ROBERT SALA RAMOS (EDITOR)
EUDALD CARBONELL JOSÉ MARÍA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO JUAN LUIS ARSUAGA (COORDINATORS)
PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE HUNTER-GATHERERS IN IBERIA AND THE GIBRALTAR STRAIT: THE CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD
BURGOS, 2014
Assistant Editors: María Gema Chacón Navarro Marcos Terradillos Bernal Amèlia Bargalló Ferrerons Cristina Vega Maeso
Any reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this book can only be done with the permission of its authors, with the exceptions permitted by law. Please contact CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org) if you need to photocopy or scan any part of this book.
Published thanks to Junta de Castilla y León through Fundación Siglo para las Artes y el Turismo de Castilla y León.
Photos from the covert: 1. Handaxe from Galería, 2. Skull 5 from Sima de los Huesos, 3. and 4. Detail of Gran Dolina TD10-1, 5. Jaw of ursus dolinensis from Gran Dolina TD5, 6. Cutmarks from Gran Dolina, 7. Point from Sima del Elefante, upper levels, 8. Aerial view from Trinchera del Ferrocarril, and 9. Laboratory of microfauna, Arlanzón river (photos: IPHES)
© Texts: The authors and the Fundación Atapuerca © Images: The creators and the Fundación Atapuerca © Current Edition: The Fundación Atapuerca and the Universidad de Burgos
Publisher: UNIVERSIDAD DE BURGOS SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES E IMAGEN INSTITUCIONAL Edificio de Administración y Servicios C/ Don Juan de Austria, nº 1 09001 BURGOS – SPAIN FUNDACIÓN ATAPUERCA Carretera de Logroño nº 44 09198 Ibeas de Juarros (Burgos). ISBN:
978-84-92681-87-7 (Printed Edition) 978-84-92681-88-4 (e-book)
Legal Deposit: BU-206. – 2014 Photocomposition: Rico Adrados, S.L. (Burgos) Print: Rico Adrados, S.L. (Burgos)
5
CONTENTS
Contents
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................
9
MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC, GEOGRAPHIC AND ECOLOGICAL REGIONS 1.
2.
3.
North-western Atlantic basins ......................................................................................................
13
As Gándaras de Budiño .................................................................................................................
15
Cova Eirós ....................................................................................................................................
18
Monforte de Lemos ensemble ........................................................................................................
26
Valdavara ......................................................................................................................................
31
Cantabrian mountains and coastline ...........................................................................................
35
Cueva de Aitzbitarte III and IV .....................................................................................................
37
Antoliñako Koba ...........................................................................................................................
41
Axlor ............................................................................................................................................
45
Los Azules ....................................................................................................................................
49
Cabo Busto ...................................................................................................................................
52
El Castillo .....................................................................................................................................
55
Cueva de la Güelga .......................................................................................................................
60
Cueva de Las Caldas .....................................................................................................................
64
Cueva Morín .................................................................................................................................
72
Ekain .............................................................................................................................................
78
Cueva del Esquilleu ......................................................................................................................
82
El Pendo .......................................................................................................................................
87
Cueva de la Riera ..........................................................................................................................
92
La Viña .........................................................................................................................................
95
Labeko Koba .................................................................................................................................
99
Lezetxiki .......................................................................................................................................
105
Cueva del Mirón ...........................................................................................................................
110
Santimamiñe .................................................................................................................................
114
El Sidrón .......................................................................................................................................
122
Sopeña ..........................................................................................................................................
129
Ebro Valley, Pyrenees and Pre-Pyrenees .......................................................................................
133
Abauntz ........................................................................................................................................
135
PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE HUNTER-GATHERERS IN IBERIA AND THE GIBRALTAR STRAIT: THE CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD
6
4.
5.
Arrillor ..........................................................................................................................................
141
Atxoste .........................................................................................................................................
148
Cova del Parco ..............................................................................................................................
152
Roca dels Bous ..............................................................................................................................
159
Cova Gran de Santa Linya ............................................................................................................
162
Cova de l´Estret de Tragó ..............................................................................................................
167
Fuente del Trucho .........................................................................................................................
171
Fuentes de San Cristóbal ...............................................................................................................
179
Gabasa ..........................................................................................................................................
181
Kanpanoste Goikoa .......................................................................................................................
188
Forcas ............................................................................................................................................
192
Nerets, Cova de les Llenes .............................................................................................................
196
Martinarri .....................................................................................................................................
200
Mendandia ....................................................................................................................................
204
Montsant valley ensemble .............................................................................................................
208
Mediterranean basins. North of the Ebro River. ...........................................................................
219
Abric Romaní ...............................................................................................................................
221
La Cansaladeta ..............................................................................................................................
232
La Cativera ...................................................................................................................................
236
Cinglera del Capelló .....................................................................................................................
238
Reclau Viver ensemble ..................................................................................................................
246
St. Julià de Ramis Pleistocene ensemble ........................................................................................
256
Middle Pleistocene ensemble Montgrí, La Selva and Puig d’en Roca: Puig d´en Roca, Cau del Duc de Torroella de Montgrí, La Selva, Cau del Duc d´Ullà, Can Garriga, Pedra Dreta, Can Rubau and La Jueria .....................................................................................................................
260
Cova de l’Arbreda .........................................................................................................................
266
Cova del Gegant ...........................................................................................................................
276
Cova del Rinoceront .....................................................................................................................
281
Els Vinyets ....................................................................................................................................
284
Barranc de la Boella .......................................................................................................................
287
Molí del Salt .................................................................................................................................
295
Cova de les Teixoneres, cova del Toll .............................................................................................
302
Vallparadís ....................................................................................................................................
308
Mediterranean basins. Centre .......................................................................................................
317
Abric de El Pastor .........................................................................................................................
319
Cova del Bolomor .........................................................................................................................
323
Casa Corona .................................................................................................................................
331
El Collado .....................................................................................................................................
338
Cova Beneito ................................................................................................................................
345
Coves Santa Maira ........................................................................................................................
353
Cova Foradà ..................................................................................................................................
356
CONTENTS
6.
Cova Negra ...................................................................................................................................
361
Cueva de la Cocina .......................................................................................................................
370
La Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar ...............................................................................
372
El Salt ...........................................................................................................................................
380
Cova de les Cendres ......................................................................................................................
388
Cova de les Malladetes ..................................................................................................................
395
Cova Matutano .............................................................................................................................
399
Cova del Parpalló ..........................................................................................................................
402
La Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo ....................................................................................
410
Tossal de la Font: La Cova de Dalt, La Cova de Baix .....................................................................
413
Tossal de la Roca ...........................................................................................................................
417
Southern Mediterranean coast, Guadalquivir River and Betic intramontane basins ..................
421
El Aculadero .................................................................................................................................
423
Ardales ..........................................................................................................................................
426
Bajondillo ......................................................................................................................................
430
Cueva de Ambrosio .......................................................................................................................
435
Cueva de Nerja .............................................................................................................................
442
Cueva and abrigo del Ángel ..........................................................................................................
451
Cueva del Boquete de Zafarraya ...................................................................................................
463
Guadix-Baza basin and Orce ensemble: Orce: Venta Micena, Barrranco Leon, Fuente Nueva 3,
7.
8.
Huescar 1, Cullar-Baza-1, Solana de Zamborino, Cueva Hora .......................................................
474
Las Grajas de Archidona ...............................................................................................................
494
El Pirulejo ......................................................................................................................................
497
Strait of Gibraltar .........................................................................................................................
501
Abrigo de Benzú ...........................................................................................................................
503
Gibraltar: Gorham and Vanguard caves .........................................................................................
506
Central plateau .............................................................................................................................
515
Ambrona and Torralba ..................................................................................................................
517
Cuesta de la Bajada .......................................................................................................................
528
Jarama VI ......................................................................................................................................
531
Atapuerca ensemble: Gran Dolina, Galería, Sima del elefante, Sima de los Huesos, Portalón and Cueva de El Mirador .....................................................................................................................
534
Manzanares and Jarama: San Isidro, Las Delicias, Orcasitas, Transfesa, Prepesa, Áridos, Valdocarros, El Cañaveral, Los Ahijones and Los Berrocales ..............................................................................
561
La Peña de Estebanvela .................................................................................................................
568
Pinedo ...........................................................................................................................................
574
Pinilla: Camino Cave, Navalmaíllo Rockshelter, Buena Pinta Cave, Ocelado Rockshelter, Descubierta Cave ................................................................................................................................
577
San Quirce ....................................................................................................................................
584
Cueva de Maltravieso, Cueva de Santa Ana, Cueva de El Conejar, Vendimia and El Millar ...........
587
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PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE HUNTER-GATHERERS IN IBERIA AND THE GIBRALTAR STRAIT: THE CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD
8
Siega Verde ...................................................................................................................................
601
Valdegoba .....................................................................................................................................
608
Palaeolithic art in the north of Spain ............................................................................................
611
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
613
Altamira ........................................................................................................................................
615
Cueva de Altxerri ..........................................................................................................................
628
Cueva de Ekain .............................................................................................................................
630
Santimamiñe .................................................................................................................................
633
Cueva de Covalanas ......................................................................................................................
634
La Garma ......................................................................................................................................
636
El Pendo ........................................................................................................................................
644
El Castillo .....................................................................................................................................
647
Las Chimeneas ..............................................................................................................................
651
La Pasiega .....................................................................................................................................
653
Las Monedas .................................................................................................................................
656
Hornos de la Peña .........................................................................................................................
658
Chufín ..........................................................................................................................................
659
El Pindal .......................................................................................................................................
661
Llonín ...........................................................................................................................................
663
La Covaciella ................................................................................................................................
666
Tito Bustillo ..................................................................................................................................
667
La Lluera ......................................................................................................................................
672
Cueva de la Peña de Candamo ......................................................................................................
674
10. Post-Pleistocene art from the Iberian Levant ................................................................................
679
Roca dels Moros de El Cogull, Abrigo de Perellada IV, Abrigo de Cabra Feixeta, Abrigos d’Ermites en la Serra de la Pietat, Conjunto d’Ermites, Cova Centelles, Cova del Puntal, Cingle de la Mola Remigia, Cova Remigia, Racó Gasparo, Racó Molero, Abrigos de la Joquera, La Saltadora, Abrigo d’en Melia, Abrigo del Cingle del Barran de l’Espigolar, Barranco de la Valltorta, La Sarga, Abrigo del Lucio, Barranco Moreno, Cueva de la Araña, El Abrigo de la Pareja, Cañaica del Calar, Fuente del Sabuco, La Risca, El Milano, Cantos de la Visera en Monte Arabí, Cueva de los Grajos, Estrechos de Santoge, Lavaderos de Tello, Peñón de la Tabla del Pochico, Prado del Azogue, Cueva de la Vieja, Minateda, Abrigo de los toros de las Bojadillas, Solana de las Covachas, Abrigo de los Oculados, Cueva del Tío Modesto, Peña del Escrito, Selva Pascuala, Abrigo de Selva Pascuala, Marmalo, Los Trepadores, Tia Mona, Tio Garroso, Los Chaparros, Cocinilla del Obispo, Doña Clotilde, Prado del Navazo, Toros de la Losilla, Cañada de Marco, Val del Cahrco del Agua Amarga, Barranco Hondo, Roca dels Moros de Calapatá, Calapatá, Chimiachas, Piezarrodilla, Cerrao I and I I, Cabras blancas, Prado de las Olivanas, Muriecho, Fariceu .........................................................................
681
9.
preface
PREFACE
Our group has decided to update the information available about Spanish palaeohistory for the UISPP congress. We thought that this international congress would be an ideal occasion to collate and publish two volumes on our remote history. The first volume looks at the first palaeoccupations in the prehistoric record of the Iberian Peninsula. As you know, prehistory research is making spectacular progress thanks to fieldwork, lab work and also teamwork undertaken by archaeologists, biologists, geologists and botanists. New theoretical proposals by experts in life, earth and social sciences, as well as modern methodologies and applied technologies are all helping to shape new insights into our history, and thus build on our previous knowledge and interpretations. Yet none of this can be done without hard data. Despite this great panoply of disciplines, it would be impossible to provide a consistent explanation of the eco-social process of human evolution without archaeological excavations. In this volume, we wish to highlight above all the empirical data that allow we archaeologists and prehistorians to advance “a posteriori” interpretations of the structures and systems of past life. This realisation of the need to update the information widely available about fieldwork is what has led us to edit this volume about prehistory on the Iberian Peninsula, particularly in Spain. We want to present historians –and also history buffs and all other human specimens with a thirst for knowledge– with the facts that allow us to concoct the outlines needed to apply reverse engineering to reconstruct the palaeoecological evolution of our genus in a particular territorial context. We want to present information about the evolution of the Homo genus and its environment, which means that both the natural environment and the historic environment are the focus of this work. An analysis of the current state of fieldwork and initiatives at prehistoric sites makes an indis-
pensable contribution to a coherent understanding of the historic sequence of a territory. It also allows us to bring this type of scientific inquiry up to date, and places us in a better position to understand the nature of the species through the records of the past. In recent times, the massive volume of results studied and published in specialist journals has made it necessary to draft sequential summaries in which all the data from all the research is accessible in a single monographic volume. This facilitates the necessary socialization of the work of specialists in different periods of history. Direct access to the current state of prehistoric archaeology –either in print or digital format– improves our ability to plan and discuss the past, the present and to possess a grounding to build the future. The cascade of empirical data contained in the collective effort of this first volume is, in our opinion, of incalculable value: it is the result of the work of the majority of the Spanish teams who are working in the field and have helped to make the knowledge of this country’s prehistory one of the most thorough and up to date in the world. Bringing information about prehistoric archaeological work up to date in an orderly, concise manner in order to avoid an intractable volume has led us to the concept and structure of this book. We have arranged the sites on the basis of a regional grid, which has allowed us to organize and synthesize our discourse, and also avoid having to repeat maps and other graphic material which would make the text less palatable. This is a reference work in which the reader can find essential information about the archaeological sites which the editors believe are the most significant for our prehistory. We apologize if this updated summary does not include every site currently in the process of investigation and publication. Our intention has been to produce a significant,
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PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE HUNTER-GATHERERS IN IBERIA AND THE GIBRALTAR STRAIT: THE CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD
up to date synthesis –necessarily abbreviated– of the current state of prehistory on the Iberian Peninsula. We do not know if this has been achieved, but whatever the case, we still think the effort was necessary and our commitment has been to coordinate this work. The articles on the sites, all of them synthetic and systematized, open a window onto the empirical reality of our archaeological knowledge and hence the true state of our knowledge, avoiding interpretations on the basis of data and knowledge that has not been published and well checked. This volume is thus an effort that we wish to share with all those who are interested in the study and the analysis of the past. We also hope it will serve us to
update our own work and make it more visible in other areas outside the strict realm of prehistory. The transformation of the social sciences into the sciences of socialized knowledge is an evolutionary perspective of the way we understand the world. Intervening in and influencing the state of knowledge about the history of populations is a strategic decision that has shaped the powerfully empirical nature of this proposal. When another synthesis is written, the information will probably have changed, but the underlying essence –our interest in sharing what we know with our species– will remain. This has been our intention. The reader has the last word.
EUDALD CARBONELL Vice-president of Fundación Atapuerca Director of Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social