, computers, cell phones, etc. are shown to have difficulties in concentration. The brain scans have shown that It is because these electronic gadgets produce specific kinds of rays that interfere with the normal neural pathways and contribute to lowering concentration and cognitive ability (Gouveia, 2015; Klein, 2017). The children particularly students who are involved in playing video-games for more than two hours a day are deemed impulsive, they desire to get to the solutions of the problem in hasty. The excessive video gaming aggravates agitation and irritability and less patience. The biological theory of neuro-development explains that the neuronal wiring of such students is different from the students who spend less time playing video games (Evans, Roush, Pitts, and Hornby, 2018).

2. LITERATURE REVIEW The interaction between human and electronic gadgets has gained great importance since the world has termed as “Global Village”. The electronic devices are used from desk workers to pleasurable tasks like video games. The video games have their own autonomous status among other playing devices. Its excessive use includes detrimental outcomes like obesity, brain hemorrhage, low cognitive ability, weak attention span, high impulsivity, high levels of aggression and many of the types of psychological illness yet to be discovered (Desai, Krishnan-Sarin, Cavallo, and Potenza, 2010). Video games also impact the changing levels of stress, aggression, and loneliness among adolescents. It was found that males were more pathological gamers than females. A significant difference in the mean scores of males and females on loneliness and aggression and stress scale was found concluding that pathological video gaming may induce feelings of loneliness in adolescents (Gee, 2003). The effect of violent internet gaming on aggression among males was measured in a longitudinal study that took place in two phases. In phase 1 the effect of violent gaming was studied among the junior and high school males and was found that they were engaged in more aggressive behaviors. The other group showed that the males who played violent video games punished their participants for a longer period of time than others (Williams and Skoric, 2005). The research on violent television exposure has shown that watching violent content may predict aggression among young adults and children, as a result of the meta-analysis. The results also stated that the exposure of the subjects to the aggressive video games increases physiological arousal and aggressive thoughts, emotions, and feelings (Anderson, et al., 2010).

Kanwal Shahbaz, Annum Khan , Faiza Rasul

Another longitudinal and experimental study was conducted in Europe. In this study, the experimental group was allowed to play the game most of the time and the control group was given less time to play video games than the experimental group. It was found that the experimental group was more affected as compared to the control group. The experimental group people had less focus on details than control group the MRI and brain scans also showed that the people who played less time and more physical activities had better brain scans than others (Polman, Castro, and Aken, 2008). In Canada, the work is being done on how cognitive ability is impacted due to pocket electronic devices. The survey included 2000 Canadian participants with ages ranging from 18 and above. The brain activity was studied through brain MRIs and EEGs known as the neurological component, attention component through performance-based tasks. It was found that human has less cognitive ability than a goldfish and males scored better on cognitive ability than females (Jenkins, et al., 2016). Swing and his colleagues conducted research on 13000 school going students to study their cognitive ability in relation to T.V watching and playing video games and less physical activity and it was found that the students shown sever problems to concentration. They had weak attention. Swing also concluded to study the cognitive ability with respect to working and long term memory. The correlates i.e. depression was studied and it was found that students with low cognitive ability showed higher depression levels (Jenkins, et al., 2016). The amount of time involved in playing affects the psychological health of children. To further understand the concept it was found that gaming severity leads pathological gaming that further leads to high impulsivity with preferred smaller timed rewards than larger time. The level of achievement motivation is also affected by undue video gaming (Dossey, 2014). A sample of 3,034 was studied for 1 year for the effect of video gaming on impulsivity and attention-related problems. Controlling the sex, race, ethnicity and socio-economic status, it was found that video gaming is the predictor variable predicting attention problems and impulsivity. It was also found that initial video gaming leads to pathological and violent video gaming (Murphy, 2016). The correlation between video gaming and patience was studied and found negative among the students. It was explored that students playing more video games displayed a poor level of patience than others. The low levels of patience do not explain impulsivity and rather to be studied separately. The less patient students also showed difficulty in having trust in their parents, peers, and siblings (Yienger, 2016). A study was conducted on 1068 Chinese students to study the underlying relation between impulsivity, self-esteem, internet and video game addiction. The correlation among the said variables was positive and multivariate regressions displayed that video game addiction mediates the relationship between self-esteem and impulsivity and it may act as a buffer (Tesoriero, Gallud, Lozano, and Penichet, 2014).

3. CONCEPTUAL MODEL This study conceptual model is given in Figure 1. *Corresponding author (Kanwal Shahbaz). E-mail: non ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.187

Figure 1: Effects of excessive video gaming, on the cognitive ability and aggression of students.

4. METHODOLOGY 4.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY This study was based on a cross-sectional research design. The data was collected through questionnaires from video gamers from different walks of life.

4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN The research was based on the cross-sectional design in which data is collected only one time from the one sample.

4.3 OBJECTIVES The investigation of the impact of video gaming on aggression and cognitive ability of video-gamers. To investigate the impact of a time span as a predictor variable on aggression and cognitive ability as an outcome variable across the gender.

4.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY Timespan and aggression are positively correlated among video-gamers. Timespan and cognitive ability are negatively correlated among video-gamers. Timespan significantly positively predicts aggression among video-gamers. Timespan significantly negatively predicts cognitive ability among video-gamers. Male-video-gamers will score high time spent on playing Video games than females. Male-video gamers will score high on aggression than females video-gamers. Female-video-gamers will score high on cognitive ability than male video gamers.

4.5 SAMPLE In this study, the participants’ age ranged from 11-35 years old which means that participants were adolescents and early adults. The participants were known as the “video gamers” from the Rawalpindi/Islamabad area. The education level included was a secondary school, college, and university (undergraduate students). The selection criteria used for sampling was convenient from all the ethnicity, demographics and backgrounds residing in Pakistan. A total of 260 video-gamers were selected. Most of them were students, few were desk workers. An equal number of male and female video gamers were pooled. 4.5.1 INCLUSIVE AND EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA In this study, only those participants were included who are involved in playing Video games for a longer period of time like more than an hour in a day.

Kanwal Shahbaz, Annum Khan , Faiza Rasul

4.5.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA Participants not involved in playing video games for longer periods on time on a continuum were excluded from the study.

4.6 INSTRUMENTS The following instruments were used in the present study. 4.6.1 VIDEO GAME SURVEY The video game survey was used to measure the time span of the video-gamers. The survey consisted of 38 items measuring the daily routines, work habits and time spent on video gaming of the video-gamer. The video gaming survey was developed in the USA by (Zendle and Cairns, 2018) and the psychometric properties of the survey were established (α=0.88) 4.6.2 BUSS–PERRY AGGRESSION QUESTIONNAIRE (AGQ) Arnold Buss and Mark Perry (1992), developed a 29 item scale measured on a 5-point Likert scale. There is no cut-off score and the highest scores refer to high aggression and vice versa. The instruments were validated by university students. The AGQ has four subscales i.e. physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility (Valizadeh, Davaji, and Nikamal, 2010). 4.6.3 MINDFULNESS ATTENTION AWARENESS SCALE (MAAS) Brown and Ryan (2013) defined mindfulness as an inherent state of consciousness, characterized by the presence of awareness of the surrounding happenings. Brown and Ryan (2013) developed a 15-item uni-dimensional scale titled “Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)” with internal consistency and validity on university students. The responses are gathered on 6 points Likert scale from almost always=1 to almost never=6 (Lawlor, Schonert-Reichl, Gadermann, and Zumbo, 2014).

4.7 PROCEDURE The current research variables were selected due to the higher prevalence rate of video-gaming in our society. Video gaming has a high prevalence rate especially in adolescents, which impacts aggression and cognitive ability primarily when Video gaming time is exceeded more than 2 hours (literature). The Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and Video Game Survey for all the variables were selected. The sample was adolescents studying in schools (English Medium Schools/Educational Institutions) therefore the scales were not translated. The English version of scales with no language ambiguity; was clearly understood by the entire sample. Before starting the main study the permission letter from the ethical committee of the university, was taken to formally ensure the code of ethics in research.

5. RESULTS In the present research, the effect of excessive E-gaming was studied with impulsivity, aggression and attention span. The descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS-XXIII and displayed through tabulation.

*Corresponding author (Kanwal Shahbaz). E-mail: non ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.187

5.1 ANALYSIS PLAN The current study involved the following analysis plan. Alpha reliability of the variables was established The correlation was found between the variables. Regression analysis was done to check the effect of predictor variables on outcome variables.

5.2 INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS RESULT Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis on three scales. All the scales and their subscales show the good reliability that qualifies them to be used in the main study. Table 1: Psychometric properties of the three scales Variables M SD Skewness Kurtosis α VGS 3.59 .57 .10 -.27 .67 MAAS 4.61 .57 .04 -.24 .77 AQ 4.59 .54 .02 -1.13 .72 Note: N=Total number of participants; M=Mean; SD= Standard Deviation; α=Alpha Reliability; VGS= Video Game Survey; MAAS= Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; AQ= Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire

Table 2 shows the item-total correlation of all the scales and its scales i.e. VGS, MAAS and AGQ. The table shows that the time span is negatively correlated attention span and positively correlated with aggression. Table 2: item-total correlation among VGS, MAAS, UPPS-P and their subscales (N=131) Variables VGS MAAS AGQ ANG PH.AG HOS VER.AG VGS -.97** .97** .21* .21* .21* .21 MAAS -.97** -.20* -.20* -.20* -.20 AGQ .18* .18* .18* .18* ANG 1.00** 1.00** 1.00** PH.AG 1.00** 1.00** HOS 1.00** VER.AG Note: VGS=time spent on video gaming; MAAS=Attention Span; AGQ=Aggression Questionnaire; ANG=Anger; PH.AG=Physical Aggression; HOS=Hostility; VER.AG=Verbal Aggression.

Table 3: Linear Regression Analysis on the Effect of TimeSpan spent on Video Gaming on Aggression and Attention Span (N=131) Variables Constant VGT R2 F ∆R2 Constant VGT R2 F ∆R2

B SE β Effect of time span on aggression 1.28 .06 .92 .02 .97 .97 2338.0 .94 Effect of Timespan on Attention Span 1.11 .06 .97 .01 -.97 .97 2744.5 .95

95% CI

[1.14, 1.41] [.88, .96]

[1.11, .68] [.97, .01]

Table 3 shows that the time span as an independent variable has explained 97% variance in aggression and time span negatively predicted the attention span and explained 97% variation in attention span.

Kanwal Shahbaz, Annum Khan , Faiza Rasul

Table 4: The t-test analysis on Video Gaming, Attention Span and Impulsivity (N=131) Variables VGS MAAS AGQ

Males Mean SD 4.06 .25 2.07 .28 5.08 .23

Females Mean SD 2.97 .13 4.01 .24 4.00 .12

Cohen’s d

<0.001 .03 .04

29.1 24.2 32.3

1.01 .96 .97

1.15 1.12 1.11

5.42 4.37 6.02

In Table 4, the statistical analysis shows the significant gender differences that exist for VGS, MAAS, and AGQ with the value of t (t=29.43, 24.47, 32.33) and the effect size Cohen’s d value (5.42, 4.37, 6.02) respectively. On further observations, it can be said that male video-Gamers have high scores on all the scales mentioned above (M=4.06, 5.06, 5.04) respectively as compared to females (M= 2.98, 4.01, 4.00) respectively.

6. DISCUSSION The aim of the present study was to identify the impact of video gaming and time associated with it on aggression and cognitive ability of video-gamers. In the research, Video Game Survey, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (2003) were used to measure time spent in playing video games, aggression and attention span respectively. The video gamers were from adolescent and adulthood group whose age ranged from 11-35 years (Andreassen, et al., 2016; Brunborg, Mentzoni, and Frøyland, 2014; Király, Nagygyörgy, Koronczai, Griffiths, and Demetrovics, 2015). The sample of the study included 260 participants. The data were screened for normality through SPSS. The objective devised for the study was to study the impact of video gaming on aggression and cognitive ability of video-gamers. To measure aggression and cognitive ability, the inter-item correlation analysis was conducted among the variables and their subscales. The results showed that time span and aggression are positively correlated while time span and cognitive ability are negatively correlated among video-gamers (Farmer, et al., 2017; Mayes et al., 2015). The linear regression showed the effect of time span on aggression and cognitive ability. The results showed that the time span as an independent variable explained 97% variance in aggression and cognitive ability. The evolutionary theory explains the behavior through the increased technological developments that enable the students to spend most of the time on the electronic gadgets and hence the student prefers sitting and playing in the same place instead of moving. Therefore, the increasing students’ time of inactivity (Peltzer and Pengpid, 2016; Pengpid, et al., 2015). The impact of time span on aggression and cognitive ability was studied across the gender and t-test was applied. It was found that males spend more time playing video games as compared to females; and which is why males score high on aggression, and low on cognitive ability. Whereas, females spend less time playing video games and found to have the high cognitive ability and low aggression. The gender is explained through the biological theory that explains that men and women are biologically active in their own way. Particularly, in Pakistani culture, men are more exposed to video games than females which is why men showed more time of play than women (Caetano, Schafer, and Cunradi, 2017; Kuehner, 2017). *Corresponding author (Kanwal Shahbaz). E-mail: non ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.187

7. CONCLUSION In light of the research findings, video-Gamers with excessive video gaming have a higher level of aggression and lower cognitive ability and found high among males than females. The time spent in playing video games highly impacts the aggression and cognitive ability (Dakanalis, et al., 2015). Therefore, if video gaming is played with appropriate time and under firm supervision, this may help to control aggression and improve the cognitive ability of video-gamers.

8. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL This study information is available upon requesting to the corresponding author.

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A special thanks to the Dean Arts and Humanities, FURC Prof. Dr. Raja Nasim Akhtar, Head of Department/Director Counseling Cell, Brig. Dr. Tanvir Akhtar (SI)M, and Ms. Kanwal Shahbaz, Lecturer, Psychology and Education Department, FURC. The participants of the research are duly acknowledged for filling the questionnaire forms.

10. REFERENCES Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., . . . Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151. Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., and Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252. Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., and Frøyland, L. R. (2014). Is video gaming, or video game addiction, associated with depression, academic achievement, heavy episodic drinking, or conduct problems? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 27-32. Caetano, R., Schafer, J., and Cunradi, C. B. (2017). Alcohol-related intimate partner violence among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Domestic Violence: The Five Big Questions, 3(20, 99-108. Dakanalis, A., Zanetti, A. M., Riva, G., Colmegna, F., Volpato, C., Madeddu, F., and Clerici, M. (2015). Male body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: Moderating variables among men. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 80-90. Desai, R. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Cavallo, D., and Potenza, M. N. (2010). Video-gaming among high school students: health correlates, gender differences, and problematic gaming. Pediatrics, peds. 2009-2706. Dossey, L. (2014). FOMO, digital dementia, and our dangerous experiment. Journal of Science and Healing, 10(2), 69-73. Evans, B. A., Roush, J., Pitts, J. D., and Hornby, A. (2018). Evidence of Skill and Strategy in Daily Fantasy Basketball. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1-15. Farah, M. J. (2015). The unknowns of cognitive enhancement. Science, 350(6259), 379-380.

Kanwal Shahbaz, Annum Khan , Faiza Rasul

Farmer, C. A., Epstein, J. N., Findling, R. L., Gadow, K. D., Arnold, L. E., Kipp, H., Bukstein, O. G. (2017). Risperidone added to psychostimulant in children with severe aggression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: lack of effect on attention and short-term memory. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27(2), 117-124. Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Computers in Entertainment, 1(1), 20-20. Gouveia, P. (2015). Serious gaming: how gamers are solving real-world problems: Artech. Jenkins, A., Eslambolchilar, P., Lindsay, S., Hare, M., Thornton, I. M., and Tales, A. (2016). Attitudes towards Attention and Aging: What Differences between Younger and Older Adults Tell Us about Mobile Technology Design. Journal of Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, 8(2), 47-68. Király, O., Nagygyörgy, K., Koronczai, B., Griffiths, M. D., and Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Assessment of problematic internet use and online video gaming. Mental health in the digital age: Grave Dangers, Great Promise, 46-68. Klein, M. (2017). The origins of transference The Analytic Situation (pp. 13-22): Routledge. Kuehner, C. (2017). Why is depression more common among women than among men? The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 146-158. Lawlor, M. S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Gadermann, A. M., and Zumbo, B. D. (2014). A validation study of the mindful attention awareness scale adapted for children. Mindfulness, 5(6), 730-741. Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Baweja, R., Feldman, L., Syed, E., Gorman, A. A., Bello, A. (2015). Suicide ideation and attempts are associated with co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder and sadness in children and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(2), 274-282. Murphy, K. (2016). Is technology affecting our health? Nursing made Incredibly Easy, 14(4), 44-52. Peltzer, K., and Pengpid, S. (2016). Leisure-time physical inactivity and sedentary behavior and lifestyle correlate among students aged 13–15 in the association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states, 2007–2013. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2), 217. Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K., Kassean, H. K., Tsala, J. P. T., Sychareun, V., and Müller-Riemenschneider, F. (2015). Physical inactivity and associated factors among university students in 23 low-, middle-and high-income countries. International Journal of Public Health, 60(5), 539-549. Polman, H., De Castro, B. O., and van Aken, M. A. (2008). Experimental study of the differential effects of playing versus watching violent video games on children's aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 34(3), 256-264. Tesoriero, R., Gallud, J. A., Lozano, M., and Penichet, V. M. R. (2014). Enhancing visitors’ experience in art museums using mobile technologies. Information Systems Frontiers, 16(2), 303-327. Valizadeh, S., Davaji, R. B. O., and Nikamal, M. (2010). The effectiveness of anger management skills training on the reduction of aggression in adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1195-1199. Williams, D., and Skoric, M. (2005). Internet fantasy violence: A test of aggression in an online game. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 217-233. *Corresponding author (Kanwal Shahbaz). E-mail: non ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.187

Yienger, M. E. (2016). Too much tech harms reading retention in young children. Inquiries Journal, 8(03). Zendle, D., and Cairns, P. (2018). Video game loot boxes are linked to problem gambling: Results of a large-scale survey. PloS one, 13(11). Kanwal Shahbaz is a Lecturer at the Psychology & Education Department, Foundation University Rawalpindi Campus, Pakistan. She is also a Career Counsellor, Psychologist, and an Emerging Educationist. She has received her MS from C3A-NUST. She has also received a Diploma in Cognitive Behavior Therapy from Mills Psychology Canada. Kanwal implies pragmatic research approach with keen interest in Cultural Dynamics and Longitudinal Studies. Her research interests include Behavioral Neuroscience; Infertility; Career sensitization; Endocrinology and Neuropsychology. Annum Khan is a professional psychologist and well-trained therapist working at C3A NUST. She is a qualified Clinical Psychologist and a PhD scholar at International Islamic University, Islamabad, specializing in developing an intervention for children with Autism. She is a certified NLP from National Federation for Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NFNLP), Hypnotherapy from National Guild of Hypnotists (NGH), USA. Her training includes Focusing, Eye Movement Desensitization, and Reprocessing (EMDR), Psychological First Aid, Mindfulness & Reikhi, CBT, Gestalt, Family, Narrative Exposure therapy, Eidetic therapy and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Faiza Rasul is a PhD scholar at the National Institute of Psychology, Pakistan. Her research interests include Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

Kanwal Shahbaz, Annum Khan , Faiza Rasul

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14J

A NEW EXPRESS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL STATE OF POULTRY MEAT a*

Anton Tokarev , Veronika Lashkova , Diana Orlova , Tamara a a Kalyuzhnaya and Alexander Drozd a

Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 16 April 2019 Received in revised form 15 June 2019 Accepted 09 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

The purpose of this study was to study the rapid method for identifying chilled and defrosted poultry meat. The essence of the express method is to study the basic structural elements of muscle fiber in native meat preparations, crushed between thin glass slices of the compressorium and stained with a mixture of dyes, which allows you to get results in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. From this research result using a simple express method, it is possible to reliably determine whether the meat was frozen. Thus, as a result of the study, it was found that this methodology is effective and has several advantages: quick lead times, low costs, the ability to conduct research not only in laboratories but also in places where products are sold.

Keywords:

Thawed poultry meat; Meat adulteration; Muscle fibers; Defrosted poultry meat; Express inspection method.

1. INTRODUCTION Currently, worldwide production and consumption of poultry products have increased, as a result of which there are growing demands on their quality. One of the main factors of intensive development of the industry is: high profitability, lowest costs compared to other livestock industries, fast production cycle, high nutritional value of poultry products (Balykina, et al, 2018). Chicken meat is rich in easily digestible protein, essential amino acids, lipids, minerals, vitamins, which are essential for the proper functioning and health of the body. The production of meat products that meet the requirements of safety and good quality is one of the priority tasks, both in the food markets and in the distribution network. Poultry meat is a perishable product, which determines the possibility of various kinds of falsifications. Most of the falsifications are associated with hiding poor quality, species, the substitution of chilled poultry for previously frozen (defrosted) meat, which increases the need for more stringent control and finding *Corresponding author (Anton Tokarev) Tel: +7-918-888-8899. E-mail: scopush@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14J http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.188

quick research methods. The criteria for the authenticity of meat and meat products are laid down in the relevant standards containing the rules and research methods necessary to assess the conformity of products and fulfill safety requirements. However, the existing methods of quality control of meat raw materials are laborious, lengthy and require the use of expensive equipment, which complicates the control system (Donkova, 2018). One of the methods for assessing the quality of poultry meat is the method of histological examination, regulated by GOST 31931 - 2012 "Poultry meat. Methods of histological and microscopic analysis. "Using this technique, it is possible to assess the state of the structure and composition of muscle tissue, the degree of freshness, changes occurring in individual areas of the meat sample under study. The duration of the study is about 20 days, which is unacceptable, given the short shelf life of chilled poultry. There is a need for quick results and simplification of methods (Dilekova, et al, 2017). The purpose of this study was to study the rapid method for identifying chilled and defrosted poultry meat. This technique was first tested by Orlova (2019) with co-authors on the following types of meat: beef, lamb, pork, and meat of commercial animals (moose, wild boar, bear, and nutria). The essence of the express method is to study the basic structural elements of muscle fiber in native meat preparations, squeezed between the glasses of the compressorium into thin sections and stained with a mixture of dyes, which allows you to get results in the shortest time and at the lowest cost (Zakharov, et al, 2013).

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD Before starting the tests, a mixture was prepared for staining muscle sections, consisting of three solutions: 1% alcohol solution of methylene blue (solution 1); 1% alcohol solution of eosin (solution 2); an aqueous solution of methylene blue with sodium tetraborate, aged for 30 days (solution 3). Equal volumes of solutions 1 and 2 (13 drops each) and 7 drops of solution 3 were mixed, after which 60 ml of distilled water was added. The mixture was prepared immediately before staining the sections. For the manufacture of the muscle section, we used a sample of chilled 15–20gram chicken. The sample was fixed with tweezers and thin sections were made of 2-3 mm thick and 8-10 mm long curved eye scissors along the muscle fibers. The obtained sections in the amount of 10-12 pieces are laid out on the bottom glass of the compressorium so that the distance between them is at least 1 cm, crushed between the glasses and fixed with screws. Using a dissecting needle, the obtained sections were extracted and placed in a porcelain cup, where they were stained with a prepared mixture of solutions according to GOST 31931-2012. They were left for 20-30 minutes and then washed with water. After staining, sections were again placed between the glasses of the compressorium, if necessary, 1-2 drops of a 50% aqueous solution of glycerol were applied to them and microscopic under a magnification of the eyepiece - 10, objective - 8, light microscope, assessing the structure of muscle tissue in Figure 1.

Anton Tokarev, Veronika Lashkova, Diana Orlova, Tamara Kalyuzhnaya and Alexander Drozd

Figure 1: Prepared muscle sections. At the same time, attention is paid to the location and integrity of muscle fibers, the state of nuclear compounds, which have not only peripheral but also central location (Khvilya, et al, 2012.). At the initial stage, this study tests twenty samples of chilled chickens. Next, each sample was exposed after 48 hours, defragmented at temperature, and thawed meat was examined by the above method (Balykina, et al, 2018).

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The sections we painted, prepared using the express technique, allow us to establish the basic structural elements of muscle tissue. In the preparations, the striated muscle tissue is clearly visible. The cytoplasm is stained in pale blue, and the nuclei of muscle fibers that are stained in dark blue are also visible in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Striated muscle tissue in native preparations of chilled poultry meat. Basic structural changes allow us to differentiate chilled poultry from thawed meat. When studying the structure of chilled poultry, we found that muscle fibers are densely, unidirectionally with respect to each other, the structure of the tissue is preserved. The nuclei in the fibers are located mainly in the center, small, visible weakly and only with the appropriate focusing of the microscope objective. The endings of muscle fibers are clear, prismatic in shape in Figure 3.

*Corresponding author (Anton Tokarev) Tel: +7-918-888-8899. E-mail: scopush@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14J http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.188

Figure 3: Ends of muscle fibers in native preparations of chilled poultry meat. In a number of cases, the meat subjected to freezing and subsequent thawing retains defects in the structure of muscle tissue, which can be established by microstructural examination. This is due to the formation of ice crystals during the freezing process, which leads to destruction of the sarcolemma, muscle fibers (Orlova, et al, 2019.). When examining the structure of defrosted poultry meat, we found that some sections of the muscle fiber have the appearance of tearing. Nuclei are not rendered. The ends of muscle fibers are swollen, rounded at both ends in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Ends of muscle fibers in native preparations from defrosted poultry meat.

4. CONCLUSION Recently, cases of the sale of thawed meat under the guise of chilled meat have become more frequent. The sale of such meat is prohibited, and such products are used only for processing in an industrial environment. However, unscrupulous sellers continue to violate these requirements. It is possible to prove falsification by the histological method, but despite a number of advantages of this method, it has a number of disadvantages: duration, availability of qualified personnel, laboriousness, expensive equipment. As can be seen from the research results using a simple express method, it is possible to reliably determine whether the meat was frozen. Thus, as a result of the study, it was found that this methodology is effective and has several advantages: quick lead times, low costs, the ability to conduct research not only in laboratories but also in places where products are sold.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information relevant to this study is already presented in this article.

Anton Tokarev, Veronika Lashkova, Diana Orlova, Tamara Kalyuzhnaya and Alexander Drozd

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Agreement on the provision of subsidies from the federal budget to the federal state budgetary institution for financial support of the fulfillment of the state task for the provision of public services (performance of work) dated January 23, 2019 No. 082-03-2019-337.

7. REFERENCES GOST. (2012). GOST 31931-2012 “Poultry meat. Methods of histological and microscopic analysis. See also URL http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200103771. Donkova, N.V., 2018. Safety assessment of broiler chicken meat based on the microstructural analysis. Bulletin of the KrasGAU. 2, 32–40. Dilekova, O.V., Dudko D.A., Dyachenko Yu.V., Lutsuk S.N., 2017. Histological examination of poultry meat selected in the trading network of the city of Stavropol. Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of Stavropol. 4(28), 21–26. Zakharov, A.N., Sus E.B., 2013. Assessment of the thermal state of meat by electrical conductivity. All about meat. 4, 26–27. Orlova, D.A., Kalyuzhnaya T.V., Drozd A.V., 2019. Evaluation of micro-pictures of native preparations of muscle tissue during veterinary and sanitary examination of meat. Int J Vet Med. 2, 62–66. Khvilya, S.I., Pchelkina V.A., Burlakova S.S., 2012. Application of histological analysis in the study of meat raw materials and finished products. Technique and technology of food production. 3, 1–6. Balykina, A.B., Nikonov I.N., Karpenko L.Yu., Bakhta A.A., Kuznetsov Yu.E., 2018. The influence of the animal feed components and biologically active substances into the intestinal microbiota state of the bird. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 9(6), 1876–1880. Balykina, A.B., Nikonov I.N., Karpenko L.Yu., Bakhta A.A., Kuznetsov Yu.E., 2018. The composition and role of the microbiota of chickens gastrointestinal tract. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 9(6), 1881–1885. Orlova, D.A., Kalyuzhnaya T.V., Tokarev A.N., Smirnov A.V., Smolkina A.S., 2019. Morphological features of the meat of various species of animals in assessing the thermal state. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6, 11756–11760. Dr.Anton Tokarev is Head and Associate Professor at the Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise of St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Russia. He holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences degree. His scientific interests are the Spread and Diagnosis of Invasive Animal Diseases, Determining the Pharmaco-Toxicological Properties of Drugs, Establishing the Timing of Drug Withdrawal and Studying their Residual Quantities in Products of Animal Origin. Veronika Lashkova a graduate student at the Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. Her scientific interests are the Spread and Diagnosis of Invasive Poultry Diseases, determining the Pharmaco-Toxicological Properties of Drugs, Establishing the timing of Drug Withdrawal and Studying their Residual Quantities in Products of Animal Origin. Orlova Diana is an Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her scientific interests are issues of Assessing the Quality, Safety and Naturalness of Animal and Vegetable Products, Methods for Determining their Falsification, the use of Food Additives in the Food Industry that have a Beneficial Effect on Human Health. Kalyuzhnaya Tamara is an Assistant Professor at Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. Her scientific interest is Assessment the Quality and Safety of Food Products.

Dr.Alexander Drozd is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Epizootology, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. He holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences degree. His scientific interests are issues of Assessing the Quality, Safety and Naturalness of Animal and Vegetable Products, Methods for Determining their Falsification, the Use of Food Additives in the Food Industry that have a Beneficial Effect on Human Health.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14K

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF SHAPING CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOTS Elena Valeryevna Antipina a

, Konstantin Sergeevich Ivshin a

Department of Design, Udmurt State University, RUSSIA

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 08 March 2019 Received in revised form 23 July 2019 Accepted 19 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

This article discusses the shaping factors in the design of personal service robots. This study develops a classification system of shaping characteristics of personal service robots based on the system of shaping factors of entire design solutions. The systematization of functional, structural, technological, aesthetic, economic factors affecting the shaping of personal service robotics makes possible the selection of the main shaping characteristics and the development of a classifier to create a system for analyzing and scientific description of personal service robots. Relying on classical approaches to the design of a product, the characteristic "Form" uses the properties of the composition of three-dimensional objects related to geometry, volume, and visualization. The structural aspect interrelates structure, configuration, mechanics engineering, electronic engineering and software engineering. The materials aspect involves type, colour, texture, and facture of the materials. The technology aspect refers to functional regarding the production of the service robot products.

Keywords: Robot engineering; Robotic design; Classification system for service robots; Robot design criteria; Robot characteristic design.

1. INTRODUCTION The development of technologies in the field of robotics engineering and the parallel expansion of the range of tasks in human life requires competent integration of robots into the social sphere by means of design to create a well-rounded artistic image and cultural interface of robots [1]. The engineering aspect is the basis in the design of robotics, issues related to artistic design are solved as a rule in practice and do not always have an intelligent theoretical foundation in the synthesis with engineering [2], [3]. Modern culture sets the role of a designed project through design, which influences people's attitudes through the visual image building of an object and its surrounding environment. The design of the robot or its cultural interface from this fact is an important communication vehicle through which human-machine interaction is established. *Corresponding author (Elena V. Antipina). E-mail: ivshic@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.189

The purpose of this work is to support the relevance of the study of personal service robotics as well as in an attempt to create a classification system of shaping characteristics of this type that can be used in the development of modern design solutions. A significant variety of fields of applications, characteristics, structures, shapes of robotics leads to the fact that for a specialist first faced the task of designing robots is rather difficult to determine the most relevant types with a strong artistic statement of their cultural interface. To establish the type of robotics that requires more sensitivity to artistic design it is necessary to focus on the classification of robots based on various characteristics and to identify their main technical characteristics.

Figure 1: The main standards for robotics of the International Organization for Standardization

Elena Valeryevna Antipina, Konstantin Sergeevich Ivshin

2. ISO STANDARD FOR ROBOTS International standards ISO is a generally accepted evaluation system, which today is used as a reference basis for standardization. The ISO / TC 299 Committee for Robotics of the International Organization for Standardization identifies certain groups of standards in the field of robotics, which should be guided by manufacturers and consumers (Figure 1) [4]. According to the international standard ISO 8373: 2012 “Robots and robotic devices. Terms and definitions” the term “robot” means “a drive mechanism programmed in two or more axes, having a certain degree of autonomy, moving inside its operating environment and performing tasks for its intended purpose”, which includes the control system and control interface [5]. The international standard ISO 8373: 2012 “Robots and robotic devices, terms and definitions” divide robots into industrial and service in accordance with their intended use and defines these terms [5].

3. CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICE ROBOTS 3.1 INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS VS SERVICE ROBOTS “Industrial robot” is “an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmed in three or more axes. It can either be fixed in a correct location or it can have transport possibility to perform industrial automation tasks” [5]. The definition of “a robot that performs useful work for people and equipment, excluding industrial automation tasks” corresponds to the term “service robot” [5]. The relationship of the field of application, functions, and visual image and user requirements for the characteristics of the robot is the basis of its cultural interface. Getting the balance between the functional and social roles that the robot has underlain its competent design. As a result, service robotics is involved more in the social sphere, requires a special approach in designing its artistic aspect.

3.2 PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOTICS The international standard ISO 8373: 2012 and the data of the International Federation of Robotics divide service robotics depending on their field of application into personal service robots and professional service robots (Figure 2) [5], [6]. According to ISO 8373: 2012, a “professional service robot” is “a service robot used for commercial work”. A “personal service robot” is “a service robot for personal use”, i.e. a robot used for non-professional non-commercial work [5]. Robots as a connecting link between people and modern technologies can serve to enhance the social interaction of a person with high-tech devices [7], which allows increasing the proportion of robots for personal use [8]. Accordingly, the cultural interface of personal service robotics has to meet the value settings and requirements related to the aesthetic expressiveness of the object.

*Corresponding author (Elena V. Antipina). E-mail: ivshic@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.189

Figure 2: Classification of service robots by fields of application

Figure 3: Shaping factors of personal service robotics.

4. SHAPING FACTORS There are quite a number of factors affecting the process of shaping. Figure 3 shows the main factors influencing the process of shaping the appearance of personal service robots [9].

4.1 SHAPING FACTORS ANALYSIS The foundation for the analysis and identification of characteristics that affect the process of creating the morphology of service personal robots is based on the application of this classification of shaping factors [10]. Modern methods of mathematical statistics make it possible to process any information retrieval.

Elena Valeryevna Antipina, Konstantin Sergeevich Ivshin

Cluster and factor analyzes are meant to classify variables into homogeneous groups (segments, clusters) [11], which makes it possible to isolate the necessary shaping characteristics and break them into types. 4.1.1 FACTOR ANALYSIS Factor analysis is carried out in order to identify latent characters (factors) among the group and is made on the basis of the analysis of factors affecting the process of shaping of personal service robotics (Figure 3) [12]. In the process of factor analysis of the shaping factors that influence the design of robotics, four main groups are distinguished, which characterize the existing objects according to the main features: o

1. Analysis of geometry and modeling of the object's body;

2. Modeling of the structure parameters of the object;

3. Analysis of the characteristics of the elements of the object;

4. Standardization and unification of the object [12].

4.1.2 CLUSTER ANALYSIS Cluster analysis is used to build classifications on a functional basis. This analysis makes it possible to determine the size of clusters containing characters of typical objects with a known number of clusters. In accordance with the characters, clusters are given the names of shaping characteristics such as “Form”, “Structure”, “Material” and “Technology”. Certain types of characteristics relevant to each of the selected clusters are identified subsequent to the results of cluster analysis, [12]. Conducted factor and cluster analyzes allow not only to identify the main shaping characteristics but to classify them to create a complete description of the morphology of the designed project, which makes it possible to build a classification system of shaping characteristics of personal service robotics.

4.2 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF SHAPING CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOTS The classification system is made in the form of a pie chart (Figure 4), divided into sectors, the size of which is proportional to the values of the shaping characteristics "Form", "Structure", "Material", "Technology". In the sectors, there are presented values of types. Each characteristic has its own set of revealing types. Their various combination allows achieving the variability of the forms of existing and developed personal service robotics objects [13]. All parameters are united by the general form-building characteristic “Style”, as the main aesthetic aspect in the design of personal service robotics. 4.2.1 FORM ASPECT OF SERVICE ROBOTS Characteristic "Form" contains three types – the type of geometry, volume, and visualization of the form. This division grows up from the visual perception of forms based on the typical volume properties used in composition. *Corresponding author (Elena V. Antipina). E-mail: ivshic@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.189

Figure 4 – the Classification system of shaping characteristics of personal service robots 4.2.1.1 Geometric characters of service robots The typing of forms according to the geometric character is based on the approach to the organization of the forms of objects of the organic and inorganic world [14]. The foundation of this approach is the analysis of the history of material culture, which assumes that the styles of shaping depend on the types of geometry of objects that form well-rounded images with distinctive, characteristic only for the features [15]. 4.2.1.2 Aesthetic aspects of service robots The factor of visualization of the form in the aesthetic respect reflects the properties of the form as an independent unit and part of the object and three-dimensional environment. For robotics, where functional processes are quite complex and multifaceted, the choice of the main theme in search of the form profile, identification the most essential features and disclosure the main function of the object is the most difficult and essential point in the process of creating an expressive form. The visualization of the form of the robot includes such components as a visual image (sign) and its value (meaning), which generate an emotional response and aesthetic evaluation in the process of perception as a marker of expediency [16]. Each form corresponds to certain most characteristic images-signs and the inherent in the very nature socio-cultural semantic meaning.

Elena Valeryevna Antipina, Konstantin Sergeevich Ivshin

4.2.2 STRUCTURE ASPECT OF SERVICE ROBOTS Characteristics "Structure" is divided into five types - structure, configuration, mechanics engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. The most advanced classification of the structure was proposed by a group of Moscow researchers, who lay the foundation for it primarily the typical differences of structures in the relationship between their elements – the manner of aggregation, the mode of interaction and the method of connecting, manner of fastening units, assembly units and parts [17]. Therefore, it can be distinguished groups corresponding to these typical configurations in the structure of the robot. The manner of mutual aggregation of the elements of the structure allows for the conclusion about their configuration [18]. In addition, the structure of the robot consists of information, control, and executive systems. The information system (electronics) collects data about the state of the environment. The control system (programming) creates control algorithms for operating devices using the data collected by the information system and the programs that process it. The executive system (kinematics) implements control signals [19]. 4.2.3 MATERIAL ASPECT OF SERVICE ROBOTS Characteristic "Material" contains four types - the type, colour, texture, and facture of the material. From the point of view of the functional purpose and the field of application of the robots, it is necessary to know the type of the material used, since the capability of the robot with the basic technical requirements depends on their choice [20]. The colour, texture, and facture of the material are equally important from the aesthetic point of view. The effect of texture and facture is primarily used to highlight the natural qualities of the material, to reveal its aesthetic identity. The texture and facture of the surfaces should be selected with due regard to the size of the designed project and the volume of the space which it will function in. Colour can also be used as an active tool of composition. The form is perceived clearly if the flecks and shadows on its surface match to the real compositional interconnection of elements, parts of the object. The lack of shadows (shadowless lighting) deprives a rounded shape of volume, therefore, if the lighting conditions of the object will be only the same, the shape should be changed or corrected by attracting such tools as colour, surface facture, etc. [17]. 4.2.4 RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY OF SERVICE ROBOTS Characteristic "Technology" is divided into three types - production process of workpieces, roughing and finishing parts. A correct choice of the production technology of the object allows achieving the required geometry of the forms, well-balanced configuration breakdown, high quality of the surface and structure of the finished part, increasing the reliability and durability of the service life. The choice of production technology in today's market directly depends on the project budget and technological capabilities of manufacturers. Production of workpieces is an integral initial phase of any production, forming the first technological degree of processing. Workpieces are made in such a way that their shape and size most closely match the parameters of the finished object [21]. The process is divided into roughing and finishing for high accuracy and grade of finish. The possibility of separating the process into roughing and finishing provides conditions for attaining high accuracy of the workpiece in one cycle without any additional techniques and operations and also *Corresponding author (Elena V. Antipina). E-mail: ivshic@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.189

allows to allocate less precise equipment for the roughing process and to keep the equipment entrained in precision process [20]. The characteristic “Style” is the component that assembles the elements of the designed project into a unique visual image, allowing speaking to the fact that the object as a finished design product. The definition of “art form” is applicable to the design product, if it is referred to as such an art and compositional solution, which is made under the influence of cultural patterns, style trends and on the basis of creative consideration of certain laws of compositional harmony. In this sense, the form is not determined rigidly by structure and function, does not blindly follow them, but has considerable autonomy and is a source of aesthetic perception [22]. Most of the objects of robotics define their shapes through the influence of production factors that are connected with the general level of technology, design techniques inherent to this era, materials available to production and its technological capabilities. The modern sphere of industrial production serves as a ground for the formation of style, feeding art with its ideas. However, a reverse process is also possible: art has been and will be the source of style for technology [18].

5. CONCLUSION The conducted analytical review of various sources suggests to delineate the boundaries of the field of study and make a conclusion about the possible consideration of personal service robotics as an object of design. This work develops the classification system of shaping characteristics of personal service robots. The systematization of functional, structural, technological, aesthetic, economic factors affecting the shaping of personal service robotics makes possible the selection of the main shaping characteristics and the development of a classifier to create a system for analyzing and scientific description of personal service robots. Each of the considered characteristics contributes to the development of the morphology of robotics, relying on classical approaches to the design of a product. Thus, the characteristic "Form" uses the properties of the composition of three-dimensional objects, "Structure" - typical configurations of industrial objects and interrelations of their elements, "Material" and "Technology" - functional approaches to the production of a one-off and small-quantity product.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL This study information is already available in this article.

7. REFERENCES [1] Manovich Lev. The Language of New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. P. 400. [2] Khaminova A.A., Simonova E.R. Aesthetics in the design of social robots // Humanitarian Informatics, 2014. № 8. P. 84-92. [3] Breazeal C. Designing sociable robots. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. P. 282. [4] The official website of the International Organization for Standardization [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.iso.org/ru/committee/5915511/x/catalogue/p/1/u/1/w/0/d/0 (Access date: 03/01/2019). [5] ISO 8373: 2012. Robots and robotic devices. Vocabulary. Publishing date: 2012-03. P. 38. [6] The official website of the International Federation of Robotics [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://ifr.org/ (Access date: 03/01/2019).

Elena Valeryevna Antipina, Konstantin Sergeevich Ivshin

[7] Hegel F. et al. Understanding social robots: A User Study on Anthropomorphism // Advances in Computer-Human Interactions. 2009. ACHI'09. Second International Conferences on. IEEE. 2009. P. 169–174. [8] Young J.E. et al. Evaluating human-robot interaction // International Journal of Social Robotics. 2011. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 53–67. [9] Breazeal C. Social interactions in HRI: the robot view // Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on. 2004. Vol. 34, No. 2. P. 181–186. [10] Antipina E.V. The role of factors in the development of the classification system of shaping characteristics of personal service robotics / Technology of art of material work: XXI Russian Conference and Review Competition of creative works of students, masters and graduate students / IzhSTU n.a. M.T. Kalashnikov. Izhevsk, 2018. P.100-104. [11] Sheshukova T.G., Butorina M.L. Multidimensional analysis: theory and practice // Economic analysis: theory and practice. 2016. №.18 (75). P. 8-13. [12] Lepeshkin I.A., Matersheva E.V. Determination of the influence of the shaping factors on the design of conceptual objects in transport design and the algorithm of the end-to-end design // Izvestia MGTU "MAMI". 2013. №.2 (16). P. 285-292. [13] Lepeshkin I.A. Classifier of design developments in the field of transport design // News MSTU "MAMI". 2011. №.1 (11). P. 59-67. [14] Mirimanov V.B. Image and style: The specifics of the postmodern. The style of 1950–1990. M.: Russian state liberal university Press, 1998. 80 pp. [15] Kukhta M.S. Design and technology. Tomsk: STT, 2016. 170 pp. [16] Ponomarev V.A. Architectural tectonics // Dynamics research. 2008. IV International Conference. Sofia, 2008. P. 65-69. [17] Neshumov B. V., et al. Art Design. Moscow: Education Press, 1979. 175 pp. [18] Somov Y.S. Composition in technology. M.: Mechanical Engineering Press, 1987. 288 pp. [19] Antipina E.V., Ivshin K.S. Ergonomic components of the design of robotics. technology. 2018. №. 63 (105). P.6-13.

Design and

[20] Yarushin S.G. Technological processes in mechanical engineering. M.: Yurayt Press, 2019. 564 pp. [21] Pegashkin V.F. Methods of half-finished product preparing of machine parts. Nizhny Tagil: NTI of UrFU, 2016. 81 pp. [22] Novikov N.V. Academic design. SPb.: Rose of the World Press. 1998. 56 pp. Elena Valeryevna Antipina is a senior teacher of the Department of Design, Institute of Art and Design (IIAD), Udmurt State University, RUSSIA. She holds a Master of Design degree. She is interested in Interior Design, Showcase, Subject design, and Applied Art.

Professor Dr.Konstantin Sergeevich Ivshin is Head and Professor of the Department of Design, Institute of Art and Design (IIAD), Udmurt State University, RUSSIA. He received his Doctor of Technical Sciences degree. His research is related to Modern Car Design, Design Culture, Visual Language in Design, Design Modeling of design objects, Semiotic Modeling, Conceptualization of a Design Product, Communicative design, Industrial Design, Interior design.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14L

GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS QUALITY, AND ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF JAPANESE QUAILS FED WITH POMEGRANATE PEEL POWDER a

Kareem Maulud Hamad , Karwan Yaseen Kareem a b

Animal Resource Department, Raparin University, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ – RANYIA. Animal Resource Department. College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ –ERBIL.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 08 July 2019 Received in revised form 12 August 2019 Accepted 19 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

Carcass quality and product performance are major determinants of profitability and sustainability of any poultry enterprise. This study was undertaken on Japanese quails to evaluate the possibility of the effect of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) on growth performance, carcass quality, sensory evaluation, and economic return. A total of ninety-day old Japanese quail were randomly and equally assigned to three treatments (n=30). The results showed that birds fed 1% and 1.5% PPP had higher (P˂0.05) dressing, liver and heart percentage than control group. The birds fed with 1% PPP had the highest revenue and net return and also gave the least cost-benefit ratio. Results indicate that the addition of PPP had beneficial effect on carcass quality, health of bird and economical return.

Keywords: Quail carcass quality; Quail birds; Economic return; Sensory evaluation; Japanese bird; Bird food.

1. INTRODUCTION The global increasing human population puts great pressure on arable land, water, and bioresources to provide an adequate supply of food while maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem (Kendall and Pimentel, 1994). Quail (Coturnix japonica synonym C. Coturnix japonica) of eastern Asia that is sometimes keeping for its meat or eggs and is used in laboratory research, Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) were used in the present study not only because they are considered an important agricultural species for meat and egg production in many countries but also because they are one of a useful animal model for the extrapolation of data to chickens and other birds. Many studies have been focused on pomegranate as having antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms including bacteria (Gram-positive, Gram-negative), fungi, yeasts and viruses (Naz et al. 2007). Several investigators reported that pomegranate peel has antioxidant and antibacterial properties (Reddy et al. 2007, Opara et al. 2009, Al-Zoreky 2009). Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is a nutritive, antioxidant-rich by-product, easily available after production of *Corresponding author (Karwan Yaseen Kareem).

E-mail: karwan.kareem@su.edu.krd ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14L http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.190

pomegranate juice and ready to eat arils (Sayed, 2014). A large quantity of pomegranate peel waste is produced, and its disposal is an environmental problem Pomegranate peels which constitute up to 40% of the whole fruit remain as a by-product after pomegranate juice production (Kanatt et al. 2010). Pomegranate peel is a good source of tannin's, flavonoids, phenolic and other polyphony's compounds (Li et al. 2006). Quail rearing for meat and egg production all over the world has become an economically viable activity and has increasingly developed. From the technical and economic viewpoints, quail rearing is attractive due to their rapid growth and early onset of lay, high reproduction rates, and low feed intake. The target of this study was to determine and compare the influence of Pomegranate Peel Powder on the growth performance, carcass quality, sensory evaluation, and economics production, due to the importance of quail production generally and meat product especially.

2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL The study was conducted in Zharawa Quail Farm, in northern Iraq. In this experiment, 90 day-old Japanese quail chicks are divided into three treatments each treatment with three replications of 10 birds for each replicate. The control group includes basal diet feed, (T1) basal diet + %1 pomegranate peel powder, (T2 ) basal diet + %1.5 pomegranate peel powder all treatments fed on a diet up to 35 days of age. Figure 1 shows the experimental Japanese quails during the experiment.

2.2 HOUSING The cages used for the study was divided into 9 parts of equal dimensions each cage (31 x 76 x 45) cm. The quail chicks were distributed to the cages according to the breeding system (10 birds / each cage). The hall was closed. The floor of the cage was then sprayed with a thickness of 3-4 cm. The lighting was used as yellow incandescent light bulbs (100 watts) distributed evenly on the rooms for the lighting and warming the room and provide the thermometers to determining temperature.

2.3 FEEDING The feeding was started from 1 day to 35 days, feed and water were freely available throughout the experiment. Pomegranate peel powder was prepared by dry the pomegranate peels in sun for a week and when they were completely dried then ground them into the grinder to make the fine powder. Take a sieve and filter the powder and pomegranate peel powder was ready.

2.4 GROWTH PERFORMANCE On a weekly basis, body weight and feed intake were recorded and the parameters which calculated were feed conversion ratio and body weight gain. Twelve birds were taken randomly per treatment at the end of the experiment for sampling and then slaughtered.

2.5 MORTALITY PERCENTAGE: Losses were recorded daily for each replicate, at the end of the experiment, the number of birds per group was calculated and the percentage was calculated according to the following equation. Mortality percentage = Number of dead birds in a group /Initial number of birds in the group × 100

Kareem Maulud Hamada, Karwan Yaseen Kareem

Figure 1: Japanese quails during the experiment.

2.6 DRESSING PERCENTAGE: At the end of experiment birds were weighed individually before slaughter and then slaughtered and cleaned and removed from the inner viscera dressing percentage was calculated by using D.P = Carcass weight (g)/ Live body weight (g) × 100

(1).

2.7 PERCENTAGE AND WEIGHTS OF CARCASS CUTS Carcass yield, breast, wings, thighs, back, neck, giblets (heart, liver, gizzard) were measured. Percentage of carcass cuts= Part weight (g) / Carcass weight (g) × 100

(2).

2.8 SENSORY EVALUATION The meat samples were cooked and prepared for evaluation based on the method described by Cross et al. (1978) in the preparation of samples of meat slices and cubes and putting these samples to roast in an electric oven at a temperature of 165°C for 15 minutes. The meat samples had evaluated to flavor, tenderness, juices, and general acceptance.

2.9 COST AND ECONOMIC RETURN OF LIVE BIRD Wholesale prices were relied upon when buying feedstuffs and selling production. 2.9.1 ECONOMIC COST CALCULATIONS The total cost was calculated depends on the basis that the feed cost constitutes 70% of the total cost in our experimental conditions. The cost of the feed was calculated according to the types of feed. The price of one kilogram of control group feed is 450 ID and 451ID for T1 and T2. The cost of one kilogram of feed was multiplied with the amount of feed consumed (kg) for one bird which is equal to the total cost of feed for the bird The final output of the total cost of feed multiply to 1.43 (100 ÷ 70) and the total economic cost of the live bird depends on the total cost of feed according to the following formula: The total production cost of live weight/bird = total cost of feed/bird x 1.43

(3).

2.9.2 CALCULATING ECONOMIC RETURN The price one live bird of it was sold at marketing is (2500) ID. The economic return depends on live bird price of groups it can be calculated by subtracting the economic cost from the sale price of one bird to produce a net profit. As in the following equation: The economic return of one live bird = sale price of one bird - the economic cost of one bird *Corresponding author (Karwan Yaseen Kareem).

2.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The experiment followed a completely randomized design. The data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (PROC GLM) of the Statistical Analysis System, computer software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., 2014). Means were separated by the Duncan multiple range test at a significance level of P < 0.05.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 PRODUCTIVE TRAITS The effect of pomegranate peel powder on growth performance is shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between quails supplemented with PPP and the control groups on each of body weight and body weight gain. Birds fed with 1% PPP had lower feed intake (p<0.05) in comparison with control and birds which fed with 1.5% PPP. There was no significant difference between control and treatment one which they fed 1% PPP for Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) while treatment two which the birds fed 1.5% PPP had the highest (p<0.05) FCR. The decreasing body weight with a group of birds that they fed PPP supported the findings with Abbas et. al. (2017) who reported that the birds fed with PPP lead to decrease body weight and improve feed conversion ratio. The reason for decreasing feed intake maybe because of peel powder contains tannin content reflects in its odor which makes it unpleasant and bitter due to which poultry may dislike it (Kushwaha et al. 2013). In addition, the birds in the control group consumed more feed than other groups which is (505.88g), however, there were significant differences of mortality with the birds fed pomegranate peel powder in comparison with the control group, maybe refer to the effect of antioxidants to reduce cold stress. Table 1: Effect of diets containing different levels of pomegranate peels powder on Growth performance. Treatments* SEM1 Control T1 T2 Body weight (g) 161.66a 155.00a 156.83a 39.42 a a Body Weight gain(g) 154.33 147.16 149.33a 39.46 Feed Intake(g) 505.88a 485.29b 505.62a 72.17 FCR 3.28b 3.30b 3.38a 0.77 Mortality% 1.01a 0.0b 0.0b 7.06 ab means within a row for each parameter with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). *Control group includes basal diet feed, (T1) basal diet + %1 pomegranate peel powder, (T2) basal diet + %1.5 pomegranate peel powder. 1 SEM, standard error of the means (pooled). Parameters

3.2 CARCASS TRAITS Table 2 shows the effect of different levels of pomegranate peel powder on carcass quality of quail. It can be noticed that there were no significant differences in carcass weight for the control group in comparison with treatment groups however, there are significant differences for dressing percentage and percentage of carcass cuts. Percentage of liver, heart, and gizzard were higher in PPP replaced diets 1% of PPP (T2) as compared to control. But dressing percentage of back and neck were higher in PPP replaced diets 1.5% of PPP (T3) as compared to control (T1). This finding is consistent with Abbas et al. (2017) who revealed that liver and heart percentage were higher compared with treatment groups which include different levels of PPP.

Kareem Maulud Hamada, Karwan Yaseen Kareem

Table 2: Effect of different levels of pomegranate peels powder on dressing percentage and percentage of carcass cuts of quails. Treatments* SEM1 Control T1 T2 Carcass weight (g) 137.45a 134.59a 136.26a 38.64 b a Dressing percentage % 85.08 86.80 86.85a 15.70 Breast % 32.74a 31.37b 30.89b 10.50 Thigh % 20.21a 19.83ab 19.64b 4.55 Back % 18.73a 19.05a 18.94a 5.55 Neck % 4.10a 3.41a 4.10a 8.31 Wing % 7.38a 7.34a 7.35a 2.47 Heart % 1.17a 1.20a 1.21a 0.72 Liver % 3.01b 3.35a 3.18ab 2.94 Gizzard% 2.57a 2.56a 2.09b 2.42 ab means within a row for each parameter with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). *Control group includes basal diet feed, (T1) basal diet + %1 pomegranate peel powder, (T2) basal diet + %1.5 pomegranate peel powder. 1 SEM, standard error of the means (pooled). Parameters

3.3 ECONOMICAL RETURN The effect of dietary PPP supplementation on economical return showed in Table 3. The results revealed that the addition of PPP (1%) significantly (P<0.01) decreased feed cost. Similarly, the total cost was significantly reduced (P<0.01) with the addition of PPP. While there were no significant differences between control groups and the group that fed 1.5 % PPP. Birds fed T1 had higher (P<0.01) total return compared with control group and T2. Birds fed 1% PPP gave the least cost-benefit implying that it’s the best level from the economic point of view; since there were no significant between treatments and control group at the same time birds fed 1% PPP consumed lower amount of feed-in return for each unit of feed intake is the aim of raising commercial poultry (Raeesi et al., 2010). Table 3: Effect of different levels of pomegranate peels powder on feed cost, total cost and a total return of quails Treatments* SEM1 Control T1 T2 Feed cost/ bird 227.64a 218.86b 228.28a 1.03 2 a b Total cost/ bird (ID) 325.53 312.98 326.45a 1.47 Total return/ live bird 2174.46b 2187.01a 2173.54b 1.47 ab means within a row for each parameter with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). *Control group includes basal diet feed, (T1) basal diet + %1 pomegranate peel powder, (T2) basal diet + %1.5 pomegranate peel powder. 1 SEM, standard error of the means (pooled). 2 ID: Iraqi dinar. Parameters

3.4 SENSORY EVALUATION Table 4 shows the sensory evaluation of meat of birds fed diets containing PPP with different levels. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between birds that fed PPP by different levels and control group for flavors, tenderness, juiciness and total acceptance. The results were in Table 4: Effect of different levels of pomegranate peels powder on sensory evaluation of quail meat. Treatments* SEM1 Control T1 T2 Flavorness 3.72a 4.11a 4.05a 0.18 a a Tenderness 3.55 3.83 3.72a 0.24 Juiciness 3.44a 3.38a 3.55a 0.23 General acceptation 3.66a 3.83a 4.05a 0.19 a means within a row for each parameter with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). *Control group includes basal diet feed, (T1) basal diet + %1 pomegranate peel powder, (T2) basal diet + %1.5 pomegranate peel powder. 1 SEM, standard error of the means (pooled). Parameters

*Corresponding author (Karwan Yaseen Kareem).

accordance with findings of Sasidhar et al., (2016) who reported that no significant results to tenderness and juiciness for quails that fed PPP.

4. CONCLUSION From this study, adding pomegranate peel powder did not lead to increase weight because of its odor which makes it unpleasant and bitter to poultry. While offering the pomegranate peel powder to birds feed leads to a significant effect on the mortality, and dressing percentage for treatment groups. Treatments with 1% PPP showed the best results, especially feed cost, mortality, total cost, and total return. Economically, PPP supplementation 1% is preferred to be used as an optimal level.

5. DATA AVAILABILITY AND MATERIAL Data involved in this study can be requested to the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Abbas, R. J., Al-Salhie, K. C. K., Al-Hummod, S. K. (2017). The effect of using different levels of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on productive and physiological performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Livestock Research for Rural Development, 29, 12. Al-Zoreky, N. S. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. International journal of food microbiology, 134(3), 244-248. Aliani, M., and L. J. Farmer (2005). Precursors of chicken flavor. I. Determination of some flavor precursors in chicken muscle. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:6067–6072. Brad D. (2013). Raising quail for meat and eggs. E-book p33 Cross, H.R., R.Moen and M. Stanfield (1978). Guidelines for training and testing judges for sensory analysis of meat quality. Food. Tech. 32:48-55. Kanatt, S. R., Chander, R., Sharma, A. (2010). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extract improves the shelf life of chicken products. International journal of food science & technology, 45(2), 216-222. Kendall, H. W., Pimentel, D. (1994). Constraints on the expansion of the global food supply. AMBIO-STOCKHOLM-, 23, 198-198. Li, Y., Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Xu, J., Cheng, S. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chemistry, 96(2), 254-260. Lodhi, G., Singh, D., & Ichhponani, J. S. (1976). Variation in the nutrient content of feedingstuffs rich in protein and reassessment of the chemical method for metabolizable energy estimation for poultry. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 86(2), 293-303. Mishra P., Shukla S. (2014). Quail Farming. International Journal of Life Sciences 2(2), 190-193. Naz, S., Siddiqi, R., Ahmad, S., Rasool, S. A., Sayeed, S. A. (2007). Antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from Punica granatum. Journal of food science, 72(9), M341-M345. Opara, L. U., Al-Ani, M. R., Al-Shuaibi, Y. S. (2009). Physico-chemical properties, vitamin C content, and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2(3), 315-321.

Kareem Maulud Hamada, Karwan Yaseen Kareem

Raeesi, M., Hoseini-Aliabad, A., Roofchaee, A., Zareshahneh, A. & Pirali, S. (2010) Effect of periodically use of garlic (Allium sativum) powder on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology 68, 1213-1219. Reddy, M. K., Gupta, S. K., Jacob, M. R., Khan, S. I., Ferreira, D. (2007). Antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of tannin-rich fractions, ellagitannins and phenolic acids from Punica granatum L. Planta Medica, 53(05), 461-467. Santhi, D., Kalaikannan, A. (2017). Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meat: characteristics and value addition. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73(2), 337-344. Santos, T. C., Murakami, A. E., Fanhani, J. C., Oliveira, C. A. L. (2011). Production and reproduction of egg-and meat-type quails reared in different group sizes. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 13(1), 9-14. Sasidhar, T., Mani, K., Rajendran, K., Vasanthakumar, T., Prabhakaran, U., & Sukandhiya, K. (2016). Influence of Different Levels of Dietary Garlic on Carcass Characteristics and Organoleptic Properties of Cooked Meat of Japanese Quails. SAS Institute Inc. 2014. SAS/STATR _ User’s Guide Version 9.4. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina, USA. Sayed-Ahmed, E. F. (2014). Evaluation of pomegranate peel fortified pan bread on body weight loss. Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 3(5), 411-420. Kareem Maulud Hamad is a Lecturer at the Animal Resource Department, College of Agriculture Engineering Science, Raparin University- Kurdistan Region of Iraq – Ranyia. He obtained his B.Sc. in animal production and MSc in poultry production, both from Salahaddin University. His research Interests include Poultry Nutrition and Poultry Meat Production. Dr.Karwan Yaseen Kareem is a Lecturer a the Animal Resource Department, College of Agriculture Engineering Science, Salahaddin University, Kurdistan Region of Iraq – Erbil. He obtained his B.Sc. in animal production and MSc in poultry management from Salahaddin University. He earned his PhD in Poultry Nutrition from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. His research interests are Poultry Nutrition, Poultry Management, Poultry Meat Production.

*Corresponding author (Karwan Yaseen Kareem).

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14M

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE MALFUNCTIONING OF FUEL INJECTORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION OF WATER IN DIESEL FUEL a*

Muhammad Ali Kaleem

, Muhammad Zubair Alam , Shafique Ur Rehman

Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, PAKISTAN. b Superior University, Lahore, PAKISTAN. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 28 June 2019 Received in revised form 31 July 2019 Accepted 14 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

The operation of compression ignition engines is largely dependent upon a smooth supply of fuel from fuel injectors. Recently an increase in malfunctioning of fuel injectors in compression ignition engines of automobiles has been noticed. Statistics show that these failures are mainly attributed to the poor quality of diesel fuel available in local markets. A fundamental reason in this regard is the presence of extra water content in diesel fuel. The unwanted water content in diesel disturbs the performance of fuel injectors and renders them malfunctioning or pre-mature failure. Since modern electromagnetic fuel injectors are compact and enclosed assemblies, therefore, any observation in their internal mechanism is always difficult to measure. Most studies have been conducted to only approximate malfunctioning of fuel injectors with the help of simulations and corresponding results. Here, we have established an experimental setup using a 2KD engine of Toyota Hilux fitted with DENSO electromagnetic fuel injectors and onboard diagnostic equipment. The setup experimentally proves that fuel injectors malfunction due to high percentage of water in diesel fuel. This study will assist future equipment designers to optimize the design of fuel injectors so that the high percentage of water in diesel fuel may be catered for before production.

Keywords:

Diesel fuel injectors; Fuel feedback volume; Diesel engines; Compression ignition engine; Injector feedback volume; Fuel injector malfunction.

1. INTRODUCTION The performance of compression ignition engines requires a prescribed supply of diesel fuel into engine cylinders [1]. This supply of fuel depends fundamentally on the accurate performance of fuel injectors [2]. In the case of common rail fuel supply systems, it has been observed that 40% of engine failures occur due to malfunctioning of fuel injectors [3]. Many cases of premature malfunctioning of *Corresponding author (M. Ali Kaleem) Tel: +92-3342449152. E-mail: alikaleem.pg@smme.edu.pk ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.191

fuel injectors have been observed recently [4]. There are many reasons which contribute towards malfunctioning of fuel injectors. Some of most prominent are poor quality of material, operation at undesirable temperature and pressure, manufacturing faults and use of contaminated fuel in fuel injectors [5]. Contamination of fuel particularly diesel fuel existed even 50 years ago [6]. Due to exponential increase in fuel consumption in recent past, the contamination of diesel fuel has also increased significantly [7]. The main constituent of the contamination is water which exists in diesel fuel in the form of small droplets [8]. There is a certain limit up to which water can be added in the diesel fuel. This limit is 500 ppm for small to medium size engines i.e it is safe to add 0.05% water in diesel fuel [9]. If water content in diesel fuel exceeds 0.05%, it is likely that in addition to poor performance of engine, the components associated with fuel supply system will also be affected adversely. Fuel injectors are therefore vulnerable to malfunction due to high percentage of water in diesel fuel. Since the modern fuel injectors are compact and fully enclosed assembles [10] hence investigating the malfunctioning within the internal mechanism of fuel injectors is still an unsolved issue in the automotive industry. In this regard, many pieces of research have been done to approximate the malfunctioning of fuel injectors with the help of simulations. Practical demonstration with test equipment to ascertain the poor performance of fuel injectors due to high water content in diesel is still a worth considering idea. Here, we have set up an experimental setup that investigates the malfunctioning of fuel injectors due to high percentage of water in diesel fuel.

2. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP An experimental setup is established as shown in figure 1. The setup investigates the performance of diesel fuel injectors with an increase in water content in diesel fuel. The setup is organized by connecting a commercially available OBD test equipment LAUNCH X431 MASTER with a common rail diesel engine (2KD-FTV engine of Toyota Hilux model 2012). The engine uses multi-hole electromagnetic fuel injectors of DENSO Corporation [11]. The fuel injectors were tested with four samples of diesel fuel having a water content ranging from 0.05% to 4%. The behavior of fuel injectors was noted at no load and 50% load conditions. The detailed specification of the experimental setup is mentioned in Table 1. Table 1: Experimental Setup Data Engine Model (1 Ton Toyota Hilux) Model Year Fuel Injectors fitted with Engine Fuel Injector Type Fuel Injection Type Sample Sizes of Fuel

Measurement Apparatus Number of Experiments Conducted

2KD FTV CI Engine 2012 DENSO Corporation Electromagnetic multi-hole Injectors Common Rail Injection Four samples of two liters each with following water concentration in diesel:1st Sample – 0.05% water 2nd Sample – 1% water 3rd Sample – 2% water 4th Sample – 4% water LAUNCH X431 MASTER Two

Muhammad Ali Kaleem, Muhammad Zubair Alam, Shafique Ur Rehman

Figure 1: Schematic of Experimental Setup.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF FUEL INJECTORS The performance of an electromagnetic DENSO fuel injector for the 2KD engine is measured by the volume of fuel sprayed into the cylinder at respective pressure and temperature [12]. Likewise, extra fuel which is not sprayed into the cylinder is returned back to common rail storage through a feedback exit [13]. Ideally, this feedback fuel volume shall be zero [12]. As this feedback volume increases it reaches a tolerable limit. The engine starts misfiring and wobbling above this limit [14]. The inlet and feedback exit of an electromagnetic fuel injector of DENSO corporation (for 2KD engines) are shown in Figure 1.

Fuel Inlet

Feedback Exit

Figure 2: Multi-hole DENSO Fuel Injector.

3.2 FUEL FEEDBACK READINGS ON TEST EQUIPMENT The engine was operated on four different samples of fuel at both no-load and 50% load conditions. New DENSO fuel injectors were used for each fuel sample. Readings of both experiments are given in Figures 3 and 4. A graphical representation of all four samples is given in Figures 2 and 3 at no load and 50% load conditions respectively. From Figures 3 and 4, as the water content in diesel fuel increases, the feedback volume of fuel injectors also increases in direct proportion. In the fourth sample i.e. sample having water content equal to 4%, the feedback volume increases drastically depicting a negligible fuel spray in the cylinders. In said case, almost all of the *Corresponding author (M. Ali Kaleem) Tel: +92-3342449152. E-mail: alikaleem.pg@smme.edu.pk ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.191

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Feedback Fuel Volume (mm3/stroke)

fuel supplied to fuel injectors has been returned back to common rail storage as feedback volume. This pattern is observed for both no-load and 50% load conditions. A high feedback volume of fuel shows the poor performance of fuel injectors which occurred mainly due to high percentage of water in second, third and fourth samples respectively. 5.95

6.08

Acceptable Limit 5.11

4.07 2.85 2.21 1.64

1.82

0.94

1.71

1.70

0.97

0.94

0.86

0.16 Injector # 1

Injector # 2 1st Sample

Injector # 3

2nd Sample

Injector # 4

3rd Sample

4th Sample

Figure 3: Injectors feedback volume with an acceptable limit (no-load condition) from four diesel fuel samples.

Feedback Fuel Volume (mm3/stroke)

7.01

7.12

7.05

6.67

Acceptable Limit

3.91

4 3 2 1

1.82

1.57 0.91

0.81

3.12

3.05

2.67

0.99

0.77

0.13

0.11

0 Injector # 1 1st Sample

Injector # 2 2nd Sample

Injector # 3 3rd Sample

Injector # 4

4th Sample

Figure 4: Injectors feedback volume with an acceptable limit (@ 50% load condition) from four diesel fuel samples.

3.3 ACCEPTABLE LIMIT During the experiment, it was observed that an acceptable limit of feedback volume is around 1.5 mm /stroke because the engine started wobbling above this limit for both no-load and full load conditions. The fuel samples with 1%, 2% and 4% water content gave feedback fuel volumes which were beyond the acceptable limit and therefore caused wobbling in the engine. Only the first fuel sample with 0.05% water content gave feedback fuel volumes within acceptable limit i.e. less than 1.5 mm3/stroke. This acceptable limit is highlighted for the conducted experiment in Figures 3 and 4. 3

Muhammad Ali Kaleem, Muhammad Zubair Alam, Shafique Ur Rehman

3.4 VALIDATION OF MALFUNCTIONING OF FUEL INJECTORS DUE TO HIGH PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN DIESEL FUEL In order to validate the malfunctioning of fuel injectors, the feedback volume of fuel from injectors was noted for another time for only the fuel sample with 0.05% water content. All four fuel injectors were kept the same to compare the difference between the reading of 1st and 2 nd experiments. The readings observed are mentioned in Figure 5. 4.12

4.5 4 3.5

Acceptable Limit

2.87

3.09

2.5

1.74

2 1.5 1

0.94

0.94 0.16

0.5

1st Injector

2nd Injector 1st Experiment

3rd Injector

4th Injector

2nd Experiment

Figure 5: Comparison of 1st and 2nd experiments for fuel sample having 0.05% water content.

3.5 COMPARISON OF 1ST AND 2ND READINGS After the first experiment, obtained fuel feedback volume is well within the acceptable limit whereas, after the second experiment, the obtained fuel feedback volume surpassed the acceptable limit for injectors. The second experiment was only carried out for the fuel with 0.05% water content. Thus, same fuel injectors that had undergone tests with 1%, 2% and 4% water content had deteriorated to an extent that they could not be used for another experiment. This was manifested with their unusual high feedback fuel volume depicting that fuel injectors have got faulty due to high content of water in diesel fuel.

4. CONCLUSION An over-addition of water in diesel fuel affects the operational life of fuel injectors. In the case of small to medium-sized automobile engines, the maximum allowable percentage of water in diesel fuel is 0.05% (i.e. 500 ppm). Above this limit, the engines start wobbling and the operational performance of fuel injectors is affected. Moreover, it has been concluded that fuel injectors operated with diesel fuel having high water content (i-e 4% or above water in diesel fuel) malfunctions prematurely. This study provides substantial evidence to fuel injector designers to accommodate the unwanted increase of water content in diesel fuel while designing the fuel injectors for automotive industry.

5. MATERIAL AND DATA AVAILABILITY Information regarding this study is available from the corresponding author.

*Corresponding author (M. Ali Kaleem) Tel: +92-3342449152. E-mail: alikaleem.pg@smme.edu.pk ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.191

6. REFERENCES [1] Murillo, S. (2007). Performance and exhaust emissions in the use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines. 86(12–13), 1765-1771. [2] King, S. (1992). The Impact of Natural Gas Composition on Fuel Metering and Engine Operational Characteristics. SAE Technical Paper 920593, https://doi.org/10.4271/920593. [3] Vrublevskyi, Oleksandr. (2018). The influence of added water on fuel injector wear in a diesel engine wpływ dodatku wody na zużycie elementów aparatury wtryskowej silnika o zs. [4] Hongming Xuab. (2015). Fuel injector deposits in direct-injection spark-ignition engines. 50, 63-80 [5] Ayhan Demirbas. (2004). Progress in Energy and Combustion Science - Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels. 30(2), 219-230. [6] Jes Fenger. (2001). Atmospheric Environment, “Air pollution in the last 50 years – From local to global” [7] A. Marley. (2009). The impacts of combustion emissions on air quality and climate – From coal to biofuels and beyond. 43(1), 23-36. [8] Dryer, F. L. (1977). Water addition to practical combustion systems—concepts and applications. In Symposium (international) on combustion. 16(1), 279-295. [9] The Diesel Net, 2016, http://www.dieselnet.com/tech/fuel_diesel_additives.php [10] S. Daum, 2012, “Medium and heavy-duty diesel fuel injection system requirements to meet future emissions legislation” [11] Bailey Diesel. (2013). Toyota 1KD-FTV Common Rail Diesel Injector Installation Manual, http://www.slideshare.net/BaileysDieselGroup/toyota-1kdftv-common-rail-diesel-injector-in stallation-manual [12] The United States Patent. Patent Number: 5,915,626, Awarzamani, Date of Patent: Jun. 29, 1999 [13] The United States Patent. Patent No: US 7,717,088 B2, Thomas, Date of Patent: May 18, 2010 [14] Rakowski, S., Eckert, P., & Witt, A. (2012). 119-168.

Combustion Engines Development. Springer.

Muhammad Ali Kaleem is currently a post-graduate student of Masters in Design and Manufacturing Engineering from National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad. He has done a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the same university. He has worked in multiple R&D organizations and carries an experience of almost 10 years in the field of materials and manufacturing. He possesses interest in manufacturing of GRMs (graphene-related materials), Composites and FGMs (functionally graded materials). Muhammad Zubair Alam is PhD Scholar at Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. He graduated in Mechanical Engineering from National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan and had his master’s degree in Engineering Management from Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), Pakistan. Innovation, creativity, entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship for engineers and firs are his major research interests. Shafique Ur Rehman is from Islamabad, Pakistan. He is a master’s degree student at National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad with specialization in design and manufacturing engineering. Earlier he has completed his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from international Islamic university Islamabad in 2017. His fields of interest are Manufacturing, Materials and Fluid Dynamics.

Muhammad Ali Kaleem, Muhammad Zubair Alam, Shafique Ur Rehman

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14N

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE MEDITATING ROLE OF MOTIVATION IN CONNECTING TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEES COMMITMENT Muhammad Saqib Khan

, Siraj Ud Din , Muhammad Haroon Rehan

Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, PK PAKISTAN. Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, PAKISTAN. c Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, PAKISTAN. b

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 24 May 2019 Received in revised form 01 June 2019 Accepted 14 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

On the leadership continuum, transformational leadership is widely recognized as the best style of leadership in shaping the employees, attitude, behavior, and commitment. Likewise, the motivation is considered as the best apparatus in enhancing the employees’ commitment level. In this regard, this study is an effort to investigate the facilitating role of motivation in the connection between transformational leadership style and employees’ commitment in the context of higher education institutions, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The results are supportive and helpful in providing significant information to the existing database of knowledge about transformational leadership, employees’ motivation and commitment in higher educational context. In this connection, some recommendations are emerged from the results of present study to facilitate the policymakers and future researchers.

Keywords:

Transformational Leaderships; Employees’ motivation; Employees’ commitment; HEIs.

1. INTRODUCTION The success of every organization including higher institutions is contingent upon effective management of their human resources. In contemporary competitive era, human resources are considered as the backbone for the development of institutions as the institutional progression is directly linked with potential and capabilities of their human resources (Gordon & Whitchurch, 2007). In this regard, commitment and motivation are also considered as vital gears in shaping the attitude and behavior of the workforces (Malik et al., 2010). The committed and motivated workforces are the precious assets of institutions as the committed workforce intends to continue in institutions with prolonged manners while motivated employees are helpful for institutions due to their spirited and inspired intentions towards attainment of institutional long-term objectives (Raziq *Corresponding author (M.Saqib Khan) E-mail: saqiblecturer@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.192

et al., 2019). In this link, the leadership styles and effective role is vital in boosting the workforces’ motivation, commitment and performance thereby focusing on vision and mission of the institutions to achieve the desired standards and objective more comprehensively (George & William, 2013). The leadership in higher institutions are effective in chasing long-term objectives by applying different styles. Among various styles, the transformational leadership styles gained continuous momentum during the past decades due to its supportive, productive and creative landscape (Tahir et al., 2014). The transformational leaders are not only effective in inducing emotional attachment of the workforces towards the concerned institutions but also influential in improving motivation and inspiration of the workforces (Muhammad & Kuchin, 2016). The transformational leaders over inspired behavior enhancing the workforces’ emotional strength and try to augment the workforces’ attitude and behavior matched with the vision and mission of the institution (Ryan & Herman, 2017). Therefore, transformational leaders are more effective in enhancing workforces’ motivation, commitment and performance as these aspects are considered as effective elements for the institutional credibility and success (Ndlovu et al., 2018). This study aimed to explore the relationships between transformational leadership styles and workforce commitment through facilitating role of the employees' motivation.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW The leadership literature provides an insight into various leadership styles that are effective in diverse circumstances. The effective leadership style is an amalgamation of various attributes those which are vital for institutions as well as for workforces (Martin et al., 2005). It help institutions in chasing their long-term objective on one hand, however, on another hand, it helps to augment attitude and behavior of workforces (Bolden et al., 2008). The literature revealed that transformational leadership in vital predictor of employees’ motivation due to its effective attribute of inspirational motivation (Ghafoor et al., 2011). Further revealed that motivation is also significant forecaster of employees’ commitment and performance (Keumala & Indra, 2014). Similarly, various researchers validated the significant and positive connection between transformational leadership and employees’ commitment (Ndlovu et al., 2018). Thus, transformational leadership is popular most and effective leadership trait that gained persistent drive in connection to employees’ motivation, commitment, and performance.

2.1 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP In the contemporary era, due to increased globalization, higher institutions need effective leadership to achieve desired status and ranking of institutions. The transformational leadership is considered as effective leadership trait to inspire, encourage and influence employees to become innovative and creative to bring positive change towards success of institutions (Judge & Piccolo, 2004). These leaders are effective in promoting strong ownership sense, encouraging institutional culture, endorsing employees’ autonomy at workplaces, inspiring to face unexpected eventualities, encouraging the autonomy in decision making and inspire employees to achieve the desired outcomes in suitable manners (Bass & Bass, 2008). The inspiration, mobilization, morality and conflict resolution are the effective attributes of the transformational leaders which helps them in motivating their employees towards institutional vision (Fatma & Aini, 2015). This leadership style is effective

Muhammad Saqib Khan, Siraj Ud Din, Muhammad Haroon Rehan

in creating vision, inspiring change and “act as a role model for their” employees which in turn makes them motivated and committed (Ndlovu et al., 2018).

2.2 EMPLOYEES’ MOTIVATION The motivation is the potential, dynamism, and determination of employees which they bring along when joining the institutions. Thus, further increase in motivation of employees in the main responsibility of concerned leadership to bring them at front while chasing institutional objectives more sophisticatedly (Bénabou & Tirole, 2003). The motivated workforces are the dire need of the institutions as it helps them in achieving their desired status. The inspired employees work through persistent involvement when the leader concerned provide them autonomy and empowerment in decision making (Buelens & Broeck, 2007). Thus, employees’ motivation is vital aspect which leads to higher commitment and greater performance at the workplace (Choong et al., 2012). Thus, the motivation, on part of leaders, towards their employees, need persistent support from institutions as these institutions might be able to achieve their desired status and standards only when they have motivated and committed workforces in the institutions (Hanaysha & Majid, 2018).

2.3 EMPLOYEES’ COMMITMENT The commitment is the emotional affiliation and bond of the employees with the institution which cannot be daunted in any circumstances. The motivated employees are expected to be more committed with their respective institutions thereby showing utmost determinations and potential to achieve assigned tasks (Avoid et al., 2004). The committed employees are considered as the vital source of achieving the institutional desired objective (Ismail & Yusuf, 2009). Here, the role of leadership in making the employees committed is vital as the employees’ commitment needs persistent support and encouragement from concerned leadership. Thus, committed employees intend to work with concerned institutions in prolonged manners (Johannes et al., 2012). The employees’ commitment has different classifications that depend on the contextual directions and behavioral development which are highly influenced by the behavior of concerned leadership (Irfan et al., 2014). Therefore, in augmenting the workforces’ commitment, leadership is playing critical role in shaping employees' attitudes and behavior (Ndlovu et al., 2018).

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study procedures comprise the research approach, “population and sample and methods for data collection and analysis”.

3.1 PHILOSOPHY AND APPROACH This work, a survey approach is used to access the population of study as it is an easier way to approach the population of the study and which is a widely used tool.

3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE This study has been conducted in the higher educational context, therefore, the “primary data has been collected from” the academicians of Gomal University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of the study comprises 288 teaching faculty in which a sample of 120 participants has been selected by using the standard formula for sample size determinations. Thus, primary data has been collected from 120 respondents. *Corresponding author (M.Saqib Khan) E-mail: saqiblecturer@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.192

3.3 INSTRUMENT AND MEASUREMENT The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire that was adapted from the existing research studies. The questionnaire comprises diverse research variables like transformational leadership, employee motivation, and employees’ commitment. The questions (open-ended) in questionnaire were asked from the respondents of the study which were then coded and analyzed by using different statistical procedures.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The secondary data (literature) was collected from different online bases containing different related research articles while “primary was collected through questionnaire”. The said first-hand data was then analyzed by using different statistical tools like the correlation, simple regression and hierarchical regression to answer the research questions (hypotheses) as emerged from theoretical framework of the current research study.

3.5 RESEARCH CONTEXT This study has been conducted in the “context of higher educational institutions” due to their critical role in the social-economic development of the country. For this purpose, only one institution (Gomal University) was selected which is one of the oldest and well-established universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The teaching faculty was the target population of study due their critical role in imparting quality education to students.

3.6 RELIABILITY EXAMINATION From the Cronbach's Alpha analysis values in Table 1, the result is considered highly reliable as all values are greater than 0.7. Table 1 The Reliability Statistics Research Variables Transformational Leadership Employees Commitment Employees Motivation

No. of Items 12 12 12

Cronbach's Alpha 0.819 0.813 0.798

Reliability Result Highly Reliable Highly Reliable Highly Reliable

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The relationships among the research variables have been examined through the statistical procedures which have been produced in the analysis section. To analyze the data, inferential tools have been used like “correlation and regression”. The correlation was used to examine the association among the research variable while regression “was used to examine cause-&-effect” and mediation relationships of research variables. Table 2: Correlation Analysis (N = 120). Transformational Leadership Employees Motivation Employees Commitment

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed)

Transformational Leadership 1 0.566** <0.001 0.672** <0.001

Employees Motivation 0.566** <0.001 1 0.598** <0.001

4.1 CORRELATION ANALYSIS The correlation has been used to examine the “strength & direction” of relationship (association) among the research variables (transformational leadership, employees’ motivation and employees’ commitment) to analyze the hypothesis about the association (correlation).

Muhammad Saqib Khan, Siraj Ud Din, Muhammad Haroon Rehan

This study aimed to examine association “between transformational leadership”, employees commitment and employees’ motivation which was transformed into research hypothesis #1. By applying the correlation, Table 2 result confirmed the “positive and significant” association between “transformational leadership” and employees’ commitment (0.672 & <0.001) which are in line with the previous studies results (Avoid et al., 2004; Ismail & Yusuf, 2009; Ndlovu et al., 2018). The transformational leadership is linked positive and significantly with the employees' motivation (0.566 & <0.001) which were also previously validated (Dvir et al., 2002; Ahmad et al., 2014; Aunjum et al., 2017). Similarly, employees’ commitment is significant and positive associated with employees’ commitment (0.598 & <0.001) which was also confirmed by previous studies (Mohsan et al., 2004; Aborisade & Obioha, 2009; Faisal et al., 2017).

4.2 REGRESSION ANALYSIS The regression procedure “has been used” to examine direct relation among research variables (transformational leadership & employees’ commitment) and indirect relationship among the independent “transformational leadership” and dependent “employees’ commitment” through the mediating variable (employees’ motivation) by offering different paths (a, b, c & ĉ). Table 3: Regression Analysis (Model Summary) (Path a) Model 1

R .566a

R Square .420

Adjusted R Square 0.415

Std. Error of the Estimate 0.4484

Table 3a: Regression Analysis (ANOVA) (Path a) 1

Model Regression Residual Total

Sum of Squares 6.750 14.319 21.069

df 1 118 119

Mean Square 6.750 0.121

F 55.630

Sig. <0.001b

Table 3b: Regression Analysis (Coefficients) (Path a) Model

(Constant) Transformational Leadership

Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error 1.438 0.369 0.625 0.084

Standardized Coefficients Beta 0.566

Sig.

3.898 7.459

<0.001 <0.001

The study also aimed to “examine mediating” role of employees’ “motivations in the relationship between transformational leadership” and employees’ commitment by applying Barren and Kenny (1986) mediation procedures which comprise the four-step process. The results provide significant information about the mediation paths (a, c, ĉ & b). Likewise, in Tables 3, 3a and 3b, concerning path (a) provide result about independent (transformational leadership) and mediator (employees motivation) thereby bringing 42% variation with significant outcomes (coefficient value = 0.625 & P-value = <0.001). Tables 4, 4a and 4b, provide the results concerning the paths (c, ĉ & b). In model 1, (direct relationship = c), 37.5% variation in the employees commitment is due to the transformational leadership with the significant outcomes (coefficient value = 0.522 & P-value = <0.001).

*Corresponding author (M.Saqib Khan) E-mail: saqiblecturer@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.192

Table 4: Regression Analysis (Model Summary) (Path c, ĉ & b) Model

R .419a .421b

1 2

R2 0.375 0.478

Adjusted R2 0.368 0.464

SEE 0.43339 0.43464

R2 Change .175 .002

Change Statistics F Change df1 df2 25.086 1 118 .324 1 117

Sig. F Change .000 .000

Table 4a: Regression Analysis (ANOVA) (Path c, ĉ & b) Model Regression Residual Total Regression Residual Total

Sum of Squares 4.712 22.164 26.876 4.773 22.103 26.876

df 1 118 119 2 117 119

Mean Square 4.712 0.188

F 25.086

Sig. <0.001b

2.387 0.189

12.633

<0.001 c

Table 4b: Regression Analysis (Coefficients) (Path c, ĉ & b) Model 1 2

(Constant) Transformational Leadership (Constant) Transformational Leadership Employees Motivation

Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error 2.250 0.459 0.522 0.104 2.156 0.489 0.482 0.227 0.365 0.115

Standardized Coefficients Beta 0.419 0.386 0.058

Sig.

4.903 5.009 4.409 3.795 3.659

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.020

The model 2 provides results about the path (ĉ & b) with the inclusion of mediators (employees’ motivation). The results shows 47.8% variation in the employees commitment is due to the transformational leadership and employees motivation with the significant outcomes likewise transformational leadership and commitment (coefficient value = 0.482 & P-value = <0.001) and employees motivation and commitment (coefficient value = 0.365 & P-value = 0.020). Therefore, due the increase in R2 (from 42% to 47.8%) and decrease in coefficient values of transformational leadership after inclusion of employees motivation (from 0.522 to 0.482), confirmed that employees motivation partially mediate “relationship between transformational leadership” and employees commitment. These results are in line with previous studies results (Hayward et al., 2004; Limsila & Ogunlana, 2007; Rudy & Maria, 2009; Rima & Chowdhury, 2014; Saqib et al., 2017).

5. CONCLUSION The study was “aimed to examine” facilitating the role of the motivation in connection between “transformational leadership and employees’ commitment” by collecting the primary data from the academicians hailing from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The motivation was expected to play facilitating role, as per hints from existing literature, in connection “between transformational leadership style and employees’ commitment”. Therefore, this study also provides significant results through statistical procedures about the relationships among research variables under study which can be concluded in the following decision points. o

The association among research variables has been confirmed over correlation procedure which provides significant information thereby confirming the positive and the significant association among research variables (transformational leadership, employees’ commitment, and employees’ motivation. The cause-&-effect relationship between the predictor “transformational leadership” and criterion variables “employees’ commitment” is confirmed over the regression procedure by

Muhammad Saqib Khan, Siraj Ud Din, Muhammad Haroon Rehan

confirming the direct relationship between research variables (transformational leadership and employees’ commitment. The mediating role of motivation has been confirmed over remaining paths of mediation procedures which confirmed the partial mediation through statistical values like an increase in R2 and decrease in coefficient values after inclusions of employees’ motivation as mediator in relationship between variables.

Transformational leadership has been considered and validated as the best leadership style for improving employees’ motivation, “commitment and performance”. The main reason behind is the artistic attributes of the transformational leaders likewise the individualized considerations, “intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence”. The transformational leadership through these attribute always encourage their employees towards vision and mission of the concerned institutions. Therefore, institutional management is required to promote transformational behavior in institutions. Similarly, the motivated employees are considered as the precious assets of the institutions, therefore, the management of the higher institutions are direly needed for the arrangement of training and courses to augment the attitude and behavior of their employees. The committed employees are fundamental needs of every organization including the higher institutions, therefore, the institutional management is required to put their emphasis on employees’ commitment from every dimension to make their employees more committed to their respective institutions.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information relevant to this study is already presented in this article.

7. REFERENCES Aborisade, R., and Obioha, E. (2009). The Role of motivation in enhancing job commitment in Nigeria industries, Kamla-Raj, J Soc Sci, 19, 2, 149-154. Ahmad, F., Abbas, T., Latif, S., & Rasheed, A. (2014). Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation in the Telecommunication Sector. Journal of Management Policies, 2(2), 11-25. Aunjum, A., Abbas, G., & Sajid, M. (2017). Transformational Leadership and Employee Motivation in the Banking Sector of Pakistan. Advances in Economics and Business 5(9): 487-494. Avoid, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25: 951-968. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York: Free Press. Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2003). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The review of economic studies, 70 (3), 489-520. Bolden, R., Petrov, G., & Gosling, J. (2008). Tension in higher education leadership: Towards a multi-level model of leadership practice. Higher Education Quarterly, 62 (4), 358–376.

Buelens, M., & Van den H. Broeck, (2007). An Analysis of Differences in Work Motivation between Public and Private Sector Organizations, Public Administration Review, 67 (1): 65-74. Choong, Y., Wong, K., & Chai, L. (2012). Intrinsic motivation and organizational commitment in the Malaysian private higher education institutions: An empirical study. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 2 (4), 91- 100. Commitment and Job Involvement Inter-related: Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2, 17, 226-233. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field study. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 735–744. Faisal, N., Assal, H., Shrafat, F., & Zeglat, D. (2017). The Impact of Employee Motivation on Organizational Commitment. European Journal of Business and Management, 9 (15), 134-145. Fatima, N., & Aini, Y. (2015). The Impact of Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Job Performance. International Journal of Science and Research. 5 (6), 499-503. George, B., & William, G. A. (2013). Leadership-motivated excellence theory: An extension of LMX, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28 (5), 452 – 469. Ghafoor, A., Qureshi, T. M., Khan, M. A., & Hijazi, S. T. (2011). Transformational leadership, employee engagement and performance: Mediating effect of psychological ownership. African Journal of Business Management, 5 (17), 7391- 7403. Gordon, G., & Whitchurch, C. (2007). Managing human resources in higher education: The implications of a diversifying workforce. Higher Education Management and Policy, 19(2), 131-153. Hanaysha, J., & Majid, M. (2018). Employee Motivation and its Role in Improving the Productivity and Organizational Commitment at Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 6 (1), 17 - 28. Hayward, Q., Goss, M., & Tolmay, R. (2004). The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and employee commitment. Grahamstown: Rhodes University, Business Report. Irfan, U., Nawaz, A., Farhat, U. K., Saqib, K., Bakht, Y. A. (2014). The Academician’s commitment in the Higher Education Institutions of the Developing Countries like Pakistan: Its Perspectives. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5 (13), 82-87. Ismail, A., & Yusuf, M. H. (2009). The relationship between transformational leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment: a mediating test model testing. Journal of Economics, 2(6). Johannes, S., Michael, S., & Lang, R. (2012). Organizational commitment: A missing link between leadership behavior and organizational performance? Scandinavian Journal of Management 24, 364-374. Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational & transactional leadership: a met analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (5), 755-768. Keumala, H., & Indra, C. (2014). Islamic Work Ethic: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Job Performance. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 272 – 277. Limsila, K.; Ogunlana, S.O. (2007). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(2): 164-184.

Muhammad Saqib Khan, Siraj Ud Din, Muhammad Haroon Rehan

Malik, M. E., Nawab, S., Naeem, B., Danish, R. Q. (2010). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of University Teachers in Public Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(6), 17-26. Martin, E., Trigwell, K., Prosser, M., & Ramsden, P. (2005). Variation in the experience of leadership of teaching in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 28 (3), 247- 259. Mohsan, F., Nawaz, M. M., Khan, M., Shaukat, Z., & Aslam, N. (2004), Are Employee Motivation, Muhammad, A., & Kuchin, P. (2016). Impact of leadership styles on employees’ attitude towards their leader and performance. Future Business Journal, 54–64. Ndlovu, W., Ngirande, H., Setati, S.T., & Zhuwao, S. (2018). Transformational leadership and employee organizational commitment in a rural-based higher education institution in South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(0), a984. Raziq, A., Ilyas, R.M., Talpur, M.G.H. (2019). Impacts of Gender on Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation Relationship: A Case of Teachers in Balochistan, Pakistan. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. 10(13), 10A13F: 1-10. Rima, G., & Chowdhury, T. (2014). A study on the impact of leadership styles on employee motivation and commitment: an empirical study of selected organizations in the corporate sector. PhD. Published Thesis. Rudy, A., Maria, F. (2009). The Role of Government Assistance to Generate Competitive Leadership, Commitment, Motivation, Innovation, Environment and Its Impact on the Performance of Tenun Cual Union Industry Cluster in Bangka Belitung Province, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 167–172. Ryan, K., & Herman, A. (2017). Leadership behaviors and follower performance: Deductive and inductive examination of theoretical rationales and underlying mechanisms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38, 558–591. Saqib, K, Siraj, D., & Irfan, U. K. (2016). The leadership, organizational commitment and motivation as moderator. Science International, 28 (4), 423-425. Tahir, L., Abdullah, T., Ali, F., & Daud, K. (2014). Academics transformational leadership: an investigation of heads of department leadership behaviors in Malaysian public universities. Educational Studies 40, 473-495. Muhammad Saqib Khan is Ph.D. Scholar at Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He is a Lecturer at the Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University. His research area is Leadership.

Dr. Siraj-ud-Din is an Assistant Professor Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He got Ph.D. Degree from the Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, DIKhan. His research is focused on HRM.

Muhammad Haroon Rehan is Ph.D. scholar at the Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. He is working as Manager (Meezan Bank), Dera Ismail Khan. His research area is Corporate Social Responsibility at Banking Sector.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14O

MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND LAND RELATIONS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF SVERDLOVSK REGION, RUSSIA a

Alena S. Nikitina , Aleksey V. Ruchkin a

, Natalya N. Startseva , a

Olga M. Trofimova , Natalya K. Shemetova , Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. Ural State Agrarian University , Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. c Ural State University of Railway Transport , Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. b

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 16 April 2019 Received in revised form 19 June 2019 Accepted 28 July 2019 Available online 19 August 2019

The paper reveals the assessment of the municipal services quality in the field of land relations in rural areas. The Beloyarsk urban district of the Sverdlovsk region was chosen as a study region of typical representatives of the rural territory, which is characterized by a small population, a small budget, the predominance of the agricultural sector in the economy and the way of life of citizens. To fulfill the main purpose, the authors selected both a content analysis of the official websites of local authorities and official statistics, as well as a questionnaire survey of recipients of municipal services in order to verify official information. The practical significance lies in the fact that based on correlations between official data and the survey results, authors identified the key problems of municipal services in the field of land relations that are characteristic of rural territories and small settlements. The scientific novelty of the study is to identify the specifics of rural areas and small settlements when organizing the provision of municipal services.

Keywords: Service assessment; Service monitoring; Citizen’s satisfaction; Service infrastructure; Satisfaction survey; Service quality.

1. INTRODUCTION The selected topic is relevant in connection with the need to study municipal services in the field of land relations in order to determine ways to improve their provision. The main purpose of state land policy is creating conditions for the development of the country and its regions; improving the quality of life of the citizens as well as the interaction of public authorities and local authorities. Municipal services are expanding in scope and content, the organizational and legal mechanism for their provision is being improved. The social and legal *Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

value, diversity and mass character of municipal services which are able to provide for the individual and collective needs of individuals, society and the state, necessitates the study of the types of municipal services (Andreeva, 2014). Types of municipal services, the structure of municipal goals (questions of local value) are legitimately defined and fixed at the federal level of power (Federal Law “On General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” № 131-FL on 06.10.2003). Land relations in modern conditions are studied in the works of Nagornevoya et al. (2016), Thompson et al. (2019), Andreeva (2014), Zakharov and Kryakhtunov (2019) studying the system of municipal services. The classification of state (municipal) services is devoted to the work of Appanova (2012), Malanina (2012), Kirichuk (2014). Petrakov and Adjubey (2016), Kostina (2016), Voronin et al., 2011) considered problems of process optimization of providing services rendered to the citizens by public authorities and organizing monitoring of the quality of the provision of such services. Gavrilova (2015), Ognivtsev (2015), Vesloguzova (2020) study the issues of improving the provision of state (municipal) services. However, these researchers do not pay attention to the assessment of the provision of municipal services in the field of land relations in rural areas. Meanwhile, land for residents of rural settlements is one of the sources of income, the construction of residential buildings which determines their quality of life. The need for this study was due to the lack of evaluation and the quality of municipal services in the sphere of land relations by the citizens of Beloyarsks urban district of the Sverdlovsk region. This is due to a lack of qualified personnel due to urbanization processes, a small budget due to the lack of large-scale production, etc. Acquiring assessment during sociological research, as the most adequate method of studying public opinion in order to verify and clarify these issues, is a key indicator of the determination of the local governments’ efficiency and allows to develop the necessary measures to improve the quality and accessibility of municipal services. The powers for the possession, use, disposal and management of property owned by the city district are vested in the Committee for the Management of Municipal Property, which operates in accordance with the Regulation on the Committee approved by Decision of the Duma of the Beloyarsk City District of 05.28.2008 No. 30. The main activity of the Committee is the application of effective measures in the field of municipal property management with the aim of increasing the budget revenues of the urban district and the rational use of material resources. Professional activities of municipal employees are carried out in accordance with job descriptions. Job descriptions of municipal servants - specialists of the Committee are developed in accordance with the Federal Law on Municipal Service, Law of the Sverdlovsk Region dated October 29, 2007, No. 136-RL «On the Features of Municipal Service in the Sverdlovsk Region». Legal regulation of issues related to the provision of municipal services on land use is carried out in accordance with the Administrative Regulations approved by the decisions of the head of administration of the Beloyarsk city district. Administrative regulations are fully consistent with

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

applicable law and contain the following information: general provisions (contact information, circle of applicants); the composition, term and sequence of administrative procedures; list of documents, grounds for refusing to provide services; pre-trial procedure for appealing against the actions (inaction) of officials and others. The persons responsible for the provision of a particular service were identified from the Committee’s staff, hosted by obtaining key certifications of signatures and of digital signature in order to create requests for inter-agency cooperation. The provision of municipal services is declarative in accordance with the regulations. Municipal services are provided by the Committee comprehensively and centrally. The range of such services is quite wide and is provided to citizens, organizations and various municipal institutions. Information provided by the municipal services available on a single portal of public services on the Internet (http://gosuslugi.ru) as well as on the official website of Beloyarsky urban district (http://beloyarka.com). This implements the principle of information transparency and the activities of the local government. The official site is inconveniently organized and the search for the necessary information takes a lot of time or cannot be detected by the user at all. It should be noted that the problem of providing municipal services is the lack of a system for informing consumers about the progress in the implementation of municipal services. If the applicant is interested in information on a particular service, difficulties arise because not all consumers of services have the opportunity to use information and telecommunications, many do not understand the information contained in the documents and there are no free consultation and information centers. Therefore, public monitoring and increasing the openness of the process of providing municipal services to society are needed.

2. METHOD The basis of the empirical research is the method of analysis of statistical indicators of municipal services in the sphere of land relations as well as content-Site analysis of Administration of Beloyarsk urban district. These methods make it possible to identify shortcomings in the activities of local self-government bodies, for example, by analyzing the dynamics of complaints of the citizens, to correlate the number of complaints and announcements of admission to vacant positions (if there are no specialists the number of complaints increases because there is no one to provide services). In order to identify other existing problems of municipal land relations services in the field by the authors in the period from 20.01.2018 to 15.03.2018, a sociological survey was conducted on the territory of the Beloyarsk city district. The survey in the form of questioning was conducted among 400 recipients of municipal services (spontaneous questioning, target audience - recipients of municipal services in the field of land relations).

3. STUDY DETAIL AND RESULT 3.1 RESULTS OF SITE CONTENT ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS A serious problem is the lack of qualified specialists in the field of land relations. The territory of the Beloyarsky urban district is 132,329 hectares and an average of two thousand five hundred calls are received annually while the staffing table provides for only 2 rates for land relations, i.e. 1250 *Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

applications per year per specialist, thus the main burden on the provision of municipal services falls on two Committee employees, hence the poor quality of services. Consumers of municipal services turn to the administration of the Beloyarsk city district with claims to the work of specialists in this unit. In most cases, claims arising in connection with a violation of the terms for the provision of services. For example, the municipal service “Provision of land, state ownership of which is not demarcated in the territory of the Beloyarsk city district for construction by auction results” is practically not provided due to the lack of a specialist which leads to a violation of the law. Changes in the Land Code of the Russian Federation at the municipal level on 1 March 2015 almost paralyzed work on the placement of non-stationary shopping facilities. The administration of the Beloyarsk city district was not able to resolve issues on the placement of new non-stationary objects and the extension of contracts for the placement of existing non-stationary objects due to the lack of a normative legal act adopted at the level of the Government of the Sverdlovsk region. The whole cycle of providing services to include electronic filing of applications and tracking the progress of its implementation. However, there is a contradiction with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation «On measures to ensure the information security of the Russian Federation when using information and telecommunication networks of international information exchange» No. 351 of 17 March 2008, according to which it is forbidden to connect information systems and «computer equipment used for storage processing or transmitting information containing information constituting a secret (which includes personal data)». From the above it follows that the technical feasibility of the state (municipal) services prohibited by decree of the President and the Federal law «On the organization of public and municipal services» from 27 July 2010 No. 210-FL, on the contrary, provides for their implementation in electronic form, which creates a legal contradiction. The level of municipal services in electronic form through the Portal of state and municipal services is 3%, which indicates a low level of readiness of the citizens for new forms of communication with the government. The Committee’s experience in the provision of municipal services made it possible to identify the existence of problems of interdepartmental information interaction (hereinafter interdepartmental interaction):

o o o o

low level of interdepartmental coordination of executive authorities in the provision of services to applicants; insufficient use of information technology for the exchange of information in the implementation of complex (composite) services; frequent software updates (regulatory compliance system supported by Rostelecom); difficulties with the identification of interaction participants (system failure due to non-compliance of the certificate key with electronic signature for signing requests in the system of interagency electronic interaction).

Due to the fact that the identified problems are interconnected, their leveling is possible through the implementation of a set of measures: organizational, regulatory, methodological, informational as well as technical. High-quality provision of services is the responsibility of local governments. The tasks of forming a new quality of municipal governance are annually set by the President of Russia in

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

messages to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and expand the provisions of the concept of reducing administrative barriers and increasing the availability of state (municipal) services which implies improving interaction with consumers of services as well as increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of local government. However, there is no systematic monitoring of the quality of the provision of municipal services in the field of land relations in the territory of the Beloyarsk urban district, which does not allow receiving up-to-date information about the satisfaction of the recipient of services and timely responding to emerging problems. In addition, the monitoring will reveal the level of citizen's trust in those innovations which are conducted at the state level in terms of improving the services for citizens. The essence of monitoring is «a systematic study and evaluation of the results of work with a certain specified frequency and the use of the same system of indicators» (Petrakov, 2016). Assessment of the quality of the provision of state (municipal) services are carried out according to the following fundamental criteria: 1) time of service provision; 2) waiting time in line when receiving services; 3) the courtesy and competence of the employee interacting with the applicant in the provision of services; 4) «the comfort of the conditions in the room in which the services are provided; 5) the availability of information on the procedure for the provision of services».

Note that the assessment of the quality of services can be carried out from the point of view of the external (consumer) or internal (contractor) with respect to the process of providing the environment. An internal assessment refers to the quality of a service as a combination of the quality of internal processes and an external assessment is the degree of satisfaction with a service (opinion on quality), that is the consumer’s formation of the perception of the received service as corresponding to his expectations (Kostina, 2016). Today the system for assessing the quality of service delivery is represented by several assessment systems the materials of which are received in a single monitoring database (Figure 1). 

Quality assessment of the provision of services by executive authorities



Quality assessment of the provision of services by multifunctional centers



Independent assessment of the quality of service provision by state (municipal) institutions



Independent assessment of the quality of the provision of services by applicants through electronic services: official websites of executive bodies of state power, the site “Your Control”

Information and analytical system for monitoring the quality of public services (IAS MQPS)

Figure 1: Sources of quality assessment of the provision of municipal services. Based on the information of the Annual analytical report on assessing the quality of the provision of municipal services in the Sverdlovsk region as of 2017-2018, it follows that the average rating for the above criteria is 4.8 out of five points, respectively the level of citizens satisfaction with the *Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

provision of public (municipal) services accounted for 96.5%. Since October 2016, in addition to data on federal services, information about regional and municipal services of the Sverdlovsk region began to arrive at the IAS MQPS. The total number of assessed facts of the provision of regional and municipal services in 2017 amounted to «4,080, of which 71% (or 2,904 facts) are regional services and 29% (or 1,176 facts) are municipal. From the Multifunctional Center, 94.5% of all evaluated regional and municipal services entered the system, the remaining 5.5% came through Unified portal of public services» (Annual analytical…, 2017) and the site "Your Control". Thus, after a year there is not enough data for a full analysis of the assessment of the quality of service at the regional and local levels, so it is not possible to trace the dynamics Thus, the problem of providing municipal services can be formulated as follows: the lack of monitoring of the quality of the provision of municipal services with the involvement of specialized independent organizations, respectively, with "compliance with the requirements of the legislation governing relations related to the placement of orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state needs, the needs of budgetary institutions. «The reporting form on the results of monitoring the quality of the provision of state (municipal) services, proposed by the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region, located on the website (http://ar.gov66.ru), contains information on the number of appeals and visits of applicants to the executive authority and the Multifunctional Center; expenses of time and financial expenses of the applicant upon receipt of the service. In our opinion, such as formal monitoring (internal quality assessment) is not enough, therefore, it is imperative to use the feedback mechanism. In order to improve the mechanisms for providing municipal services, it is necessary to understand the problems that citizens face when receiving them and, as a result, it is possible to improve the quality of services provided. The next problem we note is «technical and organizational flaws» (Mikhnenkova, 2017). Today, the infrastructure of electronic interaction is not sufficiently managed (software incompatibility between different departments). Note that the implementation of municipal services provides for the implementation of a specific set of administrative procedures, which include sending requests to organizations of various levels of government, in order to obtain documents to be provided exclusively in the order of interagency interaction. The receipt of such documents without the use of electronic channels of interagency cooperation makes it difficult to provide municipal services. A number of problems specific to the sphere of land relations should be noted. Services related to the direct benefit for the applicant should not only be provided in quality and convenient manner but also should be sufficiently clear and transparent. Responsible for the provision of services, it is, as a rule, the land committees should improve such processes as the citizen's advice and direct service delivery. We believe that with a combination of these two approaches it is possible to achieve positive assessments from consumers of services. Otherwise, if the consumer of the service is not understood on the scheme (process) of the provision or the order of receipt of the land, then no matter how high-quality channels of interagency interaction are organized, the citizen will not be satisfied with the final product of the service provided.

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

The main problem of providing municipal services is the imperfection of legal regulation regarding the application of certain provisions in practice. For example, we offer to expand its rules Federal Law № 210-FL, pay attention to the capabilities and direction of interagency electronic requests for the purpose of validation of the submission of the second information. In addition, municipalities have three levels of administrative regime - federal, regional and local. Municipalities depend on standards at all levels. For example, in 2015, in connection with the adoption of the Federal Law No. 171-FL on 23 June 2014 “On Amending the Land Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, during the year local governments were not able to provide municipal services related to the conclusion agreements on the redistribution of land and (or) land; the conclusion of an agreement on the placement of non-stationary trading objects on land plots of which state property is not delimited, since there was no law of the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

3.2 RESULTS OF RESEARCH SOCIOLOGICAL The results of the study showed (Figure 2) that complaints about receiving municipal services in the field of land relations in 2017 are cumbersome administrative regulations that are not always convenient for familiarization and understanding (20% of the respondents). % of respondents (1 answer), Other reasons, 16.0, 16%

% of respondents (1 answer), Big regulations, 20.0, 20%

% of respondents (1 answer), Disagreement of regulations with legislation, 8.0, 8%

Big regulations Lack of contact information Lack of service result

% of respondents (1 answer), Lack of time for the provision of services, 12.0, 12% % of respondents (1 answer), Lack of regulation on the website of the authority, 14.0, 14%

% of respondents (1 answer), Lack of contact information, 16.0, 16%

% of respondents (1 answer), Lack of service result, 14.0, 14%

Lack of regulation on the website of the authority Lack of time for the provision of services Disagreement of regulations with legislation Other reasons

Figure 2. The main complaints at the stage of preparation of the appeal for the provision of municipal services Practice shows that the current requirements for the structure of administrative regulations, the procedure for their development and approval do not allow for a quick response to regulatory and organizational changes in the processes of providing services; they do make the regulations a bulky document that is not always convenient for acquaintance and understanding by the consumers of services. In addition, the editorial offices with the amendments to the administrative regulations are posted on the official website of the authority along with the previous editorial offices which is an obstacle to the search for relevant information. At present, there is a quality problem for the prepared documents. So, 34% of the respondent noted insufficient competence of employees, paperwork with errors, shortcomings, and as a result led to additional problems, including loss of time (Figure 3). *Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

% of respondents (1 answer), Rough handling, 7.0, 7% % of respondents (1 answer), Quality of consultation for reasons of denial of service, 13.0, 13%

% of respondents (1 answer), Denial of service to a citizen without explanation, 3.0, 3%

% of respondents (1 answer), Quality of prepared documents, 34.0, 34%

Quality of prepared documents Quality of consultation on documents Quality of consultation on terms of service

% of respondents (1 answer), Quality of consultation on terms of service, 21.0, 21%

Quality of consultation for reasons of denial of service Rough handling

% of respondents (1 answer), Quality of consultation on documents, 22.0, 22%

Denial of service to a citizen without explanation

Figure 3: The main service specialists in the provision of municipal services (%) In addition to the problem of the quality of documents, citizens are dissatisfied with their attitude to them, forms of communication in the provision of municipal services in the field of land relations. Therefore, it is important to begin the training of municipal employees with the professional selection of specialists, taking into account the personal qualities of a person like attentiveness, tolerance, etc., and also not to forget about the advanced training of employees in the field of information technology. The civil servants are the main strategic resource of state (municipal) bodies. The most popular service is «Providing once free of charge the ownership of a land plot for individual housing construction in the territory of the Beloyarsk city district», 36% of respondents answered. Thus, all categories of citizens that are stipulated in the Law of the Sverdlovsk Region No. 18-RL of 7 July 2014 «On the peculiarities of regulation of land relations in the Sverdlovsk region» one way or another they want to use their right to receive a land plot once for free. Since 2009, applications for the provision of a one-time free of charge land ownership for individual housing construction are being accepted. As of 01.01.2018, there were 1282 applicants in Administration Beloyarsk urban district, who were given the 440 plots of land. As of 1 March 2018, the total queue for receiving the site is 782 applications. Of these, 188 applications are made up of large families with three or more children (category of applicants entitled to extraordinary provision of land); the category of citizens: people with disabilities, war veterans, etc. (citizens entitled to the priority provision of a land plot) make up 53 appeals; the remaining category of persons not included in the above categories is 541 appeal. An acute problem for the provision of the above services is the lack of funding for the development of urban planning documents (planning project) and the construction of the necessary engineering infrastructure. In the Land Code of the Russian Federation, there are no requirements for plots that should be provided to large families at no cost. However, in the Presidential Decree «On measures to provide citizens of the Russian Federation with affordable and comfortable housing and improving the quality of housing and communal services,» there is a reference to the fact that land intended for free provision of privileged categories of citizens should be equipped with the necessary engineering infrastructure. Therefore, even if there is a free territory suitable for mass

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

development, there is no possibility of providing land to citizens. In this regard, the performance of the provided plots is quite low in relation to priority. The total submitted in 2017 was 80 land plots. The category of citizens who are not eligible for the extraordinary provision of the land is categorically dissatisfied with current legislation since their turn has been since 2010 still motionless. In this connection, we propose to amend the relevant articles of the Law and adjust the procedure for the provision of land. Most often, respondents noted as a problem: o o

failure to comply with the timing of the provision of municipal services - 43%; lack of informing consumers about the progress in the performance of municipal services 78%. Despite the administrative regulations indicating information on various ways of notifying applicants about the progress of the service: using the Internet, by e-mail, mail, telephone, in-person with applicants, and also verbally directly at the Multifunctional Center, the vast majority of respondents remain unhappy (Figure 4).

Average womens

mens

Figure 4: Reasons for dissatisfaction with the process of providing municipal services in the field of land relations (%), The data indicate that women are more often dissatisfied with timing issues (disobedience or lack of information about receiving a service). Men complain more often that there is no clear list of documents, it is impossible to obtain information remotely (by phone). The above indicators indicate the poor provision of public services by the local government. Failure to comply with the deadlines for the provision of municipal services is a direct violation of applicable law. In the course of the study, we identified problems «requiring additional administrative efforts in the field of municipal services» (Zolotukhina, 2015).

4. DISCUSSION In connection with the rapid development of information technologies in modern society, there is a need to improve the scope of state (municipal) services and modernize the mechanism for their *Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

provision. Implementation of measures of the state policy of Russia in the provision of public services «is aimed at improving the legal regulation of this sphere, introducing new forms of provision, optimizing the mechanisms for organizing the provision and improving the quality of the above services» (Gavrilova, 2015). The authors are going to consider some ways to improve the provision of state (municipal) services. An important direction in the implementation of these services are the components: regulatory framework, human factor, financial support. One of the problems is the lack of effectiveness of state regulation and changes in legislation. The initiative for lawmaking in the field of land relations is an example: in 2014 18 amendments were made to the Town Planning Code. On 1 March 2015, large-scale changes to the Land Code came into force. The legislator envisaged changes to the Federal Law No. 131-FL, only in 2014-15 amendments were made and five more changes in 2015. Therefore, the activities of federal authorities regarding the adoption of draft laws «create uncertainty and confusion, since changes are often thought out and unsystematic character» (Ognivtsev, 2015). Significant changes in legal acts in the field of land relations for a sufficiently long period of time actually block the exercise of the powers of the executive authorities as there is a need to study, understand the new legislation, most often to introduce by-laws in order to clarify its individual provisions. Based on the adopted laws federal and regional ministries are developing methodological instructions and recommendations on the application of legal acts. State and municipal employees are also waiting for the development of judicial practice. In addition, a change in legislation entails corresponding changes in administrative regulations, otherwise, they lose their relevance. Conclusion on the above: the application of an integrated approach to the development of actually new versions of laws will lead to a minimum number of changes and additions to them. An acute problem was the organization of electronic document management in interdepartmental cooperation. The key areas for improving the system of information infrastructure for electronic interaction should be: o o o

- modernization of methods and forms of access to services; -development of a system of interdepartmental and inter-level information interaction; -innovations in the engineering infrastructure of the electronic state.

It is possible to implement the above areas by developing new regulatory documents (for example, the program-targeted method) or by amending existing legal acts to improve the system of interagency electronic interaction. A serious problem is the shortage of qualified personnel in the multifunctional centers. The specifics of the work of the centers require training and regular professional development of Multifunctional Center employees, teaching them not only special services but also customer focus. It is important that the employees of the center are able to communicate both with pensioners and with youth. In addition to the traditional methods of assessing the performance of personnel, such as certification, testing, etc., it is possible to apply the “secret client” research method. In practice, the following indicators can be assessed: staff compliance with etiquette (affability, delicacy, subordination, etc.); customer service skills; the appearance of the staff; service speed; cleanliness

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

and order in the premises and at workplaces of employees, etc. As the results of a sociological study in the local government of the Beloyarsk city district showed that there is a similar problem: a shortage of qualified personnel. For the level of performers providing the most mass municipal services, the ability to perform tasks in a timely manner and to know a specific set of administrative procedures is valuable. In order to the professional development of such employees, we consider to send them to additional professional training regarding innovations in legal regulation, as well as the algorithm of actions in solving standard strictly regulated tasks. Specialists should develop analytical thinking, sociability and the ability to rationally organize and use their work time. A fairly high percentage (43%) of the respondents singled out the following problem: violation of the terms for the provision of municipal services in the field of land relations in the territory of the Beloyarsk city district. As practice has shown, the root of this problem lies in the relationship between divisions of the Administration of the municipality, including when coordinating documents. To increase the efficiency of the provision of services as well as to solve the above problem we suggest that the heads of structural divisions pay attention to the official culture of the authority, which essentially provides for a well-formed system of relations between personnel. It should be noted that the formation and maintenance of positive values by civil servants is intended to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their professional performance. In addition, in order to ensure the improvement of the quality and efficiency of internal and external interactions, to reduce the loss of time during the implementation of processes and the implementation of functions, it is advisable to regularly analyze the effectiveness of the authority. The next problem is the insufficient financing of the local budget in terms of providing engineering and technical infrastructure for the formation and provision of land plots of preferential categories of citizens. A solution to this problem can be an initiative to assist local authorities in municipalities in the Sverdlovsk Region in building engineering infrastructure networks «at the expense of the federal budget on the basis of the existing subsidy mechanism». Another problem is the lack of systematic monitoring of the quality of the provision of municipal services in the territory of the municipal formation of the Beloyarsk city district that is not formal monitoring, namely monitoring with the involvement of a specialized organization. The stabilization of the process of providing state (municipal) services consists in the satisfaction of citizens with the services provided and the quality of service, this can be determined by applying the method of interviewing the citizens. As mentioned above, the public system "Your control" is a form of dialogues between the state and the information society. Based on this system, the assessment of the quality of services provided by the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre, and Cartography has been carried out since 2013. Since 1 January 2014, the public system “Your Control” has been applied to the most popular and socially significant services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Federal Migration Service of Russia; since January 1, 2015, this assessment applies to the services of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. Also during 2015 the Pension Fund of Russia, the *Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

Social Insurance Fund, the Federal Bailiff Service, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and the Federal Property Management Agency were connected to the system. We consider it expedient to connect local authorities to this system since requests for the provision of municipal services directly to the executive authority have been received and will continue to be received, since the right of choice rests with the consumer of the services. At the same time, you can additionally involve outside observers (for example, students during the summer period) who at the exit from the Multifunctional Center or local government will interview the citizens on issues of interest to us, the processed answers will allow us to identify shortcomings and make changes to the process of providing services. It should be noted that the problem of providing municipal services within the boundaries of the studied municipality is the lack of a system for informing consumers about the progress of the provision of services. To solve it, we offer the specialists responsible for the provision of services to requests received by mail, not to withstand the general terms of consideration of citizens' requests by e-mail, but to answer them until the end of the working day during which the request was made. In order to improve the quality of municipal services, essentially such matters applicants should be received at any time, regardless of the approved schedule for the reception of citizens. The existing problem of cumbersome administrative regulations should be leveled out as follows. If it is necessary to amend the administrative regulations, it should be recognized as invalidating its previous version and, accordingly, adopting a new one, which will lead to a convenient reading of the local regulatory act, primarily for the citizens. It is also necessary to draw up a graphic block for each regulation - a diagram that will reflect the sequence of key stages of providing municipal services, for example, registration of an application, examination of submitted documents: the return of an application or the formation of interdepartmental requests, etc. Thus, the above recommendations in the provision of public services to the public will play a role in the process of organizing the provision of state (municipal) services, as well as contribute to the sustainability of the development of the territory of the municipality.

5. CONCLUSION From this study, despite our research in the territory of the Beloyarsky City District, the problems of providing municipal services in most municipalities are typical. They can be combined into three groups: 1) the financial capacity of the local budget; 2) the quality of municipal services (lack of qualified personnel); 3) information technology (insufficient equipment with technical means).

Thus, the above problems in one way or another affect the implementation of Federal Law 210-FL “On the Organization of the Provision of State and Municipal Services” and many other regulatory documents. In our opinion, the improvement of the service delivery system today consists in developing mechanisms for remote provision of state (municipal) services based on modern information infrastructure and the formation of a feedback system with service consumers in

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

order to obtain information for making effective decisions and correcting performance indicators of bodies executive power.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7. REFERENCES Andreeva, L.A. (2014) The system of municipal services (legal aspect) // Collection of articles on the materials of the XLIII international scientific-practical conference "Issues of modern jurisprudence". No. 11 (42). Novosibirsk: Publishing House SibAK. P.59-63. (In Russ.) Appanova, Yu.E. (2012). Comparative analysis of existing approaches to the classification of services. Problems of the Modern Economy, No. 6. Pp. 204-210. (In Russ.) Gavrilova, L.A. (2015). The provision of state and municipal services in Russia: Current status and main areas of improvement // SERVICE PLUS, 9(2), Pp. 4-11. (In Russ.) Kirichuk, L.A. (2014). Municipal services: essence and classification. E- Economics and Management in the 21ST Century: Development Trends, No. 14, P p .10 3-108. (In Russ.) Kostina, S.N. (2016). Current problems of assessing the quality of public services (for example Ural Federal District). Problems of the Modern Economy, No. 2 (39), 49-57. (In Russ.) Malanina, E.N. (2012) Classification of public services // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University, No. 1 (255). Pp. 36-38. (In Russ.) Mikhnenkova, E.S. (2017) Problems of providing municipal services in the field of land relations (on the example of the land committee of the administration of the city of Yekaterinburg). Economics and Society, No 1 (32). Pp. 154-158. (In Russ.) Nagorneva, N.A., Malysheva, L.V., Merkusheva, I.S. (2016) Land relations in modern conditions // Materials of the International scientific-practical conference "Actual issues of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex", January 28-29, 2016, Kursk, part 3. Kursk: Publishing house Kursk. state S.-kh. Ac., Pp. 172-175. (In Russ.) Ognivtsev, S.B. (2015) The direction of perfect-existence of land relations. Problems of Economics and Law, No. 10, P p .10 1-107. (In Russ.) Petrakov, M.A., Ajubey, R.V. (2016) Problems of the organization of monitoring the quality of the provision of state (municipal) services. Young scientist, No. 30. Pp. 247-250. (In Russ.) Thompson, K., Sherren, K., & Duinker, P.N (2019). The use of ecosystem services concepts in Canadian municipal plans. Ecosystem Services, volume 38, August 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100950 Vesloguzova, M.V., Petrik, L.S., Salikhov, K.M., & Bunakov, O.A. (2020). Monitoring as a tool to ensure the quality of services provided in the interaction of service organizations and municipal authorities in economy digitalization. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, volume 908, Pp. 337-344. doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-030-11367-4_33 Voronin, B.A., Voronina Y.V., Fateeva, N.B., Netrova, L.N. (2017). Actual problems of socio-economic development of rural areas (for example, Sverdlovsk region). Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 163(9), 84-89. (In Russ.)

*Corresponding author (Aleksey V. Ruchkin) E-mail: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193

Zakharov, Z., Kryakhtunov, A. (2019). The concept of the new information system of electronic services in the field of land and property relations. E3S web of conferences. doi : 10.1051/E3SCONF/201911002122. Alena S. Nikitina is an Associate Professor of the Department of Human Resources Management at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Sociology) of innovation among civil servants in 2014. Nikitina’s current interests involve applications of Sociology to Business communications. Aleksey V. Ruchkin is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory at Ural State Agrarian University. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Sociology) of award state institutes. A. Ruchkin’s current interests involve Strategic Management, Development of Territories and State Awards.

N.N. Startseva is an Associate Professor of the Department of Human resources and Sociology at Ural State University of Railway Transport. She graduated from special Sociology at Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University with Honors. She continued her PhD study at Ural Institute of Administration – the branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Yekaterinburg, Russia, where she received a degree of the Candidate of Sociological Sciences. Current interests of Startseva are connected with the Sociology of Professions And Professional Groups, the Sociology of Management. Olga M. Trofimova is an Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Theory at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She graduated from the Ural Academy of Public Administration with Honors in 2009. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Economics). O. Trofimova current interests involve Socio-Economic Development of Territories. Natalia K. Shemetova is an Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management at the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She graduated from the Ural Academy of Public Administration with Honors in 2009. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Economics). N. Shemetova current interests involve socio-economic development of territories and marketing. Nadezhda A. Yurchenko is a Vice-Rector for Organizational and General Affairs at Ural State Agrarian University. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Law) of Protection of Civil Rights of Participants in Business Entities. N. Yurchenko’s current interests involve Corporate Law.

Alena S. Nikitina, Aleksey V. Ruchkin, Natalya N. Startseva, Olga M. Trofimova, Natalya K. Shemetova, Nadezhda A. Yurchenko

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 10A14P

POLICY SOLUTIONS FOR INTEGRATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF MOBILE TELECOM OPERATORS’ SITES a

Reza Talebi , Abbas Khamseh

, Mohammad Hasan Cheraghali

Department of Technology Management, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rooden, IRAN. Department of Industrial Management, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IRAN. c Technology Management Department, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN. b

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 24 May 2019 Received in revised form 01 June 2019 Accepted 14 August 2019 Available online 23 August 2019

Population growth, technology advancement, the reduction of global resources and other issues have led to policy-making at the macro level in order to save resources and develop global requirements for this purpose. In this regard, and in light of the expansion of technology that requires extensive infrastructure use, the common use of existing infrastructure is one of the ways to reduce resource consumption. Telecommunication infrastructure is one of the most important infrastructures that promote the development of the pre-revolutionary world and is the bedrock for the comprehensive development of related technologies. Therefore, in order to maintain resources, it is necessary to integrate the infrastructure for the development of these technologies while creating telecommunication infrastructure. Considering the importance of these two categories, we try to examine the impact of integration on issues such as energy, the beauty of the environment and the reduction of costs, and for this purpose, using a questionnaire completed by the telecommunication industry and testing the relevant assumptions It integrates and works on it and provides solutions for telecommunications infrastructure policy.

Keywords:

Infrastructure; Integration model; Technological model; Urban Landscape; Green energy; Policymaking; Save energy.

1. INTRODUCTION The movement and direction of the world are towards integration, so even in the simple issues and technologies that we have been using for many years, this is evident. The fine and coarse pencils, glasses and glass inks have become automata, writers, and psychologists, and in this way, the integration between ink and writing tools has come about, the long lines of productions that work anywhere in the human being, Have become mechanized lines that only one person guides in the *Corresponding author (Abbas Khamseh) E-mail: Abbas.Khamseh@kiau.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.194

control room. Since technology is in the path of integration, it faces a variety of disruptions, so the owners and policymakers are struggling to reconcile different aspects. It goes without saying that technology is facing a lot of ups and downs in this way, analyzing systems that are technically social in nature (Antle et al., 2017, Abbasi et al., 2019) and can be adapted and complex systems (Holland, 2006) or systems Vital and viable and is not simple with theories such as the theory of complexity (McMillan, 2008), and their requirements and characteristics are unique to each other. On the eve of Industry 4.0 along with the reduction of the resources of the planet, the look of the past has given technology a more attractive color and smell, and has pushed policymakers and industry owners to integrate more than the past and even between different disciplines and technologies (Columbia center on sustainable investment, 2017), (Finka et al., 2017) has led to the presence of various specialists at the same time to solve problems related to a technology, taking into account reducing carbon production and preserving environmental issues. . In discussions such as robotics, he saw the integration and integration of topics such as artificial intelligence, mechanics, electronics, and telecommunications, field we are dealing with environmental sciences, psychology, epistemology, and communication, all of which are used to create an integrated framework called "Robotic Science." One of the most important technologies that nowadays is the communication infrastructure for different technologies. And in the future it will be an important platform for them to be telecom infrastructure (Word's economic forum, 2017). All humans, in their u se of telecommunications, the Internet and Intranet require tools and devices Telecommunication and this is the Internet presence of the objects IoT (Olive, 2017) and the need to manage objects for the sake of security and energy issues have come to fruition more than ever. Telecommunication infrastructures have been associated with human life from the past. At the time the telegraph was launched, they installed the wires in order to preserve them in the railroads, and used the security integrity of the railway lines and telegraphs simultaneously, after a little over the wires, Phone signals were built, and after the expansion of the telephone, special infrastructure was built (Nonnenmacher, 2001). In some cases, the infrastructure created for the use of cable television was also used and after the mobile phone came to the fore, the need to establish telecommunication sites were created and used to connect the towers of some lines. Expanding the need for communications in different industries requires more and more complex infrastructure, which will be saved in the cost of resources and speed of expansion if this infrastructure is combined with the technological infrastructure of other industries. The fifth-generation infrastructure required for mobile and Internet objects requires the creation of coverage across all parts of the globe and penetration into all layers (Electronic publishing, 2015), which, without taking advantage of everything available, has the difficulty of multiplying it he does. The introduction of this section was to review the natural path of technology to integration, and also to consider the speed of infrastructure expansion (Columbia center on, sustainable investments, 2017) and, most importantly, the task of protecting resources and the environment Seeing life as one of our most important tasks and ultimately achieving a result that includes all of these. We also need to review the telecommunication infrastructure from the past and conclude that, given the need for and development of technologies, if we do not use different integration to provide this infrastructure, many resources will be consumed and ultimately the result. Which must be taken, is not taken.

Reza Talebi, Abbas Khamseh, Mohammad Hasan Cheraghali

In this article, we want to find out: What are the policy strategies for integrating telecommunication infrastructure and how can this integration help maintain resources? So, we have tried to outline the integration of the various technologies, as well as the integration of telecommunications industries, and the prospects and future needs of the infrastructure. Also, with the prediction of the future, challenges and obstacles are examined and the solutions required. Nowadays, in our country, for the creation of infrastructures, there are significant and significant costs for each cellular operator, including the creation of telecommunications or fiber optic communication facilities with many barriers, such as complex bureaucracies in each one. There are cities that are slow to grow and cost a lot. Considering the necessity of expanding telecommunication infrastructure as well as the need for economic saving in the country, it is first necessary to identify costs, policymakers, actors, and stakeholders, and then presenting a country-specific strategy can have a significant impact on this. And it will add to the growth of infrastructure. Since this point has been ignored by the policymakers of the country and other stakeholders have solved their problems in a cross-sectional way, the view of the integrated utilization of infrastructure and the preservation of the interests and resources of the country has been less widely considered. Therefore, in this article, as an innovative work, aspects that have been neglected in the country so far are presented. First, the impact of integration on resource conservation is examined. Secondly, solutions and barriers to integration are presented. Thirdly, the necessary policies are needed to make this important.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Its integration and application in the various industries will be explained in the four sections below, and then examined according to the subject of the text - the integration of the telecommunication infrastructure.

2.1 INTEGRATING AND USING IT IN INDUSTRIES Integration means putting together different components for the integrated user interface (Integration Dictionary). When we talk about integration in a system, it means that different components work together to operate in a function that is generally different from that of each component (Gilkey, 1959). One of the examples of integration in the industry is the integration of the automotive industry because, at a time when all the technologies used in the vehicle were mechanically linked, they are now linked to the electronics industry. The arrival of navigators, electronic controllers, remote commands for turning on and off the car, or even opening and closing the door, and many other coarse cases indicate the integration of the technology in the industry. As an example, integration can be seen from the utilization of mechanical engineering in agriculture, including the results of this integration, namely drip irrigation system. In this type of irrigation, using mechanical sensors to improve the growth of plants and the Basso (Antle et al., 2017). This way of integration in the industry Chicken and fish farming, and the integration of electronic and mechanical sensors to adjust light, temperature, and feed, which has improved the industry. Therefore, it is necessary to change in different industries, to integrate and to take advantage of the achievements of other industries. New inventions like home dialysis devices are based on the integration of medical science, the recognition *Corresponding author (Abbas Khamseh) E-mail: Abbas.Khamseh@kiau.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.194

of the needs of patients, the recognition of home facilities, the integration of electronic science and mechanics, and ultimately the production of a device for the ultimate consumer use and enjoyment. Achievements like Scooter and Segway also integrate to understand human ergonomics, social science to understand transportation needs, improve energy consumption, improve traffic and integrate electronics and mechanics, manage science for commercialization, and eventually deliver the final product. Be Commercialization examples in different industries and technologies are such that they can be recognized by looking at the corners.

2.2 INTEGRATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES Many examples are available to save energy and optimize the utilization of resources and infrastructure. The use of electrical infrastructure to transfer data using PLC, BPL, and ... are examples used to establish Internet communications or electronic controls, where the infrastructure is available, but There was no possibility of creating a transmission line for data or a lot of costs. Another example of this integration was the establishment of the infrastructure of the electric power industry, in that the power cables were produced in such a way that optical fiber would be installed to be used later for data use, thereby integrating the Creating and maintaining the power and data infrastructure simultaneously After the establishment of telecommunication sites for the transfer of information between private or public companies Point to Point Local Network, or Wi-Fi connectivity from telecommunication towers that were established as mobile infrastructure, thus creating a ground for the presence of leased companies by operators such as TOWER COMPANIES that provides service on towers to all those who require a variety of communications from operator to the final consumer. The fixed-line infrastructure was used at certain times for the transfer of images and IPTV services, and some operator companies sold telephone packages, TVs and the Internet simultaneously, which meant the integration of telephone, TV and Internet infrastructure (Hart, 1998). Cable operators now offer these services simultaneously. The examples cited include the integration of infrastructure and the use of common resources for various affairs.

2.3 THE FUTURE NEEDS OF THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY In order to imagine what future infrastructures are needed in the telecommunications industry, we need to have an accurate picture of the current situation. Currently, two megabytes of space is required for moving information, which requires proper bandwidth to move that image between mobile or wireless communications networks at the right speed. Consider how many mobile devices and computers are available on a daily basis, how many audios, images, videos, and more. This is the volume of information to the infrastructure for moving and storing information, and considers the layout information and the various maps that all people use them. All this, some of which we list, is only part of the information about the objects. When all objects such as televisions, coolers, heaters, air conditioners, refrigerators, water meters, electricity, gas, fixed telephones, and even single-lamp homes and streets, and whatever you can in an identity form Define network life for it, enter into a network and exchange information. The amount of removable information is unthinkable and

Reza Talebi, Abbas Khamseh, Mohammad Hasan Cheraghali

requires very high storage and bandwidths for relocation (Oliver, 2017). The issues mentioned were merely data transfer and storage, now imagine that we would analyze and use this information; naturally, the infrastructure that they want to analyze images, videos, energies, and so on. Speed and power should be high enough to meet the need for policymakers and managers. Providing the creation of this infrastructure with the presence of the Internet of objects in the 5G context requires extensive use of resources and technology. It is worth noting that the electrical energy used for these displacements is very high and that there are a lot of coolants for these devices, all of which will pave the way for more energy-efficient energy sources, including green energies are. Maybe these energies are not worth the money for small uses, but for such cases, which lead to a huge amount of benefits, can be investigated.

2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION FOR TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRIES Since the approach of this text is towards the integration of telecommunication infrastructure, we examine this issue in a specific way. In light of the future approach of telecommunication industries and in order to protect its interests and accelerate the creation of infrastructure, it is necessary to help with everything that can help the telecommunication industry and to integrate with other industries. Of the examples that can be said there is a power base, at least integration can be achieved through power grids and utilize them for data communications, apart from the power-line communication (PLC) and broadband over power line (BPL) topics mentioned by AT&T to expand penetration. Data in urban populated areas utilize a laboratory-level project to transmit data through the power grid and data transmission in the magnetic field around the power cables and can provide data transfer (http://about.att.com/story/project_airgig_trials_georgia.html). The necessary infrastructure for telecommunication is the use of all existing infrastructure. To expand, water, electricity, telephone, television, railways, gas and so on can be used. The minimum integration is to share the infrastructure of mobile and fixed operators for other operators, which helps reduce costs, save energy and resources. As indicated, research indicators include:    

energy consumption Operator fees City View Use of green energy

Which will measure the impact of telecommunications infrastructure integrity?

3. RESEARCH METHOD Considering the mentioned issues, the foundations of the design of the questionnaire and its indicators were obtained, which should examine the impact of telecommunications infrastructure integration on energy consumption, operators' costs, urban landscape and the use of green energies. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by reviewing the experts of this industry and evaluated for its reliability through Cronbach's alpha, which resulted in close to 1 and indicates the credibility of the questionnaire. Regarding the sensitivity of the subject, the statistical community includes those who have an IT background and are competent in policy and enforcement matters. *Corresponding author (Abbas Khamseh) E-mail: Abbas.Khamseh@kiau.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.194

This community reaches about 70 people who completed the questionnaire according to the morpheme questionnaire by 55 people. After distributing the questionnaire and obtaining the answers of the experts with the above specifications, their response was examined by the t-student test and the correctness or inaccuracy of the research hypotheses was tested. Research hypotheses include: o o o o

The integration of telecommunication infrastructure reduces energy consumption. The integration of telecommunications infrastructure will reduce operating costs (construction costs, maintenance costs, rental costs, electricity costs, etc.). The integration of telecommunication infrastructure will improve the urban landscape. The integration of telecommunications infrastructure encourages the use of green energy.

4. RESULTS By asking questions about each of the hypotheses, they were tested. In the following, the results of these studies are presented in tables related to each section.

4.1 THE REDUCTION OF ENERGY INDICATOR VARIABLES To determine the impact of integration on energy consumption, questions related to this issue were raised and made available to experts, with the result as follows. Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of the reduction of energy indicator variables Variables Average Reduction of electricity costs of the operator 3.05 Reduction of cooling system cost 3.84 Reduction of the amount of power consumed by the DC generator 3.56

SD 0.80 0.46 0.66

Min 1 2 2

Max. 4 5 5

As shown in Table 1, the average of the Energy Reduction Indicators varies from 3.05 for the operator to reduce the cost of the electric power to 3.84 for the cost reduction of the Cooling system. Since the questions are answered on the basis of the 5-option Likert spectrum (5 = very much to 1 = very low), the number 3 in the middle of the 5-option Likert range, given that the mean variables of the indicator The reduction in energy from the middle of the 5-option Likert range has increased, so integrating telecommunication infrastructure will reduce energy.

4.2 INDICATORS OF OPERATOR COST REDUCTION INDEX To assess the impact of telecommunications infrastructure integration, the costs of the operator were evaluated and questioned by the experts. Due to the sensitivity of the operators in this project, we tried to consider different aspects: Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of the reduction of operator costs indicator variables Variables Reduction of depreciation cost of operators Reduction of costs of deployment for the operator compared to normal towers It reduces the number of contractors Reduction of the cost of technical support for operators Reduction of the cost of physical storage for the operator The cost of operators' monitoring is reduced.

Reza Talebi, Abbas Khamseh, Mohammad Hasan Cheraghali

Average 3.33

SD 1.38

Min 1

Max. 5

3.45

0.79

3.42 3.39 3.60 3.49

0.66 0.88 0.78 0.77

2 1 2 1

5 5 5 5

From Table 2, the average operator cost reduction indicators varies from the lowest of 3.33, which is attributed to the reduction of the cost of depreciation, which is related to the reduction of physical maintenance costs for the operator. Since the questions are answered on the basis of the 5-option Likert spectrum (5 = very much to 1 = very low), the number 3 in the middle of the five-option Likert range, given that the mean variables of the indicator Reducing operator costs ha ve risen to an average of 5-point Likert spectrum, so the telecommunication infrastructure integration technology reduces operator cost index variables.

4.3 IMPROVING THE URBAN LANDSCAPE INDEX Since one of the most important effects is the spread of technology on urban landscapes, so there are relatively large questions about the various aspects of this issue. Table 3: Mean and standard deviation of Improving the urban landscape index variables Variables Similar Telecommunication Towers cause environmental beauty. The impact on the ease of urban planning The impact on the urban beautification There is the possibility to create a way to camouflage towers in urban areas Integrated Towers beautification can be used to create an urban icon Integration of the masts under tower improves the urban landscape Integration of the masts creates the possibility for beautification Providing the possibility of saving urban spaces dedicated to operators and the proper use of them

Average 3.44 3.36 3.38 3.33 3.33 3.56 3.53

SD 0.74 0.78 0.76 0.86 0.67 0.57 0.57

Min 2 1 1 1 2 2 2

Max 5 5 5 4 4 4 4

3.64

0.52

According to Table 3, the average of the Urban Landscape Optimization Index varies from 3.33 to "Possibility of creating a method for camouflaging the towers in urban space" and "Beautifying the combined towers (as one of the telecommunication infrastructures) can be used to create a The urban symbol is "up to 3.64 to allow the city to be saved in space dedicated to the operators and the proper use of them. It can be seen that the average of the urban landscape optimization index variables is greater than the average Likert spectrum of 3. This means that utilizing the integration of telecommunications infrastructure in optimizing urban landscapes is effective.

4.4 INDICATORS OF THE USE OF GREEN ENERGY Since the use of green energy, which can be called solar energy as one of the most important ones, continues to be costly, there needs to be sufficient incentive to use them. Considering that the use of these energies occurs during joint integration, it is therefore economically feasible to invest in this issue through more detailed questions. Table 4: Mean and standard deviation of the Moving towards green energy index variables Variables The possibility of the increasing distance of installation of telecommunication equipment from the residential by integrating Telecommunication Towers Considering the altitude, the possibility of using wind energy will be provided. The cost of using solar energy will be affordable.

Average

Min

Max.

3.45

0.86

3.71

0.50

3.40

0.83

According to Table 4, the average variable of the incentive index for using green energy is 3.40 *Corresponding author (Abbas Khamseh) E-mail: Abbas.Khamseh@kiau.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.194

for cost of using solar energy, up to 3.71 for wind energy. Because of the questions, on the five-point Likert scale (5 = very much to 1 = very low), in fact, three sets the five-point Likert range. The average incentive variables to utilize green energies were higher than the midpoint of Likert's five-point spectrum. This suggests that the integration of telecommunication infrastructures has led to an increase in the indices of the incentive to use green energy.

4.5 BRIDGES OF INDICATORS The extracted indicators are all influenced by the integration of telecommunications infrastructure and summarized in Table 5. Table 5: Mean and standard deviation indicators Variables Reduction of energy consumption Reduction of operators cost The use of green energy Improving the urban landscape

Average 3.75 3.61 3.42 3.64

SD 0.60 0.67 0.66 0.73

Min 2.00 1.57 1.87 1.83

Max. 4.83 5.00 4.44 4.83

According to Table 5, the average energy consumption index was higher (3.75) and the average index of green energy use was the least (3.42). As the five-choice questionnaire's questionnaire was "5 = very much to 1 = very low", in fact, the third Likert range is the fifth option. If the property is successful at least 50 percent, then we test the statistical hypothesis below: H0=µ≤3 H1=µ>3 In this way, the Table 6 is used to measure each of the statistical hypotheses. Table 6: Result of t-test to assess the impact of the installation of integrated towers in different indices Index Reduction of energy consumption Reduction of operators cost Green energy Urban landscape

t 9.163 6.687 4.798 6.505

Degree of freedom 54 54 54 54

Confidence level. 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

According to the results observed in Table 6, the test of all assumptions is in the accepted region (H1 is accepted). Therefore, integration of telecommunications towers will have a positive impact on all aspects of the assessment. Another thing that attracted attention in these comparisons is success of the integration of telecommunications towers in various aspects, and that the success of view of various criteria is not different. By using the Friedman test, we have obtained Table 7 result. Table 7: Results of analysis of variance Friedman. No. 1 2 3 4

The design criteria Reduction of energy consumption Reduction of operators cost Green energy Urban landscape Friedman test

Reza Talebi, Abbas Khamseh, Mohammad Hasan Cheraghali

The average rank of aspects 2.85 2.40 2.22 2.54 p>0.05 Chi- Square=6.996

5. DISCUSSION The complexity of utilizing common infrastructure among the various stakeholders is so much that it is sometimes thought to be unrealistic. Because the interests of each one are different and sometimes contradictory, in some cases the competitive environment causes the infrastructure to remain monopolistic because it sees it as a competitive advantage with others, while Subscribing to others prevents monopolies, even in some cases involving stakeholder interests, the opposition to uncertain reasons and the need to maintain ownership, prevent the integration of infrastructure. In the meantime, the silence of state laws and policies leads to inconsistencies, and while the government can, with proper policy, enforce the creation of shared infrastructure and require its proper orientation. Apart from the absence of government policies, non-state structures the government's agility and getting out of the 100% control of services due to the unavailability of permanent infrastructure, fear their owners from sharing and damaging their infrastructure due to sharing the barrier to building infrastructure integrity. In this sense, the government must, after proper policy-making on infrastructure sharing, plan, and policy to oversee the work, so that the challenge for the beneficiaries and stakeholders is overcome. It is clear that the existence of these cases and thinking of this The causes of public harm are considered to be the duties of governments, and failure by governments to think about them leads to a lack of proper stakeholder participation, which naturally results in general damage, lack of economic growth and resource-wasting On a massive scale.

6. CONCLUSION To solve the challenges, some of which are mentioned in the previous section, they have to be categorized and discussed separately for each issue. The biggest issue is related to legislation and policy, if the owner of the law seriously looks at the integrity of the infrastructure. To a large extent, this will be overcome. In addition, the legislator and the policymaker are required to elaborate the rules in a precise manner and assess the interactions in all aspects so that the next issue, that is, solving the problems of the stakeholders and taking into account their profit without the integrity of their limitation, will be resolved. A very important stage of cultural discussion is that the stakeholders should be culturally and intellectually justified and not be encouraged to move towards integration. Ultimately, in case of non-justification, the law should be used without leaving any controversy for anyone, otherwise Future Infrastructure Research will not be possible and if each individual beneficiary is to take action individually, his expenses and the loss of their resources at a macro level will be such that they will be eliminated from the competition, so the primary priority would be to formulate joint policy of integration, which should be developed by policymakers. In the results of statistical issues that were examined by energy indicators, operator costs, urban landscape, and green energy use, we found that all of these indicators are recovered using shared infrastructure. This implies the need for integrated policy because the adoption of proper policies and controls in the area of infrastructure and their integration saves energy and encourages the growth of the use of green and carbon-free energy. In other words, it is necessary to adopt single decisions for ministries such as the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, the Ministry of *Corresponding author (Abbas Khamseh) E-mail: Abbas.Khamseh@kiau.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.194

Health, the Ministry of Housing, Roads and Urban Development, the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and other ministries playing roles in infrastructure development. In the course of this article, it was observed that the orientation and movement of the world and technologies towards integration, and the main of these policies and actions are due to the conservation of resources and the use of common resources. The studies conducted in Iran, a small part of which are presented in this article, also indicate that it was necessary to maintain resources with proper functioning and policy and to prioritize and prioritize it. Therefore, the formation of a task force on energy policy, which consists of all decision-making and policymakers in Iran, is one of the requirements that we will eventually end up, and certainly it is not the sole responsibility of the Ministry of Energy or other organizations and policymakers. But the creation of this culture and the need to address this need in the impermeable power of the state is something that begins with these kinds of studies and provides a way for the custodians to constantly review the future, the current situation, and how exit this position and address one of the most important policies concerns.

7. MATERIAL AND DATA AVAILABILITY Information regarding this study can be requested to the corresponding author.

8. REFERENCES Abbasi, F., Motavasseli, M., Zali, M. R., Faghih, N., & Meigounpoory, M. R. (2019). How Does The Technological Innovation Come From? A Multilevel Framework. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies,10(4), 527-550. Antle, J. M., Basso, B., Conant, R. T., Godfray, H. C. J., Jones, J. W., Herrero, M., Tittonell, P. (2017). Towards a new generation of agricultural system data, models and knowledge products: Design and improvement. Agricultural systems, 155, 255-268. ATT. (2019). http://about.att.com/story/project_airgig_trials_georgia.html Chong Tjen-San, Chris Leung. (2017). One Belt One Road Infrastructure Sector. Columbia center on sustainable investment. (2017). Module 8 of the Broadband Strategies Toolkit, (draft document). Electronic publishing, European Commission, 5G Vision, 2015 Finka, M., Ondrejička, V., Jamečný, Ľ., & Husár, M. (2017). Public Participation Procedure in Integrated Transport and Green Infrastructure Planning. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 5, p. 052054). IOP Publishing. Gilkey, H. T. (1959). New air heating methods. In New methods of heating buildings: a research correlation conference conducted by the Building Research Institute, Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, as one of the programs of the BRI fall conferences (pp. 47 -56). Hart, T. (1998), Legal Theory, Vol. 4, pp. 283-300, 1998, reprinted in hart's postscript: essays on the postscript to 'the concept of law', Jules Coleman, ed, Oxford University Press. Holland, J. H. (2006). Studying complex adaptive systems. Journal of systems science and complexity, 19(1), 1-8. McMillan, E. (2008). Complexity, management and the dynamics of change: Challenges for practice.

Reza Talebi, Abbas Khamseh, Mohammad Hasan Cheraghali

Routledge. Nonnenmacher, T. “History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry”. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. August 14, 2001 World Economic Forum. (2017). Digital Transformation Initiative Telecommunications Industry. (White Paper). Yang, Eunsang. (2017). A Foundry of Human Activities and Infrastructures. Reza Talebi is a PhD Candidate completing his PHD degree in Technology Management at Department of Management at Faculty of Technology Management, Roudehen Branch at Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. He received his MA in same major from South Tehran Branch at Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran, and his BA in Telecommunication at Elmosanat University, Tehran, Iran. His research focuses on Integration Technology in Telecomm, especially Mobile Infrastructures. Dr. Abbas Khamseh is an Assistant Professor at Department of Management, at faculty of Industrial Management, Karaj Branch at Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. He is interested in Technology and Management.

Dr. Mohammad Hassan Cheraghali is an Assistant Professor at Department of Management, Faculty of Industrial Management, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. His researches are in areas of Technology Management, Decision Making, Data Science, and System Dynamics.

*Corresponding author (Abbas Khamseh) E-mail: Abbas.Khamseh@kiau.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.194

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