Forskningsbakgrund Decision Dynamics JTI®

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Forskningsbakgrund Decision Dynamics JTIโ ข

Professor Rickard Larsson Fรถretagsekonomiska institutionen Ekonomihรถgskolan vid Lunds Universitet Decision Dynamics AB Ideon Science Park SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden www.decisiondynamics.se

Decision Dynamics LLC 2131 La Granada Drive Thousand Oaks CA 91362, USA info@decdynamics.com


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