JONO LEWARNE A BATTLE OF WILLS STRATEGY & SPECIFICATION
CONTENTS 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18
STRATEGY MARGINS VERSO GRID RECTO GRID CHAPTER TITLES VERSO GRID PULLOUT RECTO GRID PULLOUT BODY COPY/FOLIOS HEADING/SLASH/SLASH ALIGNMENT GUIDES GOVERNMENT/NON-GOVERNMENT QUOTES/CREDITS/ GOVERNMENT QUOTE (LONG) ‘PEOPLE’ STATEMENTS OPPOSING GOVERNMENT QUOTES REFERENCE LIST/REFERENCES
STRATEGY My book is about imbalances in power and accountability between the British government and British citizens. I generated, researched and wrote all of the content. My thought process during the production of the book was to reflect imbalance in the typography of the book and to inform and enable the reader. My early aim was to produce a booklet or supplement that would be found in or alongside a news magazine. With time my direction changed and I aimed to produce a book in its own right, aimed at the politically interested citizen, with an appreciation of design, who could find the book in an independent book shop amongst other well-designed books of varying titles and subjects. The purpose of the book is to inform and enable not entertain, which is reflected in the typographic appropriateness of my solution. The type used in the book has two distinct voices; one of government, represented by Gill Sans, and Baskerville denoting the voice of ‘the people’. This was done to heighten the opposition of the two voices, giving them polar styles but both still distinctly British in design. The reader is introduced to the book by it’s bright red cover, reminiscent of Mao’s Little Red Book. The type used is subtle and speaks with a quiet confidence that introduces the authoritative tone of voice used for the serious content within. An introductory quote from Albert Einstein welcomes the reader to the book and hints at the use of red text to highlight and give new meaning to existing messages that continues throughout the book. A device used throughout the book is a large red ‘slash’ that functions to lead the readers eye from the heading of each page to the first line of text. The device also illustrates an imbalance, as if the line is toppling toward the right. The text box is located to the right of the page, again to highlight the idea of an imbalance on the page.
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Coloured paper is used throughout the book as chapter dividers. The colours were chosen carefully to reflect certain ideas that are discussed in each chapter. The orange paper reflects the current terror level in the UK for the Terrorism chapter, the light blue of the 28 Days Detention chapter reflects the denim British prisoners wear and the faded yellow of the What You Can Do chapter mimics the stationary MPs used in their correspondence. Each colour has an association. I have also used a transparent stock, to both hint at the materials used to create ID cards and to allude to the idea of having no privacy. I have used illustration, typographic mostly, where appropriate in the book to break up the visual language of plain typography. The quotes from people and ministers have been conceptualised or treated so that new meanings can be drawn from the statements. In doing this I have been able to illustrate some of the issues I have written about in my book using statements from other people. I wanted to enable the reader to act on the information in the book. In order to facilitate this the book features forms that can be filled in and used to apply to demonstrate or to vote in elections. These forms are perforated so that the reader can tear them out, fill them in and send them off. The reader may also want to learn what sources I have used to gain the information featured in the book. I have referenced my sources throughout and the reference list is located on the inside flap of the rear cover gatefold. This means the reader can have the gatefold flap open whilst reading the book without having to continually turn to a page. The whole book aims to be an informative piece which lifts the potentially dry subject matter to inspire the reader at the same time as being an enjoyable design object. The typography used throughout is expressive, but not so that it patronises the reader or becomes too fun or informal. There is a quiet passion that hints at a building spirit of protest and action, which is my intention to transfer into the reader.
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SPECIFICATION MARGINS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
HORIZONTAL HEADING HANGLINE – 55mm VERTICAL HEADING ALIGNMENT GUIDE – 53mm HEAD MARGIN – 65mm INSIDE MARGIN – 45mm OUTSIDE MARGIN – 25mm
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3 2
Terrorism
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Terrorism has not changed the way we live our lives; the government has. New laws and policies are making it harder for Britons to live their lives free from government interference and have not been proven to have made the uk a safer place. Basic human rights in Britain are being eroded by the government in the name of security and counterterrorism. An International Commission of Jurists conference in 2003 expressed alarm that many states have counter-terror laws in place which are incompatible with international obligations to human rights laws and declared that, ‘[Human rights] no less than counter-terrorism measures, are aimed towards protecting the security of the person’, 4 therefore, any erosion of human rights in the uk could be more damaging to its citizens than terrorism itself. Section 44 of the Counter-terrorism Act enables police to stop and search anyone, without the need for suspicion. This has been deemed illegal by the European court of human rights for being indiscriminate and not targeted at a threat. A bbc photographer was prevented from taking nighttime photographs of St. Paul’s Cathedral and was asked for his name, address and date-ofbirth under Section 44. The police officer’s reason was that she was ‘stopping people who were taking photographs, as a counter-terrorism measure’. 5 Artist Liam O’Farrel was another victim of Section 44. In 2007 he was painting a picture of the Tate & Lyle sugar factory near London City Airport. Metropolitan police officers told him that ‘no one paints factories’ and that his iPod and coffee flask were ‘weird paraphernalia’. 6 Italian art student Simona Bonomo was stopped by police for filming buildings in London for an art project. A Community support officer said ‘You’re basically filming for5 fun? I don’t believe you’. Moments later she was slammed to the ground by a police officer and fined for ‘harassment, alarm and distress in public place’. 7 The only person causing alarm and distress was the officer who used such force to arrest one woman. Many cases like this can be found in the news over the past few years.
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SPECIFICATION VERSO GRID
1. MODULE HEIGHT – 25.8mm 2. MODULE WIDTH – 18.3mm
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1
6
SPECIFICATION RECTO GRID
1. MEASURE – 100mm 2. HEIGHT – 165mm
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2
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SPECIFICATION CHAPTER TITLES
1.
CHAPTER TITLE – Gill Sans Pro, Heavy, 30pt/30pt Leading, 100% Black, 100mm Measure, Aligned right
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28 DAYS DETENTION
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VERSO GRID SPECIFICATION
VERSO GRID PULLOUT
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RECTO GRID SPECIFICATION
RECTO GRID PULLOUT
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SPECIFICATION
BODY COPY/FOLIOS
1.
BODY COPY – ITC New Baskerville Std, Roman, 9pt/12pt Leading, 100% Black, 100mm Measure, 3mm Paragraph indents, Justified with last line aligned left 2. FOLIOS – A printing error resulted in the folios being set in Times New Roman. They should have been set in ITC New Baskerville Std, Roman, 8pt, C15 M100 Y100, Aligned centre
28 Days Detention
The citizens of Britain have become increasingly accountable to the government for the way they live their lives, and this trend shows no signs of stopping. Civil liberties in the uk have a long and powerful history, stretching back to the signing of the Magna Carta over a thousand years ago. The last decade has seen the biggest impact on the erosion of British civil liberties and international human rights, with many being damaged or lost completely.
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Of these liberties, Habeus corpus, or a citizen’s innocence until proven guilty by a jury, has suffered the most. The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 gives police the power to detain a terror suspect for up to 28 days without charge. After that period, if police are unable to produce enough evidence to bring criminal charges against a suspect then the suspect must be released. Almost a month in jail for not committing a crime is a direct contradiction of Habeus corpus, making guilty criminals of innocent people without the judgement of a jury or fair trial. It appears the only reason the government have to justify 28 days detention is that is takes a long time to search a suspect’s computers and harddrives. 20 Furthermore, the police have not had to detain anyone for 28 days yet the government is seeking to extend the period to 42 or even 90 days. In 2008, Liberty director Shami Chakrabarti told Members of Parliament in Britain that a YouGov poll had found that 54% of people in the uk believed the government only wanted an extension to look ‘tough on terror’ and not for genuine security reasons. 21 The last time the government had these powers was during wwii, when Prime Minister Churchill reluctantly administered them, saying that the power to detain people without charge was ‘the foundation of all totalitarian government’. 22 Spending 28 days in jail without being charged or told why you are there, like a totalitarian government, is fundamentally unjust.
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SPECIFICATION
HEADING/SLASH/SLASH ALIGNMENT GUIDES
1. 2. 3. 4.
HEADING – Gill Sans Pro, Bold Italic, 11pt, Left Aligned, 100% Black SLASH – 27mm, 0.25pt Stroke, 90°, C15 M100 Y100 HORIZONTAL SLASH ALIGNMENT GUIDES – 60mm, 41.5mm VERTICAL SLASH ALIGNMENT GUIDES – 67mm, 48.5mm
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Introduction
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The War on Terror has been a focal point for much tension between governments and populations around the world in the last decade. Author Michael Ignatieff claimed that the terrorist attacks of 9/11 heralded the ‘End of rights’. 1 He was referring to a global phenomenon of countries initiating rafts of new laws in response to the threat of terrorism. Britain is a perfect example; new legislation is significantly altering the way Britons live, despite the government’s insistence that terrorists will not change the British way of life. There has been a knock-on effect and there is now a well commentated gap between many4public policies and public opinion creating an imbalance between people and parliament.
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A Battle of Wills highlights some of the most striking political imbalances between the Labour government’s power and that of the citizens it represents. Firstly, there is an imbalance because the government said terrorism would not change our lives when it clearly has; legislation introduced in the last decade has restricted daily life yet has not been Iraq War proved to stop terrorism. When Tony Blair sent British forces to invade Iraq he said it was for the purpose of disarmament when in reality it was about regime change, creating a gulf between what was said and what was Tony Blair said on the 25th February 2003 that ‘The purpose in our acting meant. The police have the power to detain anyone suspected of terror is disarmament’ 10 when justifying the uk’s involvement in the Iraq war. offences for one month. This is a power usually reserved only for judges Since then it has become clear from leaked memos 11 and evidence given after a trial and is there to ensure fair treatment. So when it is taken to the the Iraq War Inquiry that Tony Blair’s real reason for the invaaway it creates a very unjust situation. The National Identity Register sion was regime change, which is illegal under international law. If Tony creates an imbalance of privacy; huge amounts of private data are stored Blair took the uk to war knowing that the reason behind his decision was but the reasons for doing so have not been agreed on by government. regime change in allegiance with the usa then he is an architect of an Warrantless searching is unfair for the same reasons as 28 days detention illegal war that has killed 100’000 Iraqi civilians along with 179 British – there is no judge12involved before police can exercise intrusive powers. troops since 2003. The dna database in the uk treats innocent people in the same way it does which is so imbalanced it to breeches the European Human Sir criminals Michael Wood, chief legal advisor the Foreign Office informed Rights Convention. British can no longer spontaneously the government thatFinally, invading Iraq citizens would be illegal without a second un protest against imbalances the heartthat of government, removing resolution (the these first un resolutionat declared Iraq could not possess an ages old right destruction that was made law to prevent government weapons of mass or risk being invaded), but wasbecoming rebuked distant and unrepresentative its people. for expressing such a view. 13of Clare Short, international development secretary undertoBlair at thesome time of gave evidence to the inquiry In addition detailing of invasion the key imbalances between people that alleges the Prime Ministry lied to her, mislead parliament left and parliament, this book contains quotes from people involvedand in the the world at a greater risk of terrorism by invading Iraq. She supported debates as well as forms which can be detached and filled in should you Wood’s advice would and said how Blair had told 12 be illegal wish to act uponthat any war of the information featured within. her in 2002 that he was not planning military action, which contradicts recent evidence. 14 Despite advice from politicians, military personnel and legal experts against the use of force against Iraq, Blair went ahead. 1
In a recent interview, Blair admitted he would have found a way to justify the war whatever the outcome of the un weapons inspector’s report into
SPECIFICATION
GOVERNMENT/NON-GOVERNMENT QUOTES/CREDITS/ GOVERNMENT QUOTE (LONG)
1.
GOVERNMENT QUOTES – Gill Sans Pro, Bold Italic, 30pt/30pt Leading, 100% Black (with Red & Red strikethroughs and underlines in places), Measure varies in line with grid, Aligned left 2. GOVERNMENT QUOTE CREDIT – Gill Sans Pro, Bold, 9pt/12pt Leading, 100% Black, Measure varies in line with quote, Aligned left 3. NON-GOVERNMENT QUOTES – ITC New Baskerville Std, Italic, 18pt/21pt Leading, 100% Black (with Red in places), Measure varies in line with grid, Aligned left 4. NON-GOVERNMENT QUOTE CREDIT – ITC New Baskerville Std, Roman, 9pt/12pt Leading, 100% Black, Measure varies in line with quote, Aligned left 5. GOVERNMENT QUOTE (LONG) – Gill Sans Pro, Bold Italic, 9pt/12pt Leading, 100% Black, 100mm Measure, Aligned left
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We will not allow violence to change our societies or our values.
BUDGE I said that you would not Tony Blair – 7/7/2005 Responding to the London bombings 2
Blair has always saidin we won’tforlet thechange. your support regime terrorists change our way of life. But David Manning, Foreign Policy Advisor – 14/3/2002 Explaining to they Prime are Minister Tony Blair what had saidof to life Condoleeza changing ourhe way and Rice, then3 Security Advisor to the Bush administration it’s not the terrorists who are changing it, it’s the government. 8
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Rachael North – 7/7 Bombing survivor On British counter-terror laws 3
The nature of Saddam’s regime is relevant in two ways. First, wmd in the hands of a regime of this brutality is especially dangerous because Saddam has shown he will use them. Secondly, I know the innocent as well as the guilty die in a war. But do not let us forget the 4 million Iraqi exiles, the thousands of children who die needlessly every year due to Saddam’s impoverishment of his country. Let us not forget the tens of thousands imprisoned, tortured or executed by his barbarity every year. The innocent die every day in Iraq victims of Saddam, and their plight too should be heard. Over the coming weeks we will work every last minute we can to reunite the international community and disarm Iraq through the un. It is our desire and it is still our 13 hope that this can be done. Tony Blair – 25/2/2003 Explaining the reasons for invading Iraq 9
SPECIFICATION
‘PEOPLE’ STATEMENTS
1.
‘PEOPLE’ STATEMENTS – ITC New Baskerville Std, Roman, 18pt/21pt Leading, 100% Black, 120mm Measure, Aligned left & right depending on nature of statement
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e 28th of October 1998, Mr. Justice w Collins declared during the case war criminal Augusto Pinochet that w should not be twisted to meet the needs of any individual case.
In 2004, David Blunkett passed a n which he described as a ‘hammer’ to the ‘nut’ that is Brian Haw’s anti-wa outside the Houses of Parliament. illegal to spontaneously protest wit of parliament.
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SPECIFICATION
OPPOSING GOVERNMENT QUOTES
1.
STATEMENTS – Gill Sans Pro, Bold Italic, 30pt/30pt Leading, 100% Black, 120mm Measure, Aligned left & right depending on nature of the quote
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Instead of wasting undreds of millions of ounds on compulsory ards as the Tory right ands, let that money provide thousands of extra police officers. Tony Blair – 31/10/1995
We think it is legitim and right, in this day age, to ask people to carry id cards. Tony Blair – 1/12/2004 24
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SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE LIST/REFERENCES Terrorism
1. 2.
Terrorism has not changed the way we live our lives; the government has. New laws and policies are making it harder for Britons to live their lives free from government interference and have not been proven to have made uk a 9pt saferSuperscript, place. Basic 100% humanBlack, rights 105% in Britain are REFERENCES – ITC New Baskerville Std,the Roman, Horizontal Scale, 1pt beingLining eroded by the government in the name of security and counterBaseline Shift, 0.01pt Stroke, terrorism. An International Commission of Jurists conference in 2003 REFERENCE LIST – ITC New Baskerville Std, Roman, 9pt/12pt Leading, 100% Black, 120mm Measure, Aligned expressed alarm that many states have counter-terror laws in place which left, Numbered list are incompatible with international obligations to human rights laws and declared that, ‘[Human rights] no less than counter-terrorism measures, are aimed towards protecting the security of the person’, 4 therefore, any erosion of human rights in the uk could be more damaging to its citizens than terrorism itself.
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01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
Section 44 of the Counter-terrorism Act enables /tinyurl.com/ydwtzsh police to stop and Ignatieff, Michael. New York Times, 5/2/2002. http:/ search anyone, without the need for suspicion. This has been deemed Blair, Tony. Statement. 7/7/2005. http:/ /tinyurl.com/y9qsnc7 illegal by the European court of human rights for being indiscriminate Atkins, Chris. Taking Liberties. Revolver Entertainment. 2008. and not targeted at a threat. Author Unknown. Joint Declaration on the Need for an International Mechanism to Monitor Human Rights and Terrorism. http://tinyurl.com/ylfykjt A bbc photographer was prevented from taking nighttime photographs Davenport, Justin. London Evening Standard. 27/11/2009. of St. Paul’s Cathedral and was asked for his name, address and date-ofLewis, Paul & Walker, Peter. The Guardian. 19/12/2009. birth under Section 44. The police officer’s reason was that she was ‘stopLewis, Paul. guardian.co.uk. 15/12/2009 2 ping people who were taking photographs, as a counter-terrorism measure’. 5 Norton-Taylor, Richard. guardian.co.uk. 30/11/2009. http://tinyurl.com/yjwhsah Artist Liam O’Farrel was another victim of Section/tinyurl.com/yju7q3k 44. In 2007 he was Blair, Tony. Commons Statement. 25/2/2003. http:/ painting a picture of the Tate & Lyle sugar factory near London City See 9. Airport. Metropolitan police officers told him that ‘no one paints factories’ Manning, David. Memo. 14/3/2002. http:/ /tinyurl.com/yz3awxa and that his iPod and coffee flask were ‘weird paraphernalia’. 6 Hirsch, Aufa. guardian.co.uk. 27/1/2010 Sturcke, James. guardian.co.uk. 2/2/2010 Italian art student Simona Bonomo was stopped by police for filming Author Unknown. iraqbodycount.org buildings in London for an art project. A Community support officer Butt, Riazat & Norton-Taylor, Richard. The Guardian. 12/12/2009. said ‘You’re basically filming for fun? I don’t believe you’. Moments later she Macdonal, Ken. The Times. 14/12/2009. was slammed to the ground by a police officer and fined for ‘harassment, Sparrow, Andrew. guardian.co.uk. 3/2/2010 alarm and distress in public place’. 7 The only person causing alarm and Blair, Tony. Speech. 5/8/2005. http://tinyurl.com/ybxgd4f distress was the officer who used such force to arrest one woman. Author Unknown. guardian.co.uk. 19/1/2009. http://tinyurl.com/asmgck Many cases like this can be found in the news over the past few years. Author Unknown. The Times. 26/10/2007. http:/ /tinyurl.com/ykndvjh The government is saying one thing and doing another and the poliAuthor Unknown. Liberty. 24/4/2008. http:/ /tinyurl.com/6b5r3s ticians themselves have become immune to the consequences of their See 3. actions whereas civilians have had to change the way they live their lives. Press Association. guardian.co.uk. 2/12/2004. It’s unfair, and with unfairness comes imbalance. See 3. Smith, Jacqui. Statement. 6/3/2008. http://tinyurl.com/yd2r5vr Author Unknown. Channel4 News 6/3/2008. http://tinyurl.com/2j6um8 Hall, Celia. The Telegraph. 30/7/2003. http:/ /tinyurl.com/yde4ep3 5 Johnson, Alan. The Guardian. 25/11/2009. FOOT MARGIN FOLIO HANGLINE See 3. 20mm Author Unknown. bbc. 8/4/2009. http:/ /tinyurl.com/ce2oyk16.5mm See 26. Author Unknown. London School of Economics. http://tinyurl.com/yb67f2w Travis, Alan. guardian.co.uk. 30/6/2009. Leppard, David. The Times. 4/1/2009. See 34. See 34. Johnson, Alan. The Guardian. 25/11/2009. Travis, Alan. The Guardian. 6/2/2009. See 32. Walker, Peter. guardian.co.uk. 4/12/2008. http://tinyurl.com/586j6b Author Unknown. Human Genetics Commission. http://tinyurl.com/yeerwjv Travis, Alan. The Guardian. 6/2/2009. Fraser, Professor Jim. 27/11/2009. http://tinyurl.com/yjh2ptv Travis, Alan. The Guardian. 31/12/2009. 16 Sands QC, Philippe. Lawless World. 2005. Allen Lane. Author Unknown. bbc. 7/12/2004. http://tinyurl.com/ycymt8y Author Unknown. The Independent. 10/12/2005. http://tinyurl.com/yea64sb Ball, Olivia and Gready, Paul. The No-nonsense Guide to Human Rights. 2006. New Internationalist™ Publications Ltd.