Essay About Earthquake

The Effects Of Earthquakes In Ecuador

Devastation, mass destruction, and fear are all adjectives associated with the word earthquake. Previously this year, many witnessed the agony and destruction the people in Ecuador faced as their country was demolished by a natural disaster. This event has made me think of one question: Is California prepared for such a disaster? 2 weeks ago we were ask if we were prepare for "the big one", a question to which i'm pretty sure many of us answer no. Even after we have seen the devastating effects of earthquakes in other countries, we don't take earthquakes seriously, Even the big one that is predicted to happen in the next couple of years.Preparedness is a term which is often used to show the capacity of the communities to respond to disasters.

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Earthquake Reflection

Lecture Reflection 4

All forms of natural disaster bring devastating effects and strike with vicious force, demolishing everything around them. Additionally, natural disaster is bound to happen, so why not prepare for the worst? In 2004, the coastal areas of south and southeast Asia were hit with a disastrous tsunami. Areas ofIndia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand did not have the ability to prepare when the tsunami swept away thousands of civilians and wiped out a portion of their infrastructure. In my my opinion, if natural disaster strikes an area, I would recommend moving out of that area right away and start considering a new place to live. Citizens who stay in the same area after natural disaster, have a high probability of witnessing another. However, many people that have been hit by natural disaster commonly go back to live at the destroyed site because it's all that they may have left. This is sad but realistic. Furthermore, when natural disasters hit vulnerable urban areas, effects are catastrophic. Some significant factors that play a role in the safety of residents in urban areas; rapid population growth with inadequate planning, ecological imbalance, population density, compacted infrastructure, dependency on infrastructure, and inappropriate construction. Although, these places may be miles away from each other, there were many similarities found in each of these cases. Firstly, all of the places hit by the tsunami witnessed a loss of coastal areas

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The data from nine earthquakes happened in winter and summer time, with magnitudes ranging from M 3.0 to M5.7, was collected at a sampling rate 200 Hz and preprocessed for the further analysis [4]. Then, dynamic properties of the structure were obtained using modal property identification toolbox (MPIT 2.0) developed at the University of Auckland [13]. The modes were determined from the following system identification algorithms: –Frequency domain methods: the peak picking (PP), the frequency domain decomposition (FDD), the enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD) –Time domain method: stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method [14] identifying the stable poles by generating singular values around them from the singular value...show more content...

Then, the most plausible modes was chosen by comparison of MAC values of each date for each SI algorithm. Since fundamental mode of the bridges always excited by the translational ground motions during earthquakes, transverse components of mode shapes only were described in this research to estimate the input of different bridge components on the bridge dynamic response. The frequency values obtained by each method, except of SSI for summer dataset, at each season and their mean and coefficient of correlation are shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. From this figure, the values of fundamental transverse frequency identified by each method are highly correlated for all methods, the mean coefficient of variation was no more than 0.02. In addition, no relationship between the transverse frequency and the depth of frozen soil at specific dates was observed. A high correlation between mode shapes, with MAC value 0.95 or higher, was observed for two frequency domain methods only, FDD and EFDD. Therefore, the average values of natural transverse frequency calculated from the values identified by each method, 7.69 Hz and 2.85 Hz, and mode shapes obtained by FDD technique (Figure 3.1) were chosen as a baseline experimental values for the further calibration of the numerical models developed for winter and summer respectively. The bridge transverse response is mainly symmetrical; the possible

We have to know what earthquakes are in order for us to be prepared against them. Earthquakes are tremors that move the earth. They can create a lot of damage. Earthquakes have happened around the world. What causes earthquakes to happen? How do we protect ourselves against the powerful earthquakes? Earthquakes can cause a lot of damage to homes and places so it is important to know where it has happened. Also what causes them and how do we protect ourselves against earthquakes. To begin with earthquakes can happen around the world. A 6.3earthquake destroyed historic buildings in Italy. On January 12, 2010 a powerful 7.0...show more content...

It's important to know that earthquakes happen around the world so people are prepared for earthquakes anytime anywhere they are. We also have to know what earthquakes are to be prepared. Another example is what earthquakes are. Earthquakes are called tremors and can be tremendously destructive. An earthquakes magnitude is a measured value of its size and is the same no matter where. There is no such thing as earthquake weather. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. "An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip in the fault."said at an article with earthquake facts at earthquake.usg.com. Its important to know what earthquakes are caused by so we can understand them better. that way we can protect ourselves against earthquakes. As well as learning how to protect yourself against earthquakes. An important thing is to duck and cover. During an earthquake, if you are indoors, it is very important to stay calm and take cover under a heavy object. If you are outdoors, stay as far away from buildings as possible. Get away from shelves or other areas where objects may fall if in a crowded store or public area. Do not run for the door. Crouch and cover your head and neck with your hands and arms. " Try to get into an open area." Getting into an open area not Get

Earthquake Literature Review

Review of Literature

Introduction to earthquakes Earthquakes are a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the Earth's crust or volcanic action. Earthquakes is one of the dangerous and life threatening natural disaster which can come anytime and anywhere on the earth. Earthquakes can cause tsunami, landslides, mudslides, bigger earthquakes, and aftershocks. These can all cause significant damage property and buildings, death and injury to people and animals, floods, major disasters and emergency situations. Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the...show more content...

IV.Earthquake Locations

California isn't the only state with a serious earthquake hazard. There are several lesser–known fault zones lurking in other parts of the country that are just as dangerous, if not more dangerous, than the famed San Andreas Fault. Some of these faults are capable of producing quakes bigger than the 1906 San Francisco quake, but because the time between major jolts is longer than in California, many people live near these faults don't even know they are there. The most and largest active earthquake zone is the Pacific Rim of Fire, also known as Ring of Fire. This is a roughly horse–shaped ring around the entire Pacific basin which is characterised by frequent seismic activity – especially around regions such as California and Japan.

V.

Seismologist

Seismologists is a person who studies earthquakes. Some geologists specialize as geophysicists, who study the physical properties and process of the Earth. This field includes seismology, or the of earthquakes. Seismologists study earthquakes so people can be aware of them and prepare. Seismologists watch the seismograph and record the information. VI. Get

Faults subsiding, converging, and spreading can break free at any moment causes earthquakes. Earthquakes are unpredictable they can cause all types of damages and cause deaths to hundreds at in just a few moments. While faults movement show scientist tail–tell signs that say "hey I'm ready to shift" in any time the faults could slide can slip an unknown distance for an unknown range. This happening can cause one or many earthquakes to happen even lead to volcano eruptions.

So which would be a worst an 8.1 from the Salton Sea to San Bernardino or a 7.1 offshore of Rose Canyon to New port. While most would believe that the 8.1 from the Salton Sea would be the worst due to its magnitude and its location. It also will leave large amounts of damage. The buildings up toward the Salton Sea to San Bernardino are more structurally sound and can with withstand a more abusive shaking. It has the possibility of having multiple earthquake energies released as well all along the fault. I believe that the 7.1 will actually be the worst for us here in San Diego for a few reasons.

A 7.1 magnitude earthquake here at rose canyon would be worst for us, due to the fact that ourbuilding are not built to withstand the shaking of an earthquake of that magnitude. Just like an 8.1 earthquake, a 7.1 can also trigger multiple earthquakes on other faults. Our building are not the only problem we have a lot of areas in San Diego like Mission Bay, Coronado, Point Loma, and few other places heavily saturated sands. This is because these areas are made of sand deposits from along the Coast. So if an earthquake were to shake that area liquefaction would happen causing sewage issues due to the location of the sewer plants and their lines. Also, there would be damage to water lines and gas lines. The buildings would also sink into the ground due to its soft saturated sandy composition. A possible lowering of the ground level once settled. Let us just remember the earthquake doesn't kill the people. It's the environment and buildings that kill the people.

When preparing for an earthquake there are things you must do in order to protect yourself and your family. First off you need to make sure you have food and water. If you know you

Natural Disasters Research Project Earthquake: San Francisco, California

Earthquake An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. We know that tectonic plates move slowly towards, away from or past each other. Continents are parts of these plates which means they move too after time. Anearthquake occurs when the rocks break and move as a result stresses caused by plate tectonics. but sometimes they get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the edges overcome Earthquakes are the most deadly of all natural disasters. When an earthquake strikes, it can make a difference between life and death. If you survive an earthquake it's something you'll never forget. Most of the time it's not the quake that kills people but the building and the things inside it that fall down. It can destroy pipelines, gas lines that can cause fire and zero electricity. Usually there are aftershocks for weeks or months. For example, the earthquake that happened in San Francisco, California on October 17,1989. It was a really destructive earthquake that killed people and billions of dollars in damages.

Description of The Event The earthquake that happened in San Francisco, California in 1989 was an earthquake that was triggered by a slip along the San Andreas fault. "The focus was in the Forest of Nisene Marks State Park, near Loma Prieta peak in the Santa Cruz mountains. Northeast of Santa Cruz and approximately 60 miles south of San Francisco. Seismicity

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Reflection Paper On Earthquake

On January 12/2010, everyone wakes up doing their daily rooting as every other day but no one would of thought of what mother nature got on her fits for them exactly. January 12/2010 at 4:53 was the time and date when the unforgettable earthquake happened. It was a total chaos for the little island of Haiti when it was hit with a magnitude of 7.0 earthquake. Around that time, I was 12 years old living in Port–au–Prince in Haiti which is the capital. On that day people were like children that were learning how to walk and didn't have the balance to support their body weight, at that time; nobody could see clearly even if they had a 20/20 vision because there was so much dust around from the houses that were already collapsed. people were smacking into each other as if they were children playing in front of a mirror with their reflection, at that moment, everyone though there would be no more Haiti.

As some of you may heard that Haiti is a tropical island, but on January 12, 2010, I didn't smell any fresh air or fresh water running, instead I smelled fresh blood running because many people had died because of bricks falling on them and some even lost a leg or an arm, and there were some that unfortunate and lose both hands and legs. On that day, anybody could have died because nature didn't know who's an adult or child rich or poor. On that day, everyone including little kids was like a song composer, and it was like everyone bring was united as one and how all of them were Get more content

What would you do in a situation of a natural disaster with no resources, alone with no hope? A lot of people are scared from all of this commotions, fearing of no hope, losing lives even loved ones. There was a deadly magnitude earthquake of 7.2 that struck the central philippines on a national holiday. An estimated 43,000 people experienced severe shaking. Anotherearth quake hit with a magnitude of 6 in the fault of 1990 caused $154 in damage.The temblor is the strongest too come in 23 years. (Background essay)

People have had many disasters happen to homes and people are getting affected by all of the commotion.Interior secretary Mar Rotas in a statement said he had ordered the national police to check on reports that some local officials had been "hoarding" relief goods and distributed the selectivity supporters. People have there own stuff and they don't want too let it go of there stuff so they will need help. Since theearthquake, the Philippine red cross, with the supports of international federation of red cross and red crescent societies or IFRC has provided at least 10,000 families with essential household items including blankets, water containers, personal hygiene items, mosquito nets and tarpaulins.(Documents C,A)...show more content...

On October 15th an earthquake killed nearly 90 people. In the Philippines killed nearly 200 and displacing tens of thousands of dollars. The quake wrecked about more than 45,000 homes. These earthquakes have affected many people, damaging homes and even lives and causes millions of dollars for repairs. The quake, the strongest to hit the disaster–prone country in recent years, struck Bohol on October 15th. Felt across several neighbouring provinces, more than 2,500 aftershock have rippled through the region since.(Documents

I will be discussing the needs of a budget and what supplies will be in the budget plan. Then you will read some about the shelter provided, population of the community, and damages caused by earthquakes. There will be information about the policy and procedures to follow for an earthquake and what challenges we have to face. The conclusion will be completed in the next phase.|

Earthquake Preparedness Budget

There are three major consequences of an earthquake: injury to employees, customers and visitors; damage to property, the infrastructure of the area, and lifelines; and disruption of business operations (Crook, 1999). This is...show more content...

Damages Caused by Earthquakes

Past Records of Earthquake Damages There are many different types of damages that can be caused by earthquakes. People lose their homes, businesses are destroyed, and much more. Statistics shows the economic damage caused by earthquakes between 1900's and present here in the United States are 41.04 billions of dollars (Economic Damage Caused By Earthquakes By County Up To 2012, 2012). Between the years 2006 to 2012 there was 7,340 earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0 to 4.9 (Earthquakes Worldwide By Richter Scale Gradation Up To 2012, 2012). Many lives are taken from the effects of an earthquake.

Other Department Involvement Other organizations pull together and help with the disasters across the world. Here is a list of a few organizations and the services they offer: American Red Cross| Fixed/mobile feeding stations, shelter, cleaning supplies, comfort kits, first aid, blood, food, clothing, emergency transportation and much more.| Friends Disaster Service| Provides clean–up and rebuilding assistance to the elderly, disabled, low income, or uninsured survivors of disasters.| Salvation Army| Mass and mobile feeding, temporary shelter, medical assistance, and distribution of donated goods such as food, clothes, and household items.| Volunteers of America| Making vehicles available for transporting victims and supplies to designate

What is an Earthquake?

An Earthquake is the shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky outer layer. The sudden shaking of the ground that occurs when masses of rock change position below the Earth's surface is called an earthquake. The shifting masses send out shock waves that may be powerful enough to alter the surface of the Earth, thrusting up cliffs and opening great cracks in the ground. Earthquakes, called temblors by scientists, occur almost continuously. Fortunately, most of them can be detected only by sensitive instruments called seismographs. Others are felt as small tremors. Some of the rest, however, cause major catastrophes. They...show more content...

Although it is certain that violent Earth tremors in themselves are destructive, there are often other kinds of Earth movements that are triggered by earthquake shock waves. Thus, the violent shaking that accompanies many earthquakes often causes rockslides, snow avalanches, and landslides. In some areas these events are frequently more devastating than the Earth tremor itself.

Floods and fires are also caused by earthquakes. Floods arise from tsunamis along coast lines, from large–scale seiches in enclosed bodies of water such as lakes and canals, and from the failure of dams. Fire produced the greatest property loss following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when 521 blocks in the city center burned uncontrollably for three days. Fire also followed the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, causing much damage and hardship for the citizens.

Causes

Most of the worst earthquakes are associated with changes in the shape of the Earth's outermost shell, particularly the crust. These so called tectonic earthquakes are generated by the rapid release of strain energy that is stored within the rocks of the crust, which on continents is about 22 miles thick. A small proportion of earthquakes are associated with human activity. Dynamite or atomic explosions, for example, can sometimes cause mild quakes. The injection of liquid wastes deep into the Earth and the pressures

Have you ever woken up to see half your house gone? Or everything in your house destroyed? I have. I'm Jose age 15 and I live in Mexico. That day wasn't like a regular day. We heard there was going to be a huge earthquake and that everyone had to leave. Although a lot of people were leaving, my family didn't have enough money to leave. That day I woke to everything shaking, I was confused. I jumped out of bed and ran to get my sister 7 years old and my mom. My dad had died when I was two. My mom said he had died in a car crash. But, I can tell that she was lying. I never questioned her. So I ran to my sister's room avoiding falling things. I ran into her room and picked her up and didn't bother to wake her. I ran with her on my shoulders to my mom's room. I woke up my mom because I couldn't carry. "Mom, wake up," I said shaking her. She woke up confused. So I pulled her along. We ran outside into chaos. People running around all crazy. After a few minutes, the earthquake stopped. I asked my mom if she was ok. "Yes, Jose. Thank you for getting your sister and acting so quickly." My mom replied. I look back at the destroyed house. "Mama, I'm going to check on the other people." and I went to the old lady Coco's house down the street to check on her. "Coco! Coco!" I yelled. In a raspy voice, I hear the old woman reply "Here, here." I go through the empty doorway with the door on the ground. In the house, I saw her pictures on the ground and the walls crumbled

Essay On Earthquakes

Earthquakes: A Natural Hazard

Introduction to Earthquakes

An earthquake is a natural hazard that causes death and destruction. Earthquakes mainly occur on the boundary of two tectonic plates, known as fault lines, as the plates move against each other and get stuck which creates a strain and results in rocks breaking. This releases energy into the lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) causing shaking of the earth's surface. The energy released is called seismic waves and these are measured on a logarithmic scale called the Richter scale.

Effects of Earthquakes (human or physical)

Ground shaking and unstable buildings are some of the short–term physical effects that are caused by seismic waves. Fires can be created when a ...show more content...

As well as that they should try to find a place that is safe; supplies such as bottled water and canned food should be easy to reach. Communication systems can be affected so most will set up plans for contacting friends and family. Immediately after an earthquake looting often happens as many will be without supplies however some people react very differently and try to help as many people as they can. Countries around the world will send money and food; some may even send volunteers to help and administer first aid. The rubble will be cleared to free the people trapped. Buildings being made safe is another way they would help but depending on the country's funding it doesn't always happen immediately. Tourism may decrease as the tourists could be scared of another earthquake or aftershock occurring.

term responses would be things like building restoration because aftershocks are not unusual. Before or after restoration begins an investigation may be required to figure out why the building collapsed and if there were any faults in construction. The economy will be negatively affected as rebuilding is costly and normal work is prevented from happening for quite a while. Whilst there are investments made for rebuilding and aid is sent in the immediate aftermath, families may struggle with reduced incomes and replacement of clothing and household items.

Long

Case Studien Japan

The TЕЌhoku earthquake is a prime example of an earthquake creating a tsunami. With a magnitude

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Reflection Of The Earthquake

1. Introduction

In April of 2016, a massive earthquake struck the coast of Ecuador, thus causing many to lose their lives, homes, loved ones, and suffer from displacement. In October of 2016, a team from NOBTS travelled to Pedernales, Ecuador–the epicenter of the earthquake. I was privileged to be a part of that team. In the weeks prior to our travels, local pastors briefed us regarding the number of lives lost and the living conditions of those left behind. However, our briefing failed to prepare us for the devastation we encountered. Once we arrived in Pedernales, we saw buildings toppled and a city lying barren. More importantly, outside of the city, we encountered an unengaged people group stricken bypoverty. This group of people lived in the city during the earthquake, most of them lost loved ones, all lost their homes and possessions.

Earlier in the semester, I shared Christian's story. Christian is a young child in arefugee camp in outside of Pedernales; he was born two months before the earthquake hit. Following the earthquake, the city suffered a shortage of water and food. As a result, young Christian went days without eating. When Christian finally received food, the quantity thereof was not that which an infant requires for proper health. Consequently, Christian suffered permanent brain damage; though his body will grow, his mind will not–he will remain an infant (mentally) until death. The doctors in America could work with him and provide a more productive

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Flame "Chace! Come here for a minute. I'd like a word with you." "Coming sir. What would you like to talk about?" "Chace what is your update on the experiment?" "Well sir, I'm almost done creating the Element Project." "Hurry up! I need to examine it soon." "Yes sir, I'll be going now." *storms in* "Chace, what's the matter? Why did you barge in like that?" "Sorry Mags, I need to finish my experiment." And with that, Chace slams the door. A brief case fell out of the top shelf. "What's this" With a confused look, Chace opens the case. *EGS Particle* "Perfect!" Chace mixed the EGS ingredient to his solid container. He put the finished mixture in a syringe. Chace didn't know what would happen if he injected the liquid into his body. He didn't...show more content... LabCorp had been taken down for good, leaving the young scientists to find a new job. Chace left the superhero world, constructing his own company, Chace Industries. Right now, he teaches as head scientist at his company. He visits his sister's grave every afternoon. Chace married 3 years after his battle with Earthquake, He has a 2 year old child and another one on the way. The urge of going back as Flame has been crossing his mind as he makes a new life. "Can anyone answer this question?" *Silence hits the class* "Sir Chace! I know the answer. If combining element molecules with EGS, it is possible to create a living element organism." Chace smiles. "You're right, Randy. Good Job." Thoughts of Flame raced back to his mind. "Mr. Bryan, do you think Flame did the exact same procedure to create his fire power?" "Well you could say that Michael. Let's get back to the lesson shall we?" *after the day is over.* Chace enters his mansion, Greeting his lovely wife. "Jane! I'm home." A woman walks out of the kitchen wearing an apron. "Hi love, how was your day?" She had asked. " It was fine, dear. Where's Jace?" His 2 year old boy came out of the living room. "Daddy!" Chace picks up the boy. "There you are, buddy. Love, I have to do some work in my office. I'll be out before dinner." He puts Jace down. "Son, stay here with mommy, I'll be right

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4. EXPLAIN THE RISK AND NATURAL HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES. HOW CAN WE PLAN TO CONTROL THESE RISKS?

Earthquakes and volcanoes have disastrous effects on humans and properties, it's also very harmful for the environment overall including wildlife. Earthquakes cause a lot of damage due their shaking nature,they can further lead to tsunamis and most common hazard related to earthquakes is landsliding. The earthquake intensity is what measures the effects it has on land surface, and this depends on the rock types and actual ground displacements, it's measured by the Mercalli scale and bases on human reports of damage experienced. It's interesting that earthquakes of the same magnitude can cause different amounts of damage...show more content...

Plate tectonic activity is related to many other things like, volcanoes and earthquakes. These natural hazards can be found in linear belts around the globe. There are seven large plates and many small ones, the main types of plates include the divergent plate boundary (pulls away), convergent plate boundary (move towards each other) and transform plate boundary (slide past). Ocean–continent boundaries create earthquakes up 700 km deep and forms seafloor trenches, it leads to andesitic volcanoes in mountain ranges. Yellowstone is a 'hot spot' this is where heating and igneous activity occurs within crust. Although, not all plates move at the same rate, they are relative to each other. Continent– continent boundaries with divergent can form rift valleys, earthquakes less than 100 km deep, and basaltic/rhyolitic volcanoes. At Convergent they have young mountain range, 300 km deep earthquakes, and no volcanoes. At transform, they have a fault zone, less than 100 km deep earthquakes and again no volcanoes. With ocean–ocean boundaries there is oceanic ridges with rift valley, less than 100 km earthquakes, and basaltic pillow lavas at divergent. On convergent there are seafloor trenches, 700 km earthquakes and andesitic volcanoes in island arc. With transform you have ridges and valleys in oceanic crust, less than 100 km earthquakes, and some basalt. Plates are driven by the convection in the mantle and movement of the lithosphere.

6. WHAT ARE HURRICANES? EXPLAIN THE

Expository Essay On Earthquake

Write an informative process analysis about another dramatic act of nature; for example, an earthquake, tornado, tsunami, or hurricane. Maninderdeep Singh Grant MacEwan university

23 – OCT– 2017

Author Note

This paper was prepared for English 111, taught by Professor Valentyna Kennedy

Abstract

There are a lot of disasters, but earthquake is the worst out of all. In this Research we can find out how an earthquake happens, the main reasons of why it happens and measures how a person can get out of such a situation. Earthquakes are the shock waves which happen for approximately half a minute. Taking references from books and journals it can be seen what a person should do during an earthquake and how this natural calamity can be measured and steps that government takes to find out where will this disaster show its power the next time.

Expository essay on earthquake

Earthquake is a Trembling or shaking alteration ofearth's surface. It is a sudden brutal shaking of the earth's surface occurring naturally and cause great massacre with its strong movements in the earth's crust or action of volcano. It is naturally occurring disturbance which can be characterize as an abnormal violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the ground.it originate anytime inside the earth's crust and push a bulk of rock to slip rapidly. A huge amount of energy gets released and travel through rocks and waves, which cause tremors and trembling of

The Valdivia Earthquake

Earthquakes, also referred to as temblors, are one of the world's most powerful occurrences. The Earth has four layers: the crust, mantle, inner and outer core. Earthquakes occur in the crust and upper mantle (Refer to Figure 1). The mantle is made up of semi–molten rock called magma. The upper mantle rock is hard. The crust is the outer layer of the earth. Together, the crust and upper mantle make up thelithosphere. The lithosphere is 20–50 km thick and is cracked. The asthenosphere sits below the lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of tectonic plates (lithospheric plates). Tectonic plates is the theory that the Earth's outer shell is divided by slabs of solid rock. When these two tectonic plates make frictional contact the outcome may be deadly.

Sometimes there can be smaller shocks that occur, one's before called the foreshock, and one's after called the aftershock and the mainearthquake called the main shock.

The richter scale, developed...show more content...

Megathrust earthquakes are the most powerful earthquakes in the world and can produce tsunamis through a variety of structures. The Valdivia earthquake, in theory, is a convergent the earthquake was caused by the Nazca plate releasing tension and descending underneath the South American Plate.The Great Alaska earthquake also appears to be a convergent boundary earthquake as the Pacific Plate lurched underneath the North American Plate causing the earthquake.

Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers as a result of earthquakes. During an earthquake, the waves released may be "P" or "S" depending on the way and speed of the wave (Refer to Figure 3 and 4). P–waves, or primary waves are longitudinal waves. Their vibrations are along the same direction as the direction of travel. P–waves are faster than S–waves. S–waves, or secondary waves are transverse waves. They travel at right angles to the direction of

Earthquakes can devastate a city. They are a force of nature that can destroy any structure. The earth is made up of moving tectonic plates. Earthquakes occur along or near tectonic plate boundaries where two plates meet. These plates are solid rock and sit on the mantle which is a layer of molten rock. This molten rock is constantly moving in a convection current. The earth's core is what generates the heat. The hotter rock rises away from the core and pushes up against the crust. Here it cools and then moves away on both sides. The now cooled rock sinks back to take the place of the hotter rock that has risen as shown in the diagram on the right. When the rock pushes against the crust it moves sideways. This moves the tectonic plates...show more content...

As shown in the diagram on the right, the fault runs straight through San Francisco and right along the coast. When the two plates slide along they create huge quakes that shake the ground. There have been many earthquakes generated from this fault line but the worst one was in 1906. At 5:12 am on the 18th of April 1906 in San Francisco the foreshock hit the slumbering city. The force of theearthquake was so great that the tremors were felt right throughout the San Francisco and it reached as far inland as Nevada (500km away). Along theSan Andreas faultthe plate slipped up to 21 feet. 20 seconds after the initial foreshock the main earthquake hit, lasting for about 1 minute. Although it lasted for merely a minute it wrecked mass destruction. After the quake people walked the streets confused. Some people had no idea how much damage had been done. Some people walked to work as per usual only to find the buildings on a lean or fallen. Not only was there structural damage to the city but there was a significant loss of life. Many people were trapped under building and cries of help could be heard coming from the piles of rubble. Those that survived could not be taken to the hospitals as they had sustained major damage. The injured were taken to the dance hall. What no one realised that the worst was yet to come. The greatest tragedy had not yet unfolded. The earthquake had severed gas mains and

Earthquakes

Earthquakes, one of the most destructive natural phenomena, consist of rapid vibrations of rock near the earth's surface. Because of their unpredictable occurrence and enormous capacity of destruction, they have brought fear to mankind since ancient times. A single shock usually lasts no more than a few seconds, but a series of smaller quakes may last for as long as five minutes. The quake felt on the surface is always the result, not the cause of some underground geologic process, and in many cases the damage done is immense. The Greek word for shaking, and (when applied to the earth) earthquake, is seismos. Therefore, the science of earthquakes is called seismology (World BookDictionary...show more content...

Fires, landslides, tsunami, falling rock, damaged buildings, and damaged gas lines are just a few results of secondary shocks. These conditions reek havoc on earthquake corrupted areas, and in 1934, Bihar–Nepal witnessed this first hand. During a landslide, "...an observer reported that his car sank to the axles". In 1946 off the coast of the Aleutians, the base of a lighthouse ended up 45 feet below sea level after a tsunami wave over 100 feet crashed on shore (Watkins, Bottino, Morisawa 51, 53–54).

An earthquake is a natural occurrence; a phenomena just like rain. They have occurred for billions of years and descriptions as old as recorded history shows their effects on people's lives. Long before scientific explanations mankind created folklore to explain them. We have come a long way for spinning yarns around the campfire, but there is still no way to prevent earthquakes. All in all it doesn't hurt to learn as much as one can, but just like taxes and pokemon earthquakes are something we have to live with.

EARTHQUAKE REFERENCE FILES Earthquake, shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the