Type Specimen - On This Day by Suzie Eland: 15.05.1970 by John Paul Dowling

TYPE SPECIMEN | 15.05.1970

SUZIE ELAND | Project 3 | Registraion number 078-038

STRATEGY Whist on the whole I agree with the statement that “access to data is so effective that we are now better equipped than ever to create information that expresses histories” I also believe that perhaps we are no more ‘better equipped’ than we have ever been to interpret that data and see a true history. This is in part due to the very nature of history. It is subjective. There cannot ever be one true version or account as even first hand or primary accounts are always coloured by an individual perspective. It is true that developments in technology, such as live images and reports, have allowed what can be perceived as an objective view on the world. But the question remains, is it objective? Can we really trust the information we are given? Without witnessing events for our own eyes we can never know the context of what is off camera or out of shot. Inspired by the events of one day this book attempts to explore issues in the wider context of history, information and communication. These are key subjects for anyone existing in the information age and particularly for graphic designers whose work is so intricately embroiled in them. In order to explore communication and the media I looked at a day that had a comparison, a day where something of importance occurred but was not given the same treatment as another, very similar event. These two days were the 4th and 15th of May 1970. More specifically the shootings at Jackson State College on the 15th, and the earlier shooting at Kent State. This book has the dual purpose of generating recognition for a tragic event that was hidden from history and raising awareness of the ways in which histories are written, remembered and hidden. We receive the news of the world through our television screens and it could be argued that an event only becomes history if it is captured on camera and reported as news. It is however, easy to see from the different portrayals of one event how different media can spin information to great effect. The extent to which we can know what occurred on a particular day is explored through four key concepts: the reliability of any historical data, the nature of history as a malleable and subjective subject, the idea that history is written through the press and television, and the concept that even seemingly unbiased media can have a hidden agenda. My ambition was to create a book whereby the overall effect was to reflect the way in which facts are hidden and history blurred in and by the media. Consequently I have endeavoured to bend, but not confuse, conventions of book design and content management, in order to create a book where fact and understanding can only be revealed through interrogation of the 3

book as a whole. Much of the content for this book is derived from academic journals exploring the effect of the media. This content has been selected and re-framed in order to generate a new coherent message that can be interpreted through interrogation of the text. This is reflected by the choice of line length and text positioning used to further hinder comprehension and flow. Navigation of the facts of this book is not intended to be easy. As such the navigation system is initially obscured and the bookmark encourages you to skip to the end, whilst the running headers and chapter titles have the same meaning but not the same name. The media obscured the 15th May from history through the techniques outlined within the book. Consequently I have â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;turned the tablesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; on the media and allowed the events of the 15th to infiltrate the information of the book through the use of images. Admittedly I have not been able to find any images of the actual event, however I have used images taken throughout the civil rights movement and from across the country as I very much doubt that this was an isolated occasion where facts were unreported and a historical event hidden. It could be argued that this books relevance is limited by the internet and the possibilities it offers for anyone to upload information or an account of events preventing things from hiding from history. However, I believe that its role lies in the message it gives about information about how it is rarely unframed and never objective. Consequently we as readers can become better judges of information and the idea of the truth.

PAGE SIZE AND FONT CHOICE FONT FAMILIES Metro was chosen due to its origins as a sans serif for headlines and advertising copy that would have been available in the 1970s. Sabon released in 1967 was a compatible and topical serif choice. PAGE SIZE The page size is directly proportional to the dimensions of the Clarion-Ledger, the newspaper that initially failed to report the event. The dimensions are 41% smaller - a percent for each year that has since passed.

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JACKSON STATE COLLEGE, MISSISSIPPI

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guiding

Frames have at least four locations in the communication process: the communicator, the text, the receiver, and the culture. Communicators make conscious or unconscious framing judgments in deciding what to say, guided by frames (often called schemata) that organize their belief systems. The text contains frames, which are manifested by the presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments. The frames that guide the receiverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thinking and conclusion may or may not reflect the frames in the text and the framing intention of the communicator. The culture is the stock of commonly invoked frames.

CULTURE MIGHT BE DEFINED AS THE EMPIRICALLY DEMONSTRABLE SET OF COMMON FRAMES EXHIBITED IN THE DISCOURSE AND THINKING OF

MOST PEOPLE IN A SOCIAL GROUPING.

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authority

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CUSTOM

What these questions hint towards question is what forces govern the w The simple answer would be salien an event for more likely poeple are BASELINE therfore remember it. This simplisti the complexity of history and chan contexts of the event. The twentieth century was the m in America. The emergence and suc in the 1960s allowed the nation to second hand and at a distance thro Newspapers and television brought living room. The Vietnam War was the media’s influence can be seen to the publics feelings towards the wa government foreign policy on the w no limits on what could be reported should, and as people experienced t these reports it can be suggested tha have happened it had to have appea The media’s influence on history m still is, emmense. The power of the and therefore event has allowed eve are too young to remember to have hand insight into the history of an e recorded and it can almost be seen covereage the more likely an event Today there is no denying that w where information on virtually any and displayed for anyone to see. Ho wanting to sound paranoid, a phen linked to American thought in the 1 do we know what information to tr commodity that influences people’s consequently their opinions and bel has the power to sway opinion it be Pull Quote 21pt custom baseline manipulation. Again we are fortuna Relative to top of frame explore various viewpoints, or sour and make our own judgement on th Custom baseline aligns every 3 of the body page Or is it perhaps, that we think we m baseline providing continuity and allowing for a much judgement larger font size to be used for emphasis.whereas in actual fact w line with the most persuasive sourc Found information is therefore sub truth but perhaps not all truths.

How do some events enter the social consciences of people to be forever remembered, mourned or cherished? Can one day have a greater significance than another and consequently be remembered?

NAVIGATION FRONT COVER AND TITLE PAGE

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JACKSON STATE COLLEGE, MISSISSIPPI

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The gradient has been used to suggest how history can ‘rise up’ and ‘sink away’ according to the context of the day. In retrospect I feel I could have perhaps kerned the 15 a little tighter so the one belongs to the five better.

CONTENTS CONTENTS

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FOREWORD

FRAMING

FRAGMENTATION

CENSORSHIP

CONSTRUCTING REALITY

OFFICIAL INFORMATION

CRITICAL THINKING

ON THIS DAY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONTENTS

jackson, mississippi

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15.05.1970 JACKSON STATE COLLEGE 15.05.1970 JACKSON STATE COLLEGE On the evening of the 14th of May aroundOn around the evening of the 14th of May around around 100 African-American students had gathered Lynch 100on African-American students had gathered on Lynch Street, Jackson, protesting for civil rights. The protest Street, Jackson, protesting for civil rights. The protest became violent with fires being lit and bricks thrown at with fires being lit and bricks thrown at became violent passing white motorists. passing white motorists. The police responded in force. At least 75 Jackson The police responded in force. At least 75 Jackson Police units from the city of Jackson and the Mississippi FOREWORD Police units1from the city of Jackson and the Mississippi Highway Patrol attempted to control the crowd while Highway Patrol attempted to control the crowd while firemen extinguished the fires. After the firefighters FRAMING 3 firemen extinguished the fires. After the firefighters had left the scene, shortly before midnight,had the left police the scene, shortly before midnight, the police moved to disperse the crowd now gatheredmoved in front FRAGMENTATION 11 toof disperse the crowd now gathered in front of Alexander Hall, a women’s on-campus dormitory. Alexander Hall, a women’s on-campus dormitory. At roughtly 12:05am officers opened fire on CENSORSHIP 17 12:05am officers opened fire on the Atthe roughtly dormitory. The gunfire lasted for 30 seconds and at least dormitory. The gunfire lasted for 30 seconds and at least 140 shots were fired by 40 state highway patrolmen CONSTRUCTING REALITY 33 fired by 40 state highway patrolmen 140 shots were using shotguns from 30 to 50 feet. Every window on the from 30 to 50 feet. Every window on the using shotguns building facing Lynch Street was blown out. OFFICIAL INFORMATION 45 Lynch Street was blown out. building facing The crowd scattered and a number of people Thewere crowd scattered and a number of people were trampled or cut by falling glass. Phillip Lafayette Gibbs, CRITICAL THINKING trampled or59 cut by falling glass. Phillip Lafayette Gibbs, 21, a junior, and James Earl Green, 17, a senior 21, a and junior, and James Earl Green, 17, a senior and andat12 ON THIS DAY miler at nearby Jim High School, were killed 67 Jim High School, were killed and 12 miler nearby others wounded. Gibbs was killed near Alexander Hall others wounded. Gibbs was killed near Alexander Hall police71while Green was killed behind the police BIBLIOGRAPHY by buckshot, while Green was killed behind bythe buckshot, line in front of B. F. Roberts Hall, also withline a shotgun. in front of B. F. Roberts Hall, also with a shotgun. The exact cause of the shooting and the moments The exact cause of the shooting and the moments leading up to it are unclear. Authorities claim they up sawto it are unclear. Authorities claim they saw leading a sniper on one of the building’s upper floors, and were a sniper on one of the building’s upper floors, and were also being sniped in all directions, though only two sniped in all directions, though only two also being city policemen and one state patrolman reported minor and one state patrolman reported minor city policemen injuries from flying glass and an FBI searchinjuries for evidence from flying glass and an FBI search for evidence of sniper fire was negative. of sniper fire was negative. Mainstream and local media did report theMainstream story for and local media did report the story for some time. When the story did appear in the media theWhen the story did appear in the media the some time. facts were distorted and the truth hidden. facts were distorted and the truth hidden.

The lack of coverage and distortion of the truth by the media had resulted in the story falling from the pages of history.

Removable Bookmark The bookmark has to be removed for the page number to be seen. Removal reveals the page number on the book mark encouraging the reader to turn to the page to read the story of the day that didn’t happen before the book explaining how is started.

CHAPTER PAGES 1

duction

How do some events enter the social consciences of people to be forever remembered, mourned or cherished? Can one day have a greater significance than another and consequently be remembered?

What these questions hint towards is the central question is what forces govern the writing of history? The simple answer would be salience. The more salient an event for more likely poeple are to register it and therfore remember it. This simplistic solutions negates the complexity of history and changing influences and contexts of the event. The twentieth century was the media’s century in America. The emergence and success of the television in the 1960s allowed the nation to view the world second hand and at a distance through the media. Newspapers and television brought the world to your living room. The Vietnam War was the first war where the media’s influence can be seen to directly influence the publics feelings towards the war and consequently government foreign policy on the war. There were no limits on what could be reported, or perhaps even should, and as people experienced the world through these reports it can be suggested that for an event to have happened it had to have appeared in the news. The media’s influence on history making was, and still is, emmense. The power of the reported image and therefore event has allowed even generations who are too young to remember to have an almost first hand insight into the history of an event. History was recorded and it can almost be seen that the greater the covereage the more likely an event it to be remembered. Today there is no denying that we live in a world where information on virtually any topic can be found and displayed for anyone to see. However without wanting to sound paranoid, a phenomena very much linked to American thought in the 1960s and 70s, how do we know what information to trust. Information is a commodity that influences people’s understanding and consequently their opinions and beliefs. When something has the power to sway opinion it becomes a target for manipulation. Again we are fortunate in that we can explore various viewpoints, or sources of information, and make our own judgement on the information. Or is it perhaps, that we think we make an informed judgement whereas in actual fact we simply fall in line with the most persuasive source of information. Found information is therefore subjective it tells one truth but perhaps not all truths.

DROWEROF

duction

FOREWORD

How do some events enter the social consciences of people to be forever remembered, mourned or cherished? Can one day have a greater significance than another and consequently be remembered?

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PAGE NAVIGATION

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R WHAT AGE E MEDIA OVER ABOUT HINKING RE BE ST . BE L MEDIA DLATORS OSE OMINANT MPIRICALLY ON DEMONSTRABLE ET OF COMMON WS RAMES EXHIBITED

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with media generated images of the litical and social issues. The lens through evinces the power and point of view of focus it. And the special genius of the and natural and that the very art of

N THE DISCOURSE AND THINKING OF nt, using it to raise questions and draw

- empirical evidence. Sometimes we re in order. The story we tell has determined that the original and tizens to enter as active agents in

than facts or information because this e heart of the issue. But the distinction ation and facts is not very helpful. y being embedded in some larger system in reminding us of the importance of er modes of conveying a broader frame -

ur discussion with post modernist writers ges are, on the one hand, reproductions, l picture of something not real nges in the technology of reproduction eality. Increasingly, the former

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Split Chapters 1, 3, 4 and 7

mentation

Rolling Synonyms Chapters 2

IF PEOPLE SIMPLY RELIE THEY WOULD FEEL CON MANY IF NOT MOST ISS

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INFLUENCE CAN BE EXERTED THROUGH Hidden SELECTION OF Chapters 6 INFORMATION, BUT CONCLUSIONS CANNOT BE Running Head: DICTATED.

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OFFICIAL SOURCES

TEXT STYLES

duction

How do some events enter the social consciences of people to be forever remembered, mourned or cherished? Can one day have a greater significance than another and consequently be remembered? washing

What these questions hint towards is the central question is what forces govern the writing of history? The simple answer would be salience. The more salient an event for more likely poeple are to register it and therfore remember it. This simplistic solutions negates the complexity of history and changing influences and contexts of the event. The twentieth century was the media’s century in America. The emergence and success of the television in the 1960s allowed the nation to view the world second hand and at a distance through the media. Newspapers and television brought the world to your living room. The Vietnam War was the first war where the media’s influence can be seen to directly influence the publics feelings towards the war and consequently government foreign policy on the war. There were no limits on what could be reported, or perhaps even should, and as people experienced the world through these reports it can be suggested that for an event to have happened it had to have appeared in the news. 59 The media’s influence on history making was, and still is, emmense. The power of the reported image and therefore event has allowed even generations who are too young to remember to have an almost first hand insight into the history of an event. History was recorded and it can almost be seen that the greater the covereage the more likely an event it to be remembered. Today there is no denying that we live in a world where information on virtually any topic can be found and displayed for anyone to see. However without wanting to sound paranoid, a phenomena very much linked to American thought in the 1960s and 70s, how do we know what information to trust. Information is a commodity that influences people’s understanding and consequently their opinions and beliefs. When something has the power to sway opinion it becomes a target for manipulation. Again we are fortunate in that we can explore various viewpoints, or sources of information, and make our own judgement on the information. Or is it perhaps, that we think we make an informed judgement whereas in actual fact we simply fall in line with the most persuasive source of information. Found information is therefore subjective it tells one truth but perhaps not all truths.

The media can determine the issues people think about but not how they shape and evaluate those issues. Nobody, no force, can ever successfully “tell people what to think.” Short of sophisticated physical torture (“brainwashing”), no form of communication can compel anything more than feigned obeisance. The way to control attitudes is to provide a partial selection of information for a person to think about, or process. The only way to control what people think is precisely to shape what they think about. No matter what the message, whether conveyed through the media or in person, control over others' thinking can never be complete. Influence can be exerted through selection of information, but conclusions cannot be dictated.

NOBODY CAN EVER SUCCESSFULLY TELL PEOPLE WHAT TO THINK

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thinking

The total media experience leads to a fragmentation of of meaning The new global newtworks of information and communication have compressed time and space More of the world is accessible to more people, making the globe a smaller space. Viewers are able to sit in their own living rooms and “access” the world via satellite Live television coverage provide viewers with “real-time” access to events on the other side of the globe The compression of time leads to a preoccupation with the immediacy of surface meaning and the absence of depth News comes in quotations with even shorter sound bites The spectacle overshadows the reality The information can be correct or misleading, but the immediacy of the experience remains in images one retains The preoccupation with immediacy results in a proliferation of fleeting, ephemeral images which have no ability to sustain any coherent organising frame to provide meaning over time Advertising is the vanguard of the fleeting image, but news programs lag only slightly behind The result is a fragmented sense of reality The boundary between representation 3 and reality implodes

frames

Framing essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation for the item described. Frames diagnose, evaluate, and prescribe.

It does not require a postmodern view to come to the conclusion that news media provide a fragmented and confusing view of the world

DEFINE PROBLEMS

A single sentence may perform more than one of these four framing functions, although many sentences in a text may perform none of them. And a frame in any particular text may not necessarily include all four functions.

decietful

determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of common cultural values

DIAGNOSE CAUSES identify the forces creating the problem

MAKE JUDGMENTS evaluate causal agents and their effects

SUGGEST REMEDIES offer and justify treatments for the problems predict their likely degree on official sources andand routine channels since effects it is efficient for journalists to respect the power of

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ROUTINE CRIME NEWS IS EASY TO OVERLOOK BECAUSE IT IS SO FAMILIAR AND MUNDANE. NONETHELESS, UNDERSTANDING THE FORCES THAT SHAPE CRIME NEWS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACT OF SUCH NEWS IS QUITE BROAD. THE MEDIA’S EMPHASIS ON CRIME, FOR EXAMPLE, HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE SALIENCE OF CRIME AS A POLITICAL ISSUE. IT ALSO CAUSES SOME PEOPLE TO BE UNDULY FEARFUL OF VICTIMIZATION BOTH THESE PHENOMENA ARE INDEPENDENT OF ACTUAL CHANGES IN THE CRIME RATE, AND BOTH TEND TO INCREASE CITIZENS’ RECEPTIVITY TO REPRESSIVE TOUGH-ON CRIME POLICY PROPOSALS. IN ADDITION, THE AMOUNT OF NEWSWORTHINESS JOURNALISTS ASSIGN TO INDIVIDUAL CRIMES (I.E., HOW PROMINENTLY THEIR NEWS ORGANIZATIONS FEATURE THE CRIMES) CHANNELS POLICE AND PROSECUTORIAL RESOURCES TOWARD CASES HIGHLIGHTED BY THE MEDIA AND HELPS AUDIENCE MEMBERS TO MARK THE OUTER EDGES OF THEIR GROUP AND TO REINFORCE THEIR SHARED CULTURAL IDENTITY. JOURNALISTS SELECT WHICH CRIMES TO REPORT AND WHICH TO IGNORE. MANY CRIMES ARE NEVER REPORTED IN THE NEWS. RESEARCH ON JOURNALISTS’ SELECTION PROCESS HAS SHOWN THAT HOMICIDE IS THE MOST LIKELY CRIME TO BE REPORTED. IN ADDITION, MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA PAY MORE ATTENTION TO HOMICIDES INVOLVING WHITES THAN TO HOMICIDES INVOLVING NON-WHITES A PATTERN FOR WHICH NO CLEAR THEORETICAL EXPLANATION HAS BEEN ADVANCED. DEVIANCE IS A CONSTRUCT THAT SUBSUMES THE MOST COMMONLY ADVANCED EXPLANATIONS FOR PATTERNS IN CRIME COVERAGE, WHICH INCLUDE TRADITIONAL NEWS CRITERIA>

The intension was for a new meaning to be generated from the text left uncensored with the original meaning still legible beneath.

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Strike Through 3pt; offset 3.5pt 100% Black The intension was for a new meaning to be generated from the text left uncensored with the original meaning still legible beneath.

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guiding

Frames have at least four locations in the SELECTION AND EMPHASIS communication process: the communicator, the text, the receiver, and the culture. Communicators make conscious or unconscious framing judgments in deciding what to say, guided by frames (often called schemata) that organize their belief systems. The text contains frames, which are manifested by the presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments. The frames that guide the receiverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thinking and conclusion may or may not reflect the frames in the text and the framing intention of the communicator. The culture is the stock of commonly invoked frames.

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CULTURE MIGHT BE DEFINED AS THE EMPIRICALLY DEMONSTRABLE SET OF COMMON FRAMES EXHIBITED IN THE DISCOURSE AND THINKING OF

MOST PEOPLE IN A SOCIAL GROUPING.

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SIMPLY RELIED ON THE MEDIA ULD FEEL CONFUSED ABOUT NOT MOST ISSUES.

authority

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mentation

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IF PEOPLE SIMPLY RELIED ON THE MEDIA THEY WOULD FEEL CONFUSED ABOUT MANY IF NOT MOST ISSUES.

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REFERENCES 71

Bibliography Clawson, R. A., â&#x20AC;&#x153;Neilâ&#x20AC;? Strine IV, H. C. and Waltenburg, E. N., 2003. 'Framing Supreme Court Decisions: The Mainstream Press Versus the Black Press', Journal of Black Studies, 33(6), pp.784-800. Entman, R. M., 1989. 'How the Media Affect What People Think: An Information Processing Approach', The Journal of Politics, 51(2), pp.347-370. Entman, R. M., 1993. 'Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm', Journal of Communication, 43(4), pp.51-58. Entman, R. M., 2007. 'Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power', Journal of Communication, 57, pp.163-173.

Bibliography Title Sabon LT Std: Roman Small Caps 10pt; 14pt leading Ranged left 100% Black

Gamson, W. A., Croteau, D., Hoynes, W. and Sasson, T., 1992. 'Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality', Annual Review of Sociology, 18:373-93, pp.373-394. Jewell, K. S., 2002: 'Book Reviews', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25:2, pp.332-360. Pritchard, D., and Hughes, K. D., 1997. 'Patterns of Deviance in Crime News', Journal of Communication, 47(3), pp.49-67. Pynchon, T., 1965. The Crying of Lot 49. Vintage edition 2000. London, Vintage. Robinson, P. R. and Sahin, H., Review., 1981. 'Book Reviews', Social Forces, 59(4), pp.1341-1342. Sullivan, R. ed., 2007. Mine Eyes Have Seen: Bearing Witness to the Struggle for Civil Rights. London: Thames and Hudson. Robinson, P. R. and Sahin, H., Review., 1981. 'Book Reviews', Social Forces, 59(4), pp.1341-1342.

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Much of the content required citations. Placing them along side the text was not an option as it would have hindered the breakup of text - and distracted the audience from the new meaning being generated. Two types of referencing have been employed to resolve this issue. Short citations which could be seen along side the text by opening back cover flap and full references in the bibliography.

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THE NEWS The need to attract advertisers induces editors to produce content that is likely to create a â&#x20AC;&#x153;buying mood.â&#x20AC;? Advertisers will have little interest in sponsoring media content that targets audiences with little buying power or that produces images that are critical of corporations. More generally, advertisers shy away from sponsoring material that is disturbing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; since such material interferes with the buying mood they wish to maintain.

NO OFFENSE HERE Advertising, then, is a force toward the homogenisation of imagery, but not merely because such imagery is offensive. Advertising inevitably competes for attention with non-advertising content. Dull and predictable stories or programs make ad all the more interesting, their freshness and visual innovativeness standing out in contrast. Program content should not only create the proper buying mood but should avoid upstaging the advertising content that pays the bill.

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Text Citations pp.3,4,8,9 Entman (1993, pp. 52-3)

p.10 [window frames] n.d. [image online] Available at: http:// www.hiddenhousehistory.co.uk/

pp.5,7

househistorydesk/stepbystepguides/

Kahneman and Tversky,

architecture/eg_windows.php

1984 cited in Entman (1993, p.54)

pp.14,15 ADELMAN, B., 2007. A Salute.

p.11

Brooklyn, New York City. [book]

Entman (1993, pp.56-7)

Sullivan ed. (2007, p.88)

pp. 12,13

p.20

Gamson, et al. (1992, pp.

[Jackson State College] n.d. [image

386-7)

online] Available at: http://mije.org/

p.27 Pritchard and Hughes (1997, pp.49-50) p.28 Entman (1989, p.363) pp.33-37 Gamson, et al. (1992, p.379)

richardprince/plot-thickens-obamamalcolm-photo-mix#Jackson%20State pp.31,32 ADELMAN, B., 2007. Beloved Community. Birmingham Alabama. [book] Sullivan ed. (2007, p.138-139) pp.40, 41 [Philco television advert] n.d. [image online] Available at: http://blog.

p.39

modernmechanix.com/2009/01/19/how-

Gamson, et al. (1992,

to-make-a-scene/

pp.378)

[Sony Video Recorder] n.d. [image

Pynchon (2000, p.5)

online] Available at: http://blog.

Gamson, et al. (1992, p.376) p.50 Gamson, et al. (1992, p.373 p.51 Clawson, et al. (2003, p.386) pp 57-59 Entman (1989, p.349)

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p.42

p.43

pp.45-48

Citations Title Sabon LT Std: Roman Small Caps 8pt; 14pt leading Ranged left 100% Black

modernmechanix.com/2009/01/19/howto-make-a-scene/ p.44 ADELMAN, B., 2007. A woman mourns Martin Luther King Jr. Memphis, Tennessee. [book] Sullivan ed. (2007, p.187) pp.52-54 ADELMAN, B., 2007. Riot Control. Newark, New Jersey. [book] Sullivan ed. (2007, p.190-191) p.59 [Television control] n.d. [image

Image Citations p.2 [1970s television] n.d. [image online]

online] Available at: http:// www.adsandmags.com/catalog/ index.php?main_page=product_ info&cPath=7&products_id=178

Available at: http://

pp.64-66

www.nogreenbananas.

ADELMAN, B., 2007. Demonstrators

net/2011/09/06/television-

hold on to one another to face the spray.

is-dead-time-to-tune-into-

Birmingham Alabama. [book] Sullivan

the-facts/

ed. (2007, p.135)

Inside back cover

EXPRESSIVE TYPE 38

White out of black MetroBlack LT Two: Regular 700pt; 444pt leading and individually kerned 100% white/paper

Black out of white MetroBlack LT Two: Regular 700pt; 444pt leading and individually kerned 100% Black

Font size was enlarged to the point where the words began spilling off the page and break up into shapes as opposed to letters and words. The intention was to reveal the lack of difference when things are broken down to their base units.

authority

OFFICIAL SOURCES

and routine creates a structure of dominance

Official sources is the only example of centred type in the book. This page is influenced by the House Un-American Activities Committee departments publications. A department that legitimised victimisation in American during the mid twentieth century. In fact the logo used here has been redrawn from the documentation of the departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law.

Official Sources MetroBlack LT Two: Regular All Caps 19pt; 28pt leading Centred 100% Black

Never Lie MetroBlack LT Two: Regular All Caps 96pt; individually kerned Centred 100% Black

Routine Sabon LT Std: Roman Small Caps 10pt; 14pt leading Centred 100% Black

ESCHEW ELUCIDATION EXCEPT OBFUSCATION ENDORSING

Subversion of the phrase ‘eschew obfuscation, espouse elucidation’ which means the opposite of what it is: avoid being unclear, support being clear. Now reads avoid being clear unless supporting unclarity.

Tip In Text MetroBlack LT Two: Regular All Caps 19pt; 28pt leading Ranged left 100% Black Line 1 tabbed: 4.233mm Line 2 tabbed: 13.406mm Line 3 tabbed: 8.819mm Line 4 tabbed: 0mm Line 5 tabbed: 14.464mm

This type was generated by rubbing the paper over a hand cut mould of the type. If the resources had been available an emboss or deboss would have been used.

red

By now the story is familiar. We walk around with media generated images of the world, using them to construct meaning about political and social issues. The lens through which we receive these images is not neutral but evinces the power and point of view of the political and economic elites who operate and focus it. And the special genius of the system is to make the whole process seem normal and natural and that the very art of social construction is invisible. For the most part, we accept its general argument, using it to raise questions and draw out implications for which there are - or might be - empirical evidence. Sometimes we think important qualifications and reservations are in order. The story we tell has more tension and contest in the process. It is less determined that the original and leaves more room for challengers and ordinary citizens to enter as active agents in constructing meaning. We emphasize the production of images rather than facts or information because this more subtle form of meaning construction is at the heart of the issue. But the distinction between conveying images and conveying information and facts is not very helpful. Fact, as much as images, take on their meaning by being embedded in some larger system of meaning or frame. The term “images” is useful in reminding us of the importance of the visual, of attention to verbal imagery, and other modes of conveying a broader frame through music, for example. A focus on images also allows us to connect our discussion with post modernist writers who play off the two meanings of the word. Images are, on the one hand, reproductions, but they have a second meaning as well: a mental picture of something not real or present. Baudrillard argues that dramatic changes in the technology of reproduction have led to the implosion of representation and reality. Increasingly, the former becomes dominant as “simulacra” are substituted for a reality that has no foundation in experience. Conscious design to persuade is largely irrelevant for our purposes. We assume that a wide variety of media messages can act as teachers of values, ideologies, and beliefs and that they can provide images for interpreting the world whether or not the designers are conscious of this intent. An advertisement, for example, may be intended merely to sell cigarettes to women, but incidentally it may encode a message about gender relations and what it means to be a “woman.” In talking about those who decode such messages, we use the term “reader” rather than “audience.” The latter term implies that television reachers a homogenous mass of people who are all essentially identical, who receive the same messages, meanings, and ideologies from the same programs and who are essentially passive. By readers, we mean those who “read” or decode sights and sounds as well as printed text. Reading media imagery is an active process in which context, social locations, and prior experience can lead to quite different decodings. Furthermore, it is frequently interactive, taking place in conversation with other readers who may see different meanings. The consequences of the media role for democratic politics seem largely negative, promoting apathy, cynicism, and quiescence at the expense of political participation. We conclude, no doubt predictably, that things are pretty bad but not hopeless. It isn’t just Big Brother in our heads, but a whole bunch of unruly siblings, including a few black sheep with whom we may identify if we choose. Researchers have long been interested in the social and economic organisation of the mass media. In the 1970s, a series of organisational studies examined how the news is produced. It suggested that the organisations of news into “beats” had a great influence on what was and was not considered newsworthy. Sigal examined the relationship between journalists and their sources and found that journalists rely to a great degree on official

tape

sources and routine channels. While such standard news gathering techniques may be essential for journalists to do their work, the consequence, is that journalist are exploited by their sources either to insert information into the news or to propagandise. The power of official sources, combined with the need for journalistic efficiency, ultimately structures how news organisations decide what's news. The efficiency and source power are parts of the same equation, since it is efficient for journalists to respect the power of official sources. Analysis of network television news found that the pictures of society that are shown of television as national news are largely - though not entirely performed and shaped by organisational considerations. In particular, he argues that the economic and organisational logic of television structures the scope and form of network news. A noteworthy exemplar of the specialised media is the Black press. Born in antebellum America, the Black press originally was almost totally committed to a cause - abolition. Consequently, it has a long-established pedigree of protest and crusades. Even today, the Black press tends to be protest orientated, replacing its focus on slavery with editorialising for civil rights. The Black press perceives itself as a corrective force, making up for the incidental (and often negative) treatment the mainstream media generally gives to Blacks. More recently, researchers and critics have looked beyond the internal demands of media organisations to understand the context in which media images are produced. Ownership of media organisations has been a particular concern. Bagdikian articulates the most well-known argument about the problems of media monopoly. He argues that a “private ministry of information” has emerged in the past 25 years, as ownership of major media has become increasingly concentrated. Bagdikian raises a central question about the relationship between competition and diversity. While his argument is complex, an underlying premise is that competition is more likely to encourage a wide-ranging, diverse media. Responding in large to Bagdikian, Entman argues that the connection between newspaper competition and quality news is not at all clear. He suggests that competition has negligible effects of newspaper quality and there are sound theoretical reasons for suspecting that this would be the case. Entman is quick to point out that local newspaper monopoly, one of Bagdikian’s central concerns, is a product of the very same economic market forces that putatively nourish free press ideals. Because it is the free market system that has produced local newspaper monopolies, Entman is sceptical about the claim that we should look to competition for a solution. He makes an important distinction between economic market and the marketplace of ideas, arguing that ensuring diversity in the latter should be the principal focus for those concerned with democracy. If publishers in a competitive market follow free enterprise norms of profit maximisation, it is like that newspapers will provide a least common denominator product that attracts a mass audience and pleases advertisers. In short, “ success in the economic market seems to contradicts service to the idea market.” So what are we to make of the argument that competition encourages higher quality, more diverse media content? The data seems compelling, and there are strong theoretical reasons for expecting that newspapers in competition will not compete by increasing quality or diversity. At the same time, Entman’s discussion of local newspaper monopolies does not adequately deal with several larger issues raised by Bagdikian and others who have written about the media monopoly. First, Entman does not deal clearly with the issue of advertising. Second, he does not discuss the horizontal integration of the new media empires. Third, he does not address the larger implications of corporate control of media imagery.

red tape Pages 50 and 51 are the only two where the full width of the page has been used and the text has been set to a more a more conventional way. Consequently they should be the two easiest pages to gather information in a coherent way. However the pages cannot be opened due to a length of red tape. Sabon LT Std: Roman - The first sentence is set in small caps. 10pt; 14pt leading and 5pt tracking Ranged left 3.379mm (Em space) paragraph indent 100% Black

DESIGN AND PRODUCTION C 24 M 100 Y 100 K0

Black

White

COLOUR The colour scheme is heavily influenced by newspaper design hence the predominance of black and white. Red was chosen as accent colour due to the highly emotive nature of the colour and book subject matter. White is also used in combination with paper stocks to give a variety of shades of grey - like history.

IMAGES Images have been sources from a variety of media including photo documentaries, old advertising and the Internet. All images have been converted to black and white with a dot halftone pattern applied. In some cases the images have a selected area that has been converted to a duo tone utilising the red accent colour. When red has been used on an image it is to highlight another form of communication such as body language and cultural symbols.

The fly leaf has a patter generated from images of buckshot guns - the same as those used in the shooting. These two have a halftone filter applied to them.

PRINTING AND BINDING A variety of printing methods were utilised. Inkjet printing for the main text and image pager, Laser for transparencies to ensure they didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t smear, Offset Litho for white inks and Due to the various stocks of paper employed throughout the book perfect binding was the most suitable form of binding. However, this initial produced a book that was difficult to open and lay flat. Paper tearing also started to occur where the cover joined the text pages. Swiss binding was therefore used in a bid create a more malleable spine and aid reading. The tip was handstitched prior to binding into the main book. 25

PAPER STOCKS Text pages Aboreta Metaphor white 100gsm and 150gsm. Heavier stock used to avoid bleed through on heavily inked pages. Daler Rowney Tracing Paper 90gsm used for translucent pages. Cover Aboreta Metaphor white 300gsm Chapter breaks Black mineral paper 135gsm Daler Rowney Tracing Paper 90gsm Fly leaf Daler Rowney Tracing Paper 90gsm RED TAPE Canson Mi-Tienes Paper, red earth 160gsm

TYPE SPECIMEN The need to display information clearly and within the space allowed suggested the font Meta for the design of this type specimen. It is a very functional and relatively narrow type with suitable non-aligning numerals. The original intention was to use a typeface that was associated with American, such as helvetica, as it was events that occurred in America that inspired the response to theÂ brief. However, I feel that Meta, a German font, could be used because of the wider context of the issues raised in the book. The size of the type specimen is the same proportions as the book. Golden ratio proportions were considered however I decided to use the same method to generate the size as I did with the production of the book. Consequently all three items should have a unity of form.

metapro normal ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO PQRSTUVWXY&Z abcdefghijklmno pqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

metapro bold small caps ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO PQRSTUVWXY&Z abcdefghijklmno pqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

metapro bold ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO PQRSTUVWXY&Z abcdefghijklmno pqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

Type Specimen 20.5% smaller again

On This Day: 15 May 1970 41% smaller than Clarion Ledger

The Clarion Ledger Original size 226 x 398mm Viewed at 40% of original size