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éĕâþĆēğ÷ĦüüĘĨ čĄĕåĄčĔøĊýĕĈĠĎŇèþĆēğúċģúą ĢüāĆēýĆĄĆĕëĜþùĔĄăŋ čĄğ÷ĦéāĆēğúāĆĔøüĆĕëčě÷ĕĒ čąĕĄýĆĄĆĕëâěĄĕĆĘ éęèģ÷ňğĆĘąüğëėî “ċ.÷Ć.éĆĔî éĔüúĈĔâãöĕ” þĆĄĕéĕĆąŋúĕè÷ňĕüğâČøĆþċěčĔøĊŋĄĕĠč÷è þĕòâùĕāėğċČĢüĎĔĊãňĐ “ğâČøĆâĆĠĈēĐěøčĕĎâĆĆĄğâČøĆ âĔýåĊĕĄĆěŇèğĆĚĐèĄĔħüåèãĐèëĕøė” ğĄĚħĐĊĔüúĘħ 17 âĆâðĕåĄ 2558 ĢüèĕüâĕĆþĆēëěĄčĔĄĄüĕĊėëĕâĕĆþċěčĔøĊŋ åĆĔĨèúĘħ 14 ö ġĆèĠĆĄğéňĕāĆēąĕþĕĆŋå âĆěèğúāĒ ÷ňĊą ğĎĦüĊŇĕâĕĆğþĈĘħąüĠþĈèúĘħğâė÷ãęĨüéēúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆğâČøĆãĐèþĆēğúċģúąĄĘúėċúĕèğþŎüĐąŇĕèģĆ ĠĈēĢüĐüĕåøğĆĕéē øňĐèğøĆĘąĄøĔĊĠĈēþĆĔýøĔĊĐąŇĕèģĆ

ċ.÷Ć.éĆĔî âĈŇĕĊĊŇĕ âĕĆğâČøĆğþŎü čėħèúĘħĐąĜŇåĜŇâĔýåüģúąĄĕüĕü øĔĨèĠøŇčĄĔą Đ÷ĘøùęèþŌééěýĔüåüģúąâĦĐąĜŇâĔýâĕĆğâČøĆ ùęèĠĄňĊŇĕþŌééěýĔüüĘĨéēğþŎüąěåġĈâĕăėĊĔõüŋ ĠøŇâĦåė÷ĊŇĕ âĕĆğâČøĆâĦéēĐąĜŇåĜŇåüģúąøŇĐ ģþ ğāĆĕēčĕĄĕĆùğþŎüòĕüĢüâĕĆğĈĘĨąèøĔĊ

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ğĐèãĐèåüģúą éēğĎĦüģ÷ňéĕâëŇĊèúĘħğâė÷ĊėâćøøňĄąĬĕâěňèåüģúąčŇĊüĢĎîŇâĈĔýģþĐąĜŇýňĕü ğāĚħĐúĬĕâĕĆğâČøĆ ĠøâøŇĕè éĕâýĕèþĆēğúċúĘħğĄĚħĐğâė÷ĊėâćøğèėüğĂŃĐ âĦāĕâĔüþĈňüãňĕĊãĐèøĕĄĎňĕèčĆĆāčėüåňĕ úĘħčĬĕåĔîĆĕąģ÷ňúĘħğâė÷éĕââĕĆúĬĕâĕĆğâČøĆãĐèåüģúąĄĘâĕĆğāėħĄãęĨüøĈĐ÷ğĊĈĕ ÷ĔèüĔĨü éęèåė÷ĊŇĕğþŎüčėħè čĬĕåĔîúĘħåĊĆúĬĕüěýĬĕĆěèâĕĆğâČøĆúěâčĕãĕĢĎňåèĐąĜŇøŇĐģþ ĠĈēøňĐèúĬĕüěýĬĕĆěèĠĈē÷Ĭĕğüėüģþ÷ňĊąåĊĕĄğúŇĕğúĘąĄâĔü ğāĆĕēğâČøĆâĆģĄŇĊŇĕéēĐąĜŇĆē÷ĔýëĔĨüģĎüâĦĄĘåĊĕĄčĬĕåĔîúĔĨèüĔĨü ğāĘąèĠøŇĐĕééēĄĘýúýĕúúĘħĠøâøŇĕèâĔüĐĐâģþ ĠøŇ÷ňĊąąěåþŌééěýĔüğþŎüąěåġĈâĕăėĊĔõüŋ âĕĆüĬĕğĐĕčėħèĢĎĄŇĥ ğãňĕĄĕ ġ÷ąğêāĕēğúåġüġĈąĘúĘħğãňĕĄĕğāėħĄåĊĕĄ čē÷ĊâčýĕąąėħèãęĨü ìĘħèčėħèğĎĈŇĕüĘĨĄĕāĆňĐĄâĔýåĊĕĄğþĈĘħąüúĘħğâė÷ãęĨüøĈĐ÷ğĊĈĕ ÷ĔèüĔĨü ùňĕĎĕâğĆĕéēĐąĜŇĆĐ÷ģ÷ňâĦ øňĐèĆĜňéĔââĕĆþĆĔýøĔĊ ğāĆĕēåüúĘħčĕĄĕĆùþĆĔýøĔĊĢĎňğãňĕâĔýåĊĕĄğþĈĘħąüĠþĈèúĘħğâė÷ãęĨüøĈĐ÷ğĊĈĕģ÷ňğúŇĕüĔĨüúĘħéē ĐąĜŇĆĐ÷ ìęħèåüúĘħéēčĕĄĕĆùþĆĔýøĔĊģ÷ňâĔýĢüąěåãĐèâĕĆğþĈĘħąüĠþĈèüĔĨüģĄŇéĬĕğþŎüøňĐèğâŇèúĘħčě÷ ĠĈēĠãĦèĠâĆŇèúĘħčě÷ ĠøŇãĐĢĎňğþŎüåüúĘħčĕĄĕĆùğãňĕģ÷ňâĔýúěâčùĕüâĕĆöŋģ÷ňâĦčĕĄĕĆùĐąĜŇĆĐ÷ģ÷ň ìęħèčėħèúĘħĊŇĕüĘĨģĄŇĢëŇğāĘąèĠåŇåüğúŇĕüĔĨü ĠøŇąĔèĆĊĄùęè āĚëĠĈēčĔøĊŋ÷ňĊą čŇĊüğúåġüġĈąĘúĘħĄĘĄĕâĄĕąüĔĨüâĦĐąĕâéēãĐĢĎňåė÷âŇĐüúĘħéēüĬĕĄĕĢëňĢü÷ňĕüâĕĆğâČøĆãĐèĠøŇĈēåü ģĄŇ ĐąĕâĢĎňøĕĄğúåġüġĈąĘĄĕâğâėüģþ ğāĆĕēùňĕĎĕâìĚĨĐĄĕĠĈňĊģĄŇģ÷ňĢëňþĆēġąëüŋĐēģĆ âĦğúŇĕâĔýğþŎüâĕĆğčĘąġ÷ąúĘħģĄŇ ģ÷ňĐēģĆğĈą ÷ĔèüĔĨü âŇĐüúĘħéēìĚĨĐĄĕĢëňĢĎňåė÷âŇĐüĊŇĕ ìĚĨĐĄĕĠĈňĊčĕĄĕĆùĢëňþĆēġąëüŋĐēģĆģ÷ňýňĕè ĠĈēğĎĄĕēčĄúĘħ éēĢëňâĔýèĕüþĆēğăúģĎü ĠĈēğĆĕĄĘþŌîĎĕĐēģĆ čėħèúĘħğĆĕâĬĕĈĔèéēüĬĕĄĕğãňĕĄĕüĔĨüéēčĕĄĕĆùĠâňþŌîĎĕĢĎňğĆĕģ÷ňĄĕâ üňĐąĠåŇģĎü ùňĕåė÷ĠĈňĊĊŇĕåěňĄåŇĕâĦìĚĨĐ ĠøŇùňĕåė÷ĠĈňĊģĄŇåěňĄåŇĕâĦģĄŇéĬĕğþŎüøňĐèìĚĨĐ ĢüčŇĊüüĘĨâĦéēģþčĐ÷åĈňĐèâĔýâĕĆĢëňúĆĔāąĕâĆãĐèëĕøėĢĎňğâė÷þĆēġąëüŋĄĕâúĘħčě÷ čĜèúĘħčě÷ ğāĚħĐåĊĕĄåěňĄ åŇĕĄĕâúĘħčě÷ĠĈēùĚĐğþŎüâĕĆĆĔâČĕúĆĔāąĕâĆĢĎňĠĈēĄĘĢëňģþģ÷ňĐĘâüĕü ìęħèúĆĔāąĕâĆãĐèëĕøėüĔĨüčĕĄĕĆùĠýŇèĐĐâ ģ÷ňğþŎü 2 þĆēğăú åĚĐ úĆĔāąĕâĆúĘħğâė÷ãęĨüğĐèéĕâûĆĆĄëĕøė ĠĈēúĆĔāąĕâĆúĘħùĜâþĆěèĠøŇèĎĆĚĐþĆē÷ėČòŋåė÷åňüãęĨüĄĕ ĐąŇĕèğëŇü þěŅą ąĕ úĘħğãňĕĄĕëŇĊąúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆğâČøĆĄĘâĕĆāĔõüĕãęĨü ĠøŇúěâĐąŇĕèąŇĐĄĄĘčĐè÷ňĕüĐąĜŇğčĄĐ ÷ĔèüĔĨü ùňĕĎĕâ ĢëňĠýýÿė÷ĊėûĘĎĆĚĐğâė÷éĕâúĘħğãĕâĬĕĎü÷âĦĐĕééēğâė÷ġúČģ÷ňğëŇüâĔü éęèøňĐèĢëň÷ňĊąåĊĕĄĆēĄĔ÷ĆēĊĔè ğāĚħĐģĄŇĢĎňğþŎü āėČğþŎüăĔąĠâŇÿĜňĢëňĠĈēúĘħâĬĕĈĔèéēùĜâčŇèøŇĐĢĎňĢëň éĕââĕĆþĆĔýøĔĊĢĎňğãňĕâĔýčùĕüâĕĆöŋĠĈēâĕĆĢëňþĆēġąëüŋéĕâúĆĔāąĕâĆĢĎňåěňĄåŇĕĄĕâúĘħčě÷ ğāĚħĐâĕĆğâČøĆ úĘħąĔħèąĚü čėħèøŇĐĄĕúĘħéēúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆğâČøĆãĐèģúąâňĕĊģþčĜŇĐüĕåøúĘħč÷Ģčģ÷ňâĦåĚĐ åĊĕĄčĕĄĔååĘĠĈēâĕĆĆŇĊĄĄĚĐĆŇĊĄĢé âĔüāĔõüĕâĕĆğâČøĆĢĎňâňĕĊĎüňĕąėħèãęĨü ģĄŇĊŇĕéēğþŎüăĕåĆĔò ăĕåğĐâëü ğâČøĆâĆúĔĨèĆĕąğĈĦâĆĕąĢĎîŇ ĆĊĄùęèüĔâ ĊėëĕâĕĆ ĠĈēÿĜňğâĘħąĊãňĐèúěâåüøňĐèğãňĕĄĕĆŇĊĄâĔüāĔõüĕ âĦåė÷ĊŇĕâĕĆğâČøĆéēčĕĄĕĆùâňĕĊģþčĜŇĐüĕåøúĘħč÷ĢčĠĈē čĕĄĕĆùâňĕĊøŇĐģþģ÷ňĐąŇĕèčĄýĜĆöŋĠýý

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ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦ÷Ę åĊĕĄĆŇĊĄĄĚĐúĘħĊŇĕâĦåĚĐ âĕĆĆĜňéĔâĎüňĕúĘħãĐèĠøŇĈēåü ĠĈēúĬĕĎüňĕúĘħĢĎň÷ĘúĘħčě÷ ĐąŇĕèğâČøĆâĆğĐè âĦøňĐèĢĎňåĊĕĄĆŇĊĄĄĚĐĆŇĊĄĢéĢüâĕĆþñėýĔøėøĕĄâðĆēğýĘąýúĘħúĕèăĕåĆĔòâĬĕĎü÷ úĔĨèĢüğĆĚħĐèãĐèčėħèúĘħåĊĆúĬĕĠĈēčėħè øňĐèĎňĕĄúĔĨèĆĕąğĈĦâĠĈēĆĕąĢĎîŇ üĐâéĕâþñėýĔøėøĕĄâðĆēğýĘąýúĘħâĬĕĎü÷ĠĈňĊ âĦøňĐèĢĎňğâĘąĆøėīìęħèâĔüĠĈēâĔü ëŇĊą âĔü ĆĕąĢĎîŇøňĐèĂŌèğčĘąèĆĕąğĈĦâ ĆĕąğĈĦâğĐèâĦøňĐèĂŌèğčĘąèĆĕąĢĎîŇĠĈēĎĕéě÷ąĚüĢĎňģ÷ň ĐąĜŇĆŇĊĄâĔüĢĎňģ÷ň čŇĊüüĔâĊėëĕâĕĆăĕåĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğĐèâĦøňĐèúĬĕĎüňĕúĘħåė÷åňüāĔõüĕĊėéĔąčėħèúĘħ÷ĘúĘħčě÷ĐĐâĄĕ ğāĚħĐâĕĆğâČøĆ úĘħâňĕĊĎüňĕ ăĕåĆĔòğĐèâĦøňĐèĢĎňâĕĆčüĔýčüěü ğāĆĕēâĕĆúĘħéēģ÷ňčėħèúĘħ÷ĘúĘħčě÷ĐĐâĄĕüĔĨüøňĐèĢëňğĊĈĕ ĠĈēýĕèĐąŇĕè øňĐèĢëňğĊĈĕĄĕââĊŇĕ 10 þĿ ĐąŇĕèğëŇü ĊĔĊāĔüûěŋâĬĕĠāèĠčüúĘħøňĐèĢëňğĊĈĕĢüâĕĆĈĐèÿė÷ĈĐèùĜâùęè 30 þĿ âĊŇĕéēþĆēčý åĊĕĄčĬĕğĆĦéĐĐâĄĕğþŎüĊĔĊāĔüûěŋâĬĕĠāèúĘħğĎĦüĢüþŌééěýĔü üĐâéĕââĕĆčüĔýčüěüĢüčŇĊüãĐèâĕĆāĔõüĕĊėéĔąĎĆĚĐĊėëĕâĕĆĠĈňĊ ĢüčŇĊüãĐèğâČøĆâĆğĐèâĦčĬĕåĔîğëŇü âĔü ĐąĕâĢĎňğãňĕģþčüĔýčüěüĠĈēëŇĊąĠâňģãþŌîĎĕ ìęħèþŌîĎĕéĆėèĥ úĘħëĕĊýňĕüøňĐèğéĐģĄŇĢëŇğĆĚħĐèãĐèğúåġüġĈąĘ ĠøŇğþŎüþŌîĎĕúĕè÷ňĕüčĔèåĄ âĕĆøĈĕ÷ ĠĈēĆĕåĕ ìęħèĢüčŇĊüüĘĨøĔĊğâČøĆâĆğĐèâĦøňĐèĆŇĊĄĄĚĐĆŇĊĄĢéâĔüúĔĨèĆĕąğĈĦâ ĆĕąĢĎîŇúĘħøňĐèğãňĕĄĕéĔýĄĚĐ ëŇĊąâĔü ĐąŇĕğĐĕğþĆĘąýâĔüğâėüģþ ĢĎňëŇĊąğĎĈĚĐìęħèâĔüĠĈēâĔü âĦåė÷ĊŇĕĆĕåĕüŇĕéēĐąĜŇĢü ãĐýğãøúĘħúěâĀłĕąĆĔýģ÷ň ĐĘâĎüęħèåĊĕĄåė÷ğĎĦüĢüâĕĆčüĔýčüěüãĐèăĕåĆĔò üâĕĆúĘħéēāĔõüĕøŇĐąĐ÷ĢĎňâĕĆğâČøĆãĐèģúąāĔõüĕ ãęĨü ĄĘĆĕâòĕüúĘħĄĔħüåèĠĈēĠãĦèĠĆèãęĨüüĔĨüâĦåĚĐ âĕĆčŇèğčĆėĄåĊĕĄĆĜň ìęħèğ÷ėĄúĘüĔĨüâĦĄĘĐąĜŇĠĈňĊ ĐąŇĕèğëŇüĢüčŇĊüãĐè âĕĆčŇèğčĆėĄĢüğĆĚħĐèãĐèúěüğĆĘąüøŇĐúĔĨèĢüĠĈēøŇĕèþĆēğúċ ğāĚħĐüĬĕåĊĕĄĆĜňúĘħģ÷ňüĔĨüâĈĔýĄĕāĔõüĕþĆēğúċ ĎĆĚĐúĘħ ğĆĘąâĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňúěüåĚü ĠøŇĢüčŇĊüüĘĨéēğþŎüâĕĆâĈĔýĄĕĢëňúěüġ÷ąâĕĆğãňĕģþúĬĕèĕüĢüĎüŇĊąèĕüãĐèăĕåĆĔò ĠøŇøŇĐģþ ĐąĕâĢĎňčĕĄĕĆùâĈĔýĄĕĢëňúěü÷ňĊąâĕĆğãňĕĄĕúĬĕèĕüĢĎňâĔýăĕåğĐâëü ìęħèĢüčŇĊüüĘĨĐĕééēøňĐèãĐåĊĕĄĆŇĊĄĄĚĐâĔý úĕèăĕåğĐâëüĢüâĕĆĢĎňåĊĕĄĆŇĊĄĄĚĐĠĈēøňĐèåěąâĔü üĐâéĕââĕĆčŇèğčĆėĄĢüğĆĚħĐèãĐèúěüåĊĕĄĆĜňĠĈňĊ âĦąĔèĐąĕâĢĎňúĕèăĕåĆĔòĢĎňåĊĕĄčĬĕåĔîâĔýâĕĆğâČøĆĢĎň ĄĕâãęĨü ĂŌèğčĘąèåĊĕĄúěâãŋãĐèğâČøĆâĆĢĎňĄĕâãęĨü ĐąŇĕèúĘħĎĈĕąþĆēğúċğãĕúĬĕ ĐąŇĕèãĐèĐğĄĆėâĕúĘħúĔĨèþĆēğúċĄĘ ğâČøĆâĆĐąĜŇþĆēĄĕöĠåŇ 10% ğúŇĕüĔĨü ĠøŇğĊĈĕğâČøĆâĆãĐèğãĕĄĘþŌîĎĕĐēģĆĎĆĚĐĄĘğčĘąèğĆĘąâĆňĐèĐēģĆğãĕâĦāĆňĐĄ úĘħĆĔýĂŌè ĠĈēāĆňĐĄúĘħéēúěŇĄèýĎĆĚĐĢĎňâĕĆčüĔýčüěüāĆňĐĄúĘħéēğãňĕĄĕëŇĊąğĎĈĚĐøĈĐ÷ğĊĈĕ ğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýîĘħþěłüúĘħ ùĚĐĊŇĕğâČøĆâĆĠĈēğâČøĆâĆĆĄåĚĐĊĔõüûĆĆĄãĐèëĕøėúĘħåĊĆĠâŇâĕĆĐüěĆĔâČŋģĊň ÷ĔèüĔĨü ğãĕāĆňĐĄúĘħéēčüĔýčüěü ğâČøĆâĆãĐèğãĕ ğĄĚħĐâĕĆğâČøĆâňĕĊĎüňĕĠĈňĊ ĐĘâĎüęħèčėħèúĘħĐąĕâéēâĈŇĕĊâĦåĚĐ ĐěøčĕĎâĆĆĄâĕĆğâČøĆ ĢüğĄĚħĐğĆĕĐąĜŇĢüąěå ġĈâĕăėĊĔõüŋ ÷ĔèüĔĨü âĕĆğâČøĆâĦøňĐèĄĘåĊĕĄâňĕĊĎüňĕ ĄĘâĕĆāĔõüĕøŇĐąĐ÷ ÷ňĊąâĕĆĠþĆĆĜþĢĎňğâė÷ğþŎüÿĈėøăĔöôŋ ĢĎĄŇĥ ãęĨüĄĕ ğāĚħĐčĆňĕèúĕèğĈĚĐâĢĎň čĆňĕèåĊĕĄčē÷ĊâčýĕąĢĎňâĔýÿĜňýĆėġăåĐěþġăå ĠĈēøňĐèĄĘâĕĆāĔõüĕĐąĜŇøĈĐ÷ ğĊĈĕ ğāĚħĐåěöăĕāúĘħčĜèãęĨü ğāĚħĐâĕĆğâČøĆúĘħąĔħèąĚü ìęħèčĐèčėħèüĘĨåė÷ĊŇĕéēčĕĄĕĆùāĔõüĕĆŇĊĄâĔüģ÷ň

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ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦ÷Ę ĐĘâčėħèúĘħčĬĕåĔîĢüâĕĆāĔõüĕâĕĆğâČøĆâĦåĚĐ åěöčĄýĔøėúĘħ÷ĘúĘħúěâåüāęèĄĘ čĬĕĎĆĔýåěöčĄýĔøėúĘħ úěâåüāęèĄĘüĔĨüâĦåĚĐ åĊĕĄåė÷čĆňĕèčĆĆåŋ ĄĘĊėüĔą ĢĀłĆĜň ĠĈēğëĚħĐĄĔħüĊŇĕčĕĄĕĆùúĬĕģ÷ň ğāĆĕēġ÷ąčŇĊüøĔĊğëĚħĐĊŇĕåüģúą ĄĘåĊĕĄğâŇè ĄĘåĊĕĄêĈĕ÷ĐąĜŇĠĈňĊ ğāĘąèĠøŇøňĐèğāėħĄåĊĕĄğëĚħĐĄĔħüğãňĕģþĊŇĕğĆĕčĕĄĕĆùúĬĕģ÷ň üĐâéĕâüĘĨ ĐĘâĎüęħèčėħèúĘħ ģĄŇĐąĕâĢĎňĄĐèãňĕĄüĔĨüâĦåĚĐ âĕĆĢëňþŌîîĕ ĠĈēčøė ĄĐèčėħèĆĐýøĔĊĢĎňâĊňĕèãęĨü ğéĕēĈęâĢüčėħèúĘħĄĐè ĠĈēüĬĕčėħèúĘħĐąĜŇ ĆĐýøĔĊğĆĕĄĕĢëňþĆēġąëüŋĢĎňĄĕâĠĈēåěňĄåŇĕúĘħčě÷ úĔĨèüĘĨġ÷ąčŇĊüøĔĊåė÷ĊŇĕ ğúåġüġĈąĘĎĆĚĐğèėüģĄŇčĬĕåĔîğúŇĕâĔýåü åüğâŇèâĦģĄŇčĬĕåĔîğúŇĕâĔýãĐĢĎňğþŎüåü÷Ę âŇĐü ğāĆĕēğĆĚħĐèĐēģĆâĦøĕĄ ğĆĚħĐèãĐèåüğþŎüğĆĚħĐèĢĎîŇúĘħčě÷ ĠĄňåüğĈĦâĥ âĦúĬĕğþŎüþŌîĎĕúĘħĢĎîŇģ÷ň ğāĆĕēğĄĚħĐģĎĆŇ úĘħğãĕĈěâđĚĐâĔüãęĨüĄĕ åüĢĎîŇâĦĐąĜŇĈĬĕýĕâ ğāĆĕåüğĈĦâĥ ĢüąěåþñėĆĜþéēģĄŇĐąĜŇğêą ğāĆĕēêēüĔĨüúěâåüøňĐèĐąĜŇĐąŇĕè ğúŇĕğúĘąĄâĔü ģĄŇğĐĕğþĆĘąýâĔü ĆĜňĎüňĕúĘħãĐèâĔüĠĈēâĔü čüĔýčüěüâĔü úěâĐąŇĕèâĦéēģþĆĐ÷ “čėħèúĘħĐąĕâéēĀĕâĊŇĕ âĦåĚĐ ğĆĕøňĐèâňĕĊģþčĜŇĐüĕåø Đ÷ĘøüĬĕĄĕğþŎüþĆēčýâĕĆöŋģ÷ňĠøŇĐąŇĕģþąę÷øė÷ ğāĆĕē ğëĚħĐĊŇĕùňĕúĬĕĊĔüüĘĨĢĎň÷ĘúĘħčě÷ĐüĕåøâĦéē÷ĘãęĨü ùęèĠĄňéēģĄŇ÷ĘúĘħčě÷ĠøŇéēøňĐè÷ĘãęĨü ğāĆĕēùňĕğĆĕģĄŇğëĚħĐĐąŇĕèüĔĨüâĦģĄŇĄĘ ĊĔüþĆēčýåĊĕĄčĬĕğĆĦéģ÷ň ĐĘâĐąŇĕèåüģúąģĄŇĢëŇåüûĆĆĄ÷ĕúĘħģĄŇĄĘĐēģĆ÷ĘğĈą ãĐĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊğĆĕøňĐèğëĚħĐĄĔħüøĔĊğĐè úĬĕģ÷ň ĠĈēøňĐèĆĐ÷ĢĎňģ÷ň ģĄŇĄĘĐēģĆúĘħğĆĕúĬĕģĄŇģ÷ňùňĕğĆĕĄĘåĊĕĄøĔĨèĢé” ċ.÷Ć.éĆĔî âĈŇĕĊ

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$EVRUEHQWV //&

ĠþŃèġĆąøĔĊĈĜâčěâĆ : Ąėü÷Ćĕą (Min-Dri) Min-Dri is a natural mineral drying agent which can be used directly to animal body as drying agent or applied to animal living environment as drying agent. It is purely made out of natural minerals. čŇĊüþĆēâĐý : 100% Pure Natural Minerals Major minerals; Palygorskite 40%, Montmorillonite 15%, Mica 10% Minor minerals; (sepiolite, diatomite, illite, opal, and calcium carbonate) 5% ãňĐýŇèĢëň : 1) ĢëňġĆąøĔĊĈĜâčěâĆ ğāĚħĐ÷Ĝ÷ìĔýåĊĕĄëĚĨü ĠĈēĢĎňåĊĕĄĐýĐěŇüâĔýĈĜâčěâĆĎĈĔèåĈĐ÷ 2) ëŇĊąĢĎňĈĜâčěâĆĠĆâåĈĐ÷ĂŁŐüøĔĊģ÷ňğĆĦĊ 3) Ĉ÷ĐĔøĆĕâĕĆğâė÷ġĆåúňĐèğčĘąĢüĈĜâčěâĆ 4) ëŇĊąğĆŇèâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøãĐèĈĜâčěâĆ ġ÷ąëŇĊąĢĎňĈĜâčěâĆčĕĄĕĆùâėüüĄĎĆĚĐĐĕĎĕĆ ÷ňĊąøĔĊğĐèģ÷ňğĆĦĊãęĨüĎĈĔèåĈĐ÷ 5) ĢëňġĆąāĚĨüëŇĊąąĔýąĔĨèâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøĠĈēĠāĆŇâĆēéĕąãĐèğëĚĨĐġĆåøŇĕèĥ, øĔĊĐŇĐü, þĆčėø ğþŎüøňü 6) ĠĆŇûĕøěûĆĆĄëĕøėĢü Min-dri ģĄŇğþŎüĐĔüøĆĕąøŇĐĈĜâčěâĆ ĊėûĘâĕĆĢëňĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆĢëň : Min-Dri 5 âėġĈâĆĔĄ čĕĄĕĆùĢëňģ÷ňâĔý 10-20 ĠĄŇčěâĆ (ġ÷ąþĆēĄĕö) Min-Dri 25 âėġĈâĆĔĄ čĕĄĕĆùĢëňģ÷ňâĔý 50-100 ĠĄŇčěâĆ (ġ÷ąþĆēĄĕö) ãüĕ÷ýĆĆéě : ùěè 5 âėġĈâĆĔĄ ĠĈē ùěè 25 âėġĈâĆĔĄ âĕĆğâĦýĆĔâČĕ : ğâĦýĢüúĘħĠĎňèĠĈēúĘħĐĕâĕċùŇĕąğúģ÷ň÷Ę

čĕĆéĔýğëĚĨĐĆĕ : ğĐĦĄúĘýĐü÷ŋ (MT-Bond) ĄĕøĆòĕüčėüåňĕ : SQ/12WQ4822-2007 čŇĊüþĆēâĐý : ĄĐüøŋĄĐĆėĈġĈģüøŋ āĕĆĘâĐĆŋčģâ÷ŋ ãňĐýŇèĢëň : ĢëňþŃĐèâĔüĠĈēĆĔâČĕĐĕâĕĆğþŎüāėČĢüčĔøĊŋğĈĘĨąèúĘħĄĘčĕğĎøěĄĕ éĕâčĕĆāėČéĕâğëĚĨĐĆĕĎĈĕą ĥ ëüė÷ ĊėûĘâĕĆĢëňĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆĢëň : Ģëň 500-1,000 âĆĔĄ øŇĐĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋ 1,000 âėġĈâĆĔĄ âĆöĘĄĘâĕĆþüğþŁŐĐüčĕĆāėČéĕâğëĚĨĐĆĕğþŎüéĬĕüĊüĄĕâ ĢĎňĢëň 2,000-3,000 âĆĔĄ øŇĐĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋ 1,000 âėġĈâĆĔĄ ãüĕ÷ýĆĆéě : ùěè 25 âėġĈâĆĔĄ âĕĆğâĦýĆĔâČĕ : ğâĦýĢüúĘħĠĎňèĠĈēúĘħĐĕâĕċùŇĕąğúģ÷ň÷Ę ÿĈėøġ÷ą: MinTech Absorbents, LLC., čĎĆĔòĐğĄĆėâĕ üĬĕğãňĕĠĈēéĔ÷éĬĕĎüŇĕąġ÷ą: ýĆėČĔú üėĊøĆėāĈĔč ĐėüğøĐĆŋğúĆ÷ éĬĕâĔ÷ ġúĆ 02-806-2994, 08-6901-8701

¼Å¢Í§ÃдѺÂÙàÃÕÂä¹â Ãਹã¹àÅ×Í´ ã¹ÃÐËÇ‹Ò§¡ÒüÊÁà·ÕÂÁẺ¡Ó˹´àÇÅÒ ‹ÍÍÑ ÃÒ¡ÒüÊÁ Ô´ã¹â¤ÃÕ´¹Á Effects of Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels during Timed Artificial Insemination on Conception Rate in Lactating Dairy Cows ĆċüĎûĿ ęÚüăĒüûĿ 1/, 2/ ęãûìüàÝĿ òċĀċòđĕÝüċĉĄĿ 1,2,3/* Ėþĉ ðā÷þ úĒþúìĎ 4/ Aree Kraisoon 1/,2/ Chainarong Navanukraw 1,2,3/* and Tossapol Moonmanee 4/

Abstract : The objective of this study was to determine the effects of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels during timed artificial insemination (TAI) on conception rate in dairy cows.

Non pregnant lactating dairy cows (n=17, >65 DIM) were received modified TAI. Blood sample was collected on day 1 after TAI to determine the BUN concentration. Mean BUN levels were used to distribute cows into two groups: 1) cows with BUN <20 mg/dl (LBUN), and 2) cows with BUN ő 20 mg/dl (HBUN). Animals were fed and milked twice daily with a total mix ration that consisted of 19.9% CP and 72% TDN. Conception rate was confirmed 42 days after TAI for all cows by ultrasonography. Although, there was no difference (P>0.05) in the conception rate on day 42 after TAI for LBUN (63%, 5/8) and HBUN (44%, 4/9), higher urea nitrogen concentration in cows during TAI may contribute to lower uterine pH leading to reduced conception rate and increased survival rate of early embryo in dairy cows. £µ ª· µ­´ ª«µ­ ¦r ³Á ¬ ¦«µ­ ¦r ¤®µª· ¥µ¨´¥ °  n °. Á¤º° . °  n 40002 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 2 «¼ ¥rª· ´¥Á à 襸 ¸ª£µ¡ µ µ¦Á ¬ ¦Á¡ºÉ°Á«¦¬ · ¸É¥´É ¥º (ABRCSE) ¤®µª· ¥µ¨´¥ °  n °. Á¤º° . °  n 2/ Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center for Sustainable Economy (ABRCSE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 3/ ¨»n¤ª· ´¥ µ¦ ¨· à ¡ºÊ Á¤º° ¨³ ¦³ º°Á¡ºÉ°Á¡·É¤ ¦³­· ·£µ¡ µ¦ ¨· ¨³ » £µ¡Á ºÊ° ¤®µª· ¥µ¨´¥ °  n 3/ Increased Production Efficiency and Meat Quality of Native Beef and Buffalo Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 4/ £µ ª· µ­´ ª«µ­ ¦r¨³­´ ªr ʶ ³Á ¬ ¦«µ­ ¦r ¤®µª· ¥µ¨´¥Á ¸¥ Ä®¤n °. Á¤º° . Á ¸¥ Ä®¤n 50200 4/ Department of Animal and Aquatic Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 *Corresponding Author, E-mail: chanav@kku.ac.th 1/ 1/

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óðÝĊíûĻĆ :

ª´ » ¦³­ rÁ¡ºÉ°«¹ ¬µ ¨ ° ¦³ ´ ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á Ä Á¨º° (blood urea nitrogen; BUN) Ä ¦³®ªnµ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µ n°°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · Ä Ã ¦¸ ¤ à ¦¸ ¤Å¤n ´Ê o° (n=17, DIM>65 d) Å o¦´ ª· ¸ µ¦Á® ¸É¥ª ¶ µ¦ Å n oª¥ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µÂ ¦³¥» r (MTAI) ¶ µ¦Á È Á¨º° à ¤Ä ª´ ¸É 1 ®¨´ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Á¡ºÉ° ¦³Á¤· ªµ¤Á o¤ o ° BUN nµÁ ¨¸É¥ ° ¦³ ´ BUN ¼ Ä o n à ¤Á } 2 ¨»n¤ º° 1) BUN< 20 mg/dl (LBUN) ¨³ 2) BUN _> 20 mg/dl (HBUN) à ¤Å o¦´ °µ®µ¦Â TMR ¦³ ° oª¥Ã ¦ ¸ 19.9% ¨³ 72% TDN ¨³ ¦ª µ¦ ´Ê o° Ä ª´ ¸É 42 ®¨´ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Ã ¥Ä oÁ ¦ºÉ° °´¨ ¦µ µª r ¹ ¤oªnµ°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · Ä ª´ ¸É 42 ®¨´ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Å¤n¤¸ ªµ¤  nµ µ ­ · · (P>0.05) Ä ¨»n¤ ° LBUN (63%, 5/8) ¨³ HBUN (44%, 4/9) ¦³ ´ ° BUN ¸É­¼ Ä ¦³®ªnµ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µ°µ ¤¸ ¨ n° nµ ªµ¤Á } ¦ Ä ¤ ¨¼ ­n ¨ n°°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · ¸É¨ ¨ ¨³°´ ¦µ µ¦¤¸ ¸ª· ¦° ° Á°¤ ¦·Ã°¦³¥³Â¦ Ä Ã ¤

ÝČăČÝĊæ : ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á Ä Á¨º° °´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · à ¦¸ ¤

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü

ÝČòČ µ¦Å o ¦´ °µ®µ¦Ã ¦ ¸ ¤µ Á · ªµ¤ ¶Á } Ä Ã ¦¸ ¤¤¸ ¨ n ° µ¦¨ ¦³­· · £ µ¡ µ µ¦­º ¡´ »r (Ferguson et al., 1989; Elrod and Butler, 1993) ¹É ¤¸ { ´¥ ¸É ­n ¨ n ° µ¦¨ ¨ ° ¦³­· · £ µ¡ µ µ¦­º ¡´ »r ¤¸®¨µ¥ { ´¥ ¸ÉÁ ¸É¥ª o° à ¥ { ®µ ¦³­· ·£µ¡ µ µ¦ ­º ¡´ »r ¸É¨ ¨ Á } { ®µ ¸É­¶ ´ Ä µ¦Á¨¸Ê¥ à ¤ (Lucy, 2001) °¸ ´ Ê ªµ¤¨o¤Á®¨ª ° ¦³­· ·£µ¡ µ µ¦­º ¡´ »r Á ºÉ° ¤µ µ ã µ µ¦ ¸ÉÁ ¸É¥ª o° ´ à ¦ ¸ ¸Éà ¤Å o¦´ ¤µ Á · Å ­n ¨Á­¸¥ n°¦³ ­º ¡´ »r ¨ µ ¦³ ´ ¥¼Á¦¸¥ Å Ã ¦Á Ä Á¨º° (blood urea nitrogen; BUN) ¸É­¼ Á } ¡·¬ n°Á ¨¨r­º ¡´ »r (19-20 mg/dl; Butler et al., 1996; Roy et al., 2011) ¨³Á°¤ ¦·Ã°Ä ¦³¥³Â¦ (Armstrong et al., 2001) ¨³ ¶Ä®o Á°¤ ¦·Ã°Å¤n ­µ¤µ¦ ¡´ µ n°Å ­¤ ¼¦ rÅ o (Chaveiro et al., 2011) ´ ´Ê ª´ » ¦³­ r ° µ¦ª· ´¥Á¡ºÉ°«¹ ¬µ ¨ ° ¦³ ´ ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á Ä Á¨º° Ä ¦³®ªnµ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µ n°°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · Ä Ã ¦¸ ¤

à ¤®¨´ ¨° (n=17; DIM>65 d) Å o¦´ °µ®µ¦  total mixed ration (TMR) ¦³ ° oª¥ 19.9% à ¦ ¸ ¦ª¤ (crude protein; CP) ¨³ 72% ° ã ³¥n°¥Å o (total digestible Nutrients; TDN) ¶ µ¦¦¸ ¤ª´ ¨³ 2 Áª¨µ à ¤Å o¦ ´ µ¦Á® ¸¥É ª ¶ µ¦ Å n¨³ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µÂ ¦³¥» r (modified timed artificial insemination; MTAI) Ä ª´ ¸É -10 ¸ ±°¦rä GnRH (Receptal®) Á Ȥ¦ µ 10 Ťà ¦ ¦´¤ ª´ ¸É -3 ¸ ±°¦rä PGF2D (Lutalyse®) 25 ¤·¨¨· ¦´¤ª´ ¸É -1 ¸ ±°¦rä hCG (Chorulon®) µ 3,000 IU ®¨´ µ ´Ê 20 ´ÉªÃ¤ ¶ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤ (ª´ ¸É 0) µ¤ª· ¸ µ¦ ° °µ¦¸¥Âr ¨³ ³ (2556) ¶ µ¦Á È ´ª°¥nµ Á¨º° Ä ª´ ¸É 1 ®¨´ ­¤Á ¸¥¤ ( ´ÉªÃ¤ 4 ®¨´ µ Ä®o°µ®µ¦) Á¡ºÉ°ª·Á ¦µ³®r¦³ ´ ° BUN µ¤ª· ¸ µ¦ ° Butler et al.

(1996)  n à ¤°° Á } 2 ¨»¤n º° ¨»¤n ¸¤É ¦¸ ³ ´ ° BUN ɶ ªnµ 20 mg/dl (low blood urea nitrogen; LBUN) ¨³ ¨»n¤ ¸É¤¸¦³ ´ ° BUN ­¼ ªnµ®¦º°Á nµ ´ 20 mg/dl (high blood urea nitrogen; HBUN) ¶ µ¦ ´ ¹ ³Â ªµ¤ ­¤ ¼¦ r ° ¦nµ µ¥ (body condition scoring, BCS) ¨¶ ´ µ¦Ä®o¨¼ (parity) ¶ ª ª´ Ä®o ¤ (days in milk) ¨³ ¦·¤µ ʶ ¤ (milk yield) ¨³ ¦ª µ¦ ´Ê o° Ä ª´ ¸É 42

15

®¨´ ­¤Á ¸¥¤ (Navanukraw et al., 2004) à ¥Ä oÁ ¦ºÉ° °´¨ ¦µ µª r (real-time, B-mode, 5-7.5 MHz transrectal transducer (linear array), HS-2000, Honda electronics, Japan) ­° ®´ª ¦ª (transducer probe) nµ ªµ¦® ´ µ ´Ê ¶ ª °´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · µ à ¤ ¸É ¶ µ¦ ¨°

ÚċüĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿÛļĆúĒþðċàăïčîč o ° ¤¼ ¨ ¸É Å o ¶¤µ ­° ªµ¤Â n µ à ¥ µ¦ ª·Á ¦µ³®r ªµ¤Â ¦ ¦ª (Analysis of variance; ANOVA) à ¥Ä oà ¦Â ¦¤ SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) ¶ µ¦Á ¦¸¥ Á ¸¥ ªµ¤Â nµ ° nµÁ ¨¸É¥ ° o°¤¼¨ ¸ÉÅ o à ¥ª· ¸ Student t-test ¨³°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · ¶ µ¦ª·Á ¦µ³®r ¨Ã ¥ Chi-square test

õþÚċüðíþĆàĖþĉĀčáċüìĿ o°¤¼¨ ´ÉªÅ ° à ¤ ¨° ¡ ªnµ¨¶ ´ µ¦Ä®o ¨¼ (LBUN= 2.8±0.5, HBUN= 1.8±0.3) ¶ ª ª´ Ä®o ¤ (LBUN= 102±7.9 d, HBUN= 84±5.1 d) ¦·¤µ µ¦Ä®o ʶ ¤ (LBUN= 15.4±1.5 kg/d, HBUN= 15.5±1.5 kg/d) ¨³ BCS (LBUN= 2.7±0.1, HBUN= 2.8±0.1) Ťn¤¸ ªµ¤  nµ µ ­ · · (P>0.05) Á¤º°É nµÁ ¨¸¥É ¨ ° BUN Ä ª´ ¸É 1 ®¨´ ­¤Á ¸¥¤ ¼ ¶¤µ ´ Á¦¸¥ ¦³®ªnµ ¨»n¤ LBUN (n=8) ¨³ ¨»n¤ HBUN (n=9) ¡ ªnµ BUN ° à ¤ ¨»n¤ LBUN Á nµ ´ 15.5 ± 1.2 mg/dl ¨³Ä ¨»¤n HBUN Á nµ ´ 22.0 ± 1.1 mg/dl ¤¸ ªµ¤Â nµ °¥nµ ¤¸ ´¥­¶ ´ ¥·É µ ­ · · (P<0.01) à ¥ { ´¥ µ ´ª­´ ªr¨³Ã£ µ µ¦ ¹É ¤¸°· ·¡¨ n° ªµ¤ ´  ¦Ä ªµ¤Á o¤ o ° ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á ¦³ ° oª¥ ʶ® ´ ´ª ¦·¤µ ʶ ¤ ° r ¦³ ° ° à ¦ ¸ Ä °µ®µ¦ ¦·¤µ à ¦ ¸ ¸É¥n°¥­¨µ¥ µ¦ · Å o ° ª´ »Â®o ¨³° r ¦³ ° ° °µ®µ¦¡¨´ µ ¸ÉÅ o µ µ¦®¤´ n° µ¦ · Å o (Hammon et al., 2005)

16

°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · Ä ª´ ¸É 42 ®¨´ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Å¤n¤¸ ªµ¤Â nµ µ ­ · ·Ä ¨»n¤ ° LBUN ¨³ HBUN (63% (5/8) ¨³ 44% (4/9) P>0.05 µ¤¨¶ ´ ) Ä Ã ¤ ´ Ê ­° ¨»¤n ¨°  n°¥nµ Ŧ È µ¤¦³ ´ ªµ¤Á o¤ ° ¥¼Á¦¸¥ Å Ã ¦Á ¸É¤µ ªnµ 19 mg/dl ´Ê Ä Á¨º° ¨³ ʶ ¤­n ¨ Ä®o°´ ¦µ µ¦ ´Ê o° ¨ ɶ¨ (Butler et al., 1996) ¨³¥´ ­n ¨ ¦³ n° » £µ¡ ° ððŠr ´ª°­» · ¨³ µ¦¤¸ ª¸ · ¦° ° Á°¤ ¦·Ã° (Armstrong et al., 2001; Roy et al., 2011)

ăüđô ¦³ ´ ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á Ä Á¨º° ¸ÂÉ nµ ´ Ä ¦³®ªnµ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µÅ¤n¤¸ ¨ n°°´ ¦µ ­¤ · Ä Ã ¦¸ ¤  n°¥nµ Ŧ È µ¤Ã£ ³ ¸Éà ¤®¨´ ¨° Å o¦´ ´ Ê ¤¸ µ ­¶ ´ Á } °¥nµ ¥· É Ä µ¦Á¦·¤É o ° µ¦ ¶ µ ° ¦´ Å n µ¦ ¨´ ¤µÁ } ­´ ¨³°´ ¦µ µ¦ µ¦ ´Ê o° (Robinson et al., 2006) £µ¥®¨´ à ¤ ¨° ¨¼ à ¦¸ ¤ Å o¦´ µ¦ ´ µ¦ µ¦Ä®o°µ®µ¦Ã ¦ ¸ ­¼ (17.5-19% CP) Á · µ¦Á¡·¤É ¹ Ê ° ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á à ¥ µ¦Ä®o°µ®µ¦Ã ¦ ¸ ­¼ ´Ê ¦³ »o Ä®oÅ o ¨ ¨· ʶ ¤ (Grings et al., 1991)  nÁ ºÉ°¤Ã¥ ´ µ¦¨ ¨ ° ªµ¤­¤ ¼¦ r¡´ »r (Ferguson et al., 1989; Armstrong et al., 2001; Roy et al., 2011) µ ¦µ¥ µ ° Ocon and Hansen (2003) ­ ¹ ­µ¦Á¨¸Ê¥ Á ¨¨r Å¸É o¦ ´ µ¦Á ·¤¥¼Á¦¸¥ 21 mg/dl ¶Ä®o­ ´ ­nª ° ððŠr ¸¡É ´ µÅ Á } ¨µ­Ã ¸­ r¨ ¨ ° µ ´ Ê Butler et al.

(1996) ¨nµª ¹ BUN ¸É¤µ ªnµ 19 mg/dl Á } ¨Ä®o°´ ¦µ µ¦ ´Ê o° ¨ ¨ °¸ 20% £µ¥®¨´ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤ ¹É µ¦ Á¡·É¤ ¹Ê ° ªµ¤Á o¤ o ° ¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á ³Å ¨ ªµ¤ Á } ¦ - nµ ° ¤ ¨¼ (uterine pH) ¶Ä®o­£µ¡Âª ¨o°¤ ° ¤ ¨¼ ¼ ¶¨µ¥Â¨³Á · ªµ¤Å¤nÁ®¤µ³­¤­¶®¦´ µ¦ ¡´ µ ° Á°¤ ¦·Ã°Ä ¦³¥³Á¦·¤É o (Elrod and Butler, 1993) µ¦Á ¨¸¥É  ¨ ­£µ¡ ªµ¤Á } ¦ - nµ ° ¤ ¨¼ µ¦ µ¥ ° Á°¤ ¦·Ã°(embryonic death) ¨³ ªµ¤¨o¤Á®¨ªÄ µ¦ ¥°¤¦´ µ¦ ´ Ê o° ° ¤n (maternal recognition of pregnancy) ¤¸ ªµ¤­´¤¡´ r ´ ¦³ ´ BUN ®¦º°¥¼Á¦¸¥Å à ¦Á Ä Ê¶ ¤ (Hammon et al., 2005)

ÚčîîčÚüüúôüĉÚċā ¼oª· ´¥Ä ¦n ° ° » «¼ ¥rª· ´¥Á à 襸 ¸ª£µ¡ µ µ¦Á ¬ ¦Á¡º°É Á«¦¬ · ¸¥É ´É ¥º (ABRCSE) ¤®µª· ¥µ¨´¥ °  n ¨³ ¨»n¤ª· ´¥ µ¦ ¨· à ¡ºÊ Á¤º° ¨³ ¦³ º°Á¡ºÉ° Á¡·É¤ ¦³­· ·£µ¡ µ¦ ¨· ¨³ » £µ¡Á ºÊ° ¤®µª· ¥µ¨´¥ °  n µ ª· ´¥ ¸ÊÅ o¦´ » °» ® » µ ­¶ ´ µ ° » ­ ´ ­ » µ¦ª· ¥´ (­ ª.) ­µ µª· ¥µ«µ­ ¦r¨³Á à 襸 ¨³­® ¦ rà ¤ °  n ¶ ´ £µ¥Ä oà ¦ µ¦Á º°É ¤Ã¥ £µ µ¦ ¨· ´ µ ª· ´¥ » ­ ª.-°» ­µ® ¦¦¤

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà °µ¦¸¥r Å ¦­¼¦¥r Å ¥ ¦ r µªµ »Á ¦µ³®r ­¤ · ¦r ´ µ¡¦¤ «¡¨ ¤¼¨¤ ¸ ·¦´ · ¦¦¤«·¦· «¦» ·ª «r » ¨³ ª·Å¨ª¦¦ ´ »Â­ . 2556. ¨ ° ª· ¸ µ¦ ­¤Á ¸¥¤Â ¶® Áª¨µ n°°´ ¦µ µ¦ Å n ¶ ª °¦r {­ ¨¼Á ¸¥¤ ¨³°´ ¦µ µ¦ ­¤ · Ä Ã ¦¸ ¤. Á ¸¥ Ä®¤n­´ ªÂ¡ ¥­µ¦ 11(2) : 149-155.

Elrod, C. C. and W. R. Butler. 1993. Reduction of fertility and alteration of uterine pH in heifers fed excess ruminally degradable protein. Journal of Animal Science 71(3) : 694-701.

Ferguson, J. D. and W. Chalupa. 1989. Impact of protein nutrition on reproduction in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72(3): 746-766.

Grings, E. E., R. E. Roffler and D. P. Deitelhoff. 1991.

Response of dairy cows in early lactation to additions of cottonseed meal in alfalfa-based diets.

Journal of Dairy Science 74(4) : 2580-2587.

Hammon, D. S., G. R. Holyoak and T. R. Dhiman. 2005.

Association between blood plasma urea nitrogen levels and reproductive fluid urea nitrogen and ammonia concentrations in early lactation dairy cows.

Animal Reproduction Science 86(3-4) : 195-204.

Lucy, M. C. 2001. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle : where will it end ? Journal of Dairy Science 84(6) : 1277-1293.

Navanukraw, C., L. P. Reynolds, J. D. Kirsch, A. T. Grazul-Bilska, D. A. Redmer and P. M. Fricke.

2004. A modified presynchronization protocol improves fertility to timed artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87(50 : 1551-1557.

Armstrong, D. G., T. G. McEvoy, G. Baxter, J. J. Robinson, C. O. Hogg, K. J. Woad, R. Webb and K. D. Sinclair. 2001. Effect of dietary energy and protein on bovine follicular dynamics and embryo production in vitro: Associations with the ovarian insulin-like growth factor system. Biology of Reproduction 64(6) : 1624-1632.

Ocon, O. M. and P. J. Hansen. 2003. Disruption of bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos by urea and acid pH. Journal of Dairy Science 86(8) : 1194-1200.

Butler, W. R., J. J. Alaman and S. W. Beam. 1996. Plasma and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science 74(4) : 858-865.

Robinson, J. J., C. J. Ashworth, J. A. Rooke, L. M. Mitchell and T. G. McEvoy. 2006. Nutrition and fertility in ruminant livestock. Animal Feed Science and Technology 126(3-4) : 259-276.

Chaveiro, A., M. Andrade, A. E. S. Borba and F. M. da Silva. 2011. Association between plasma and milk urea on the insemination day and pregnancy rate in early lactation dairy cows. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advances 1(1) : 9-14.

Roy, B., B. Brahma, S. Ghosh, P. K. Pankaj and G. Mandal.

2011. Evaluation of milk urea concentration as useful indicator for dairy herd management : A review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6(1) : 1-19.

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ĀčĀĊëòĿ ÷ĊëòċĀàāĿ 1/ ĀüüìþĊÚĂĿ ïċĀü 1/ āü ñĎôèčúċÚü 2/ ĖþĉìĊé÷þ ăđĻúăúóĒüìĿ 3/ Wiwat Pattanawong 1/ Wannaluk Thaworn 1/ Sorn Teepatimakorn 2/ and Nuttapon Sumsomboon 3/

Abstract : The study on the xed Time Arti cial in Beef cattle after estrus synchronization using new device (P-sync®) was conducted in comparison with commercial intra-vaginal device. Results of the study showed that the use of P-sync® gave show no difference of estrus and pregnant rate than the commercial intra-vaginal device (P>0.05). Which could replace the commercial equipment in the form of a vaginal induction of estrus and conception rates are similar.

Keywords : Beef cattle, device for estrus synchronization, xed time arti cial insemination ýúåĔ÷ąŇĐ : čĬĕĎĆĔýâĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨøňĐèâĕĆĠâňģãþŌîĎĕúĕèĆēýýčĚýāĔüûěŋãĐèġåğüĚĨĐ ĢüğĆĚħĐèãĐèâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷úĘħģĄŇ čĄĬħĕğčĄĐ ĠĈēâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ğèĘąý ġ÷ąâĕĆüĬĕđĐĆŋġĄüġþĆğéčğøĐĆġĆüčĔèğåĆĕēĎŋğãňĕĄĕåĊýåěĄĎĆĚĐğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕĢĎňĠč÷è ĐĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷úĘħāĆňĐĄâĔüĎĆĚĐĢüğĊĈĕğ÷ĘąĊâĔü ġ÷ąĄĘĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋĢüâĕĆĊėéĔąú÷čĐýĐěþâĆöŋĐěþâĆöŋþĈŇĐąđĐĆŋġĄü 2 ĆĜþĠýýåĚĐĠýýčĐ÷ëŇĐèåĈĐ÷ĠĈēĠýýāĈĕčğøĐĆŋøė÷ÿėĊĎüĔè ĢüâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ğāĚħĐâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕ ÿčĄğúĘąĄ āýĊŇĕâĕĆĠč÷èâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆøĔĨèúňĐèéĕââĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕ÷ňĊąĐěþâĆöŋúĘħúĔĨè 2 ĆĜþĠýý ģĄŇĄĘåĊĕĄ ĠøâøŇĕèâĔüĐąŇĕèĄĘüĔąčĬĕåĔîúĕèčùėøė (P>0.05) ġ÷ąĢĎňÿĈâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿčĄøė÷úĘħĢâĈňğåĘąè âĔü

åĬĕčĬĕåĔî : ġåğüĚĨĐ ĐěþâĆöŋâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ âĕĆâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕÿčĄğúĘąĄ

18

ÝĢċòĢċ

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü

âĕĆāĔõüĕâĕĆğĈĘĨąèġåĢüþĆēğúċģúąúĘħÿŇĕü ĄĕąĔ è þĆēčýþŌ î ĎĕğâĘħ ą ĊâĔ ý åĊĕĄģĄŇ č ĄýĜ Ć öŋ āĔ ü ûě ŋ þŌîĎĕúĘħğâĘħąĊãňĐèâĔýâĕĆčĔèğâøâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷úĘħĄĔâāýĐąĜŇ ğčĄĐåĚĐĠĄŇġåğþŎüčĔ÷ğèĘąý (Silent heat) ĎĆĚĐĠč÷è ĐĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ģĄŇëĔ÷ğéüâŇĐĢĎňğâė÷þŌîĎĕâĕĆÿčĄģĄŇøė÷ (conception failure) čŇèÿĈĢĎňğâė÷þŌîĎĕâĕĆâĈĔýčĔ÷ ĄĕâãęĨü (Alnimer et al.,2002) âĕĆğāėħĄþĆēčėúûėăĕā âĕĆÿčĄāĔüûěŋ ġ÷ąğúåġüġĈąĘğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷éē ëŇĊąğāėħĄþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆéĔýčĔ÷ĠĈēğāėħĄĐĔøĆĕâĕĆøĔĨè úň Đ èğāėħ Ą ãęĨ ü þŌ é éě ýĔ ü ģ÷ň ĄĘ â ĕĆüĬ ĕ ğúåġüġĈąĘ â ĕĆ ÿčĄğúĘ ą Ą ĠýýâĬ ĕ Ďü÷ğĊĈĕğãň ĕ ĄĕĢëň ĢüâĕĆğāėħ Ą ÿĈÿĈė ø ġ÷ąğêāĕēâĕĆğāėħ Ą þĆēčė ú ûė ă ĕā÷ň ĕ üâĕĆ ÿčĄğúĘąĄġå ĢĎňĄĘþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøĄĕâãęĨü ġ÷ą ğêāĕēĢüġåúĘğħ ĈĘąĨ èĢüğãøĆňĐüúĘþħ ĆēčýþŌîĎĕĐąŇĕèĄĕâ ĢüğĆĚħĐèãĐèâĕĆéĔýčĔ÷ ĠĈēĆēąēğĊĈĕĢüâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ĐěþâĆöŋúĘħčĕĄĕĆùğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ĢüğëėèâĕĆåňĕĄĘ ãĕąĐąĜŇĠĈňĊ ĠøŇğüĚħĐè éĕâĐěþâĆöŋ÷ĔèâĈŇĕĊüĘĨøňĐèüĬĕğãňĕ éĕâøŇĕèþĆēğúċ ĄĘĆĕåĕčĜè ģĄŇğĎĄĕēčĄâĔýčĆĘĆēúĕè ĆēýýčĚýāĔüûěãŋ ĐèġåúĘãħ üĕ÷ĆŇĕèâĕąğĈĦâ éęèğâė÷âĕĆâĕĆ āĔõüĕĐěþâĆöŋåĊýåěĄâĕĆþĈŇĐąđĐĆŋġĄüğāĚħĐåĊýĊè ĆĐýâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ĆĜþĠýýāĈĕčğøĐĆŋúĘħğĆĘąâĊŇĕ P-sync® úĘħāĔõüĕġ÷ąúĘĄüĔâĊėéĔą (ĊėĊĔõüŋ ĠĈēĊĆĆöĈĔâČŋ, 2557) ÷ĔèüĔĨüĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋĢüâĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨéēğþŎüú÷čĐý âĕĆĢëň Đě þ âĆöŋ å Ċýåě Ą âĕĆþĈŇ Đ ąđĐĆŋ ġ ĄüğāĚħ Đ åĊý ĊèĆĐýâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ĆĜþĠýýāĈĕčğøĐĆŋ ĠĈēĐěþâĆöŋåĊýåěĄâĕĆþĈŇĐą đĐĆŋġĄüĢüëŇĐèåĈĐ÷ğāĚħĐ åĊýĊèĆĐýâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ĢüâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕġåüğüĚĨĐ ğāĚħĐâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕ ĢüâĕĆÿčĄğúĘąĄ

ĢüâĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨúĬĕâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ğāĚħĐâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕÿčĄğúĘąĄġåğüĚĨĐ éĬĕüĊü 200 øĔĊ éĕâ ĂĕĆŋĄğâČøĆâĆĢüāĚĨüúĘħ éĔèĎĊĔ÷ğëĘąèĢĎĄŇ ĆēĎĊŇĕèğ÷ĚĐü âĔüąĕąü ùęèûĔüĊĕåĄ ā.ċ. 2557 ĠýŇèġåĐĐâğþŎü 2 âĈěŇĄĥ Ĉē 100 øĔĊ âĈěŇĄúĘħ 1 éēğþŎüâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆčĐ÷ ĐěþâĆöŋþĈŇĐąđĐĆŋġĄüĢüëŇĐèåĈĐ÷ğāĚħĐåĊýåěĄĊèĆĐý âĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ĠĈēâĈěŇĄúĘħ 2 éēğþŎüâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆøė÷ ĐěþâĆöŋþĈŇĐąđĐĆŋġĄüúĕèÿėĊĎüĔè (P-sync®) ġ÷ąĄĘ ġþĆĠâĆĄâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ğāĚħĐâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕ ÿčĄğúĘąĄ÷ĔèüĘĨ ĢüĊĔüĠĆâ(ĊĔüúĘħ 0) éēúĬĕâĕĆĈňĊèøĆĊé ĆēýýčĚ ý āĔ ü ûě ŋ ġ åâŇ Đ üúĬ ĕ âĕĆčĐ÷Đě þ âĆöŋ þ ĈŇ Đ ą đĐĆŋġĄüĠýýčĐ÷ëŇĐèåĈĐ÷(âĈěŇĄúĘħ 1) ĠĈēøė÷ P-sync ýĆėğĊöġåüĎĕèãĐèġåâĈěĄŇ úĘħ 2 ĢüĊĔüúĘħ 7 ãĐèġþĆĠâĆĄ ġåčĕĊéēģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆêĘ÷đĐĆŋġĄüêĘ÷ PGF2α þĆėĄĕøĆ 2 ĄėĈĈėĈėøĆğãňĕâĈňĕĄğüĚĨĐĢüĊĔüúĘħ 8 ġåčĕĊúĔĨèčĐèâĈěŇĄéē ģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆùĐ÷ĐěþâĆöŋ ăĕąĎĈĔèéĕââĕĆùĐ÷ĐěþâĆöŋ 56 ëĔħĊġĄèġåéēģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆÿčĄğúĘąĄ ĠĈēüĬĕĐĔøĆĕâĕĆ øĔĨ è úň Đ èãĐèġåúĔĨ è 2 âĈě Ň Ą éēùĜ â Ċė ğ åĆĕēĎŋ å Ň ĕ åĊĕĄ ĠþĆþĆĊüúĕèčùėøė÷ňĊą T-test

19

õþÚċüðíþĆà éĕâÿĈãĐèâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĢëňĐěþâĆöŋúĔĨèčĐèĆĜþĠýýĢü âĕĆâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕğāĚħĐâĕĆÿčĄğúĘąĄġåčĕĊ āýĊŇĕâĕĆ Ġč÷èâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷(%)ĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆøĔĨèúňĐèéĕââĕĆÿčĄ åĆĔĨèĠĆâģĄŇĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüúĕèčùėøė (øĕĆĕèúĘħ1) ĠøŇ âĕĆĢëňĐěþâĆöŋþĈŇĐąđĐĆŋġĄüĠýýčĐ÷ëŇĐèåĈĐ÷ğâė÷ þŌîĎĕâĕĆĐĔâğčýăĕąĢüëŇĐèåĈĐ÷éĬĕüĊü 3 øĔĊ

ĀčáċüìĿ âĕĆċę â ČĕĢüåĆĔĨ è üĘĨ Ġ č÷èĢĎň ğ ĎĦ ü ĊŇ ĕ Đě þ âĆöŋ ğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷úĘħÿĈėøãęĨüčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕĄĕĢëňĢüâĕĆ ğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ģ÷ňéĆėè ġ÷ąĄĘÿĈâĕĆĊĔ÷þĆėĄĕö đĐĆŋġĄüġþĆğéčğøĐġĆüĢüāĈĕčĄĕ ğĄĚħĐøė÷ĐěþâĆöŋ ğĎüĘħ ą ĊüĬ ĕ âĕĆğþŎ ü čĔ ÷ úĘħ ġ åüĎĕè ĢâĈň ğ åĘ ą èâĔ ü âĔ ý ĐěþâĆöŋ úĕèâĕĆåňĕ (ĊėĊĔõüŋĠĈēĊĆĆöĈĔâČŋ, 2557) éĕâ ĆĕąèĕüãĐè ċėĊĔë. 2548 āýĊŇĕ ĎĈĔèùĐ÷ĐěþâĆöŋğĎüĘħąĊ üĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ĄĘÿĈúĬĕĢĎňğâė÷âĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğéĆėî ãĐèĂĐĈĈėğåėĈĠĈēúĬĕĢĎňğâė÷âĕĆøâģãŇĢüğĊĈĕĢâĈňğåĘąè âĔ ü úĬ ĕ ĢĎň ĐĔ ø ĆĕâĕĆÿčĄøė ÷ čĜ è ãęĨ ü Ďĕâøň Đ èâĕĆúĘħ é ē úĬĕâĕĆÿčĄğúĘąĄ ĠýýâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕâĦåĊĆúĬĕâĕĆÿčĄúĘħ 48 ëĔħĊġĄèĠøŇģĄŇğâėü 72 ëĔħĊġĄè ĎĈĔèùĐ÷ĐěþâĆöŋğĎüĘħąĊ üĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ğāĚħĐĢĎňĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿčĄøė÷čĜèãęĨü čŇĊüâĕĆ ĢĎňđĐĆŋġĄüāĆĐčøňĕĠâĆü÷ėĨü ğĐĂúĜĠĐĈĂłĕ üĔĨüĢĎňģþ ğāĚħĐčĈĕąåĐĆŋþŌčĈĜğúĘąĄúĘħĐĕééēåňĕèĐąĜŇĢüëŇĊèúĘħĄĘâĕĆ

20

čĐ÷ĐěþâĆöŋğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ģĊň âĕĆĢëňĐěþâĆöŋ âĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ğāĚħĐâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕÿčĄğúĘąĄ üĔĨüĊėûĘâĕĆúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýåĊĕĄüėąĄĐąŇĕèĄĕâ Ģëňģ÷ňÿĈúĔĨèĢü ġåüĄĠĈēġåğüĚĨĐ Bo et al., (2002) āýĊŇĕ âĕĆĢĎň đĐĆŋġĄüġþĆğéčğøĐġĆüëüė÷êĘ÷ 100 mg/ml čĕĄĕĆù ğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕĢĎň ġ÷ĄėĠüüúŋ ĂĐĈĈėğåėĈ ĄĘâĕĆčĈĕąøĔĊ ĠĈē ğāĚħĐĢĎňĠüŇĢéĊŇĕġåĐąĜŇĢüëŇĊèãĐèĆēąē Luteal phase éĆėè ĠøŇĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄ Xu and Burton.,(2000) ģ÷ňĢĎňãňĐğčüĐ ĠüēğâĘħąĊâĕĆğčĆėĄ÷ňĊąĊėûĘâĕĆêĘ÷đĐĆŋġĄüğĐčøĆňĕģ÷ ĐĐĈ ğýüġìğĐú ãüĕ÷ 1 mg/ml úĘħ 24 ĎĆĚĐ 48 ëĔħĊġĄè ăĕąĎĈĔèéĕâúĘħĄĘâĕĆĎąě÷ĢĎňđĐĆŋġĄüġþĆğéčğøĐġĆü čĕĄĕĆùğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕĢĎňĠĄŇġåĠč÷èĐĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ëĔ÷ğéü ġ÷ąĄĕââĊŇĕ 90% ãĐèĠĄŇġåĠč÷èĐĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ăĕąĢü ĆēąēğĊĈĕ 24 ëĔħĊġĄèăĕąĎĈĔèâĕĆêĘ÷đĐĆŋġĄüğĐčøĆňĕ ģ÷ĐĐĈ ğýüġìğĐú ğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔý Day et al., (2000) āý ĊŇĕ 24 ëĔħĊġĄèăĕąĎĈĔèâĕĆêĘ÷đĐĆŋġĄüğĐčøĆňĕģ÷ĐĐĈ ğýüġìğĐú ĄĘĆēąēğĊĈĕøâģãŇ ĆēĎĊŇĕè 60-80 ëĄ. ăĕą ĎĈĔèéĕâúĘħĄĘâĕĆùĐ÷đĐĆŋġĄüġþĆğéčğøĐġĆü ĠĈē ĢĎň ĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿčĄøė÷ĐąĜŇĆēĎĊŇĕè 40-60 % éĕâĆĕąèĕü ãĐè Bo et al., (2002) āýĊŇĕ âĕĆĢëňđĐĆŋġĄüġþĆğéč ğøĐġĆüčĬĕĎĆĔýğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ĢĎňĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿčĄ øė÷čĜèãęĨüĢüĠĄŇġåúĘħĄĘþŌîĎĕģĄŇğþŎüčĔ÷ĠĈēÿčĄģĄŇøė÷ ìęħèãňĐ÷ĘãĐèâĕĆĢëňĐěþâĆöŋâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ĠýýčĐ÷ëŇĐèåĈĐ÷ĆŇĊĄâĔýġþĆĠâĆĄğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆøâ ģãŇ÷ňĊąđĐĆŋġĄüčĕĄĕĆùĂŁŐüĂĜĆēýýčĚýāĔüûěŋúĘħĄĘþŌîĎĕ ãĐèġåĢĎňâĈĔýĄĕğþŎüčĔ÷þâøėģ÷ň

éēğĎĦüģ÷ňĊŇĕ ġþĆĠâĆĄâĕĆÿčĄğúĘąĄĠýý âĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕ ùĜâāĔõüĕãęĨüčĬĕĎĆĔýĐěøčĕĎâĆĆĄâĕĆ ÿĈėøġåğüĚĨĐĠĈēġåüĄüĔĨü čĕĄĕĆùëŇĊąĈ÷ğĊĈĕĠĈē ĠĆèèĕü úĘħéĬĕğþŎüčĬĕĎĆĔýâĕĆøĆĊéčĐýâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ ìęħè ĄĘ â ĕ Ć âĬ ĕ Ď ü ÷ ğ Ċ Ĉ ĕ ÿ č Ą ğ úĘ ą Ą ĄĘ ġ þ Ć Ġ â Ć Ą úĘħ ĄĘ þĆēčė ú ûė ă ĕā ĎĈĕâĎĈĕąĢĎň ğ ĈĚ Đ âĢëň è ĕü ìęħ è úě â ġþĆĠâĆĄģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆāĔõüĕčĬĕĎĆĔýġåğüĚĨĐĠĈēġåüĄ ġ÷ąĄĘğþŃĕĎĄĕąúĘħéēĎĕ åĊĕĄğĎĄĕēčĄčĬĕĎĆĔýåĊýåěĄ âĕĆúĬĕèĕüãĐèĊèĆĐýâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷âŇĐüúĘħéēĄĘâĕĆÿčĄ āĔüûěŋ ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄğāĚħĐåĊĕĄčĬĕğĆĦéãĐèġþĆĠâĆĄâĕĆ âĕĆÿčĄğúĘąĄĠýýâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕ øňĐèĢĎňåĊĕĄčĬĕåĔîâĔý

ĐĕąěãĐèĠĄŇġå čăĕāĆŇĕèâĕąúĘħĐąĜŇĢüĆē÷Ĕý 3 (âĆöĘ åŇĕBSC 1-5) ĠĈēëŇĊèĆēąēğĊĈĕĎĈĔèâĕĆåĈĐ÷ (40 ĊĔü ĎĈĔèâĕĆåĈĐ÷) úĘħčĬĕåĔîåĊĆĄĘâĕĆĈňĊèøĆĊéâĕĆøĔĨèúňĐè ĠĈēåĊĕĄčĄýĜĆöŋãĐèĆĔèģãŇâŇĐüĈèĄĚĐĊĕèġþĆĠâĆĄ úěâåĆĔĨè ğāĚħĐþŃĐèâĔüâĕĆčĜîğčĘąâĆöĘúĘħĠĄŇġåøĔĨèúňĐèĐąĜŇ âŇĐüâĕĆĊĕèġþĆĠâĆĄ

îċüċàðĎĝ 1 ĖăíàõþáċÚÚċüĘãļĆđôÚüìĿðĊĞà 2 üĒôĖóóĘòĕ÷ĐĝĆÚċüõăúĕðĎûóĖóóÚĢċĄòíĕĀþċĘòėÝĕòĐĞĆ âĈěŇĄâĕĆú÷ĈĐè

éĬĕüĊüġå (øĔĊ)

éĬĕüĊüġåúĘħĠč÷èāćøėâĆĆĄ âĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷(øĔĊ)

éĬĕüĊüġåúĘħøĔĨèúňĐè (%)

ĐěþâĆöŋčĐ÷ëŇĐèåĈĐ÷ ĐěþâĆöŋøė÷ÿėĊĎüĔè

100 100

100 100

45 (45%) NS 48 (48%) NS

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà ĊėĊĔõüŋ āĔõüĕĊèċŋ ĠĈēĊĆĆöĈĔâČöŋ ùĕĊĆ. 2557.âĕĆāĔõüĕĐěþâĆöŋâĕĆğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆğþŎüčĔ÷ğāĚħĐĢëňâĬĕĎü÷ğĊĈĕâĕĆ ÿčĄğúĘąĄ. ĊĆčĕĆčĔøĊċĕčøĆŋĠĎŇèëĕøė. êýĔýúĘħ 1. ċėĊĔë čĔèãŋċĆĘúĊèČŋ. 2548. âĕĆčĕûėøâĕĆĢëňđĐĆŋġĄüğĎüĘħąĊüĬĕâĕĆøâģãŇğāĚħĐĠâňģãþŌîĎĕÿčĄøė÷ąĕâĠĈēâĕĆâĆēøěňüâĕĆ ÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄâŇĐüâĕĆøĔĨèúňĐèãĐèġåüĄ. âĆěèğúāĒ: čĬĕüĔâèĕüāĔõüĕĊėúąĕċĕčøĆŋĠĈēğúåġüġĈąĘĠĎŇèëĕøė. 95 ü.

Alnimer, M., De Rosa, G., Grasso, F., Napolitano, F. and Bordi, A. 2002. Effect of climate on the response to three oestrous synchronization techniques in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod.Sci 71: 157-168.

Bo, G.A., P.S., Baruselli. D. Moreno, L. Cutaia, M. Caccia, H. Tr´ bulo and R.J. Mapletoft. 2002. The control of follicular wave development for self-appointed embryo transfer programs in cattle. Theriogenology 57: 572.

Day, M.L., Burke, C.R., Taufa, V.K., Day, A.M. and Macmillan, K.L. 2000. The strategic use of estradiol to enhance fertility and submission rates of progestin. J. Anim.Reprod. Sci 43: 147–153.

Xu, Z.Z. and L.J. Burton. 2000. Estrus synchronization of lactating dairy cows with GnRH, Progesterone, and Prostaglandin F2. J. Dairy Sci 83: 471-476.

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“ÞĄíĒþàŞÝĄõóČôćòąöŢô”

òąöŢôñŞĀ-ĐôŞñĄìëċŢēÔŞēÕŞ ìşĀÚĒþôŞēòĐöÚ ïøćèøČÔēÔŞēÕŞýìĀÚ×úąôèşĀÚÔąöÕĀÚďÔüèöÔöïČş ďøĈĘõÚēÔŞēÕŞ íìďìĊĘĀêĈė 560 ēöŞ òąöŢôÞĄíĒþàŞÝĄõóČôć ÔŞĀÔĜąďìćçÕĉĘì èąôĐìú×ćçîöÔèć ÕĀÚòąöŢôïČşîöăÔĀíÔąöďøĈĘõÚēÔŞēÕŞêĄėúĕ ēî ÔøŞąú×ĊĀ ďôĊĀė òąöŢôďøĈõĘ ÚēÔŞēÕŞçąĜ ďìćìÔćÛÔąöēîöăõăþìĉÚė ÔĖÛăôĈÔąö ÕõąõèĄúôąÔÕĉĘìèąôóąúăèøąç èąô×úąôýąôąöéÕĀÚĐèŞøă òąöŢô ďôĊėĀòąöŢôĒþàŞÕĉĘì ×úąôèşĀÚÔąöøČÔēÔŞēÕŞÔĖôąÔÕĉĘìĕ éĉÚ öăçĄíþìĉÚė ÔĖèĀş ÚïøćèøČÔēÔŞēÕŞÕì ĉĘ ĒÝşďĀÚ ďþôĊĀìÔĄíòąöŢôïČďş øĈõĘ ÚēÔŞ ēÕŞĀĊėìĕ êĄėúĕ ēî ďñöąăÔąöþąÞĊĘĀøČÔēÔŞēÕŞÛĜąìúìôąÔĕ ēôŞýąôąöé ÛăèĀíýìĀÚ×úąôèşĀÚÔąöēçş êĄĘÚçşąìîöćôąæ ×ċæóąñÕĀÚøČÔēÔŞ ēÕŞ ĐøăÔĜąþìçÔąöýŞÚôĀí ýċçêşąõÛĉÚÛĜąďîŦìèşĀÚïøćèÕĉĘìĒÝşďĀÚ

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ğĄĚħĐĊĔüúĘħ 27 -28 âĔüąĕąü 2558 úĘħÿŇĕüĄĕüĘĨ úĘĄèĕü “čĕčŋüģâŇ & čěâĆ” ģ÷ňĄĘġĐâĕčģþĆŇĊĄèĕü úĬĕýěîĠĈēğþľ÷ĂĕĆŋĄ “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” ãĐè ýĆėČĔú ĐĆĆöāĂĕĆŋĄ ýňĕüüĕ éĬĕâĔ÷ ğĈãúĘħ 88 ĎĄĜŇ 6 ø.úŇĕâĜý Đ.ìĔýĢĎîŇ é.ëĔąăĜĄė ĠĈē ģ÷ňĄĘġĐâĕčåěąâĔý åěöúüĕĊěô ûüĕĊěô ğĐĚĨĐĈēāĔüûŋ âĆĆĄâĕĆÿĜňéĔ÷âĕĆ ĠĈēåěö ĐĆĆöā čěãčěĊĕüüúŋ úĘħþĆęâČĕ ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ úĔĨèčĐèúŇĕüģ÷ňąĚüąĔüĊŇĕ ĂĕĆŋĄ ìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ģĄŇģ÷ňåė÷ĐēģĆĠøâøŇĕèéĕâĂĕĆŋĄĐĚħüĥ ğĈą ýĆėČĔú ĐĆĆöāĂĕĆŋĄ ýňĕüüĕ éĬĕâĔ÷ ĎĆĚĐâĈěŇĄ “ĠčèúĐè” ğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĄĕüĕü ýĕèëŇĊèğĊĈĕâĦãąĕąøĔĊ ýňĕè ýĕèëŇĊèúĘħăĕĊēģĄŇ÷ĘâĦģĄŇãąĕąøĔĊ ýňĕèåĆĔĨèâĦĈ÷Ĉè ìęħèğþŎüģþøĕĄăĕĊē þŌééěýĔüâĈěŇĄ “ĠčèúĐè” þĆēâĐýâėéâĕĆ÷ňĕüģâŇģãŇğþŎüĎĈĔâ ģĄŇĄĘģâŇğüĚĨĐ ĄĘåĊĕĄ øňĐèâĕĆĈĜâģâŇģãŇĄĕĢëňĢüĊèéĆâĕĆÿĈėøĄĕâãęĨüĠĈēčĄĬħĕğčĄĐ éęèĄĘåĊĕĄéĬĕğþŎü øňĐèÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇãęĨüĢëňğĐè ĄĘåĬĕùĕĄĊŇĕúĬĕģĄ ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ éęèÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇĐĐâĄĕĄĕâ åěöúüĕĊěô ûüĕĊěô ģ÷ňĢĎňčĕğĎøěğĎøěÿĈģĊňčĐè 2 þĆēâĕĆ÷ĔèüĘĨ 1. âĈěŇĄ “ĠčèúĐè” þĆēâĐýâėéâĕĆĂĕĆŋĄģâŇģãŇĄĕüĕü ĄĘāĔüûĄėøĆúĘħ þĆēâĐýâėéâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇ ğĎĄĚĐüâĔüĄĕâĄĕą ğåąĄĘúěâãŋ ĄĘčěã ĆŇĊĄĎĔĊéĄúňĕą âĔüĄĕąĕĊüĕü ĄĘúĔĨèĆĕąĢĎîŇ ĆĕąâĈĕèĥ ĠĈēĆĕąğĈĦâ âĆēéĕąĐąĜŇúĔħĊúěâăĜĄėăĕå ğĄĚħĐāĔüûĄėøĆúĆĕýĊŇĕ “ĠčèúĐè” éēÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇ âĈěŇĄāĔüûĄėøĆéęèğčüĐĢĎň ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ğþŎüĂĕĆŋĄĎěňüčŇĊü ìęħèþĆēâĐýģþ÷ňĊąĎěňüčŇĊüéĬĕüĊü 68 Ćĕą ĠĈēčŇĊüĢĎîŇğâĚĐýúĔĨèĎĄ÷ğþŎüÿĜňþĆēâĐýâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇğþŎüĎĈĔâ

2. þŌééěýĔüâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĄĘ âĕĆāĔõüĕâňĕĊĎüňĕģþĄĕâ éĕâğ÷ėĄúĘħ ğåąğĈĘąĨ èâĔüĎĈĔèýňĕü Ģøňùüě ýňĕü ğþŎü ġĆèğĆĚĐüğþľ÷ ĠøŇĈēġĆèğĆĚĐüģĄŇĄĕâ ğþŎüéĬĕüĊüĆňĐąøĔĊ éĬĕüĊüāĔüøĔĊ úĘħ ğþŎüéĬĕüĊüĎĄĚüħ øĔĊâĦüĐň ąĆĕą þŌééěýüĔ âĕĆğĈĘĨ ą èģâŇ ģ ãŇ ğ þŎ ü âĕĆğĈĘĨ ą èĠýý ĐěøčĕĎâĆĆĄ čŇĊüĢĎîŇğĈĘąĨ èĠýýġĆè ğĆĚĐüþľ÷ ãüĕ÷ĢĎîŇ ĄĘéĕĬ üĊüģâŇģãŇąüĚ âĆèġĆèğĆĚĐüĈēğþŎüéĬĕüĊüĎĄĚüħ ùęè ĎĈĕąĎĄĚüħ 5-7 ĎĄĚüħ âĦĄĘ ĠĈēéĬĕüĊü ģâŇĠøŇĈēĂĕĆŋĄâĦĄĘģâŇģãŇéĬĕüĊüĄĕâ ĎĈĕąĥ ĠčüâĦĄĐĘ ąĜúŇ ĊħĔ ģþ úĬĕĢĎňåĊĕĄ øňĐèâĕĆüĬĕĈĜâģâŇģãŇğãňĕğĈĘąĨ èĠøŇĈēġĆè ğĆĚĐü ĠøŇĈēĆěüŇ éĬĕüĊüĄĕâĠĈēøňĐèčŇè ĄĐýĢüåĆĕĊğ÷ĘąĊâĔü ğþŎüĈĜâģâŇúĘħĄĘ ãüĕ÷čĄĬĕħ ğčĄĐğúŇĕĥ âĔü ğâė÷éĕâāŇĐĠĄŇāüĔ ûěĐŋ ĕąěğ÷ĘąĊâĔü ĈĜâģâŇģãŇğþŎüğčĄĚĐü øňüüĬĨĕ ãĐèâĕĆþĆēâĐýĐĕëĘāâĕĆÿĈėøģãŇģâŇ ùňĕģ÷ňĈâĜ ģâŇģãŇúåĘħ ö ě ăĕā÷Ę éĬĕüĊüåĆý ùňĊü čŇèĄĐýģ÷ňøĕĄğĊĈĕúĘøħ Đň èâĕĆ âĦ éēúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆğĈĘĨąèâĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆèŇĕąãęĨü Ąĕâ þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøâĦéē÷Ę ģ÷ň ģãŇģâŇúĄĘħ åĘ ö ě ăĕā÷ĘùâĜ ĢéÿĜýň Ćėġăå ģ÷ň þĆėĄĕöĄĕâ øňüúěüâĕĆÿĈėøâĦéēøĬĕħ úĘħ ÿŇĕüĄĕÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĎĈĕąĆĕąåèéēĄĘ þŌîĎĕåĈĕąĥ ĈĔâČöēåĈňĕąĥ âĔüåĚĐ ģĄŇčĕĄĕĆùĎĕĈĜâģâŇģãŇéĬĕüĊüĄĕâĥ ğãňĕğĈĘĨąèåĆĔĨèĈēĎĈĕąĥ ĎĄĚħü úĘħĄĘ åěöăĕā÷ĘĠĈēãüĕ÷üčĄĬħĕğčĄĐčŇè ĄĐýāĆňĐĄâĔüĢüĊĔüğ÷ĘąĊâĔüģ÷ň øňĐè ğĈĘĨąèĈĜâģâŇĎĈĕąĐĕąěĢüğĈňĕğ÷ĘąĊâĔü ĎĆĚĐģ÷ňĈâĜ ģâŇģĄŇåĆýéĬĕüĊü ĎĆĚĐúĘğħ ĈĊ ĆňĕąâĊŇĕüĔĨüåĚĐ ģ÷ňĈĜâģâŇéĕâĎĈĕą ĠĎĈŇèÿĈėø ìęèħ éēčŇèÿĈúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆğĈĘąĨ è âĕĆéĔ ÷ âĕĆąě Ň è ąĕâĄĕâ úĬ ĕ ĢĎň þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøģĄŇ÷Ę

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ąĔèĄĘãňĐğúĦééĆėèĐĘâþĆēâĕĆĎüęħèĊŇĕúĬĕģĄġĆèğĆĚĐüğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇ þŌééěýĔüéęè ĄĘãüĕ÷ĢĎîŇ ĎĈĕąĎĄĚħüøĔĊ ğāĆĕēģ÷ňĄĘâĕĆāėčĜéüŋĠĈňĊĊŇĕ âĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĢüġĆè ğĆĚĐüþľ÷ãüĕ÷ĢĎîŇ éēĄĘøňüúěüâĕĆÿĈėøúĘħøĬħĕ ĠĈēģãŇģâŇĄĘåěöăĕā÷ĘâĊŇĕ čēĐĕ÷ âĊŇĕġĆèğĆĚĐüğþľ÷ ÿĜňğĈĘĨąèéęèąĐĄĈèúěüğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĢüġĆèğĆĚĐüþľ÷ĄĕâãęĨü ĠĈēĄĘ ãňĐĄĜĈéĕâĎĈĕąĥ ĂĕĆŋĄĠéňèĄĕğĎĄĚĐüĥ âĔüĊŇĕ čùĕýĔüâĕĆğèėü ûüĕåĕĆ éē þĈŇĐąğèėüâĜňĢĎňğêāĕēğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĠýýġĆèğĆĚĐüþľ÷ğúŇĕüĔĨü ĂĕĆŋĄìĔý ĢĎîŇĒ éęèøňĐèÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇĢĎňøĆèâĔýåĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆãĐèãĐèğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇ ģãŇúĔħĊĥ ģþ ğĆĚħĐèĆĕåĕãĕąĈĜâģâŇģãŇ þŌééěýĔü ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ãĕąãęĨü-ĈèøĕĄĆĕåĕ øĈĕ÷ ĢüĆēąēĠĆâĥ ëŇĊèĠüēüĬĕčėüåňĕĄĘġþĆġĄëĔħüāėğċČ åĚĐĠùĄ 4% þŌééěýĔü ğĆĕĠùĄ 2% ğĎĄĚĐüúĔħĊĥ ģþĠĈňĊ ĠøŇčėħèúĘħ “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” ģ÷ňâĬĕĎü÷ģĊň ğþŎüüġąýĕąĎĈĔâåĚĐ “ĈĜâģâŇģãŇúěâøĔĊøňĐèĄĘåěöăĕāčĜèčě÷ čŇèĄĐýĢĎňĈĜâåňĕåĆý éĬĕüĊüĠĈēøĆèøĕĄâĬĕĎü÷” čĬĕĎĆĔýĐüĕåøğĆĚħĐèĆĕåĕãĕąĈĜâģâŇģãŇ ğĆĕåèĄĘâĕĆ ĎĕĆĚĐâĔýĎěňüčŇĊüĠĈēāĔüûĄėøĆĢüġĐâĕčøŇĐģþ üĐâéĕâøĈĕ÷ĢüþĆēğúċĠĈňĊ ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ģ÷ňĊĕèĠÿüøĔĨèĠøŇøňü ĠĈňĊĊŇĕ éēÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇåěöăĕā÷Ę čŇèãĕąĢĎňþĆēğúċğāĚħĐüýňĕü ĢüâĈěŇĄĐĕğìĘħąü ÷ňĊą ĠĈēþŌééěýĔüğĆĕģ÷ňčŇèĐĐâģþãĕąĢĎňþĆēğúċğāĚħĐüýňĕüĠĈňĊĢüþĆėĄĕöāĐ čĄåĊĆ ĠĈēģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆøĐýčüĐèğþŎüĐąŇĕè÷Ę éüģ÷ňĆĔýåĬĕčĔħèìĚĨĐøĈĐ÷ùęèþĈĕą þĿ 2558 ĠĈňĊ åěöúüĕĊěô ûüĕĊěô ģ÷ňâĈŇĕĊùęè ãýĊüâĕĆÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇãĐè “ìĔýĢĎîŇ ëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” ĊŇĕ ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ĄĘģâŇĆěŇü āŇĐ-ĠĄŇāĔüûěŋĐąĜŇ 1 ĀĜèĥ Ĉē 3 ġĆèğĆĚĐü ĥ Ĉē12,000 øĔĊ ĄĘāŇĐ-ĠĄŇāĔüûěŋúĘħĢĎňÿĈÿĈėø 3 ĀĜèĥ Ĉē 3 ġĆèğĆĚĐüĥ Ĉē12,000 øĔĊ âĕĆüĬĕāŇĐ-ĠĄŇāĔüûěŋğãňĕğĈĘĨąèéēüĬĕğãňĕāĆňĐĄĥ âĔüåĆĔĨèĈē 1 ĀĜè 3 ğĈňĕ éĬĕüĊü ĠĄŇāĔüûěŋåĆĔĨèĈē 36,000-40,000 øĔĊ čĬĕĎĆĔýøĜňĂŌâģãŇ øĔĊĐĕåĕĆùĜâĐĐâĠýý ĢĎň ĠýŇèĠąâĐĐâğþŎüčĔ÷čŇĊü ĄĘčŇĊüčēĐĕ÷ čŇĊüčâþĆâ ĒĈĒ ĠĈēĐĐâĠýýģĊň čĬĕĎĆĔýĆĐèĆĔýĄĕøĆòĕü GMP ĢüĐüĕåø þŌééěýĔü “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” čĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇğāċğĄĘąģ÷ň čĔþ÷ĕĎŋ Ĉē180,000-200,000 øĔĊ āĚĨüúĘħãĐèĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇ ĠĈēĐĕåĕĆġĆèĂŌâģãŇ ģ÷ňùĜâ ĐĐâĠýýģĊňĢĎňčĕĄĕĆùğāėħĄâĬĕĈĔèâĕĆÿĈėøģ÷ňĐĘâ 50% ùňĕøĈĕ÷ĄĘâĕĆãąĕąøĔĊğāėħĄ ãęĨü čĬĕĎĆĔýãĔĨüøĐüâĕĆÿĈėø ĢüġĆèĂŌâ ğĆėħĄéĕâģãŇéĕâĂĕĆŋĄéēùĜâĆĄåĊĔüçŇĕ ğëĚĨĐâŇĐü ĠĈňĊüĬĕğãňĕğâĦýĢüĎňĐèğąĦüğâĦýģãŇ ĆĐéĔ÷ģãŇğãňĕøĜňĂŌâøĕĄåĬĕčĔħèìĚĨĐãĐè ĈĜâåňĕ ģãŇéēùĜâĂŌâĢüøĜňĂŌâğþŎüğĊĈĕ 18 ĊĔü ĎĈĔèéĕâüĔĨüéēąňĕąģãŇĂŌâúĔĨèĎĄ÷ģþ øĜňğâė÷ ģãŇéēĐąĜŇĢüøĜňğâė÷ĐĘâ 3 ĊĔü ĆĊĄğþŎü 21 ĊĔü (504 ëĄ.) ĠĈňĊéęèĐĐâğþŎüĈĜâģâŇ ģãŇĐĕąě 1 ĊĔü

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øĜ ň Ă Ō â ãĐèĂĕĆŋ Ą ìĔ ý ĢĎîŇ Ē ğþŎüĆēýý Single stage åĚĐ üĬĕģãŇ ğãňĕĂŌâĢüøĜňğ÷ĘąĊâĔüāĆňĐĄâĔüĠĈē üĬĕĐĐâéĕâøĜňāĆňĐĄĥ âĔü ģãŇúĘħğãňĕ ĂŌâéēğþŎüģãŇëě÷ğ÷ĘąĊâĔüúĔĨèĎĄ÷ éē úĬĕĢĎňĈĜâģâŇğâė÷āĆňĐĄĥ âĔü ĄĘãüĕ÷ ĠĈēåěöăĕāčĄĬħĕğčĄĐâĔü ğĄĚħĐüĬĕ ĈĜâģâŇĐĐâĠĈňĊéēúĬĕåĊĕĄčēĐĕ÷ çŇ ĕ ğëĚĨ Đ úĔĨ è øĜ ň Ă Ō â ĠĈēøĜ ň ğ âė ÷ úě â åĆĔĨ è âŇ Đ üüĬ ĕ ģãŇ ğ ãň ĕ ĂŌ â ĢüåĆĔĨ è øŇ Đ ģþ úĬ ĕ ĢĎň ĈĜ â ģâŇ ĄĘ åě ö ăĕā÷Ę þ ĈĐ÷ğëĚĨ Đ ĢüøĜňğâė÷ ĄĘĆēýý Synchro-Hatch ğþŎ ü ĆēýýğìĦ ü ğìĐĆŋ úĘħ å Đą÷Ĕ â éĔ ý čĔ î îĕö éĕâĈĜ â ģâŇ øĔ Ċ ĠĆâúĘħ ğ éĕē ğþĈĚ Đ â ğĄĚħ Đ éĔ ý čĔ î îĕöģ÷ň Ġ Ĉň Ċ ĆēýýéēúĬĕèĕüġ÷ąĐĔøġüĄĔøė čĔħèåĬĕ čĔħ è ĢĎň å Ċýåě Ą Đě ö ĎăĜ Ąė åĊĕĄëĚĨ ü ĠĆèĈĄ ĐʼnĐâìėğéü åĕĆŋýĐüģ÷ĐĐâ ģìåŋ ĢĎň ğ ĎĄĕēčĄ ĠĈēâ÷÷Ĕ ü ĢĎň ĈĜâģâŇ ĄĘĠĆèâĆēĠúâğéĕēğþĈĚĐâģãŇ ĐĐâĄĕģ÷ňĢüğĊĈĕĢâĈňğåĘąèâĔü úĬĕĢĎň ĆēąēğĊĈĕâĕĆğâė÷ãĐèĈĜâģâŇøĔĊĠĆâ ĠĈēøĔ Ċ čě ÷ úň ĕ ąĎŇ ĕ èâĔ ü üň Đ ąĄĕâ (ĆēąēğĊĈĕüĘĨğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Hatching Window) úĬĕĢĎňĈĜâģâŇúěâøĔĊĄĘåěöăĕā÷Ę čĄĬħĕğčĄĐĢâĈňğåĘąèâĔüĄĕâ ĢüøĜňĂŌâ ąĔ è ĄĘ Ć ēýýĐĔ ø ġüĄĔ øė å Ċýåě Ą ĐĘ â ĎĈĕąéě÷ ğëŇü Dynamics weight loss ,Embryo respons ğþŎüĆēýýúĘħ åĊý øĆĊéčĐý ĐěöĎăĜĄė åĊĕĄëĚĨü ĠĆèĈĄ ĐʼnĐâìėğéü åĕĆŋýĐüģ÷ĐĐâ ģìåŋ ĢüøĜňĂŌâĊŇĕğĎĄĕēčĄâĔýģãŇúĘħĐąĜŇ ĢüâĔýâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøãĐèøĔĊĐŇĐü ĢüĠøŇĈēëŇĊèĐĕąěâĕĆĂŌâúĘħģãŇĐąĜŇĢü øĜňĂŌâĎĆĚĐģĄŇ ĄĘâĕĆĈēğĎąüĬĨĕĐĐâ éĕâĂĐèģãŇĄĕâğâėüģþĎĆĚĐģĄŇ üĬĨĕ ĎüĔâãĐèĂĐèģãŇúĘħĂŌâĐąĜŇĈ÷ĈèĄĕâ ğâė ü ģþĎĆĚ Đ ģĄŇ ùň ĕ ĄĘ Ą ĕâğâė ü ģþ ĆēýýâĦéēčŇèčĔîîĕöĢĎňĄĘâĕĆğāėħĄ

åĊĕĄëĚĨüğāĚħĐģĄŇĢĎňģãŇĂŌâğâė÷âĕĆčĜîğčĘąüĬĨĕ čėħèøŇĕèĥ ğĎĈŇĕüĘĨčŇèÿĈâĆēúýùęè åěöăĕāãĐèĈĜâģâŇúĔĨèčėĨü ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ģ÷ňğĈĚĐâğĐĕğúåġüġĈąĘ÷ĘúĘħčě÷ğĎĈŇĕüĘĨ ĄĕĢëň ğāĚħĐčĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇĢĎňĄĘåěöăĕā÷ĘúĘħčě÷ ģâŇģãŇéēĄĘĐĕąěâĕĆğĈĘĨąèúĘħąĕĊüĕü ĐąŇĕèüňĐąâĦþĿåĆęħè øŇĕèéĕâģâŇğüĚĨĐúĘħ ğĈĘĨąèþĆēĄĕö 40 ĊĔüğúŇĕüĔĨü ùňĕğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇ ģ÷ňĈĜâģâŇúĘħĄĘåěöăĕāģĄŇ÷Ę ãüĕ÷ģĄŇčĄĬħĕğčĄĐ ğâė÷éĕâāŇĐ-ĠĄŇāĔüûěŋĐĕąěøŇĕèâĔü éēúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆğĈĘĨąè âĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆ ąěŇèąĕâ ģâŇĐŇĐüĠĐ ġøģĄŇģ÷ňãüĕ÷ ģĄŇčĄĬħĕğčĄĐ ĐĔøĆĕâĕĆøĕąčĜè čŇèÿĈĢĎňøĈĐ÷ ĐĕąěâĕĆğĈĘĨąèĢĎňÿĈÿĈėøģĄŇ÷Ę åěöăĕāģãŇģĄŇ÷Ę þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøøĬħĕ øňüúěü

âĕĆÿĈėøčĜè ÷ĔĨèüĔĨü “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄė ĂĕĆŋĄ” éęèĄĐèğĎĦüĊŇĕâĕĆÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇ ģãŇúĘħčŇèĄĐýĢĎňğâČøĆâĆ éĬĕğþŎüúĘħ éēøňĐèúĬĕĢĎňĈĜâģâŇĄĘåěöăĕā÷ĘúĘħčě÷ ğāĆĕēĈĜâģâŇğþŎü “øňüüĬĨĕ” ãĐèâĕĆ ğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĠĈēĈĜâģâŇéēøňĐèĐąĜŇâĔý ğâČøĆâĆąĕĊüĕü øĕĄúĘħģ÷ňâĈŇĕĊĄĕ ĠĈňĊ

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ĢüãĔĨüøĐüâĕĆÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇ ãĐèĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ ğĄĚħĐĈĜâģâŇĐĐâéĕâøĜň ğâė÷ éēùĜâĈĬĕğĈĘąèġ÷ąčĕąāĕüčŇèģþąĔèĎňĐèåĔ÷-Ġąâğāċ øĔĊğĄĘąčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈ øĔĊÿĜňčĘ ãĕĊĐĐâéĕââĔü øĔĊğĄĘąéēùĜâĈĬĕğĈĘąèøŇĐģþøĆĊéčĐýåěöăĕā ÷ĜåĊĕĄčĄýĜĆöŋ åĊĕĄĠãĦèĠĆè úňĐèģĄŇýĊĄ čē÷ĚĐģĄŇ÷Ĭĕ ģĄŇāėâĕĆ ĠĈēģĄŇĄĘĈĜâģâŇğāċÿĜňþüğãňĕĄĕ âĕĆøĆĊéčĐýåěöăĕāéēúĬĕčĐèåĆĔĨè ğāĚħĐĢĎňĄĘġĐâĕčÿė÷āĈĕ÷üňĐąúĘħčě÷ øŇĐĄĕ ğþŎüãĔĨüøĐüâĕĆêĘ÷ĊĔåìĘü ĄĕğĆĦâìŋ ğþŎüãĔĨüøĐüúĘħčĬĕåĔîĄĕâ éēúĬĕĊĔåìĘüğêāĕē ĈĜâģâŇúħĘÿŇĕüâĕĆåĔ÷ĄĕĐąŇĕè÷ĘĠĈňĊğúŇĕüĔĨü “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” ĢëňğåĆĚħĐè ĐĔøġüĄĔøė êĘ÷ĊĔåìĘü øĔ÷þĕâ÷ňĊąĠčèĐėüĂĕğĆč ĠĈēüĔýéĬĕüĊüĈĜâģâŇýĆĆéěâĈŇĐè úĬĕúĔĨè 3 ĐąŇĕèġ÷ąğåĆĚħĐèĐĔøġüĄĔøėğåĆĚħĐèğ÷ĘąĊ ìęħèĄĘåŇĕĢëňéŇĕąčĜè ĠøŇğþŎüåĊĕĄ éĬĕğþŎü ğāĚħĐéēĢĎňģ÷ňĈĜâģâŇúĘħĄĘåěöăĕā÷Ę čŇèĄĐýĢĎňğâČøĆâĆøŇĐģþ âĕĆøĔ÷þĕâĈĜâģâŇâĦĄĘåĊĕĄčĬĕåĔî ĂĕĆŋĄìĔýĢĎîŇĒ éēúĬĕâĕĆøĔ÷þĕâġ÷ą ĠčèĐėüĂĕğĆčüĘĨ ĈĜâģâŇúĘħġ÷üøĔ÷þĕâĠĈňĊ þĕâéēģĄŇĎĈě÷ĐĐâúĔüúĘ ĈĜâģâŇýĕèøĔĊ þĕâéēğĆėħĄĎĈě÷ğĄĚħĐĈĜâģâŇĄĘĐĕąěþĆēĄĕö 10 ĊĔü ĠĈēġ÷ąĆĊĄĠĈňĊþĕâĈĜâģâŇ úĔĨèĎĄ÷éēĎĈě÷ĎĄ÷ğĄĚħĐĐĕąěþĆēĄĕö 20 ĊĔü ĊėûĘâĕĆüĘĨĈĜâģâŇéēģĄŇğéĦýþĕâéēâėü ĐĕĎĕĆģ÷ň÷Ę ĠøŇþĕâĈĜâģâŇéēëĕ éēâėüüĬĨĕéĕâĎĔĊüėþğþľĈąĕâüė÷ĎüŇĐą ğāĆĕē ĈĜ â ģâŇ ģ ĄŇ ĄĘ å ĊĕĄĆĜ ň čę â ĊŇ ĕ þĕâģþĠøēġ÷üĎĔ Ċ üė þ ğþľ Ĉ ĎĆĚ Đ ąĔ è ãęĨ ü ğĈĦ â üň Đ ą ýĕè čùĕüēâĕĆöŋâĦéĬĕğþŎüéēøňĐèğčĆėĄâĆēþěâüĬĨĕğĈĦâĥ ĢüġĆèğĆĚĐüââĈĜâģâŇ øĔĨèĠøŇ ĊĔüĠĆâúĘħĈĜâģâŇĄĕùęèĂĕĆŋĄéēëŇĊąĢĎňĈĜâģâŇâėüüĬĨĕģ÷ň÷Ę ĠĈēéēğčĆėĄâĆēþěâüĬĨĕ ğāĘąè 2-3 ĊĔüĠĆâğúŇĕüĔĨü čĬĕĎĆĔýâĕĆúĬĕĊĔåìĘüøĔĊĐĚħüĥ úĘħġĆèĂŌâ ğëŇü ĊĔåìĘü ND , IB ĒĈĒ ġĆè ĂŌâéēýĆėâĕĆúĬĕĢĎňøĕĄåĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆãĐèĈĜâåňĕ ġ÷ąģĄŇåė÷åŇĕĠĆè éēåė÷ğêāĕē åŇĕĊĔåìĘüúĘħúĬĕğāėħĄğúŇĕüĔĨü ğĄĚħĐÿŇĕüãĔĨüøĐüøŇĕèĥ øĕĄúĘħģ÷ňâĈŇĕĊĄĕĠĈňĊãĔĨüøĐü čě ÷ úň ĕ ąéēøň Đ èĄĘ â ĕĆëĔħ è üĬĨ ĕ ĎüĔ â ĈĜ â ģâŇ úĔĨ è ĎĄ÷ ĊŇ ĕ éēģ÷ň üĬĨ ĕ ĎüĔ â øĆèøĕĄ ĄĕøĆòĕüúĘħâĬĕĎü÷ģĊňĎĆĚĐģĄŇ üĐâğĎüĚĐéĕâãĔĨüøĐüøŇĕèĥ øĕĄúĘħģ÷ňâĈŇĕĊĄĕ ĠĈňĊüĔĨü “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” ąĔèĄĘâĕĆğâĦýãňĐĄĜĈüĬĕĄĕ ċęâČĕĠĈē ĊėğåĆĕēĎŋ ĐąŇĕèøŇĐğüĚħĐè ģĄŇčėĨüčě÷ ğëŇü ģâŇģãŇčĕąāĔüûěŋüûŋ “ġĈĎŋĄĔüĎŋüŋ” úĘħğĆĕĢëňĐąĜŇüĘĨ ğĆĕģ÷ň øė ÷ øŇ Đ þĆēčĕüĆŇ Ċ ĄĄĚ Đ âĔ ý ýĆė ČĔ ú ĠĄŇ úĘħ þ ĆēğúċğąĐĆĄüĘ ĄĔ ü ĊŇ ĕ ĄĘ â ĕĆ āĔõüĕčĕąāĔüûěŋĐąŇĕèģĆ øŇĐģþĐĘâýňĕè ğāĚħĐĢĎňġĈĎŋĄĔüüŋğþŎüģâŇģãŇúĘħčĕĄĕĆù ÿĈėø “ģãŇģâŇ” úĘħĄĘåěöăĕā÷Ę úĔĨèăĕąĢü (ģãŇĠ÷èĠĈēģãŇãĕĊ) ĠĈēăĕąüĐâ ğþĈĚĐâ ģãŇčĘčĊąğãňĄ ĠãĦèĠĆè ģ÷ňéĬĕüĊüĂĐèģãŇĄĕâ ĆĜþúĆèãĐèĂĐèģãŇčĊą ąĕĊüĕü øĈĐ÷ĐĕąěâĕĆĢĎňģãŇ þŌ é éě ýĔ ü éēğĎĦ ü ĊŇ ĕ ģâŇ ģ ãŇ úě â čĕąāĔ ü ûě ŋ ùň ĕ ĄĘ â ĕĆğĈĘĨ ą èâĕĆéĔ ÷ âĕĆúĘħ ÷Ę čĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøģãŇģ÷ňģĄŇüňĐąâĊŇĕ 300 ĂĐè/ĠĄŇ/þĿ ģĄŇĠøâøŇĕèâĔü ĠøŇčėħèúĘħĠøâ øŇĕèâĔüåĚĐ “åěöăĕāãĐèģãŇģâŇĠøŇĈēĂĐè” úĘħÿĈėøģ÷ň “ýĆėČĔúġĈĎŋĄĔüüŋ” ĠĈē “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” éęèåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâčĕąāĔüûěŋúĘħ÷ĘúĘħčě÷ ğāĚħĐ øňĐèâĕĆģâŇģãŇúĘħĢĎň ÿĈÿĈėø÷ĘúĘħčě÷ ąĕĊüĕüøĈĐ÷ĐĕąěâĕĆĢĎňģãŇ øĆèøĕĄåĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆãĐèÿĜňğĈĘĨąè

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ģĄŇ Ģ ëŇ ÷Ę ğ êāĕēëŇ Ċ èøň ü ĥ âĕĆÿĈė ø ĠøŇğĄĚħĐĠĄŇģâŇĐĕąěĄĕâãęĨüĢĎňģãŇúĘħĄĘ åě ö ăĕāøĬħ ĕ øĬ ĕ Ĉè ğþĈĚ Đ âģãŇ ý ĕè ĠøâèŇĕą čĘìĘ÷ ĆĜþúĆèģĄŇčĊą čĬ ĕ ĎĆĔ ý âĕĆãüčŇ è čė ü åň ĕ (ĈĜ â ģâŇ ģ ãŇ ) úĘħ ÿ Ň ĕ üĥ ĄĕâĕĆãüčŇ è ĈĜâģâŇéēģþùęèĂĕĆŋĄĈĜâåňĕþĆēĄĕö 4 – 5 úěŇĄ ĎĆĚĐğúĘħąèåĚü åüèĕüĂĕĆŋĄ úĘħĆĐĆĔýĈĜâģâŇøňĐèÿŇĕüâĕĆúĬĕèĕüĄĕ ĠĈňĊúĔĨèĊĔü âĈĕèåĚüøňĐèĄĕĆĐĆĔý ĈĜâģâŇéü÷ęâĎĈĔýĥ øĚħüĥ ĈěâãęĨüĄĕ ĆĔýĈĜâģâŇøĐüğúĘħąèåĚü âĕĆúĬĕèĕüâĦ éēģĄŇĄĘþĆēčėúûėăĕā ĆĘýĥ úĬĕĢĎň ğčĆĦé þĆēĄĕöøĘ 2- øĘ 3 ĠĈňĊâĦĆĘý üĐü ğāĆĕēāĆě Ň è üĘĨ âĦ ø ň Đ èøĚħ ü ğëň ĕ úĬ ĕ èĕüøŇ Đ ĈĜ â ģâŇ âĦ é ēùĜ â úĐ÷úėĨ è éüùęèğëňĕ čėħèúĘħčĬĕåĔîúĘħčě÷ĢüâĕĆââ ĈĜâģâŇåĚĐ “âĕĆ÷ĜĠĈĈĜâģâŇëŇĊè 1-12 ëĔħĊġĄèĠĆâúĘħĈĜâģâŇĄĕùęèĂĕĆŋĄ” øňĐè ģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆ÷ĜĠĈĐąŇĕèĢâĈňëė÷ øňĐèåĐą þĆĔ ý Đě ö ĎăĜ Ąė ğ åĆĚħ Đ èââ þĆĔ ý âĕĆ ĆēýĕąĐĕâĕċ čĐüĢĎňĈĜâģâŇâėüüĬĨĕ âėüĐĕĎĕĆ ĒĈĒ ĢĎňĈĜâģâŇģ÷ňĐąĜŇĐąŇĕè čýĕą âėüüĬĨĕ âėüĐĕĎĕĆģ÷ň÷Ę ğĄĚħĐ ÿŇĕü 12 ëĔħĊġĄèĠĆâģþĠĈňĊ ĈĜâģâŇ ğĆĘąüĆĜň÷ĘĠĈňĊ âĕĆğĈĘĨąèâĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆ ĎĈĔèéĕâüĘĨģþéēèŇĕąãęĨü þŌîĎĕéē üňĐąĈĜâģâŇéēĄĘčěãăĕā÷Ę ĂĕĆŋĄìĔý ĢĎîŇ éęèģ÷ňéĔ÷ĆēýýâĕĆãüčŇèĈĜâģâŇ ĢĎňĆùğ÷ėüúĕèĢüøĐüâĈĕèåĚü ĢĎň ùęèĈĜâåňĕğĊĈĕøĘ 5 ĎĆĚĐ 6 ġĄèğëňĕ ğĎøě ÿ ĈåĚ Đ Ćùğ÷ė ü úĕèâĈĕèåĚ ü ĈĜâģâŇģĄŇĆňĐü åüèĕüģĄŇøňĐèĆĐĆĔý ĈĜâģâŇ üĐüāĔâģ÷ňğøĦĄúĘħ ğĄĚħĐĈĜâģâŇĄĕ ùęèğëňĕ ĄĘĠĆè ĄĘğĊĈĕþĈŇĐąĈĜâģâŇğãňĕ ââ ĠĈēåüèĕüéēĄĘ ğ ĊĈĕ÷Ĝ ĈĜ â ģâŇ øĈĐ÷úĔĨèĊĔü

“ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄėĂĕĆŋĄ” čĕĄĕĆùéĔ÷ĆùãüčŇèĈĜâģâŇ ĢĎňĈĜâåňĕģ÷ňĢü åĆĔĨèğ÷ĘąĊ 5-7 ĎĄĚħüøĔĊ ġ÷ąģĄŇøňĐèĆĐĆĔýĎĈĕąĆĐý ģâŇĀĜèĢĎîŇĥ âĦčĕĄĕĆùéĔ÷čŇè ģ÷ňĢüåĆĔĨèğ÷ĘąĊ åüèĕüģĄŇøňĐèĆĐúĬĕèĕüĎĈĕąĥ ĆĐý éě÷ğĈĦâĥ üňĐąĥ ĂĕĆŋĄìĔý ĢĎîŇøĆēĎüĔâ ĠĈēğĐĕĢéĢčŇúěâğĆĚħĐè ğāĚħĐğāĆĕēøňĐèâĕĆÿĈėøĈĜâģâŇģãŇúĘħĄĘåěöăĕā čĜèčě÷ čŇèĄĐýùęèĂĕĆŋĄÿĜňğĈĘĨąèĐąŇĕè÷ĘúĘħčě÷ ğĄĚħĐúĬĕĠĈňĊéēğĎĦüâĕĆğþĈĘħąüĠþĈè úĘħ÷ĘãęĨüĠüŇüĐü

čě ÷ úň ĕ ąčėħ è úĘħ ÿĜ ň ğ ĈĘĨ ą èģâŇ ģ ãŇ øňĐèâĕĆåĚĐ “þĆėĄĕöĠĈēåěöăĕāúĘħ ÷Ę ã ĐèģãŇ ģ âŇ ” âĈě Ň Ą ĠčèúĐèĄĘ þĆēčýâĕĆöŋâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇģãŇĄĕúěâ čĕąāĔ ü ûě ŋ ĢüĐ÷Ę ø ğĆĕĄĐèâĔ ü ĠøŇ éĬ ĕ üĊüĂĐèģãŇ ĈĚ Ą ğĆĚħ Đ èåě ö ăĕā ãĐèģãŇúĘħ÷Ęģþ ğĈĚĐâĠøŇčĕąāĔüûěŋúĘħĢĎň ģãŇĄĕâ ĠčèúĐèĂĕĆŋĄ ģ÷ňğĈĚĐâčĕą āĔüûěŋ “ġĈĎŋĄĔüĎŋüŋ” éĕâþĆēğúċ ğąĐĆĄĔü ğąĐĆĄüĘ ğāĆĕēģ÷ňāėčĜéüŋ ĄĕğþŎ ü ğĊĈĕüĕüĠĈň Ċ ĊŇ ĕ ğþŎ ü čĕą āĔüûěŋúĘħ÷Ę ĄĘåěöčĄýĔøėøĕĄúĘħøňĐèâĕĆ åĚĐ ĢĎňģãŇúĘħĄĘåěöăĕā÷ĘúĔĨèăĕāüĐâ ĠĈēăĕāĢü þĆėĄĕöÿĈÿĈėøģãŇĄĕâ åèúĘħ ø ĈĐ÷Đĕąě â ĕĆĢĎň ģ ãŇ ĠĈēúĘħ čĬ ĕ åĔ î ĐĘ â ĐąŇ ĕ èĎüęħ è åĚ Đ ğþŎ ü čĕą āĔ ü ûě ŋ úĘħ Ģ Ďň ĈĜ â ģâŇ ģ ãŇ úĘħ ĄĘ åě ö ăĕā÷Ę ĠãĦèĠĆè ğĈĘĨąèèŇĕą “ìĔýĢĎîŇëĔąăĜĄė ĂĕĆŋĄ” ĄĘåĊĕĄøĔĨèĢéĠĈēĄěŇèĄĔħüúĘħéē ğþŎ ü ÿĜ ň ÿ Ĉė ø “ĈĜ â ģâŇ ģ ãŇ ” åě ö ăĕā čĜèčě÷ čŇèĄĐýĢĎňğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąè ģâŇģãŇ ģ÷ňĆĔýĈĜâģâŇģãŇúĘħ÷ĘģþğĈĘĨąèğþŎü “øňüüĬĨĕ” ãĐèâĕĆÿĈėøģãŇģâŇ ĐąŇĕèĄĘ þĆēčėúûėăĕā þĆēčýåĊĕĄčĬĕğĆĦé ġ÷ąúĔħĊâĔü “ğĆĕãĐğĐĕÿĈèĕüğþŎü ğåĆĚħĐèāėčĜéüŋ” åěöúüĕĊěô ûüĕĊěô âĈŇĕĊúėĨèúňĕąğþŎüâĕĆąĚüąĔü !

y­ § ­ ±¢¬º¢ ¥ ¦ ½ ( º§ ) y­ ¢ ­w ­ § ½ (v §|) y­ ¢ ¢¦y © © § ½ (w §)

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ÚòÚðč÷ûĿ ôŁææċęãû 1/ úàÝþ ûĉęãû 2/ ôüĉáčîîĿ ĆđíĄòđò 3/ ĖþĉĀüüì÷ü ðĉ÷čàÝĿĖÚ 1/* Kanoktip Panyachai 1/ Mongkol Yachai 2/ Prajit Udnoon 3/ and Wanaporn Tapingkae 1/*

Abstract : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) on productive performance, yolk color, and yolk cholesterol of laying hens. Two-hundred and forty Isa Brown, 23 weeks of age, were allocated to 60 cages with 4 hens per cage. The experiment was conducted with completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of six dietary treatments including basal diet (CON), Basal diet supplemented with 2 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 g red yeast/kg diet. Feed intake, hen-day egg production, and egg weight were not different among dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, hens fed SC or 1, 2, and 4 g red yeast/kg diet had better egg weight and feed ef ciency (P<0.05). Incremental levels of red yeast increased the color score of yolk (P<0.05). The cholesterol of yolk were lower (P<0.05) in all red yeast groups than CON group but not differ with SC group (P>0.05). The recommended supplementation level of red yeast is 1 g/kg of basal diet for improving the yolk color and lowering the yolk cholesterols.

Keywords : Red yeast, Sporidiobolus pararoseus, productive performance, egg yolk color, egg yolk cholesterol, laying hens

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ýúåĔ÷ąŇĐ : âĕĆú÷ĈĐèüĘĨĄĘĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋğāĚħĐċęâČĕÿĈãĐèâĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷è (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) øŇĐ þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėø čĘĠĈēåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷èãĐèģâŇģãŇ ĢëňģâŇģãŇāĔüûěŋ Isa Brown 240 øĔĊ Đĕąě 23 čĔþ÷ĕĎŋ ĠýŇè ğþŎü 60 âĆè ĥĈē 4 øĔĊ ĊĕèĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýýčěŇĄčĄýĜĆöŋ þĆēâĐý÷ňĊąĐĕĎĕĆú÷ĈĐè 6 âĈěŇĄ ģ÷ňĠâŇ âĈěŇĄĐĕĎĕĆāĚĨü òĕü (CON) âĈěŇĄĐĕĎĕĆāĚĨüòĕüğčĆėĄąĘčøŋ Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) 2 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ âĈěŇĄĐĕĎĕĆāĚĨüòĕüğčĆėĄ ąĘčøŋĠ÷è 0.5, 1, 2 ĠĈē 4 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý ģâŇģãŇúěââĈěŇĄĄĘþĆėĄĕöĐĕĎĕĆúĘħâėüģ÷ňøŇĐĊĔüĠĈēğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋÿĈÿĈėøģãŇ ģĄŇĠøâøŇĕèâĔü (P>0.05) ģâŇģãŇâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýąĘčøŋ 2 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ĠĈēâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýąĘčøŋĠ÷è 1 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ãęĨüģþ ĄĘüĬĨĕ ĎüĔâģãŇğêĈĘħąøŇĐĂĐèĠĈēþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆĢëňĐĕĎĕĆ÷ĘãęĨü (P<0.05) âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èĢüþĆėĄĕöčĜèãęĨüúĬĕĢĎňģãŇĠ÷èĄĘčĘ ğãňĄãęĨüøĕĄĆē÷ĔýúĘħğčĆėĄ (P<0.05) Ćē÷ĔýåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷èãĐèâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýąĘčøŋĠ÷èúěâĆē÷ĔýøĬħĕâĊŇĕâĈěŇĄ CON (P<0.05) ĠøŇģĄŇĠøâøŇĕèâĔýâĈěŇĄ SC (P>0.05) Ćē÷ĔýâĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħğĎĄĕēčĄğúŇĕâĔý 1 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ čĬĕĎĆĔýâĕĆ þĆĔýþĆěèčĘģãŇĠ÷èĠĈēâĕĆĈ÷þĆėĄĕöåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷è

åĬĕčĬĕåĔî : ąĘčøŋĠ÷è Sporidiobolus pararoseus þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėø čĘģãŇĠ÷è åĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷è ģâŇģãŇ

ÝĢċòĢċ

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü

ģãŇģâŇĄĘåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈğþŎüĐèåŋþĆēâĐýĐąĜŇčĜè ùęè 180-250 Ąâ./ĂĐè čĄĕåĄġĆåĎĔĊĢéãĐèĐğĄĆėâĕ ĠüēüĬĕĊŇĕģĄŇåĊĆģ÷ňĆĔýåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈğâėü 300 Ąâ./ĊĔü (Krauss et al., 2000) čŇèÿĈĢĎňåüčĜèĐĕąěĠĈēÿĜňúĘħĄĘ åĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüğĈĚĐ÷čĜèĄĔâĎĈĘâğĈĘħąèâĕĆýĆėġăåģãŇģâŇ ÿĜ ň ÿ Ĉė ø ģãŇ ģ âŇ éę è ĎĕĠüĊúĕèčĬ ĕ ĎĆĔ ý âĕĆÿĈė ø ģãŇ ģ âŇ úĘħ ĄĘ åĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈøĬħĕ ğāĚħĐčĐ÷åĈňĐèâĔýåĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆãĐè ÿĜňýĆėġăå âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋ Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ģü ĐĕĎĕĆģâŇ ģ ãŇ ùĚ Đ ğþŎ ü Ċė ûĘ úĘħ ģ ÷ň ĆĔ ý åĊĕĄüė ą ĄĢüâĕĆĈ÷ þĆėĄĕöåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇ (Yaçin et al., 2012) üĐâéĕâüĘĨ čĘãĐèģãŇĠ÷èùĚĐğþŎüþŌééĔąčĬĕåĔîĢüâĕĆ øĔ÷čėüĢéãĐèÿĜňýĆėġăå čĕĆčĘġ÷ąğêāĕē ĠåġĆúĘüĐą÷ŋ éęèùĜâğčĆėĄĢüĐĕĎĕĆģâŇģãŇ ąĘčøŋĠ÷è (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) ĄĘĠåġĆúĘüĐą÷ŋğþŎüčĕĆĆèåĊĔøùěĎĈĔâ éęèĄĘ ċĔâąăĕāĢüâĕĆğþŎüčĕĆğčĆėĄčĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇģãŇ ÷ĔèüĔĨü èĕü ĊėéĔąüĘĨéęèĄĘĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋğāĚħĐċęâČĕÿĈãĐèğčĆėĄąĘčøŋčĘĠ÷è øŇĐþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøčĘĠĈēþĆėĄĕöåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈ ĢüģãŇĠ÷èãĐèģâŇģãŇ

ģâŇģãŇāĔüûěŋ Isa Brown Đĕąě 23 čĔþ÷ĕĎŋ éĬĕüĊü 240 øĔĊ ùĜâčěŇĄğþŎü 6 âĈěŇĄĥ Ĉē 10 ìĬĨĕĥĈē 4 øĔĊ ĊĕèĠÿü âĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýýčěŇĄčĄýĜĆöŋĢĎňģ÷ňĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆ ÷ĔèüĘĨ âĈěŇĄ 1 ĐĕĎĕĆāĚĨüòĕü (CON) âĈěŇĄ 2 ĐĕĎĕĆāĚĨüòĕüğčĆėĄ ąĘčøŋ S. cerevisiae (SC) 2 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ âĈěŇĄ 3-6 ĐĕĎĕĆāĚĨüòĕüğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷è (Sporid. pararoseus) úĘħ Ćē÷Ĕý 0.5, 1, 2, ĠĈē 4 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý ĢĎňüĬĨĕ ĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆĠýýğøĦĄúĘħ ú÷ĈĐèğþŎüĆēąēğĊĈĕ 12 čĔþ÷ĕĎŋ ýĔüúęâãňĐĄĜĈþĆėĄĕöĐĕĎĕĆúĘħâėüúěâčĔþ÷ĕĎŋ ÿĈÿĈėøģãŇ ĠĈēüĬĨĕĎüĔâģãŇúěâĊĔü ğāĚħĐċęâČĕþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėø ãĐèģâŇģãŇ ğĄĚħĐčėĨüčě÷âĕĆú÷ĈĐèčěŇĄğâĦýøĔĊĐąŇĕèģãŇ ìĬĨĕ Ĉē 2 ĂĐè ğāĚħĐþĆēğĄėüåēĠüüčĘģãŇĠ÷èġ÷ąĢëňāĔ÷ğúĘąý čĘģãŇ ĠĈēĊėğåĆĕēĎŋþĆėĄĕöåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷è (Pasin et al., 1998) ĊėğåĆĕēĎŋåĊĕĄĠþĆþĆĊüĠĈē ğþĆĘ ą ýğúĘ ą ýåĊĕĄĠøâøŇ ĕ èĆēĎĊŇ ĕ èåŇ ĕ ğêĈĘħ ą ġ÷ąĊė ûĘ Duncan’s New Multiple Range Tests

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õþÚċüðíþĆà

ĀčáċüìĿ

âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èĢüĐĕĎĕĆģĄŇĄĘÿĈøŇĐþĆėĄĕö ĐĕĎĕĆúĘħâėüģ÷ňøŇĐĊĔü ĠĈēğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋÿĈÿĈėøģãŇ (P>0.05) âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 2 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ëŇĊą þĆĔýþĆěèüĬĨĕĎüĔâģãŇğêĈĘħąøŇĐĂĐè (P<0.05) ĠĈēâĕĆ ğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 1 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ čĕĄĕĆùğāėħĄ þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆĢëňĐĕĎĕĆ ğĄĚħĐğúĘąýâĔýâĈěŇĄ CON ĠøŇ ģĄŇĠøâøŇĕèâĔýâĈěŇĄ SC ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄ âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋ Ġ÷èúĬĕĢĎňøňüúěüåŇĕĐĕĎĕĆğāėħĄčĜèãęĨü (P<0.05) øĕĄ Ćē÷ĔýąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħğčĆėĄ (Table 1) âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħ Ćē÷Ĕý 1 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ãęĨüģþúĬĕĢĎňčĘģãŇĠ÷èğãňĄĄĕâãęĨü (P<0.05) ğĄĚħĐğúĘąýâĔýâĈěŇĄ CON ĠĈēâĈěŇĄ SC üĐâéĕâ üĘĨ âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷è 0.5 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ãęĨüģþ ąĔèúĬĕĢĎň þĆėĄĕöåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷èĈ÷Ĉè (P<0.05) ğĄĚħĐ ğúĘąýâĔýâĈěŇĄ CON

âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èëŇĊąþĆĔýþĆěèþĆēčėúûėăĕā âĕĆÿĈėø ĠĈēĈ÷åĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷èğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔý âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋ S. cerevisiae úĘħĆē÷Ĕý 2 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ úĔĨèüĘĨĠĄüġüġĐĈėġâĠìååĕģĆ÷ŋ (mannooligosac-charides, MOS) ĠĈēğýøňĕâĜĠåü (beta glucan) úĘħğþŎüĐèåŋ þĆēâĐýĎĈĔâãĐèÿüĔèğìĈĈŋąĘčøŋëŇĊąâĆēøěňüâĕĆğéĆėî ğøėýġøãĐèğëĚĨĐúĘħğþŎüþĆēġąëüŋ (probiotic) čŇèÿĈĢĎň ğëĚĨĐâŇĐġĆå (pathogen) Ĉ÷Ĉè úĬĕĢĎňčĔøĊŋĢëňþĆēġąëüŋ éĕâġăëüēģ÷ňĐąŇĕèĄĘþĆēčėúûėăĕā (Yaçin et al., 2012) üĐâéĕâüĘĨ ÿüĔèğìĈĈŋąĘčøŋąĔèĄĘåěöčĄýĔøėĢüâĕĆ÷Ĝ÷ìĔý åĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüúĕèğ÷ėüĐĕĎĕĆ (Bell et al., 1999) úĬĕĢĎňģâŇ÷Ĝ÷ìęĄåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈģþčēčĄĢüģãŇģ÷ňüňĐąĈè ĐĘâúĔĨèĠåġĆúĘüĐą÷ŋĢüąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĬĕĢĎňčĘģãŇĠ÷èğãňĄãęĨü øĕĄĆē÷ĔýąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħğčĆėĄĢüĐĕĎĕĆúĘħģâŇģãŇģ÷ňĆĔý

Table 1 Effects of dietary supplementation with red yeast on productive performance and egg yolk quality of laying hens Control

SC 2 g/kg Feed intake (g/day/hen) 107.60 108.32 Hen-day egg production (%) 94.42 94.06 Egg weight (g) 59.30b 62.12a Feed ef ciency (kg feed/ kg egg) 1.94a 1.89b Feed cost/ gain (Bath/kg egg) 37.48e 37.27e Egg yolk color (Roche egg yolk color fan) 9.80d 9.80d Egg yolk cholesterol (mg/g) 15.94a 12.66cd Parameter

a,b,c,d,e

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Red yeast (g/kg) 0.5 1 2 107.20 108.07 107.96 95.07 95.5 95.6 60.26ab 61.30ab 62.67a 1.93a 1.90b 1.88b 38.73d 39.56c 41.96b 10.30d 11.20c 12.20b 14.35b 13.40c 12.66cd

SEM 4 107.65 94.26 61.22ab 1.90b 47.83a 13.10a 12.39d

Mean values with different letter in the same row indicate signi cant differences (P<0.05).

0.65 4.17 0.71 0.01 0.06 0.22 0.21

ăüđô âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 2 ĠĈē 1 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ğāėħĄüĬĨĕĎüĔâģãŇøŇĐĂĐè ĠĈēþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆĢëňĐĕĎĕĆ øĕĄ ĈĬĕ÷Ĕý âĕĆğčĆėĄąĘčøŋĠ÷èúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 1 â./ââ. ĐĕĎĕĆ ãęĨüģþ úĬĕĢĎňčĘģãŇĠ÷èğãňĄãęĨüĠĈēþĆėĄĕöåĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈĢüģãŇĠ÷èĈ÷Ĉè éęèğþŎüčĕĆğčĆėĄĐĕĎĕĆģâŇģãŇúĘħüŇĕčüĢé ëŇĊąĢĎňÿĜňýĆėġăåĢĎňĎĔüĄĕýĆėġăåģãŇģâŇĄĕâãęĨü

ÚčîîčÚüüúôüĉÚċā ãĐãĐýåěö ýĆėČĔúğéĆėîġăåăĔöôŋĐĕĎĕĆ éĬĕâĔ÷ (ĄĎĕëü) čĬĕĎĆĔýâĕĆčüĔýčüěüčĔøĊŋú÷ĈĐèĠĈēýĔöôėøĊėúąĕĈĔą ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğëĘąèĢĎĄŇ čĬĕĎĆĔýúěüĊėéĔąýĕèčŇĊüĢüåĆĔĨèüĘĨ

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà Bell, S., V. M. Goldman, B. R. Bistrian, A. H. Arnold, G. Ostroff and R. A. Forse. 1999. Effect of β-glucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 39: 189-202.

Krauss, R. M. R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg,T. A. Kotchen, A. H. Lichtenstein, W. E. Mitch, R. Mullis, K. Robinson, J. Wylie-Rosett, S. Jeor, J. Suttie, D. L. Tribble and T. L. Bazzarre. 2000. Aha dietary guidelines: Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the american heart association. Circulation 102: 2284-2299.

Pasin, G., G. M. Smith and M. O’Mahony. 1998. Rapid determination of total cholesterol in egg yolk using commercial diagnostic cholesterol reagent. Food Chemistry 61: 255-259.

Yaçin, S., S. Yaçin, K. Uzunoglu, H. M. Duyum and Ö. Eltan. 2012. Effects of dietary yeast autolysate (saccharomyces cerevisiae) and black cumin seed (nigella sativa l.) on performance, egg traits, some blood characteristics and antibody production of laying hens. Livestock Science 145: 13-20.

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áĊòðüĿĖüú āüĎăđÛ 1/ ñòċðč÷ûĿ ăđĀüüìėăùĎ 1/āÚü ÝđìĀđëčýðñčüì 1/ ăđùċ÷ü Ćčăüčėûíú 1/ ĖþĉăċėüáòĿ ĕáĎûüĉÝàúĊĝò 2/ Janram Srisuk 1/ Thanathip Suwanasopee 1/*,Skorn Koonawootrittriron 1/ Supaporn Isariyodom 1/ and Saroj Jiarakongman 2/

Abstract : Cock ghting is a part of culture in Southeast Asian countries.

Fighting ability has been improved over times by both training and genetic selection. The objectives of the current study were to describe frequency and association between ghting styles and attacking sites of Thai, Myanmar and Vietnamese ghting cocks. In the study, 2,060 cocks were evaluated for 16 ghting styles and 9 attacking sites at each ghting times (4,759 ghting times). Frequency of ghting styles and attacking sites of all cocks were described, and then they were used to characterize association between them using Chi-square and Phi coef cient. The single ghting style was most frequently found in Vietnamese cocks (29.2% of the Vietnamese cocks), while the highest frequency of triple ghting styles was found in Thai cocks (36.3% of the Thai cocks). However, most cocks performed 2 ghting styles (45.6% for Thai, 44.0% for Myanmar, and 59.9% for Vietnamese) with 2 attacking sites (49.8% for Thai, 70.2% for Myanmar, and 61.2% for Vietnamese) in each ght. Moreover, ghting styles had positive correlation with the attacking sites in all genetic groups (0.45 for to 0.65; P < 0.0001).

Keywords : Fighting cock, ghting style, attacking site 32

ýúåĔ÷ąŇĐ : âĕĆëüģâŇğþŎüčŇĊüĎüęħèãĐèĊĔõüûĆĆĄĢüþĆēğúċğĐğëĘąøēĊĔüĐĐâğêĘąèĢøň åĊĕĄčĕĄĕĆùĢüâĕĆëüùĜâ āĔõüĕĄĕĐąŇĕèøŇĐğüĚħĐèúĔĨèġ÷ąâĕĆĀŀâĠĈēåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâāĔüûěŋ âĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨĄĘĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋğāĚħĐĠč÷èåĊĕĄùĘħĠĈēþĆēğĄėüåĊĕĄ čĔĄāĔüûŋĆēĎĊŇĕè ëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘãĐèģâŇëüģúą āĄŇĕ ĠĈēğĊĘą÷üĕĄ ģâŇëü 2,060 øĔĊ ùĜâþĆēğĄėüåĊĕĄùĘħãĐè ëĔĨüğëėè (16 ëĔĨüğëėè) ĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇè (9 øĬĕĠĎüŇè) ĢüâĕĆ øĘĠøŇĈēåĆĔĨè (4,759 åĆĔĨè) åĊĕĄùĘħãĐèëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘ ãĐèģâŇëüúěâøĔĊùĜâāĆĆöüĕĠĈēüĬĕĄĕĢëňĢüâĕĆþĆēğĄėüåĊĕĄčĔĄāĔüûŋġ÷ąĢëňģåčĠåĊĆŋĠĈēčĔĄþĆēčėúûėīĂĿ ëĔĨüğëėèĆĜþ Ġýýğ÷ĘąĊùĜâāýĄĕâúĘħčě÷ĢüģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ (ĆňĐąĈē 29.2 ãĐèģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ) ĢüãöēúĘħåĊĕĄùĘħčĜèčě÷ãĐèëĔĨüğëėè 3 ĆĜþ ĠýýùĜâāýĢüģâŇëüģúą (ĆňĐąĈē 36.3 ãĐèģâŇëüģúą) ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄ ĢüâĕĆøĘĠøŇĈēåĆĔĨè ģâŇëüčŇĊüĢĎîŇĄĘ 2 ëĔĨüğëėè (ĆňĐą Ĉē 45.6 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüģúą 44.0 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüāĄŇĕ ĠĈē 59.9 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ) ĠĈēøĘ 2 øĬĕĠĎüŇè (ĆňĐąĈē 49.8 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüģúą 70.2 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüāĄŇĕ ĠĈē 61.2 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ) üĐâéĕâüĘĨ ëĔĨüğëėèâĕĆøĘĄĘčĎčĔĄāĔüûŋğëėè ýĊââĔýøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘĢüģâŇëüúěââĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋ (0.45 ùęè 0.65; P<0.0001)

åĬĕčĬĕåĔî : ģâŇëü ëĔĨüğëėè øĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘ

ÝĢċòĢċ

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü

âĕĆëüģâŇ ğ þŎ ü čŇ Ċ üĎüęħ è ãĐèĊĔ õ üûĆĆĄĢü þĆēğúċğĐğëĘąøēĊĔüĐĐâğêĘąèĢøň ģâŇëüğþŎüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè úĘħĄĘĆĜþĆŇĕèþĆĕ÷ğþĆĘąĊ ĠãĦèĠĆè Đ÷úü ĠĈēëĐýâĕĆ øŇĐčĜň éęèùĜâåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâĠĈēãąĕąāĔüûěŋčĬĕĎĆĔýâĘďĕëüģâŇ ğĄĚħĐģâŇëü ĄĘĐĕąěþĆēĄĕö 8 ùęè 10 ğ÷ĚĐü éēùĜâåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâ ģþĢëňøŇĐčĜňĢüčüĕĄĠãŇèãĔü ġ÷ąāėéĕĆöĕéĕâëĔĨüğëėèĠĈē øĬ ĕ ĠĎüŇ è âĕĆøĘ ĢüþŌ é éě ýĔ ü ģâŇ ë üúĘħ üė ą ĄğĈĘĨ ą èĢü þĆēğúċģúą ĄĘéĬĕüĊü 3 čĕąāĔüûěŋ åĚĐ ģâŇëüčĕąāĔüûěŋ ģúą āĄŇĕ ĠĈēğĊĘą÷üĕĄ (ĐăėëĔą, 2537) åĊĕĄĎĈĕâ ĎĈĕąãĐèčĕąāĔ ü ûě ŋ ģ âŇ ë ü÷Ĕ è âĈŇ ĕ Ċ ĐĕéğþŎ ü þŌ é éĔ ą úĘħ čĬĕåĔîøŇĐâĕĆĠč÷èĈĔâČöēâĕĆøŇĐčĜňúĘħĠøâøŇĕèâĔü ÷Ĕè üĔĨüâĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨéęèĄĘĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋ ğāĚħĐċęâČĕùęè ëĔĨü ğëėè ĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘãĐèģâŇëüĠøŇĈēčĕąāĔüûěŋ ğāĚħĐ ğþŎ ü ĠüĊúĕèĢüâĕĆāĔ õ üĕģâŇ ë üúĘħ ĄĘ ĈĔ â Čöē÷Ę ĠĈē ğþŎüâĕĆĐüěĆĔâČŋāĔüûěâĆĆĄģâŇëüĢĎň÷ĬĕĆèĐąĜŇøŇĐģþ

ãň Đ ĄĜ Ĉ úĘħ Ģ ëň Ģ üâĕĆċę â ČĕåĆĔĨ è üĘĨ þ ĆēâĐý÷ň Ċ ą āĔüûěŋþĆēĊĔøė âĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋ ĠĈēĈĔâČöēâĕĆøŇĐčĜňãĐèģâŇëü 2,060 øĔĊ ìęħèþĆēâĐý÷ňĊąģâŇëüģúą 1,446 øĔĊ ģâŇëü āĄŇĕ 444 øĔĊ ĠĈēģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ 170 øĔĊ úĘħğĈĘĨąè÷Ĝġ÷ą ċĜüąŋĊėéĔąĠĈēāĔõüĕģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè éĔèĎĊĔ÷ëĈýěĆĘ ğĆėħĄğãňĕ ú÷čĐýāĔüûěŋúĘħĐĕąěğêĈĘħą 11 ğ÷ĚĐü ĠĈēé÷ýĔüúęâãňĐĄĜĈ âĕĆøŇĐčĜãň ĐèģâŇëüåĆĔèĨ Ĉē 10 üĕúĘ ġ÷ąÿĜĄň þĘ ĆēčýâĕĆöŋ úĬĕĎüňĕúĘħčĔèğâø ĢĎňåēĠüü ĠĈēýĔüúęâÿĈâĕĆú÷čĐý ĈèĢüĢýĆĕąèĕüÿĈâĕĆú÷čĐýāĔüûěŋ ĢüĆēĎĊŇĕèþĿ ā.ċ.

2554 ùęè ā.ċ. 2556 ãňĐĄĜĈúĘħċęâČĕĠýŇèĈĔâČöēâĕĆøŇĐčĜň ĐĐâğþŎü 2 ĈĔâČöē åĚĐ ëĔĨüğëėè éĬĕüĊü 16 ëĔĨüğëėè (3,768 ãňĐĄĜĈ) ĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘ éĬĕüĊü 9 øĬĕĠĎüŇè (4,191 ãňĐĄĜĈ) ìęħèģâŇëüĠøŇĈēøĔĊĄĘâĕĆĠč÷èëĔĨüğëėèĠĈē øĬĕĠĎüŇè ĢüâĕĆøĘĠøŇĈēåĆĔĨè 1 ùęè 3 ĆĜþĠýý ãňĐĄĜĈâĕĆ øŇĐčĜňãĐèģâŇëüùĜâüĬĕĄĕåĬĕüĊöåŇĕčùėøėğëėèāĆĆöüĕ

33

ğāĚħĐāėéĕĆöĕëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘ ĠĈēþĆēğĄėü åĊĕĄčĔĄāĔüûŋĆēĎĊŇĕèëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘãĐè ģâŇëüĠøŇĈēâĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋ ÷ňĊąģåčĠåĊĆŋĠĈēčĔĄþĆēčėúûėī ĂĿ (SAS, 2003)

õþÚċüðíþĆàĖþĉĀčáċüìĿ åĊĕĄùĘħãĐèëĔĨüğëėèéĬĕüĊü 2 ĆĜþĠýýĄĘåŇĕčĜèčě÷ ĢüģâŇëüúěââĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋ ìęħèĄĘåŇĕĆēĎĊŇĕèĆňĐąĈē 44.0 ùęè 59.9 (Table 1) ġ÷ąģâŇëüģúąĠĈēģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄĠč÷è ëĔĨüğëėèğĈĘĨąĊĠĈēâĔ÷ýŇĕøĘĄĕâúĘħčě÷ùęèĆňĐąĈē 68.78 ĠĈē 48.04 øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý ĢüãöēúĘħ ģâŇëüāĄŇĕĠč÷èëĔĨüğëėèġąâ øĘĠĈēĠãňèğþĈŇĕĄĕâúĘħčě÷ åė÷ğþŎüĆňĐąĈē 35.90 úĔĨèüĘĨ āý ģâŇğëėèğ÷ĘąĊĢüģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄĄĕâúĘħčě÷ čŇĊüģâŇëüúĘħĄĘ ëĔĨ ü ğëė è ĎĈĕâĎĈĕąéēāýĢü ģâŇ ë üģúąĄĕâúĘħ čě ÷ čĐ÷åĈňĐè âĔýâĕĆċęâČĕãĐè ûğüċĆŋ (2544) úĘħĆĕąèĕü ĊŇĕ ģâŇëüģúąĄĘëĔĨüğëėèĄĕââĊŇĕ ģâŇëüāĄŇĕĠĈēģâŇëü ğĊĘą÷üĕĄ ĆňĐąĈē 29.2 ãĐèâĈěŇĄģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄúĔĨèĎĄ÷ ğüĚħ Đ èéĕâģâŇ ë üğĊĘ ą ÷üĕĄĄĘ ã üĕ÷ĈĬ ĕ øĔ Ċ ĢĎîŇ â ĊŇ ĕ ğĄĚħ Đ ğúĘąýâĔýģâŇëüģúąĠĈēģâŇëüāĄŇĕ éęèĄĘëĔĨüğëėèüňĐąĠĈē øĘëňĕ (ĐăėëĔą, 2537)

34

åĊĕĄùĘħãĐèøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘ éĬĕüĊü 2 ĆĜþĠýý ĄĘåĊĕĄùĘħčĜèúĘħčě÷čĬĕĎĆĔýúěââĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋ ġ÷ąĄĘåŇĕĆēĎĊŇĕè ĆňĐąĈē 49.8 ùęè 70.2 (Table 1) ìęħèģâŇëüúĘħĄĘøĬĕĠĎüŇè âĕĆøĘĎĈĕâĎĈĕąĄĔâāýĢüģâŇëüģúąĄĕâúĘħčě÷ùęèĆňĐą Ĉē 20.7 ãĐèâĈěŇĄģâŇëüģúą ĆĐèĈèĄĕ åĚĐ âĈěŇĄģâŇëü ğĊĘą÷üĕĄ (ĆňĐąĈē 10.2) ĠĈēâĈěŇĄģâŇëüāĄŇĕ (ĆňĐąĈē 9.5) øĕĄĈĬ ĕ ÷Ĕ ý ĐąŇ ĕ èģĆâĦ ø ĕĄ âĕĆċę â ČĕğâĘħ ą ĊâĔ ý øĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘãĐèģâŇëüąĔèĄĘéĬĕüĊüéĬĕâĔ÷ úĔĨèüĘĨ ĊĘĆē ğ÷ë (2543) ĆēýěĊŇĕ ģâŇëüāĄŇĕčŇĊüĢĎîŇĄĘøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆ øĘýĆėğĊöĢýĎüňĕ ĢüãöēúĘħģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄĄĔâĐĐâĐĕĊěû úĘħĈĬĕøĔĊãĐèåĜŇøŇĐčĜňğþŎüĎĈĔâ ëĔĨ ü ğëė è ĠĈēøĬ ĕ ĠĎüŇ è âĕĆøĘ ã ĐèâĈě Ň Ą ģâŇ ë üĄĘ åĊĕĄčĔĄāĔüûŋğëėèýĊâìęħèâĔüĠĈēâĔü (P<0.0001) ġ÷ąĄĘ åŇĕčĔĄþĆēčėúûėīĂĿ ğúŇĕâĔý 0.65 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüģúą 0.45 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüāĄŇĕ ĠĈē 0.65 čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ ÿĈâĕĆċęâČĕëĘĨĢĎňğĎĦüĊŇĕ ģâŇëüģúąĠĈēģâŇëüğĊĘą÷üĕĄ ĄĘëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘĐąŇĕèĄĘĆĜþĠýý ĠĈēĄĘåĊĕĄ čĔĄāĔüûŋâĔüĄĕââĊŇĕâĕĆĠč÷èëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆ øĘãĐèģâŇëüāĄŇĕ

ăüđô

ÚčîîčÚüüúôüĉÚċā

åĊĕĄùĘħãĐèëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘĄĘåĊĕĄ ĠøâøŇĕèâĔüøĕĄâĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋãĐèģâŇëü ġ÷ąĢüĠøŇĈēåĆĔĨè ãĐèâĕĆøĘ ģâŇëüčŇĊüĢĎîŇĢüúěââĈěŇĄāĔüûěŋĄĘ 2 ëĔĨüğëėè ĠĈēøĘ 2 øĬĕĠĎüŇè ġ÷ąëĔĨüğëėèĠĈēøĬĕĠĎüŇèâĕĆøĘĄĘåĊĕĄ čĔĄāĔüûŋĢüëŇĊè 0.45 ùęè 0.65

âĕĆċęâČĕüĘĨğþŎüčŇĊüĎüęħèãĐèġåĆèâĕĆĊėéĔąāĎě čĔĄāĔüûŋåüâĔýģâŇ (HCMR; Human-Chicken Multi Relationship Research) ġåĆèâĕĆĐĔ ü ğüĚħ Đ èĄĕéĕâ āĆēĆĕë÷ĬĕĆėĢüğéňĕëĕąĐĕâėíėġü ġüĄėąĕ ĂĜĄėđėġøē ĠĎŇè þĆēğúċîĘħþěłü ăĕąĢøňāĆēĆĕëĜþùĔĄăŋĢüčĄğ÷ĦéāĆēğúā ĆĔ ø üĆĕëčě ÷ ĕĒ čąĕĄýĆĄĆĕëâě Ą ĕĆĘ åöēÿĜ ň Ċė éĔ ą ãĐ ãĐýåěöċĜüąŋĊėéĔąĠĈēāĔõüĕģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè éĔèĎĊĔ÷ëĈýěĆĘ čĬĕĎĆĔýãňĐĄĜĈúĘħĢëňĢüâĕĆċęâČĕ

Table 1 Frequency and percentage of fighting styles and attacking sites by genetic group Pattern N One Two Three Total

519 1,311 1,044 2,874

One Two Three Total

839 1,419 590 2,848

Myanmar Thai Percentage N Percentage ---- Fighting styles ---18.1 136 27.2 45.6 220 44.0 36.3 144 28.8 100.0 500 100.0 ---- Attacking sites --29.5 193 20.3 49.8 666 70.2 20.7 90 9.5 100.0 949 100.0

Vietnamese N Percentage 115 236 43 394

29.2 59.9 10.9 100.0

113 241 40 394

28.7 61.2 10.2 100.0

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà ûğüċĆŋ ýěîøĕĠčè. 2544. ģâŇëüâĔýĊėùĘëĘĊėøģúą. ĊėúąĕüėāüûŋþĆėîîĕġú, ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąĆĕëăĔñğĈą, ğĈą. 299 Ďüňĕ. ĊĘĆēğ÷ë āēğąĕċėĆėāèċŋ. 2543. ģâŇëüąěåġĈâĕăėĊĔõüŋ. âĆĘüāĐąúŋġþĆ÷Ĕâìŋ éĬĕâĔ÷, âĆěèğúāĒ. 175 Ďüňĕ ĐăėëĔą ĆĔøüĊĆĕĎē. 2537. ģâŇëü ğúåüėåâĕĆÿčĄāĔüûěŋĠĈēâĕĆğĈĘĨąè÷Ĝ. čĎĄėøĆĐĐĂğìú, âĆěèğúāĒ. 70 Ďüňĕ.

SAS, 2003. SAS OnlineDoc 9.1.3. SAS Institute In., Cary, NC, USA.

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òċàăċĀíüđìĎ ėăùċ òĊÚĀčãċÚċüăĊîĀóċþãĢċòċæÚċü÷čĕāĂ

üââĆēúĕ

ĄĘğĈĘąĨ èâĆēéĕąāĔüûěģŋ þĢüúěâúĊĘþ úĔĨèġĈâğâŇĕ (ąěġĆþ ğĐğëĘą ĠĐĂĆėâĕ) ĠĈēġĈâĢĎĄŇ (ĐğĄĆėâĕğĎüĚ ĐğĄĆėâĕĢøň ĐĐčğøĆğĈĘą) ğþŎüüâúĘħĄüěČąŋ üėąĄğĈĘĨąèğāĚħĐýĆėġăåğüĚĨĐĠĈēģãŇğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆ ĄĘýĕèčŇĊü úĘħğĈĘĨąèğāĚħĐåĊĕĄğāĈė÷ğāĈėü ğëŇü üââĆēúĕîĘħþěłü (Coturnix japonica) ğ÷ėĄğĈĘĨąèğāĚħĐĂŌèğčĘąèĆňĐèåĈňĕą üâğãĕ ĠøŇøŇĐĄĕģ÷ňĄĘâĕĆāĔõüĕĄĕğĈĘĨąèğāĚħĐýĆėġăåğüĚĨĐ ĠĈēģãŇ ìęħèüââĆēúĕúĘħüėąĄýĆėġăåâĔüĢüþĆēğúċģúą âĦ ğ þŎ ü üââĆēúĕëüė ÷ üĘĨ þ Ō é éě ýĔ ü ğâČøĆâĆĢüĎĈĕą þĆēğúċģ÷ňúĬĕĂĕĆŋĄğāĕēğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕÿĈėøģãŇĐĐâčĜŇ øĈĕ÷ĢüþĆēğúċğþŎüĎĈĔâ ĆĊĄúĔĨèþĆēğúċģúą úĘħğāĕē ğĈĘĨąèâĔüĄĕâĢüĠùýéĔèĎĊĔ÷ăĕåâĈĕè ġ÷ąğêāĕēĐąŇĕè ąėħèĢü é.ĐŇĕèúĐè ĠøŇĂĕĆŋĄüââĆēúĕâĦĄĘâĆēéĔ÷âĆēéĕą ĐąĜŇĢüúěâăĜĄėăĕåãĐèþĆēğúċ ĠĈēąĔèģĄŇĄĘĆĕąĈēğĐĘą÷ ğâĘħąĊâĔýâĕĆčŇèğþŎüčėüåňĕĐĐâ

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òÚÚüĉðċæĎĝôđĶò (Japanese quail) îĘħþěłüğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕĄĕĎĈĕąĆňĐąþĿĠĈňĊ ġ÷ą ğĈĘĨąèğþŎüčĔøĊŋğĈĘĨąèğāĆĕēĄĘĆĜþĆŇĕèĠĈēĈĔâČöēüėčĔąüŇĕ ğĐĦü÷Ĝ ğčĘąèãĔüĠéňĊğéĚħĐą čĔüüėČòĕüĊŇĕĐĕéğĈĘĨąèâĔü øĔĨèĠøŇċøĊĆĆČúĘħčėýğĐĦ÷ ĐĕéğþŎüüâāĚĨüğāğ÷ėĄĎĆĚĐ ĐĕéüĬĕğãňĕĄĕéĕâéĘü ÿŇĕüğâĕĎĈĘ ğãňĕîĘħþěłüĢüĆĕĊĥ čĄĔąğ÷ĘąĊâĔüüĔħüğĐèýĕèåüčĔüüėČòĕüĊŇĕ üâëüė÷üĘĨ ąň ĕ ąùėħ ü ĎüĘ ć ÷Ĝ Ď üĕĊĈèĄĕúĕèúēğĈğĄ÷ė ğ øĐğĆğüĘ ą ü üĔýĊŇĕğþŎüĆēąēúĕèģâĈĄĕâìęħèøňĐèğĎüĦ÷ğĎüĚħĐąĐė÷ġĆą ĢüâĕĆğ÷ėüúĕèĠĈēčĜňâĔýăĔąûĆĆĄëĕøė øĈĐ÷éüâĕĆ ùĜâ÷ĔâéĔýéĕâĄüěČąŋ ĠĈēčĔøĊŋûĆĆĄëĕøėøŇĕèĥ ĠùĊ ĐĘąėþøŋ ĠøŇâĦģĄŇþĆĕâñýĔüúęâĆĕąèĕüğĆĚħĐèüĘĨĢüåĔĄăĘĆŋ ģýğýėĨĈĊŇĕ ğåąĄĘâĕĆğĈĘĨąèüâëüė÷üĘĨúĘħüĔħü

ĎĈĔ â òĕüýĔ ü úę â âĈŇ ĕ Ċùę è üââĆēúĕğþŎ ü åĆĔĨ è ĠĆâ ĆĕąèĕüĊŇĕüâëüė÷üĘĨģ÷ňĄĘâĕĆğĆėħĄğĈĘĨąèâĔüĢüþĆēğúċ îĘħþěłüøĔĨèĠøŇċøĊĆĆČúĘħ 12 čĄĔąüĔĨüğĈĘĨąèģĊňĂŌèğčĘąèĆňĐè ğúŇĕüĔĨü éüâĆēúĔħèĆĕĊþĿ ā.ċ. 2453 ùęè 2471 éĬĕüĊüüâ âĆēúĕúĘħğĈĘĨąèģ÷ňúĊĘĄĕâãęĨüĐąŇĕèĆĊ÷ğĆĦĊøĕĄğĄĚĐèøŇĕèĥ ġ÷ąğêāĕēĐąŇĕèąėħèĢüĠùýğĄĚĐèġøğâĘąĊ üĕġâąĕ âėĂĜ ĠĈēġøġąđĕëė ìęħèğþŎüĆēąēğ÷ĘąĊâĔüâĔýâĕĆãąĕąøĔĊãĐè éĔâĆĊĆĆ÷ėüėąĄãĐèîĘħþěłü üââĆēúĕëüė÷üĘĨéęèģ÷ňãąĕą āĔüûěŋģþąĔèğâĕĎĈĘ éĘüĠĈēģøňĎĊĔü ĢüğĊĈĕğ÷ĘąĊâĔüģ÷ňĄĘ âĕĆåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâþĆĔýþĆěèāĔüûěŋüââĆēúĕĢĎňĄĘĈĔâČöēøŇĕèĥ ĐĕúėğëŇü čĘãü ãüĕ÷ãĐèĆŇĕèâĕąĠĈēâĕĆĢĎňģãŇ÷â ĠøŇ āĔüûěŋøŇĕèĥ úĘħģ÷ňåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâģĊňğĎĈŇĕüĘĨğâĚĐýøňĐèčĜîāĔüûěŋģþ ĢüĆēĎĊŇĕèčèåĆĕĄġĈâåĆĔĨèúĘħčĐèğĎĈĚĐĐąĜŇĠĎŇèĈēğĈĦâ ĈēüňĐą úĘħġøġąđĕëėâĔýøĐüğĎüĚĐãĐèâĆěèġøğâĘąĊğúŇĕüĔĨü ĠĈēğĆėħĄĠøŇþĿ 2498 ğþŎüøňüĄĕ ģ÷ňĄĘâĕĆğĈĘĨąèãąĕąāĔüûěŋ ĢĎĄŇ ĐĘ â ĎĆĚ Đ ĐĕéĢëň ü ââĆēúĕþł ĕ ÿčĄâĔ ý üââĆēúĕ āĔüûěŋğ÷ėĄüĘĨğāĚħĐčĆňĕèāĔüûěŋøŇĐģþ úĘħčùĕüĘú÷ĈĐèğâČøĆ ĠĎŇèĎüęħèĢüîĘħþěłüĄĘâĕĆċęâČĕ÷ňĕüâĕĆÿčĄāĔüûěŋ âĕĆ ğéĆėîğøėýġøĠĈēâĕĆĢëňþĆēġąëüŋúĕè÷ňĕüĊėúąĕċĕčøĆŋ ġ÷ąĄĘğéňĕĎüňĕúĘħþĆēéĬĕğêāĕēčĕąèĕüüĘĨ (čěĊĆĆö, 2528)

òÚÚüĉðċæĎĝôđĶòĘòĕúĐĆàęðû ĢüĆĕĊþĿ ā.ċ. 2490–2498 ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔą ğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋģ÷ňúĬĕâĕĆčŇèğčĆėĄâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇ ĄĘğĐâëü ĎĈĕąúŇĕüğĆėħĄèĕüğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕģãŇ ýěååĈëĔĨüüĬĕúĘħčĆňĕè åěöþĆēġąëüŋĠâŇâĕĆğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕĢüğĄĚĐèģúąčĄĔą üĔĨü åĚĐ åěöĆĊĄ čèŇĕğĄĚĐè úŇĕüÿĜňüĘĨğþŎüýěååĈĠĆâúĘħčĔħè āĔüûěŋüââĆēúĕĄĕéĕâîĘħþěłü čĆňĕèâĆèĠĈēĐěþâĆöŋøŇĕèĥ éĬĕĎüŇĕąúĔħĊģþéüùęèþŌééěýĔü (čěĊĆĆö, 2528)

ğĐğëĘąąěġĆþ ĠĐĂĆėâĕ ĠĈēčĎĆĔòĐğĄĆėâĕ ìęħèĄĘĐąĜŇ ĄĕâĄĕąĎĈĕąāĔüûěŋ čĬĕĎĆĔýĢüğĄĚĐèģúąüĔĨüĄĘüââĆēúĕ îĘħþěłüĐąĜŇģĄŇüňĐąâĊŇĕ 12 ëüė÷ åĚĐ 1. üââĆēúĕąěġĆþ (European Quail) ğþŎüüâ ąňĕąùėħüúĘħĄĘĐąĜŇúĔħĊģþĢüąěġĆþĠĐĂĆėâĕĠĈēğĐğëĘą 2. üâåěŇĄĐâ÷Ĭĕ (Black-breasted Quail) 3. üâåěŇĄčĘ (Painted Quail) 4. üââĆēúĕúěŇè (Francolin) 5. ģâŇüĊĈ (Long-bilied Partridge) 6. üââĆēúĕ÷èåĐčĘĠč÷ (Rufous-throaed Tree Partridge) 7. üââĆēúĕ÷èĐâčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈ (Brown-breasted Tree Partridge) 8. üââĆēúĕ÷èéĔüúýĜĆöŋ (Cambodian Tree Partridge) 9. üââĆēúĕ÷èĠãĦèğãĘąĊ (Green-legged Tree Partridge) 10. üââĆēúĕčĐèğ÷ĚĐą (Ferruginous Wood Partridge) 11. ģâŇéěâ (Crested Wood Partridge) 12. üââĆēúĕþłĕģÿŇ (Crested Wood Partridge) üĐâéĕâüĘĨąĔèĄĘĐĘâ 3 ëüė÷ ìęħèģĄŇĢëŇüââĆēúĕ Ġúň Ġ øŇ ĄĘ ĆĜ þ úĆèĠĈēĈĊ÷ĈĕąčĘ ã üğëŇ ü ğ÷Ę ą ĊâĔ ý üâ âĆēúĕ ğāĘąèĠøŇĄĘãüĕ÷øĔĊúĘħğĈĦââĊŇĕğúŇĕüĔĨü üâ÷ĔèâĈŇĕĊ üĘĨëĕĊýňĕüğĆĘąâĊŇĕ üâåěŇĄ ìęħèģ÷ňĠâŇ 1. üâåěŇĄĐâğĈĦâ (Little button Quails) 2. üâåěŇĄĐâĢĎîŇ (Yellow-legged button Quails) 3. üâåěŇĄĐâĈĕą (Barred button Quails)

÷ĊòñđĿòÚÚüĉðċ

āĔüûěŋüââĆēúĕúĘħčĬĕåĔîĥ ĠĈēĆĜňéĔââĔü÷ĘĢü þŌééěýĔü ģ÷ňĠâŇ

üââĆēúĕîĘħþěłüğþŎüüâéĬĕāĊâąňĕąùėħüéĔ÷ĐąĜŇĢü øĆēâĜĈğ÷ĘąĊâĔýģâŇĂŃĕĠĈēģâŇþłĕ üââĆēúĕĄĘĐąĜŇúĔħĊģþĢü

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1. üââĆēúĕğĊĐĆŋéĘğüĘą(Bobhite quail) 2. üââĆēúĕĠåĈėĂĐĆŋğüĘą (California quail) 3. üââĆēúĕąěġĆþ (European quail) 4. üââĆēúĕîĘħþěłü (Japanese quail) üââĆēúĕîĘħþěłü ğþŎüāĔüûěŋúĘħĢëňğĈĘĨąèğĐĕģãŇğþŎü âĕĆåňĕ üâāĔüûěŋüĘĨĄĘãüĕ÷ĆĜþĆŇĕèčĘčĔüåĈňĕąâĔýüâåěŇĄ čŇĊüüââĆēúĕāĔüûěŋāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĘãüĕ÷øĔĊğúŇĕâĔýâĬĕþŌŐü ãüĕ÷âĈĕè čĘãüĈĕąčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈğãňĄĠøŇüââĆēúĕîĘħþěłüģãŇ ÷ââĊŇĕĄĕâ øĔĊğĄĘąéēĄĘčĘğúĕ÷ňĕüĈŇĕè ĠĈēĄĘčĘãüúĘħåĐčĘ ÷ĬĕĎĆĚĐčĘåĈĬĨĕčŇĊüøĔĊÿĜňéēĄĘãüčĘĠ÷èøĐü÷ňĕüĈŇĕèãĐè ĈĬĕøĔĊ ìęħèčĔèğâøğĎĦüģ÷ňëĔ÷ğĄĚħĐĐĕąě 30 ĊĔü éęèčĕĄĕĆù ĠąâĐĐâéĕââĔüģ÷ňèĕŇ ą ĠĈēüĬĕģþğĈĘąĨ èãĕąğþŎüüââĆēúĕ ğüĚĐĨ ĎĆĚĐüââĆēúĕâĆēúèĠýýģâŇâĆēúè ìęèħ ğüĚĐĨ ĄĘĆčëĕøė ģĄŇĠāňüââĆēúĕøĕĄûĆĆĄëĕøėĢüýňĕüğĆĕ

ÛļĆúĒþðĎĝăĢċÝĊæĕÚĎĝûĀÚĊóòÚÚüĉðċ ĐĕąěĠĈēüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊ (þĆēĄĕö) Đĕąě 1 ĊĔü éēĄĘ üĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊþĆēĄĕö 7 âĆĔĄĐĕąě 42 ĊĔü éēĄĘüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊ þĆēĄĕö 120 âĆĔĄĐĕąě 50 ĊĔü éēĄĘüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊþĆēĄĕö 140 âĆĔĄâėüĐĕĎĕĆĊĔüĈē 14 – 18 âĆĔĄ/ĊĔüğĆėħĄģãŇğĄĚħĐĐĕąě 42 ĊĔüġøğøĦĄúĘħĐĕąě 50 ĊĔüüĬĨĕĎüĔâģãŇ 8 – 12 âĆĔĄ (7% ãĐèüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊ)ĐĕąěĂŌâĐĐâéĕâģãŇ 16 – 19 ĊĔüâĕĆğĈĘĨąè üââĆēúĕĄĘãňĐ÷ĘãňĐğčĘąúĘħčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕĄĕğþĆĘąýğúĘąýâĔý âĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĔüûěŋģãŇģ÷ň åĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆāĚĨüúĘħ/øĔĊ ãĐèüâ âĆēúĕ 200 - 350 øĕĆĕèğìüøėğĄøĆģâŇģãŇ 900 -1,350 øĕĆĕèğìüøėğĄøĆ åĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆĐĕĎĕĆãĐèüââĆēúĕ/øĔĊ/ ĊĔü 18-20 âĆĔĄģâŇģãŇ 100-110 âĆĔĄĐĕąěğĄĚħĐġøğøĦĄúĘħüâ âĆēúĕ 42 – 67 ĊĔü ģâŇģãŇ 150 – 165 ĊĔü ëĘāéĔâĆ (þĿĈē/ ĆĐý) üââĆēúĕ 1-2 ĆĐý ģâŇģãŇ 4-5 ĆĐý ġĐâĕčúĘħĄĘģãŇ Ġ÷èĠĀ÷ĄĕââĊŇĕģâŇģãŇ åĊĕĄĠøâĆňĕĊãĐèğþĈĚĐâģãŇüňĐą âĊŇĕģâŇģãŇ âĕĆčĜîğčĘąĐĕĎĕĆéĕââĕĆåěňąğãĘħąĄĕââĊŇĕģâŇģãŇ âĈėüħ ĢüġĆèğĆĚĐüĆěüĠĆèâĊŇĕģâŇģãŇ åĊĕĄúüúĕüøŇĐġĆåčĜè âĊŇĕģâŇģãŇ åĊĕĄúüúĕüøŇĐğëĚĨĐġĆåĠĈēĈĄġâĆâĄĕââĊŇĕ ģâŇģãŇ üââĆēúĕĄĘĐĕâĕĆøâĢéğčĘąèĠĈēĠčèúĘğħ âė÷ãęüĨ ĄĕââĊŇĕ

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ģâŇģãŇ ĠĈēâĕĆĈèúěü/øĔĊ üňĐąâĊŇĕģâŇģãŇ (čěĊĆĆö, 2530)

ÚċüĕüčĝúîļòĕþĎĞûàòÚÚüĉðċ âĕĆğĈĚĐâìĚĐĨ üâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ åĊĆğþŎüüâúĘĄħ ĈĘ âĔ Čöē ĐňĊüúňĊüčĄýĜĆöŋ øĔĊĢĎîŇ øĕġøĠéŇĄĢč ğĄĚħĐĄĘĐĕąě þĆēĄĕö 1 ğ÷ĚĐü éēĄĘĂĐèüĬĨĕğëĚĨĐğþŎüĂĐèãĕĊĥ ùňĕ ĎĕâĊŇĕğþŎüüâúĘħģĄŇčĄýĜĆöŋĠĈňĊéēģĄŇĄĘĂĐèüĬĨĕğëĚĨĐĎĆĚĐ ĄĘ ğ ĈĦ â üň Đ ąìęħ è ÿĜ ň ğ ĈĘĨ ą èčĕĄĕĆùú÷ĈĐèğĐĕĄĚ Đ â÷÷Ĝ âĦ ģ ÷ň ĠĈēùňĕĎĕâğþŎüüâúĘħøĕĠåý øĔĊğĈĦâ ùĚĐĊŇĕğþŎüĈĔâČöē ãĐèüâúĘħģĄŇčĊą ģĄŇğĎĄĕēúĘħéēğþŎüāŇĐāĔüûěŋâĕĆğĈĚĐâ ìĚĨ Đ üâĠĄŇ āĔ ü ûě ŋ å ĊĆğþŎ ü üâúĘħ ĄĘ ĈĔ â ČöēĐň Ċ üúň Ċ ü čĄýĜĆöŋğëŇüâĔü ùňĕĎĕâøĔĊĢĎîŇ ĠĈēâňüĢĎîŇ÷ňĊąâĦéē÷Ę Ąĕâ ĠøŇâģĦ ĄŇĢëŇĊĕŇ éēøňĐèğĈĚĐâĢĎňģ÷ňĐąŇĕèüĘúĨ âě øĔĊğčĄĐģþ ğāĆĕēğúŇĕúĘħčĔèğâø āýĊŇĕĐĕĎĕĆğþŎüčŇĊüčĬĕåĔîĄĕââĊŇĕ ùň ĕ ĐĕĎĕĆĄĘ åě ö ăĕāģĄŇ ÷Ę Ď ĆĚ Đ ğĆĕğþĈĘħ ą üčĜ ø ĆĐĕĎĕ ĆýŇĐąĥ éēúĬĕĢĎňüâģãŇģĄŇ÷âĠĈēģãŇģĄŇčĄĬħĕğčĄĐâĕĆìĚĨĐ ģãŇúĘħĄĘğëĚĨĐĄĕĂŌâğĐèčĬĕĎĆĔýÿĜňúĘħĄĘøĜňĂŌâğĐèâĦģ÷ň ìęħèéēĢëň ĆēąēğĊĈĕĢüâĕĆĂŌâþĆēĄĕö 16 – 18 ĊĔü âĦģ÷ňĈĜâüâ øĕĄúĘħøňĐèâĕĆ ĠøŇĊėûĘüĘĨģĄŇğþŎüúĘħüėąĄâĔüüĔâ ĎĕâÿĜňğĈĘĨąè åė ÷ éēüĬ ĕ ğĐĕüââĆēúĕĄĕğĈĘĨ ą èġ÷ąĊė ûĘ üĘĨ Ġ Ĉň Ċ âĦ Ą ĕ čĕĄĕĆùþñėýĔøėģ÷ň (ģëąĕ, 2541)

ÚċüÚÚĖþĉÚċüĕþĎĞûàíĒòÚÚüĉðċ âĕĆğĈĘĨąèĈĜâüâøĔĨèĠøŇĠĆâğâė÷éüùęèĐĕąě 15 ĊĔü ğĄĚħĐĈĜâüâĂŌâĐĐâéĕâģãŇĎĄ÷ĠĈňĊ čĔèğâø÷ĜğĄĚħĐğĎĦüĊŇĕ ãüĠĎňè÷ĘĠĈňĊéęèåŇĐąüĬĕĐĐâĄĕéĕâøĜňğâė÷ üĬĕĄĕğĈĘĨąèĢü âĆèââĈĜâüâ âĕĆââĈĜâüââĆēúĕåĊĆúĬĕâĕĆââĢüúĘħ Ąė÷ëė÷ ģĄŇĄĘĈĄġâĆâ âĆèââåĊĆĄĘãüĕ÷ âĊňĕè 2 Ăěø ąĕĊ 4 Ăěø ĠĈēčĜè 6 üėĨĊ āĚĨüâĆèåĊĆþĜ÷ňĊąâĆēčĐý ĂĕèùĔħĊ ĎîňĕĠĎňè ĎĆĚĐéēğþŎüâĆē÷ĕČÿėĊĎąĕý ģĄŇåĊĆĢëň âĆē÷ĕČĎüĔèčĚĐāėĄāŋ ĎĆĚĐâĆē÷ĕČùěèĐĕĎĕĆğāĆĕēéē úĬĕĢĎňĈĜâüâĈĚħü ğâė÷ãĕùŇĕèĎĆĚĐãĕāėâĕĆģ÷ň ġ÷ąğêĈĘħąüĬĨĕ ĎüĔâøĔĊĈĜâüâğĄĚħĐĐĕąě 1 ĊĔü éēĎüĔâþĆēĄĕö 6.75 –

7.0 âĆĔĄ ìęħèĄĘãüĕ÷ğĈĦâĄĕâĠĈēĢüâĆèãüĕ÷÷ĔèâĈŇĕĊ éēčĕĄĕĆùğĈĘĨąèĈĜâüââĆēúĕãüĕ÷üĘĨģ÷ňþĆēĄĕö 500 øĔĊ ùňĕĄĘĈĜâüââĆēúĕĄĕââĊŇĕüĘĨâĦøňĐèúĬĕâĆèĢĎňĢĎîŇãęĨü ÷ňĊą (ģëąĕ, 2541) ĈĜâüâğĄĚħĐüĬĕĄĕğĈĘĨąèĢüâĆèââ ĈĜâüâøňĐèâĕĆ åĊĕĄĐýĐěŇü éęèøňĐèĢĎňåĊĕĄĆňĐüåĊĕĄĐýĐěŇüğāĚħĐââ ĈĜâüâ ġ÷ąĢëňĎĈĐ÷ģĂãüĕ÷ 60 ĊĔøøŋ ĢĎňčĜèéĕâāĚĨü þĆēĄĕö 6 – 8 üėĨĊ ĎĆĚĐĢëňĊėûĘčĔèğâøĈĜâüââĦģ÷ň ùňĕĈĜâ üâĆĊĄâĔüĐąĜŇøĆèâĈĕèĄĕââĊŇĕĠč÷èĊŇĕåĊĕĄĆňĐüģĄŇāĐ ĢĎňĎąŇĐüĎĈĐ÷ģĂøĬħĕĐĘâ ùňĕĈĜâüâĎüĘĐĐâéĕâýĆėğĊö øĆèâĈĕèģþĐąĜŇãňĕèĥ Ąĕâ Ġč÷èĊŇĕĆňĐüğâėüģþ ĢĎňãąĔý ĎĈĐ÷ģĂčĜèãęĨüĠøŇùňĕčĔèğâøğĎĦüĈĜâüâĎüĕĊĄĕâ åĊĆ ğþĈĘħąüĎĈĐ÷ģĂãüĕ÷ 100 ĊĔøøŋþâøėĠĈňĊğĆĕéēââĈĜâ üâğāĘąè 10 ĊĔüĎĆĚĐ 2 čĔþ÷ĕĎŋğúŇĕüĔĨü ğāĆĕēġ÷ąúĔħĊģþ ĠĈňĊĐěöĎăĜĄėúĘħĈĜâüâøňĐèâĕĆĎĈĔèéĕâčĔþ÷ĕĎŋúĘħ 2 éē ğúŇĕâĔýĐěöĎăĜĄėþâøėúĔħĊ ĥ ģþ ĠøŇĆēąēĐĕâĕċĎüĕĊĐĕé éēøňĐèââĢĎňùęè 3 čĔþ÷ĕĎŋ(ċėĆėāĔüûŋ, 2543)

ĀčñĎÚċüĕþĎĞûàòÚÚüĉðċ ğøĆĘąĄâĆèġĆèğĆĚĐü ĠĈēĐěþâĆöŋĐĚħüĥ ğëŇü ùĕ÷ĢčŇĐĕĎĕĆâĆēýĐâĢčŇüĬĨĕ ĢĎňāĆňĐĄġ÷ąåĬĕüęèùęè åĊĕĄčēĐĕ÷ĎĕìĚĨĐģãŇğëĚĨĐ (ģãŇüââĆēúĕúĘħąĔèģĄŇĂŌâ) éĕâĠĎĈŇèĎĆĚĐġĆèğĆĚĐüúĘħģ÷ňĄĕøĆòĕü ĄĘåĊĕĄčēĐĕ÷ ğāĘąèāĐüĬĕģãŇğëĚĨĐĄĕğãňĕøĜňĂŌâúĘħğøĆĘąĄģĊň þĆēĄĕö 1516 ĊĔüģãŇéēĂŌâğþŎüøĔĊĈĜâüââĆēúĕ (øĜĂň âŌ éēĢëňĐö ě ĎăĜĄė þĆēĄĕö 38 ĐèċĕğìĈğìĘąč) üĬĕĈĜâüâĄĕğãňĕâĆèĐýüâ ğĈĦâ (ĢĎňåĊĕĄĐýĐěŇü÷ňĊąĠčèģĂ) ġ÷ąĢĎňĐĕĎĕĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ ãĐèüââĆēúĕ ġ÷ąğêāĕēĢčŇĢüùĕ÷ĢčŇĐĕĎĕĆĠĈēüĬĨĕĢčŇ âĆēýĐâüĬĨĕúĘħğøĆĘąĄģĊňğāĚħĐĢĎňĈĜâüââėüþĆēĄĕö 12 ĊĔü ãüĈĜâüââĆēúĕéēãęĨüğøĦĄøĔĊ éęèğĐĕĎĈĐ÷ģĂúĘħĐąĜŇĢü âĆèĐýüâğĈĦ â ĐĐâğüĚħ Đ èéĕâüââĆēúĕčĕĄĕĆùĄĘ ĆŇĕèâĕąúĘħĐýĐěŇüģ÷ňğĐèéĕâãüãĐèĄĔüĠĈēĢĎňĄĔüĐąĜŇĢü âĆèüĘĨøŇĐģþĐĘâ 6 ĊĔü (ĆĊĄğĊĈĕúĘħĐąĜŇĢüâĆèüĘĨğþŎü 18 ĊĔü) øĐüüĘĨåüğĈĘĨąèčĕĄĕĆùĠąâğāċãĐèüââĆēúĕģ÷ň

ĠĈňĊĢĎňåĔ÷ğĐĕüââĆēúĕøĔĊÿĜňĐĐâĄĕğĈĘĨąèģĊňĢüâĆèğĈĘĨąè üâğüĚĨĐ (âĆèğĈĘĨąè üâğüĚĨĐéēğĈĘĨąèýüāĚĨü ìęħèéēúĬĕĢĎňġø ğĆĦĊãęĨü)ġ÷ąĢĎňâėüĐĕĎĕĆãĐèģâŇğüĚĨĐĠĆâğâė÷ğāĚħĐåĔ÷ĢĎň ğþŎüüââĆēúĕğüĚĨĐĠĈēğĈĘĨąèĐĘâþĆēĄĕö 27 ĊĔü (ĆĊĄ ğþŎü 45 ĊĔü üĔýøĔĨèĠøŇĂŌâĐĐâéĕâģãŇ)âĦčĕĄĕĆùéĔýãĕą ğþŎüüââĆēúĕğüĚĨĐģ÷ňĠĈňĊčŇĊüüââĆēúĕøĔĊğĄĘąĢĎňüĬĕ ģþģĊňüââĆèüâĆěŇü (âĆèĐýüâģãŇ) ğĈĘĨąèģĊňþĆēĄĕö 12 ĊĔü éęèüĬĕãęĨüģþğĈĘĨąèĢüâĆèüâģãŇ ĎĈĔèéĕâüĔĨüþĆēĄĕö 6 ĊĔüüââĆēúĕøĔĊğĄĘąéēğĆėħĄģãŇĐĐâĄĕþĆēþĆĕąĄĘĐĕąě ģ÷ň 50 ĊĔü üââĆēúĕøĔĊğĄĘąéēģãŇúěâĊĔüġ÷ąğêĈĘħąåė÷ğþŎü 80 % ãĐèüâúĔĨèĎĄ÷ ğëŇü ùňĕĄĘüââĆēúĕøĔĊğĄĘą 100 øĔĊâĦéēĐĐâģãŇþĆēĄĕö 80 ĂĐèüââĆēúĕøĔĊğĄĘą (üâ ģãŇ) éēþĈ÷ĆēĊĕèğþŎüüâğüĚĨĐğĄĚħĐĐĕąě 1 þĿĎĆĚĐ 12 ğ÷ĚĐü ĠĈēčĕĄĕĆùãĕąģ÷ň Ć ĕåĕ÷Ę â ĊŇ ĕ üâğüĚĨ Đ øĔ Ċ ÿĜ ň ğ üĚħ Đ èéĕâ ĐĆŇĐąĠĈēĄĘåüüėąĄĆĔýþĆēúĕüĄĕââĊŇĕ ģ÷ňĄĘâĕĆċęâČĕĊėéĔąāýĊŇĕ âĕĆĢĎňĊėøĕĄėüìĘğþŎü čŇ Ċ üþĆēâĐýĐąĜ Ň Ģ üĐĕĎĕĆøĕĄûĆĆĄëĕøė Ġ Ĉň Ċ éēĐąĜ Ň ĐąŇ ĕ èğāĘ ą èāĐâĔ ý åĊĕĄøň Đ èâĕĆãĐèčĔ ø Ċŋ Ġ øŇ ý ĕèåĆĔĨ è ĊĔøùě÷ėýúĘħüĬĕĄĕĢëňúĬĕğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆĄĘåěöăĕāģĄŇğāĘąèāĐéęè éĬĕğþŎüøňĐèğčĆėĄčĕĆĐĕĎĕĆøŇĕèĥĈèģþğāĚħĐĢĎňĄĘåĊĕĄ čĄýĜĆöŋąėħèãęĨüāĔüúėāĕ (2543) ĆĕąèĕüĊŇĕĊėøĕĄėüìĘğĄĚħĐ ğčĆėĄĈèĢüĐĕĎĕĆéēëŇĊąúĬĕĢĎňüâĈ÷åĊĕĄğåĆĘą÷ĠĈē þŃ Đ èâĔ ü čĔ ø Ċŋ ø ĕąâēúĔ ü ĎĔ ü ğüĚħ Đ èéĕâĐĕâĕċĆň Đ üéĔ ÷ (Heat stroke) ģ÷ňüĐâéĕâüĘĨĊėøĕĄėüìĘąĔèğþŎüøĔĊëŇĊąčĆňĕè ăĜĄėåěňĄâĔüĢĎňčĔøĊŋ÷ňĊą ìęħèğþŎüÿĈúĬĕĢĎňčĔøĊŋĄĘčěãăĕā÷Ę ĠãĦèĠĆèĄĘåĊĕĄčĄýĜĆöŋāüĔ ûě÷ŋ ąĘ ĐŇ ĄéēúĬĕĢĎňÿĈÿĈėøčĜèãęüĨ üââĆēúĕĄĘåĊĕĄúüúĕüøŇĐġĆåøė÷øŇĐĄĕââĊŇĕ ģâŇĐĔøĆĕâĕĆøĕąĢüĆēąēââĐĕéčĜèùęè 20-25% ùňĕĎĕâĄĘ âĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆģĄŇùĜâøňĐèġ÷ąğêāĕēğĆĚħĐèãĐèâĕĆĢĎňåĊĕĄ ĐýĐěŇüĢüâĕĆâââĕĆââúĘħĎüĕĠüŇüğâėüģþĎĆĚĐâĕĆĢëň ĐěþâĆöŋĢĎňüĬĨĕĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆģĄŇğĎĄĕēčĄùňĕĄĘâĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆ ĠĈēâĕĆğĈĘĨ ą è÷Ĝ úĘħ ùĜ â øň Đ èüââĆēúĕéēĄĘ ĐĔ ø ĆĕâĕĆøĕą øĔĨèĠøŇĠĆâğâė÷éüùęèéĔýãĕąğþŎüüâğüĚĨĐþĆēĄĕö 8-10% âĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆþŃĐèâĔüġĆåøė÷øŇĐğĎĄĚĐüâĔýâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇĠøŇ âĕĆğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕģĄŇéĬĕğþŎüéēøňĐèĎĕĊĔåìĘüğĎĄĚĐü

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âĔýģâŇâĆēúèĠĈēģâŇģãŇ (www.as.mju.ac.th/E-Book/t_ prapakorn)

ôüĉėûãòĿáċÚÚċüĕþĎĞûàòÚÚüĉðċ ģãŇüââĆēúĕğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆëĔĨü÷ĘãĐèĄüěČąŋ ĄĘ åěöåŇĕúĕèĐĕĎĕĆčĜèġ÷ąğêāĕē÷ňĕüġþĆøĘüčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕ ĄĕþĆēâĐýĐĕĎĕĆĠúüģãŇģâŇģ÷ňğþŎüĐąŇĕè÷ĘúĔĨèĐĕĎĕĆ ĎĊĕüĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆåĕĊğëŇü úĬĕãüĄģãŇĎĊĕü ģãŇāēġĈň ģãŇ ğąĘħąĊĄňĕ ğþŎüøňüğüĚĨĐüââĆēúĕúĘħğþŎüøĔĊÿĜň ĈēøĔĊğĄĘąúĘħ åĔ÷ĐĐâéĕâüâģãŇ čĕĄĕĆùüĬĕĄĕĢëňğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆģ÷ň ģĄŇĊŇĕ éēþĆěèøĕĄĠýýøŇĕèĥ ğëŇü Đý ąŇĕè úĐ÷ øěŊü ĎĆĚĐéēúĬĕ ĠâèåĔħĊ ĠâèğÿĦ÷âĦģ÷ň þŌééěýĔüĄĘÿĜňåė÷úĬĕĐěøčĕĎâĆĆĄ ùüĐĄĐĕĎĕĆéĕâģãŇüââĆēúĕ ğëŇü âĕĆĐĔ÷ãĊ÷ĎĆĚĐ âĆēþŅĐèâĕĆ÷ĐèğåĦĄ÷ĐèğþĆĘĨąĊĎĊĕü÷Đè÷ŇĕèĠýýģãŇ ğąĘħąĊĄňĕüĐâéĕâüĔĨüğüĚĨĐüââĆēúĕ ìęħèĄĕéĕââĕĆåĔ÷ĐĐâ éĕâĀĜèĎĆĚĐģãŇüňĐąģĄŇåěňĄúěüĆĊĄúĔĨèüâøĔĊÿĜňąĔèğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆ åě ö ăĕāğąĘħ ą ĄĐüęħ è ĢüúĕèâĕĆĠāúąŋ Ġ ĈēĊė ú ąĕċĕčøĆŋ čĕãĕøŇĕèĥ ąĔèüėąĄĢëňüââĆēúĕğþŎüčĔøĊŋú÷ĈĐèĐĘâ÷ňĊą ğāĆĕēüââĆēúĕøĔ Ċ ğĈĦ â ğĈĘĨ ą èèŇ ĕ ąĄĘ å ĊĕĄĐ÷úüĠĈē úüúĕüĐąŇĕèąėħèąĊ÷ ğëŇü âĕĆÿŇĕøĔ÷ëŇĐèúňĐè âĕĆÿŇĕøĔ÷ þĆēčĕú âĕĆÿŇĕøĔ÷ĈĬĕģčňĢĎîŇ âĕĆÿŇĕøĔ÷øŇĐĄúĜüĕĆĘ ğþŎüøňü üâğĎĈŇĕüĘĨĎĈĔèéĕâÿŇĕøĔ÷ĠĈňĊéēĂŁŐüøĔĊğĆĦĊâĊŇĕ üâĐĚħüĥ üĐâéĕâüĘĨąĔèĢëňú÷ĈĐèúĕèġăëüĕċĕčøĆŋ āėČ ãĐèąĕçŇĕĠĄĈè ĠĈēąĕþĆĕýċĔøĆĜāĚë ğþŎüøňü éēğĎĦüģ÷ň ĊŇĕüâëüė÷üĘĨüĐâéĕâéēĢĎňģãŇĠĈēğüĚĨĐğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆĠĈňĊ ąĔ è ĢĎň Ć Ň ĕ èâĕąúĘħ ĄĘ åě ö åŇ ĕ ĐąŇ ĕ èĄĕâøŇ Đ âĕĆċę â ČĕøŇ ĕ èĥ ãĐèĄüěČąŋĐĘâ÷ňĊą ÿĈāĈĐąģ÷ňéĕâüââĆēúĕĐĘâĐąŇĕè ĎüęħèåĚĐ ĄĜĈüââĆēúĕüĬĕģþğþŎüþěŅąĐėüúĆĘąŋĢüčĊüÿĈ ģĄň (éĆĔîĠĈēāĆëěĈĘąŋ, 2542)

õþ÷þĆûęíļáċÚÚċüĕþĎĞûàòÚÚüĉðċ âĕĆğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕ üĐâéĕâãĕąģãŇĠĈēãĕą üâğüĚĨĐģ÷ňĠĈňĊčėħèĎüęħèúĘħğþŎüÿĈāĈĐąģ÷ňéĕââĕĆğĈĘĨąèúĘħ

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ùĜâĈĚĄéĕâÿĜňğĈĘĨąèâĦåĚĐ ĄĜĈüââĕĆĢëňĄĜĈüâğþŎüþěŅąĐėüúĆĘąŋ úĘħĄĘčŇĊüþĆēâĐýãĐèĠĆŇûĕøě ĐĕĎĕĆāĚë ìęħèģ÷ňĠâŇûĕøě ģüġøĆğéü (N) ĂĐčĂĐĆĔč(P) ĠĈēġāĠúčğìĘąĄ (K) üĐâéĕâüĘĨąĔèþĆēâĐý÷ňĊąûĕøěĠåĈğìĘąĄ (Ca) ĠĈēûĕøě þĈĘâąŇĐąĐĚħüĥ þŌééěýĔüğâČøĆâĆüėąĄüĬĕĄĜĈüââĆēúĕ ĄĕĢëň ğëŇü ĢëňĢüčĊüčňĄ čĊüĐèěŇü čĊüĀĆĔħèĠĈēčĊü ĈēĄě÷ ğþŎüøňü ģãŇüââĆēúĕ (ĐĔèâćČ: Quail egg) ğþŎüģãŇãĐè üâþĆēğăúüâåěŇĄĎĆĚĐüââĆēúĕ ĄĘĈĔâČöēåĈňĕąâĔýģãŇ ģâŇ ĠøŇĄĘãüĕ÷ğĈĦââĊŇĕĄĕâĠĈēĄĘéě÷ğ÷ŇüåĚĐ ĄĘéě÷ĠøňĄ ĎĆĚĐĈĕąþĆēčĘøĕŇ èĥ ýüğþĈĚĐâģãŇĐüĔ ğþŎüčĘøĕĄûĆĆĄëĕøė úĘħ û ĆĆĄëĕøė č Ćň ĕ èģĊň čĬ ĕ ĎĆĔ ý ĢĎň Ď ĈýìŇ Đ üéĕâčĔ ø Ċŋ âė ü ğüĚĨĐúĘħéēĄĕãġĄąģãŇģþâėüģãŇüââĆēúĕĄĘåĊĕĄčĬĕåĔîøŇĐ ĄüěČąŋĢüòĕüēğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýģãŇģâŇĎĆĚĐģãŇğþŎ÷ ģ÷ňĆĔýåĊĕĄüėąĄģþúĔħĊġĈâúĔĨèĐğĄĆėâĕğĎüĚĐ ąěġĆþøēĊĔü øâ ĎĆĚĐğĐğëĘą ĢüĐĕĎĕĆîĘħþěłü éēþĆěè÷ėýĎĆĚĐþĆěèčěâ Ģüìěëğė þŎüúēĄēġâē ĠĈēāýģ÷ňĢüâĈŇĐèĐĕĎĕĆĄĚĐĨ âĈĕèĊĔü ĢüĐĕĎĕĆéĘü ģãŇüââĆēúĕâĦüėąĄĢčŇĢüâĆēğāĕēþĈĕ Ģü ğĊĘą÷üĕĄĠĈēþĆēğúċģúą ģãŇüââĆēúĕčĕĄĕĆùþĆěè ğþŎüãüĄĎĆĚĐĐĕĎĕĆĆĔýþĆēúĕüğĈŇüúĘħčĕĄĕĆùìĚĨĐģ÷ň øĕĄĆė Ą úĕèğúň ĕ ģãŇ ü ââĆēúĕĎüęħ è ĂĐèéēĢĎň þ Ćė Ą ĕö āĈĔèèĕüâėġĈĠåĈĐĆĘ 171 ìęħèüĔýĊŇĕčĜèâĊŇĕģãŇģâŇ ĄĘġþĆøĘü 13.3 (âĆĔĄ) ģãĄĔü 12.0 (âĆĔĄ) ĠåĈğìĘąĄ 153 (ĄėĈĈėâĆĔĄ) ğĎĈĦâ 3.5 (ĄėĈĈėâĆĔĄ) åĐğĈčğøĐĆĐĈ 508 (ĄėĈĈėâĆĔĄ) ìęħèğĎĄĕēčĬĕĎĆĔýğ÷ĦâĎĆĚĐÿĜňúĘħĄĘĐĕąěģĄŇğâėü 35 þĿ

õþčîùĊìêĿáċÚòÚÚüĉðċ âĕĆĎĄĔâãĘĨüââĆēúĕğþŎüāĈĔèèĕüâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕā éĕâĄĜĈüââĆēúĕĄĕú÷Ġúü åŇĕĢëňéŇĕą÷ňĕüāĈĔèèĕü ğâĚĐý 8 āĔüýĕúøŇĐþĿ čĬĕüĔâèĕüčŇèğčĆėĄâĕĆğâČøĆâĆĄ ĊėëĕâĕĆğâČøĆăĕåğĎüĚĐ čĬĕüĔâèĕüčŇèğčĆėĄâĕĆğâČøĆ ģ÷ňčŇèğčĆėĄĢĎňğâČøĆâĆĆĕąąŇĐąüĬĕĄĜĈčĔøĊŋĄĕÿĈėøâʼnĕì ëĘĊăĕāğāĚħĐĠâňþŌîĎĕĄĈăĕĊēğĆĚħĐèâĈėħüĠĄĈèĊĔü üĬĨĕ ğčĘą ĠĈēġĆåăĔąøĔĨèĠøŇþĿ 2539 ìęħèĂĕĆŋĄčŇĊüĢĎîŇúĘħğãňĕ

ĆŇĊĄġåĆèâĕĆéēğþŎüĂĕĆŋĄčĔøĊŋĢĎîŇéĬĕāĊâ ĊĔĊ čěâĆ ğþŎ÷ ģâŇüĐâéĕâüĘĨąĔèĄĘĂĕĆŋĄüââĆēúĕìęħèğþŎüčĔøĊŋ ğċĆČòâėéĐĘâëüė÷ĎüęħèğãňĕĆŇĊĄġåĆèâĕĆġ÷ąĎĈĔèéĕâúĘħ ģ÷ňâŇĐčĆňĕèýŇĐâʼnĕìĠĈēğ÷ėüĆēýýĠĈňĊāýĊŇĕĄĜĈéĕâüâ âĆēúĕčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕĄĕÿĈėøğþŎüâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕāģ÷ň÷ĘģĄŇĠāňĄĜĈ éĕâčĔ ø Ċŋ Ģ ĎîŇ úĘ ğ ÷Ę ą ĊĄĘ ğ âČøĆâĆğéň ĕ ãĐèĂĕĆŋ Ą üâ âĆēúĕøė÷øŇĐğãňĕĄĕãĐúĬĕýŇĐâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕāğāĚħĐĠâňþŌîĎĕ ğĆĚħ Đ èâĈėħ ü ĠĈēĠĄĈèìęħ è øĐüĠĆâúĕèğâČøĆâĆğĐèģĄŇ åŇ Đ ąĄĔħ ü ĢéĊŇ ĕ ĄĜ Ĉ ãĐèüââĆēúĕìęħ è ğþŎ ü čĔ ø Ċŋ øĔ Ċ ğĈĦ â éē čĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕāģ÷ň÷ĘğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýĄĜĈéĕâčĔøĊŋ ĢĎîŇ Ď ĆĚ Đ ģĄŇ Ġ øŇ ÿ ĈúĘħ Đ ĐâĄĕāýĊŇ ĕ ĄĜ Ĉ üââĆēúĕ čĕĄĕĆùüĬĕĄĕÿĈėøğþŎüâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕāģ÷ňÿĈ÷ĘğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔü þŌééěýĔüĄĘğâČøĆâĆğéňĕãĐèĂĕĆŋĄüââĆēúĕĢü éĔèĎĊĔ÷ğëĘąèĢĎĄŇğãňĕĆŇĊĄġåĆèâĕĆĠĈňĊ 4 Ćĕą ìęħèĠøŇĈē ĆĕąĄĘüââĆēúĕĢüĂĕĆŋĄþĆēĄĕö 3,000 øĔĊčĬĕĎĆĔý

ĂĕĆŋĄüââĆēúĕúĘħčüĢéğãňĕĆŇĊĄġåĆèâĕĆ úĕèčĬĕüĔâèĕü čŇèğčĆėĄâĕĆğâČøĆéēĢĎňåĬĕĠüēüĬĕĢüğĆĚħĐèğúåüėåâĕĆ âŇĐčĆňĕèâĕĆ÷ĜĠĈĆĔâČĕéĔ÷ĎĕëŇĕèĀĿĄĚĐúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆĐýĆĄ éĕâġåĆèâĕĆģþğþŎüÿĜňâŇĐčĆňĕèĆĊĄúĔĨèĢĎňâĕĆëŇĊąğĎĈĚĐ åŇĕĢëňéŇĕąĢüâĕĆâŇĐčĆňĕèéĬĕüĊü 45% ìęħèğþŎüčŇĊüúĘħģ÷ň ĆĔ ý âĕĆčüĔ ý čüě ü ğèė ü éĕââĐèúě ü ğāĚħ Đ čŇ è ğčĆė Ą âĕĆ ĐüěĆĔâČŋāĈĔèèĕüĆēýýâĕĆúĬĕèĕüãĐèýŇĐâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕā éēĄĘ 3 čŇĊü÷ňĊąâĔüåĚĐ ýŇĐğøėĄ ýŇĐĎĄĔâĠĈēýŇĐĈňüġ÷ą ýŇĐğøėĄéēğþŎüýŇĐúĘħĢëňğøėĄĄĜĈčĔøĊŋÿčĄâĔýüĬĨĕ ğëĚħĐĄøŇĐ âĔýčŇĊüúĘħ 2 åĚĐýŇĐĎĄĔâúĬĕĎüňĕúĘħÿĈėøâʼnĕìéĕâĄĜĈčĔøĊŋ ġ÷ąýŇ Đ ĎĄĔ â éēğþŎ ü ýŇ Đ Đė ò êĕýþĜ ü ĆĜ þ úĆèåĆęħ è ĊèâĈĄ åĈňĕąġ÷ĄĀŌèĐąĜŇĢøň÷ėü ãüĕ÷ãĐèýŇĐĎĄĔâéēĄĘĐąĜŇ 5 ãüĕ÷ åĚĐ 12,16,30,50 ĠĈē100 Ĉý.Ą. øĕĄéĬĕüĊüčĔøĊŋğĈĘĨąè ĠĈēčŇĊüčě÷úňĕąåĚĐýŇĐĈňüúĬĕĎüňĕúĘħĆĔýĆĐèĄĜĈčĔøĊŋąŇĐą čĈĕąúĘħùĜââʼnĕìÿĈĔâ÷ĔüéĕâýŇĐĎĄĔâĄĕğâĦýúĘħýŇĐĈňü

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ýŇĐâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕāčĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøâʼnĕìģ÷ň 1 Ģü 4 ãĐèþĆėĄĕøĆýŇĐ ąâøĔĊĐąŇĕèýŇĐãüĕ÷ 16 Ĉý.Ą. éē čĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøâʼnĕìģ÷ňĊĔüĈē 4 Ĉý.Ą. ĎĆĚĐğúĘąýğúŇĕâʼnĕì LPG 1.5 âėġĈâĆĔĄøŇĐĊĔüğāĘąèāĐøŇĐâĕĆĢëňèĕüĢü åĆĐýåĆĔĊãüĕ÷âĈĕè ġ÷ąğâČøĆâĆčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕâʼnĕì ëĘĊăĕāúĘħÿĈėøģ÷ňĄĕğþŎüāĈĔèèĕüú÷ĠúüāĈĔèèĕü éĕâ âʼnĕìğëĚĨĐğāĈėè ĢüâĕĆĎěèøňĄĐĕĎĕĆéě÷øēğâĘąèĢĎňĠčè čĊŇĕè ĠĈēĢĎňåĊĕĄĐýĐěŇüĠâŇĈĜâčĔøĊŋĢüĂĕĆŋĄ ğþŎüøňü üĕèĊĆĆöăĕ ğûĘąĆčėĆė ğéňĕãĐèĂĕĆŋĄğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕ ĊĆĆöăĕ ø.ĂŃĕđŇĕĄ é.ğëĘąèĢĎĄŇ ĂĕĆŋĄğĈĘĨąèüââĆēúĕģĊň þĆēĄĕö 3,000 øĔĊ þĆēčýþŌîĎĕğĆĚħĐèâĈėħüĠĈē ĠĄĈèĊĔü éęèģþãĐĆĔýåĬĕĠüēüĬĕéĕââĆĄčŇèğčĆėĄâĕĆğâČøĆ ģ÷ňĆĔýãňĐĄĜĈĢĎňčĆňĕèýŇĐâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕā ìęħèüĐâéĕâéēĠâň þŌîĎĕĠĈňĊąĔèĄĘÿĈāĈĐąģ÷ňéĕââʼnĕìëĘĊăĕā úĘħÿĈėøģ÷ň ĐĘâ÷ňĊą ġ÷ąúĘħĂĕĆŋĄģ÷ňéĔ÷čĆňĕèýŇĐãüĕ÷ 16 Ĉý.Ą. éĬĕüĊü 1 ýŇĐ èýþĆēĄĕöâŇĐčĆňĕè 33,000 ýĕú Ģëňğèėü čŇĊüøĔĊĢüâĕĆâŇĐčĆňĕèéĬĕüĊü 18,150 ýĕú čŇĊüúĘħ ğĎĈĚĐģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆčüĔýčüěüğèėüéĕâúĕèâĐèúěüčŇèğčĆėĄ âĕĆĐüě ĆĔ â Čŋ ā ĈĔ è èĕüĎĈĔ è éĕââŇ Đ čĆň ĕ èğčĆĦ é ĠĈēğ÷ė ü ĆēýýĢüþĿ 2541 üĕèĊĆĆöăĕâĦčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕâʼnĕìëĘĊăĕā ãęĨüĄĕĢëňþĆēġąëüŋ ġ÷ąüĬĕģþĢëňĢüâĕĆĎěèøňĄ úĬĕĐĕĎĕĆ Ĉ÷åŇĕĢëňéŇĕąĢüâĕĆìĚĨĐùŇĕüĎěèøňĄ ìęħèĠøŇğ÷ėĄøňĐèìĚĨĐĢëň ğ÷ĚĐüĈē 2 âĆēčĐý ĥ Ĉē 200 ýĕú ĆĊĄ 400 ýĕú üĐâéĕâüĘĨĢüâĕĆĢĎňĠčèčĊŇĕèĢüĂĕĆŋĄ čĕĄĕĆùĈ÷åŇĕ ģĂĂŃĕĈèģ÷ň 100-200 ýĕúøŇĐğ÷ĚĐü ĆĊĄĠĈňĊčĕĄĕĆùĈ÷ åŇĕĢëňéŇĕąĢüýňĕüĈèģ÷ňģĄŇøĬħĕâĊŇĕ 500-600 ýĕúøŇĐğ÷ĚĐü ĎĆĚĐþĆēĄĕöğâĚĐý 8,000 ýĕúøŇĐþĿ (ċĜüąŋþĆēëĕčĔĄāĔüûŋ ĆĊĄāĈĔèĎĕĆ 2, 2543)

ôŁæĄċ / ĆđôăüüÝ ğĄĚħĐþĿ ā.ċ.2547 ğâė÷ġĆåģãňĎĊĔ÷üâĆēýĕ÷ úĕè ĆĕëâĕĆéĬĕğþŎüøňĐèĢĎňúĬĕĈĕąüââĆēúĕúĬĕĢĎňčĜîğčĘą Ćĕąģ÷ň úĘħ ğ åąģ÷ň ĆĔ ý éĕââĕĆãĕąüââĆēúĕģþĄĕâāĐ čĄåĊĆ

ĖĄþĻàðĎĝúċÛĆàÛļĆúĒþ éĆĔî éĔüúĈĔâãöĕ ĠĈēāĆëěĈĘąŋ üėĈĊėğċČ. 2542. âĕĆ ÿĈėøčĔøĊŋ. āėĄāŋåĆĔĨèúĘħ 4 ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąčěġãúĔą ûĆĆĄĕûėĆĕë. âĆěèğúāĒ. 384 ü. ģëąĕ ĐěňąčĜèğüėü. 2541. üââĆēúĕ. āėĄāŋåĆĔĨèúĘħ 4 ġĆèāėĄāŋþĆĕöĘğéĆėîýĈĦĐâĠĈēâĕĆāėĄāŋ âĆěèğúāĒ. 72 ü. āĔüúėāĕ āèČŋğāĘąéĔüúĆŋ. 2543. ĎĈĔââĕĆĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋ ğĈŇĄ 1 ġăëüē āėĄāŋåĆĔĨèúĘħ 2. ġĐ.ğĐč.āĆėĨüøėĨè ğđňĕčŋ, âĆěèğúāĒ. 207 ü. čěĊĆĆö ğâČøĆčěĊĆĆö. 2528. üââĆēúĕ. âĆěèğúāĒ : ĆěňèĊĔõüĕ. 7 ü. čěĊĆĆö ğâČøĆčěĊĆĆö. 2530. üââĆēúĕ êýĔýþĆĔýþĆěè ĢĎĄŇ. ċĜüąŋĎüĔèčĚĐĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ âĆěèğúāĒ. ċėĆėāĔüûŋ ġĄĆĕùý. 2543. čĕčŋüģâŇ. þĿúĘħ 47, êýĔýúĘħ 12 47-51 ü. www.as.mju.ac.th/E-Book/t_prapakorn ğĐâčĕĆ þĆēâĐýâĕĆčĐüĊėëĕâĕĆÿĈėøčĔøĊŋþĿâ : ÿĜňëŇĊą ċĕčøĆĕéĕĆąŋ÷Ć.þĆēăĕâĆûĕĆĕêĕą .7 ü. www.nepo.go.th ċĜüąŋþĆēëĕčĔĄāĔüûŋĆĊĄāĈĔèĎĕĆ 2 ġúĆċĔāúŋ 02-6121555 øŇĐ 201-5 ġúĆčĕĆ 02612 1368 121/1-2 ù.ğāëĆýěĆĘ ĠãĊèúěŇèāîĕģú ğãøĆĕëğúĊĘ âĆěèğúāĒ 10400 āćČăĕåĄ 2545. ********************************

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ĆòđăüìĿ ĕãčíðĆà 1/* Ćòđñčíċ ĕăòÝĢċăĆò 1/ ãòĉíþ ăùċ÷àĂĿ 1/ Ėþĉĕúñċ Āüüì÷ĊëòĿ 1/ Anusorn Cherdthong 1*/ Anuthida Saenkamsorn 1/ Chanadol Supapong 1/ and Metha Wanapat 1/

Abstract : The objective of this research was to study ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibility of roughage sources and concentrate levels using in vitro gas production technique. The experimental design was a 3 x 3 factorial in completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A was roughage sources: 1) rice straw (Rs), 2) Typha angustifolia (Ta) and 3) Ruzi grass (Rg). Factor B was roughage (R) and concentrate (C) ration: 1) 100:0 (C0), 2) 60:40 (C40) and 3) 40:60 (C60). Nine dietary treatments were consisted of RsC0, RsC40, RsC60, TaC0, TaC40, TaC60, RgC0, RgC40 and RgC60, respectively. The results revealed that chemical composition of Ta was higher crude protein content than Rg at 3.3% while NDF and ADF content were ranged from 70.7-74.1% NDF and 54.4-56.7% ADF, respectively. Roughage sources and concentrate levels were not affect on the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (a) (P>0.05).

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The gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) and the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) were significantly different among treatments while Ta and Rg were higher than Rs as roughage source. Accumulative gas production (96 h) was found lower in Rs group than those Ta and Rg (P<0.05).

Concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was different among treatment and was higher ranged from Ta, Rg and Rs, respectively. In vitro dry matter digestibility (24 h) were higher in Ta or Rg than Rs, but there were not differed between Ta and Rg (P>0.05). Therefore, Ta could be use as alternative roughage source for ruminants and also could be reduce perennial aquatic weed

Keywords : Typha angustifolia, rumen, ruminant, ammonia-nitrogen

ýúåĔ÷ąŇĐ : âĕĆĊėéĔąåĆĔĨèüĘĨĄĘĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋğāĚħĐċęâČĕåěöĈĔâČöēãĐèâĆēýĊüâĕĆĎĄĔâ ĠĈēâĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňĢü ĆĜğĄüãĐèĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýĠĈēčĔ÷čŇĊüĐĕĎĕĆãňü ġ÷ąĢëňğúåüėåâĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnč ĢëňĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýý 3 x 3 factorial in completely randomized design (CRD) ìęħèþĆēâĐýģþ÷ňĊąþŌééĔą A åĚĐĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý 3 ĠĎĈŇè ģ÷ňĠâŇ ĂĕèãňĕĊ (rice straw, Rs), ûĜþćĕČĘ (Typha angustifolia, Ta) ĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ (Ruzi grass, Rg) þŌééĔą B åĚĐ čĔ÷čŇĊüĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýøŇĐĐĕĎĕĆãňü 3 Ćē÷Ĕýģ÷ňĠâŇ 100:0 (C0), 60:40 (C40) ĠĈē 40:60 (C60) ġ÷ąéĔ÷ğþŎü 9 þŌééĔąâĕĆú÷ĈĐè ģ÷ňĠâŇ RsC0, RsC40, RsC60, TaC0, TaC40, TaC60, RgC0, RgC40 ĠĈē RgC60 øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý ÿĈâĕĆú÷ĈĐèāýĊŇĕ ĐèåŋþĆēâĐýúĕèġăëüēãĐèûĜþćĕČĘĄĘþĆėĄĕöġþĆøĘüĎąĕýčĜèâĊŇĕĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ 3.3% Ģüãöē úĘħþĆėĄĕöğąĚħĐĢą NDF ĠĈē ADF ĄĘåŇĕĐąĜŇĆēĎĊŇĕè 70.7-74.1% NDF ĠĈē 54.4-56.7% ADF ĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý ĠĈēĆē÷ĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüģĄŇĄĘÿĈøŇĐâĕĆğþĈĘħąüĠþĈèãĐèåŇĕğêĈĘħąãĐèčŇĊüúĘħĈēĈĕąģ÷ňèŇĕąãĐèĐĕĎĕĆ (a) (P>0.05) ĠøŇþĆėĄĕöĠâʼnč ö éě÷ğčňüâĆĕĂĆĕýğĆĘąý (b) ĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnč (c) ĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüúĕèčùėøė (P<0.05) ġ÷ąāýĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħéēĄĘåŇĕčĜèâĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňĂĕèğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý þĆėĄĕöÿĈÿĈėøĠâʼnččēčĄ úĘħğĊĈĕ 96 ëĔħĊġĄè āýĊŇĕâĈěŇĄúĘħĢëňĂĕèãňĕĊ 100% éēĄĘåŇĕøĬħĕâĊŇĕ (P<0.05) âĕĆĢëňûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħğþŎüĠĎĈŇè ĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý åĊĕĄğãňĄãňüãĐè NH3-N ĄĘåŇĕčĜèúĘħčě÷ĢüâĈěŇĄãĐèûĜþćĕČĘ ĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĠĈēĂĕèãňĕĊ øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý âĕĆĢëň ûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĄĘåŇĕâĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ňúĘħëĔħĊġĄèúĘħ 24 čĜèâĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňĂĕè ĠøŇĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄ åŇĕâĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňãĐè ûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħģĄŇĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüúĕèčùėøė (P>0.05) ÷ĔèüĔĨü ûĜþćĕČĘĐĕéĢëňğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýúĕè ğĈĚĐâĢĎĄŇ čĬĕĎĆĔýčĔøĊŋğåĘĨąĊğĐĚĨĐè øĈĐ÷éüğþŎüĐĘâĠüĊúĕèĎüęħèĢüâĕĆâĬĕéĔ÷ĊĔëāĚëúĕèüĬĨĕģ÷ň

åĬĕčĬĕåĔî : ûĜþćĕČĘ ĆĜğĄü čĔøĊŋğåĘĨąĊğĐĚĨĐè ĠĐĄġĄğüĘą-ģüġøĆğéü

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ÝĢċòĢċ

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü

þŌééěýĔüþŌîĎĕ÷ňĕüâĕĆãĕ÷ĠåĈüĠĎĈŇèĊĔøùě÷ėýĐĕĎĕĆ čĔøĊŋ ġ÷ąğêāĕēĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý ùĚĐğþŎüĐĘâþŌééĔą ĎüęħèúĘħúňĕúĕąüĔâġăëüċĕčøĆŋčĔøĊŋğþŎüĐąŇĕèąėħè ÷ĔèüĔĨü âĕĆċęâČĕĎĕĠĎĈŇèĊĔøùě÷ėýĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýëüė÷ĢĎĄŇ úĘħĄĘ ċĔ â ąăĕāúĔĨ è Ģüğëė è þĆė Ą ĕö åě ö ăĕā ĠĈēâĕĆĢëň þĆēġąëüŋģ÷ňĢüúňĐèùėħüüĔĨü ĥ éęèğþŎüĐĘâĠüĊúĕèĎüęħè úĘħ é ēüĬ ĕ ĄĕĢëň Ģ üâĕĆğāėħ Ą þĆēčė ú ûė ă ĕāâĕĆÿĈė ø čĔ ø Ċŋ ğåĘĨąĊğĐĚĨĐèģ÷ň (Cherdthong et al., 2014) ûĜþćĕČĘ (Typha angustifolia) ğþŎüĊĔëāĚëüĬĨĕëüė÷ĎüęħèúĘħĠāĆŇĆēýĕ÷ĠĈē ãąĕąāĔüûěŋģ÷ňĐąŇĕèĆĊ÷ğĆĦĊøĕĄĆėĄĎüĐè åĈĐè ýęè ĠĈē ĐŇĕèğâĦýüĬĨĕ ĄĘüĬĨĕĎüĔâÿĈÿĈėøĄĕâ āýģ÷ňúĔĨèĢüğãøĆňĐü ĠĈēğãøĐýĐěŇü čĕĄĕĆùúüåĊĕĄğþŎüâĆ÷-÷ŇĕèĠĈē åĊĕĄğåĦĄģ÷ň (čěĆāèČŋ, 2556) ûĜþćĕČĘĄĘĈĔâČöēåĈňĕą āĚëāĊâââ ĈĔâČöēĈĬĕøňüğþŎüĈĬĕąĕĊ åĈňĕąúĕèĄēāĆňĕĊ ĄĘğĎèňĕĢøň÷ėü ĠúèģĎĈĠøâĎüŇĐãęĨüğþŎüĎĄĜŇĢĎîŇĢüúĘħĈěŇĄ üĬĨĕãĔè ìęħèûĜþćĕČĘâŇĐĢĎňğâė÷åĊĕĄğčĘąĎĕąúĘħĆěüĠĆèâĔýčėħè ĠĊ÷ĈňĐĄĠĈēúĬĕĢĎňčĜîğčĘąāĚĨüúĘħâĕĆğâČøĆğþŎüĐąŇĕè Ąĕâ ÷ĔèüĔĨü âĕĆċęâČĕåĊĕĄğþŎüģþģ÷ňĢüâĕĆüĬĕĢëňûĜþ ćĕČĘğāĚħĐğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýčĬĕĎĆĔýčĔøĊŋğåĘĨąĊğĐĚĨĐè éę è ğþŎ ü ĐĘ â ĠüĊúĕèĎüęħ è úĘħ ü ĐâéĕâéēğþŎ ü âĕĆĈ÷ þĆė Ą ĕöĊĔ ë āĚ ë ĢüüĬĨ ĕ ĠĈň Ċ ąĔ è ğþŎ ü âĕĆģ÷ň Ą ĕìęħ è ĠĎĈŇ è ĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýëüė÷ĢĎĄŇ úĘħĎĕģ÷ňèŇĕąĠĈēĆĕåĕùĜâ

âĕĆú÷ĈĐèüĘĨĢëňĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýý completely randomized design (CRD) ìęħèþĆēâĐýģþ÷ňĊą 9 úĆĘøğĄüøŋģ÷ňĠâŇ T1) ĂĕèãňĕĊ 100%, T2) ûĜþćĕČĘ 100%, T3) ĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ 100%, T4) ĂĕèãňĕĊ 60% + ĐĕĎĕĆãňü 40%, T5) ûĜþćĕČĘ 60%+ĐĕĎĕĆãňü 40%, T6) ĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ 60% +ĐĕĎĕĆãňü 40%, T7) ĂĕèãňĕĊ 40% + ĐĕĎĕĆãňü 60%, T8) ûĜþćĕČĘ 40%+ĐĕĎĕĆãňü 60%, T9) ĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ 40% +ĐĕĎĕĆãňü 60% čĬĕĎĆĔýøĔĊĐąŇĕèûĜþćĕČĘģ÷ňĄĕéĕâýęèčĘ òĕü ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąãĐüĠâŇü ãöēúĘħĂĕèĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħģ÷ň ĄĕéĕâĂĕĆŋĄčĔøĊŋú÷ĈĐèãĐèăĕåĊėëĕčĔøĊċĕčøĆŋ čŇĊü ĐĕĎĕĆãňüþĆēâĐýãęüĨ éĕâčŇĊüÿčĄãĐè ĄĔüğčňü ĆĬĕãňĕĊ âĕâĄēāĆňĕĊ âĕâþĕĈŋĄ ĠĆŇûĕøěĆĊĄ âĕâüĬĨĕøĕĈ ğâĈĚĐ ĠĈēąĜğĆĘą éĕâüĔüĨ üĬĕøĔĊĐąŇĕèĐĕĎĕĆúĔèĨ ĎĄ÷ĄĕĐýĢĎňĠĎňè úĘħĐěöĎăĜĄė 60 įC ĠĈēúĬĕâĕĆý÷ÿŇĕüøēĠâĆèãüĕ÷ 1 mm (Cyclotech Mill, Tecator, Sweden) ğāĚħĐĢëňĢüâĕĆ ċęâČĕĐèåŋþĆēâĐýúĕèğåĄĘ (AOAC, 1998) âĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnč ĠĈēâĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ň ġ÷ą Table 1 Ġč÷èĐèåŋþĆēâĐý úĕèġăëüēãĐèĐĕĎĕĆú÷ĈĐè úĬ ĕ âĕĆýĆĆéě Đ ĕĎĕĆ ú÷ĈĐèøĕĄúĆĘøğĄüøŋúċĘħ âę ČĕĢüþĆėĄĕö 0.5 g ĈèĢüãĊ÷ ìĘĆĔħĄãüĕ÷ 50 ml ĠĈňĊğøėĄčĕĆÿčĄãĐèğĎĈĊĢüĆĜğĄüúĘħ ğøĆĘąĄ÷ňĊąĊėûĘâĕĆãĐè Menke and Steingass (1988) þĆėĄĕö 40 ml ăĕąĢøňčăĕāģĆňĐĐâìėğéü ĠĈēĐýĆňĐüúĘħ ĐěöĎăĜĄė 39 įC úĬĕâĕĆýĔüúęâþĆėĄĕöĠâʼnččēčĄúĘëħ ĊĔħ ġĄè øŇĕèĥ ãĐèâĕĆĐýĆňĐüģ÷ňĠâŇ 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h ğāĚħĐüĬĕãňĐĄĜĈĄĕĊėğåĆĕēĎŋ kinetics gas øĕĄ model ãĐè Ørskov and McDonald (1979) åĚĐ y = a+b (1-e-ct) üĐâéĕâüĘĨ ãĊ÷ú÷ĈĐèĐĘâëě÷Ďüęħèéē úĬ ĕ âĕĆĊė ğ åĆĕēĎŋ å Ň ĕ åĊĕĄğãň Ą ãň ü ãĐèĠĐĄġĄğüĘ ą ģüġøĆğéü (NH3-N) ĠĈēâĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ňĊĔøùěĠĎňèúĘħëĔħĊġĄèúĘħ 24 ãňĐĄĜĈúĘħģ÷ňéĕââĕĆú÷ĈĐèúĔĨèĎĄ÷ùĜâüĬĕĄĕĊėğåĆĕēĎŋ åŇĕúĕèčùėøė øĕĄĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýý CRD ġ÷ąĢëň GLM procedure ãĐè SAS (1998).

âĕĆĊė éĔ ą åĆĔĨ è üĘĨ ĄĘ ĊĔ ø ùě þ Ćēčèåŋ ğ āĚħ Đ ċę â Čĕ åěöĈĔâČöēãĐèâĆēýĊüâĕĆĎĄĔâ ĠĈēâĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕą ģ÷ňĢüĆĜğĄüãĐèûĜþćĕČĘ ğþĆĘąýğúĘąýĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĠĈēĂĕè ãňĕĊ ĆŇĊĄâĔýâĕĆğčĆėĄĐĕĎĕĆãňüúĘħĆē÷ĔýøŇĕèĥ ġ÷ąĢëň ğúåüėåâĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnč

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õþÚċüðíþĆàĖþĉĀčáċüìĿ ĐèåŋþĆēâĐýúĕèġăëüēãĐèĐĕĎĕĆãňü Ăĕè ãňĕĊ ûĜþćĕČĘ ĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ Ġč÷è÷Ĕè Table 1 ĐĕĎĕĆãňü úĘħĢëňĢüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèåĆĔĨèüĘĨĄĘþĆėĄĕöġþĆøĘüĎąĕý 13.1% DM ãöēúĘħğąĚħĐĢą NDF ĠĈē ADF ĄĘåŇĕğúŇĕâĔý 15.7 ĠĈē 7.9% DM øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý čŇĊüĂĕèãňĕĊĄĘĐèåŋþĆēâĐýúĕè åěöåŇĕúĕèġăëüēøĬħĕâĊŇĕĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĐĚħüĥ úĔĨèĢüčŇĊü ãĐèġþĆøĘüĎąĕýøĬħĕ (2.2% DM) ãöēúĘħĄĘğąĚħĐĢąþĆėĄĕö čĜè ìęħèĐĕéčŇèÿĈúĬĕĢĎňâĕĆĢëňþĆēġąëüŋģ÷ňãĐèøĔĊčĔøĊŋ ĐĕéĄĘåŇĕøĬħĕâĊŇĕĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĐĚħüĥ ûĜþćĕČĘĄĘåěöåŇĕĐèåŋ þēâĐýúĕèġăëüēĢâĈňğåĘąèâĔýĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĠĈē÷ĘâĊŇĕĂĕè ãňĕĊ čĬĕĎĆĔýûĜþćĕČĘĄĘþĆėĄĕöġþĆøĘüĎąĕýčĜèâĊŇĕĎîňĕ ĆĜìĘħ ĐąĜŇ 3.3% (11.0% ĠĈē7.7% ĢüûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý) ĢüãöēúĘħþĆėĄĕöğąĚħĐĢą NDF ĠĈē ADF ĄĘ åŇĕĢâĈňğåĘąèâĔü åĚĐ 70.7-74.1% NDF ĠĈē 54.4-56.7% ADF øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý Table 2 Ġč÷èÿĈãĐèĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆ ĎąĕýĠĈēĆē÷ĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüøŇĐéĈċĕčøĆŋâĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnč þĆėĄĕöĠâʼnččēčĄ âĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňãĐèĊĔøùěĠĎňèĠĈē åŇĕåĊĕĄğãňĄãňüãĐè NH3-N éĕââĕĆþĆēğĄėüġ÷ąĢëň ğúåüėåâĕĆĊĔ÷ÿĈÿĈėøĠâʼnčĢüĎĈĐ÷ú÷ĈĐèāýĊŇĕúĆĘø ğĄüøŋúĘħĢëňĢüâĕĆċęâČĕéēģĄŇāýĐėúûėāĈĆŇĊĄ (interaction) üĐâéĕâüĘĨ ĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýĠĈēĆē÷ĔýĐĕĎĕĆ ãňüģĄŇĄĘÿĈøŇĐâĕĆğþĈĘħąüĠþĈèãĐèåŇĕğêĈĘħąãĐèčŇĊüúĘħ ĈēĈĕąģ÷ňèŇĕąãĐèĐĕĎĕĆ (a) (P>0.05) ġ÷ąāýĊŇĕåŇĕ a ĐąĜŇĆēĎĊŇĕè -2.8 ùęè -3.2 þĆėĄĕöĠâʼnč ö éě÷ğčňüâĆĕĂ ĆĕýğĆĘąý (b) ğþŎüåŇĕúĘħýŇèýĐâùęèčŇĊüúĘħĄĘċĔâąăĕāĢü âĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąãĐèĊĔøùě÷ėý ùňĕĄĘþĆėĄĕöĠâʼnč ö éě÷ğčňü âĆĕĂĆĕýğĆĘąýĢüþĆėĄĕöúĘħčĜè Ġč÷èĊŇĕĄĘċĔâąăĕāĢü âĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňčĜè ğüĚħĐèéĕâþĆėĄĕöĠâʼnčúĘħÿĈėøģ÷ňĄĘ åĊĕĄčĔ Ą āĔ ü ûŋ âĔ ü ġ÷ąøĆèâĔ ý âĕĆąŇ Đ ąčĈĕąģ÷ň ã Đè ĊĔøùě÷ėý (Menke and Steingass, 1988) ìęħèéĕââĕĆċęâČĕ åĆĔĨèüĘĨ āýĊŇĕúĔĨèĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýĠĈēĆē÷ĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňü úĬĕĢĎňåŇĕ b ĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüúĕèčùėøė (P>0.05) ġ÷ą

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āýĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħéēĄĘåŇĕčĜèâĊŇĕâĕĆĢëň ĂĕèğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý üĐâéĕâüĘĨâĕĆğāėħĄĆē÷Ĕý ĐĕĎĕĆãň ü éēčŇ è ÿĈúĬ ĕ ĢĎň å Ň ĕ b ĄĘ å Ň ĕ ğāėħ Ą ãęĨ ü ģ÷ň ğ ëŇ ü ğ÷ĘąĊâĔü čĐ÷åĈňĐèâĔýĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnč (c) ĢüĐĕĎĕĆ ú÷ĈĐèúĘħĎĄĔâ÷ňĊąãĐèğĎĈĊéĕââĆēğāĕēĆĜğĄü āýĊŇĕ åŇĕğêĈĘħąãĐèĐĔøĆĕâĕĆÿĈėøĠâʼnčéēĄĘåŇĕğāėħĄãęĨü ĢüâĈěŇĄ úĘħ ĢëňûþĜ ćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĆŇĊĄâĔýâĕĆğāėĄħ ãęüĨ ãĐèĐĕĎĕĆ ãňü (P<0.05) þĆėĄĕöÿĈÿĈėøĠâʼnčġ÷ąĠč÷èåŇĕþĆėĄĕö ĠâʼnččēčĄúĘħğĊĈĕ 96 ëĔħĊġĄè āýĊŇĕâĈěŇĄúĘħĢëňĂĕèãňĕĊ 100% éēĄĘåŇĕøĬħĕâĊŇĕ (P<0.05) âĕĆĢëňûĜþćĕČĘĠĈē Ďîňĕ ĆĜìĘħğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄğĄĚħĐğþĆĘąý ğúĘąýĆēĎĊŇĕèûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħāýĊŇĕĠâʼnččēčĄģĄŇĄĘ åĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüĆēĎĊŇĕèčĐèĠĎĈŇèüĘĨ åĊĕĄğãňĄãňüãĐè NH3-N ĄĘåŇĕčĜèúĘħčě÷ĢüâĈěŇĄ ãĐèûĜþćĕČĘ ĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĠĈēĂĕèãňĕĊ øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý üĐâéĕâüĘĨ âĕĆĈ÷čĔ÷čŇĊüãĐèĐĕĎĕĆãňüĈè éēčŇèÿĈúĬĕĢĎňþĆėĄĕö NH3-N Ĉ÷Ĉè úĔèĨ üĘğĨ þŎüÿĈğüĚĐħ èĄĕéĕâþĆėĄĕöġþĆøĘüĢü ûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆãňü ĄĘåŇĕčĜèâĊŇĕĠĎĈŇèĐĚħüĥ ĐĔüéēčŇè ÿĈøŇĐâĕĆąŇĐąčĈĕąġ÷ąéěĈüė úĆĘąúŋ ĄĘħ ĕâãęüĨ ìęèħ čĐ÷åĈňĐè âĔý Cherdthong et al. (2014) ĆĕąèĕüĊŇĕ åĊĕĄğãňĄãňüãĐè NH3-N éēğāėħĄãęĨüğĄĚħĐġþĆøĘüùĜâąŇĐąčĈĕąġ÷ąéěĈėüúĆĘąŋ ĄĕâãęĨü åĊĕĄčĕĄĕĆùĢüâĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ňãĐèĊĔøùěĠĎňè (In vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD) ĢüëĔħĊġĄèúĘħ 24 ãĐèĠøŇĈēþŌééĔąâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüĐąŇĕèĄĘüąĔ čĬĕåĔîúĕèčùėøė (P<0.05) ġ÷ąâĕĆĢëňûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĄĘåĕŇ âĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ňúëĘħ ĊĔħ ġĄèúĘħ 24 čĜèâĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňĂĕèğþŎüĠĎĈŇè ĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý úĔĨèüĘĨĐĕéğþŎüÿĈğüĚħĐèéĕâĂĕèãňĕĊéēĄĘĐèåŋ þĆēâĐýãĐèğąĚħĐĢą NDF ĠĈē ADF čĜèâĊŇĕ ÷ĔèüĔĨüâĕĆ ąŇĐąčĈĕąġ÷ąéěĈüė úĆĘąéŋ èę čĕĄĕĆùğãňĕąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňøĕĬħ âĊŇĕ (Ørskov and McDonald, 1979) ĠøŇĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄåŇĕâĕĆ ąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňãĐèûĜþćĕČĘĠĈēĎîňĕĆĜìĘħģĄŇĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕè âĔüúĕèčùėøė (P>0.05) âĕĆğāėĄħ Ćē÷ĔýãĐèĐĕĎĕĆãňüčŇèÿĈ øŇĐâĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ňãĐèġăëüēğāėħĄãęĨü÷ňĊą

Table 1 Chemical composition of experimental diets Chemical composition Dry matter, % Organic matter, %DM Crude protein, %DM Neutral detergent ber, %DM Acid detergent ber, %DM

Concentrate 96.5 93.6 13.1 15.7 7.9

Rice straw 94.4 87.1 2.2 78.7 59.6

Typha angustifolia 25.4 88.0 11.0 74.1 54.4

Ruzi grass 22.7 85.2 7.7 70.7 56.7

Table 2 The effect of roughage sources and concentrate levels on gas kinetics, digestibility and NH3-N from in vitro incubation with rumen flui Gas Kinetics‡ Treatment† a

b

c

a+b

NH3-N, Gas (96 h), In vitro ml/0.5 g DM digestibility mg% substrate (24h), %DM 44.3 14.9 58.7 15.3 60.2 46.8 18.1 67.3 49.1 18.7 60.2 50.7 20.4 68.1 53.1 58.4 23.4 74.1 51.6 16.5 61.0 53.2 18.8 68.4 20.3 75.6 59.6 0.45 2.01 1.04

57.4 0.022 60.2 -2.8 RsC0 59.2 0.031 62.0 -2.8 RsC40 66.0 0.035 68.9 -2.9 RsC60 59.0 0.035 61.9 -2.9 TaC0 66.8 0.039 69.8 -3.0 Ta4C0 -3.0 76.7 0.043 73.7 TaC60 -2.9 62.9 0.035 60.0 RgC0 -3.0 70.0 0.040 67.0 RgC40 -3.2 77.0 0.045 73.8 RgC60 0.76 3.12 0.0002 2.9 SEM¶ Comparison ** * * ns * * ** Roughage sources * * ** ns * * * R:C ratio ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Interaction Notes: †C0, C40, C60= roughage to concentrate ration at 100:0, 60:40 and 40:60, respectively; Rs, rice straw; Ta, Typha angustifolia; Rg, ruzi grass; ‡a= the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction; b, the gas production from the insoluble fraction; c, the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (b); a+b, the potential extent (omit gas); ¶SEM, standard error of the mean; *P < 0.05, **P< 0.01, ns = non- signi cant.

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ÚčîîčÚüüúôüĉÚċā

ĠĎĈŇèãĐèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýĠĈēĆē÷ĔýãĐèĐĕĎĕĆ ãňü ĄĘÿĈøŇĐåěöĈĔâČöēãĐèâĆēýĊüâĕĆĎĄĔâĠĈēâĕĆ ąŇĐąčĈĕąģ÷ňĢüĆĜğĄü ġ÷ąéĕââĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨčĕĄĕĆù čĆěþģ÷ňĊŇĕ âĕĆĢëňûĜþćĕČĘĎĆĚĐĎîňĕĆĜìĘħ ĆŇĊĄâĔýâĕĆğāėħĄ Ćē÷ĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüčŇèÿĈøŇĐâĕĆþĆěèâĆēýĊüâĕĆĎĄĔâ ĠĈēâĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ň ğĄĚħĐğþĆĘąýğúĘąýâĔýâĕĆĢëňĂĕèãňĕĊ ÷Ĕè üĔĨü ĐĕéčĕĄĕĆùĢëňûĜþćĕČĘğāĚħĐğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý úĕèğĈĚĐâĢĎĄŇčĬĕĎĆĔýčĔøĊŋğåĘĨąĊğĐĚĨĐè øĈĐ÷éüğþŎüĐĘâ ĠüĊúĕèĎüęħèĢüâĕĆâĬĕéĔ÷ĊĔëāĚëúĕèüĬĨĕģ÷ň

ãĐãĐýåě ö ċĜ ü ąŋ Ċė éĔ ą ĠĈēāĔ õ üĕúĆĔ ā ąĕâĆ ĐĕĎĕĆčĔ ø Ċŋ ğ ãøĆň Đ ü, ăĕåĊė ë ĕčĔ ø ĊċĕčøĆŋ åöē ğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ĠĈē âĈěŇĄĊėéĔąâĕĆÿĈėøġåğüĚĨĐāĚĨüğĄĚĐè ĠĈēâĆēýĚĐğāĚħĐğāėħĄþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøĠĈēåěöăĕā ğüĚĨĐĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąãĐüĠâŇü úĘħĢĎňâĕĆčüĔýčüěüèý þĆēĄĕö ĐěþâĆöŋĠĈēčėħèĐĬĕüĊąåĊĕĄčē÷ĊâøŇĕè ĥ

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà čěĆāèČŋ ċĆĘğéňĕ. 2556. âĕĆċęâČĕĠĈēāĔõüĕĊĔč÷ěéĕâøňüûĜþćĕČĘğāĚħĐĐâĠýýĠĈēāĔõüĕÿĈėøăĔöôŋøâĠøŇèýüġøʼnēúĬĕèĕü. ĊėúąĕüėāüûŋĎĈĔâčĜøĆþĆėîîĕċėĈþâĆĆĄċĕčøĆĄĎĕýĔöôėø ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąċĆĘüåĆėüúĆĊėġĆõ. 172 Ďüňĕ.

AOAC. 1998. Of cial methods of analysis, Vol. 2, 16th edn. AOAC, Arlington, VA. Cherdthong, A., M. Wanapat, A. Saenkamsorn, N. Waraphila, W. Khota, D. Rakwongrit, N. Anantasook, and P. Gunun. 2014. Effects of replacing soybean meal with dried rumen digesta on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation and nitrogen use ef ciency in Thai cattle fed on rice straw. Livestock Science 169:71-77.

Menke, K.H., and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen uid. Animal Research Development 28: 7-55. Ørskov, E.R., and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science 92: 499–503.

SAS. 1998. User’s Guide: Statistic, Version 6, 12th Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.

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ğĄĚħĐâĈŇĕĊùęèûèëĔą ğĈĦââĔĄāĈ ĎĆĚĐúĘħåüĢüĊèâĕĆ ğĆĘąââĔüĊŇĕ ĎĄĐûèëĔą úŇĕüğþŎüëĕĊéĔèĎĊĔ÷čěāĆĆöýěĆĘ ģ÷ň ĆĔýþĆėîîĕĊėúąĕċĕčøĆŋĄĎĕýĔöôėø (þ.ġú) ÷ňĕüčěãċęâČĕ ĠĈēāćøėâĆĆĄċĕčøĆŋ éĕâåöēĠāúąŋċĕčøĆŋ ċėĆėĆĕë āąĕýĕĈ ğčňüúĕèĢüĊèâĕĆĈĜâúěŇèģúąãĐèĎĄĐûèëĔąåŇĐü ãňĕèĠøâøŇĕèéĕâüĔâĠøŇèğāĈèĈĜâúěŇèåüĐĚħüĐąĜŇĄĕâ ğāĆĕē ĎĄĐûèëĔąĄĕéĕâåĆĐýåĆĔĊúĘħĄĘòĕüēåŇĐüãňĕè÷Ę ġ÷ą åĆĐýåĆĔ Ċ ãĐèĎĄĐûèëĔąğþŎüåüéĘüĢüøĈĕ÷čĊüĠøè é.čěāĆĆöýěĆĘ éęèģ÷ňĆĔýâĕĆċęâČĕúĘħ÷Ę ĠĈēčĕĄĕĆùğãňĕğĆĘąü Ćē÷ĔýþĆėîîĕøĆĘúĘħåöēĠāúąċĕčøĆŋċėĆėĆĕëāąĕýĕĈ ġ÷ą ĆēĎĊŇĕèğĆĘąüâĦģ÷ňĎĕĆĕąģ÷ňāėğċČ÷ňĊąâĕĆĠøŇèğāĈèĢĎňâĔý üĔâĆňĐèĈĜâúěèŇ ġ÷ąğêāĕēüĔâĆňĐè ĊèāĆüĕĆĕąöŋ ĠĈēĄĘğāĈè úĘħčĆňĕèëĚħĐğčĘąèĢĎňğãĕĄĕâĄĕą ğëŇü čĔîîĕğĄĚħĐčĕąĔöĎŋ (čĔîîĕ āĆüĕĆĕąöŋ) úĎĕĆýâāŇĕąĆĔâ (čĔîîĕ āĆ üĕĆĕąöŋ) ĆĔâãňĕĄġãè (ĠĎĊüğāëĆ ĊèúĐè) ģĆŇĐňĐąåĐąĆĔâ (ĠĎĊüğāëĆ ĊèúĐè) åĆĜ þâč. (ĠĎĊüğāëĆ ĊèúĐè)ğÿĈĐ ĢéĆĔâ (ąĐ÷ĆĔâ čĈĔâĢé) čĔîîĕ 5 þĿ (čĕąĔöĎŋ čĔîîĕ) ĈĕĆĔâ éĕâčĊüĠøè (čĕąĔöĎŋ čĔîîĕ) ğčĘąèåĆĊîéĕâčĊüĠøè (üĬĨĕĐňĐą āĆĊėğëĘąĆ) ĒĈĒ ğĄĚħĐâŇĐüéēğãňĕĢéÿė÷ğčĄĐĊŇĕ ğāĈèčĔîîĕğĄĚħĐčĕąĔöĎŋğþŎüğčĘąèĆňĐèãĐè āĘħğþŃĕ čĕąĔöĎŋ čĔîîĕ ğüĚħĐèéĕâĊŇĕüĬĨĕğčĘąèãĐèúĔĨèčĐèúŇĕüĢüčĄĔąüĔĨü åĈňĕąåĈęèâĔüĄĕâ ĠĂüğāĈèĈĜâúěŇèğĐèøŇĕèâĦčĔýčüĊŇĕ čĕąĔöĎŋ čĔîîĕ âĔý čĔîîĕ čĕąĔöĎŋ åĚĐåüĥ ğ÷ĘąĊâĔüéü âĆēúĔħè åěöčĔîîĕ čĕąĔöĎŋ ģ÷ňğþĈĘħąüëĚħĐĢüâĕĆĆňĐèğāĈè ĄĕğþŎü čĔîîĕ āĆüĕĆĕąöŋ åĊĕĄčĔýčüüĘĨéęèĎĕąģþ

ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎą ģ÷ňĂèŌ ğāĈèüĘúĨ ģĘ ĆúĬĕĢĎňå÷ė ùęèþĕâëŇĐè úěâåĆĔĨè ģĄŇĊŇĕéēĆňĐèåĕĆĕġĐğâēøĐüğ÷ėüúĕèúŇĐèğúĘħąĊ ĎĆĚĐĆňĐèåĕĆĕġĐğâēøĐüğĄĕĢüâĈěŇĄğāĚħĐüĀĜè ĠĈēéĬĕģ÷ňĊŇĕ

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čĄĔąğĆĘąüĐąĜúŇ ĄĘħ ĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąãĐüĠâŇü ëŇĊèþľ÷ğúĐĄüĔâċęâČĕ ãĐüĠâŇüéēğĎĄĕĆùýĔčâĈĔýğãňĕčĜŇâĆěèğúāĒ ġ÷ąéēâėü ğĎĈňĕĠĈēĆňĐèĆĬĕúĬĕğāĈèâĔüĐąĜŇúňĕąĆùğĎĄĚĐüâĔýêėħèêĕý úĔĊĆŋ ğāĈèčĔîîĕğĄĚħĐčĕąĔöĎŋ éēùĜâýĆĆ÷ĕãĘĨğĄĕĎĈĔèĆù ýĔ č ĠĎâþĕâĆň Đ èúě â åĆĔĨ è ğĄĚħ Đ Ćùģ÷ň ğ ÷ė ü úĕèĄĕùę è øĈĕ÷ þĕâëŇĐè ĢüĐ÷ĘøúĘþħ ĕâëŇĐèąĔèģĄŇğéĆėîâĦéēĄĘğāĘąèĠøŇğâČøĆâĆ ëĕĊģĆŇãňĕĊġā÷ğúŇĕüĔĨü ĠøŇĢüþŌééěýĔüþĕâëŇĐèğéĆėîĆěŇèğĆĚĐè éüâĈĔýâĈĕą ğþŎüğĄĚĐèúĘħğċĆČòĘĄĘâēøĔèåŋ ĠĎŇâĔüĄĕìĚĨĐ úĘ÷ħ üė úĘğħ åąğþŎü ģĆŇãĕň Ċġā÷ ğþĈĘąħ üĄĕğþŎüýňĕüāĔâøĕâĐĕâĕċ ĠĈēĆĘčĐĆŋú ğâė÷ãęĨüĄĕâĄĕą ğĄĚħĐâĈŇĕĊùęèþĕâëŇĐèúěâåüâĦ øňĐèĆĜňéĔâ ĊüĐěúąĕüĠĎŇèëĕøėğãĕĢĎîŇ ĂĕĆŋĄġëåëĔą ĠĈē ģĆŇčěĊĆĆöĊĕéââčėâėé (ċĜüąŋĊėéĔąãňĕĊġā÷ĠĈēãňĕĊĂłĕè ĠĎŇèëĕøė) ìęħèĎĈĕąåüúĘħğ÷ėüúĕèéēâĈĔýğãňĕâĆěèğúāĒ éē øňĐèĠĊēìĚĨĐÿĈėøăĔöôŋúĘħãęĨüëĚħĐåĚĐ “üĬĨĕüĄãňĕĊġā÷” čĬĕĎĆĔýåĊĕĄğþŎüĄĕãĐèģĆŇčĊě ĆĆöüĔüĨ ğĆėĄħ Ąĕéĕâ ĢüþĿ ā.ċ.2508 ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ģ÷ňĆĔýĄĐýģĆŇ “ûüēĂĕĆŋĄ” ìęħèğ÷ėĄğþŎüģĆŇãĐè ĒāöĒ éĐĄāĈčćČ÷ėī ûüēĆĔëøŋ Đ÷ĘøüĕąâĆĔòĄüøĆĘ éĕââĆĄûüĕĆĔâČŋ âĆēúĆĊè âĕĆåĈĔè ìęħèĄĘāĚĨüúĘħþĆēĄĕö 2,500 ģĆŇ éęèģ÷ňéĔ÷øĔĨèğþŎü čùĕüĘĀŀâüėčėøğâČøĆ ëĚħĐĊŇĕ “čùĕüĘĀĿâüėčėøğâČøĆ čěĊĆĆöĊĕéââčėâėé” ğāĚħĐğþŎüğâĘąĆøėĠâŇĎĈĊèčěĊĆĆöĊĕéâ âčėâėé þòĄĐûėâĕĆý÷ĘãĐèĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔą ğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ġ÷ą ĄĘ ÷Ć.čěĊĆĆö ğâČøĆčěĊĆĆö ğþŎüĎĔĊĎüňĕčùĕüĘåüĠĆâ ĠĈēĢĎňčĔèâĔ÷ĐąĜŇâĔýåöēğâČøĆøŇĐĄĕĢüþĿ ā.ċ. 2509 ĄĜĈüėûĆė Đʼn ââĘğĨ ĂĈğĈĐĆŋ ģ÷ňĢĎňåĊĕĄëŇĊąğĎĈĚĐġåĆèâĕĆãňĕĊġā÷ ĠĈēãňĕĊĂłĕèĢüþĆēğúċĠùýğĐğëĘą (Inter-Asian Corn and Sorghum Program) ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ éęèģ÷ň ĆŇĊĄĄĚĐâĔýâĆĄâčėâĆĆĄ (âĆĄĊėëĕâĕĆğâČøĆĢüþŌééěýĔü) ÷ĬĕğüėüâĕĆĊėéĔąĠĈēāĔõüĕãňĕĊġā÷ĠĈēãňĕĊĂłĕèăĕąĢøň åĊĕĄëŇĊąğĎĈĚĐãĐèĄĜĈüėûėĆʼnĐââĘĨğĂĈğĈĐĆŋ ġ÷ąĢëňāĚĨüúĘħãĐè čùĕüĘ Ā ŀ â üė čė ø ğâČøĆčě Ċ ĆĆöĊĕéââčė âė é ĠĎŇ è üĘĨ ğ þŎ ü ċĜüąŋâĈĕèâĕĆþñėýĔøėèĕü ìęħèøŇĐĄĕģ÷ňéĔ÷øĔĨèãęĨüğþŎü ċĜüąŋ ĊėéĔąãňĕĊġā÷ĠĈēãňĕĊĂłĕèĠĎŇèëĕøė ğĄĚħĐĊĔüúĘħ 22 øěĈĕåĄ 2512 ġ÷ąčĔèâĔ÷ĐąĜŇâĔýčĬĕüĔâèĕüĐûėâĕĆý÷Ę ĄĘüĕąĐĔîğëėî ëĄăĜġāûėī ìęħèğþŎüĎĔĊĎüňĕčùĕüĘĒ ÷ĬĕĆèøĬĕĠĎüŇèÿĜňĐĬĕüĊą âĕĆċĜüąŋĊėéĔąãňĕĊġā÷ĠĈēãňĕĊĂłĕèĠĎŇèëĕøė÷ňĊąĢüþĿ ā.ċ.

2522 ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ģ÷ňéĔ÷øĔĨèčùĕýĔüĊėéĔąĠĈē āĔõüĕĠĎŇèĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋãęĨü úĔĨèċĜüąŋĊėéĔą

ãňĕĊġā÷ĠĈēãňĕĊĂłĕèĠĎŇèëĕøė ĠĈēčùĕüĘĀŀâüėčėøğâČøĆ čěĊĆĆöĊĕéââčėâėé ģ÷ňġĐüąňĕąĄĕčĔèâĔ÷čùĕýĔüĊėéĔąĠĈē āĔõüĕĠĎŇèĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ čùĕüĘĀâŀ üėčøė ğâČøĆ čěĊĆĆöĊĕéââčėâéė ģ÷ňğþĈĘąħ üëĚĐħ ğþŎü “čùĕüĘĊéė ąĔ čěĊĆĆö Ċĕéââčėâėé” ğāĚħĐĢĎňčĐ÷åĈňĐèâĔýăĕĆâėéúĘğħ āėħĄãęĨü åĚĐ âĕĆĊėéĔąğāĚħĐāĔõüĕâĕĆÿĈėøāĚëģĆŇğċĆČòâėéãĐèþĆēğúċ ĠøŇâąĦ èĔ åèèĕüĀŀâüėčøė ìęèħ ğþŎüăĕĆâėéĎĈĔâ ģĊňøĐŇ ĄĕĢüþĿ ā.ċ.

2535 ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ģ÷ňéĔ÷øĔĨè “čùĕýĔüĐėüúĆĘ éĔüúĆčùėøąŋğāĚħĐâĕĆåňüåĊňĕĠĈēāĔõüĕ÷ňĕüāĚëċĕčøĆŋ” ìęèħ ğþŎüčùĕýĔüĊėéąĔ ğêāĕēúĕèãęüĨ úĔèĨ ċĜüąŋĊéė ąĔ ãňĕĊġā÷ĠĈē ãňĕĊĂłĕèĠĎŇèëĕøė ĠĈē čùĕüĘĊėéĔąčěĊĆĆöĊĕéââčėâėé âĦģ÷ň ġĐüąňĕąĄĕčĔèâĔ÷čùĕýĔüĐėüúĆĘéĔüúĆčùėøąŋĒ þĕâëŇ Đ èéĔ ÷ ğþŎ ü úĘħ ú Ň Đ èğúĘħ ą ĊāĔ â ÿŇ Đ üãĐèÿĜ ň úĘħ øňĐèâĕĆčĜ÷ġĐġìüĢĎňğøĦĄþĐ÷ ĠĈēĆēąēúĕèéĕââĆěèğúāĒ âĦģĄŇģâĈĄĕâğâėüģþüĔâ ğĆĕčĕĄĕĆùĢëňğĊĈĕãĔýĆùąüøŋ þĆēĄĕöčĐèëĔħĊġĄèåĆęħèâĦùęèĠĈňĊ ĐĘâúĔĨèúĘħþĕâëŇĐèéēĄĘ ĆňĕüĐĕĎĕĆĐĆŇĐąĄĕâĄĕąĎĈĕąĆňĕü éĕââĕĆğ÷ėüúĕèãĐè ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąģþþĕâëŇĐèĢüåĆĔĨèüĘĨ ĐąĕâéēãĐĠüēüĬĕ Ćňĕü ĐĕĎĕĆğâŇĕĠâŇĆňĕüĎüęħèúĘħĄĘĐĕąěģĄŇøĬħĕâĊŇĕ 30 þĿ ìęħèĎŇĕüĎėĊ ġĎąĄĔâéēĠĊēëėĄĢüëŇĊèãĕãęĨüéĕââĆěèğúāĒ ğčĄĐ ĆňĕüúĘħ ĠüēüĬĕĢĎňĠĊēëėĄåĚĐĆňĕüĐĕĎĕĆ “ýňĕüĠĄŇ & čğøĦâ” Ģü Đ÷ĘøĄĘëĚħĐĊŇĕĆňĕüĐĕĎĕĆ “ýňĕüĠĄŇ” úĘħéĔ÷ģ÷ňĊŇĕĆňĕüüĘĨğþŎü ĆňĕüúĘħãňĕĊĠâèĐĆŇĐąúĘħčě÷ĢüąŇĕüüĘĨ éüğþŎüúĘħâĈŇĕĊãĕüâĔü ĊŇĕúĘħüĘħğþŎüĆňĕüúĘħĄĘ “ãňĕĊčĊą-ĠâèĆňĐü” ġ÷ąğêāĕēĐąŇĕè ąėħèĆňĕüüĘĨéēĢëňãňĕĊĎĐĄĄēĈė éĕâ éĔèĎĊĔ÷čěĆėüúĆŋğúŇĕüĔĨü čĬĕĎĆĔýúĘħøĔĨèãĐèĆňĕü ĐĕĎĕĆýňĕüĠĄŇ éēĐąĜøŇ ĆèãňĕĄ čùĕüĘĊéė ĔąčěĊĆĆöĊĕéââčėâéė ĎĆĚĐģĆŇčĊě ĆĆö ùňĕúŇĕüğ÷ėüúĕè ĄĕéĕââĆěèğúāĒ āĐãĔýĆù ğĈąĐĬĕğăĐâĈĕè÷èĄĕģĄŇģâĈ ĄĕâüĔâ ĢĎňúŇĕüčĔèğâøþŃĕą ãňĕèúĕèìňĕąĄĚĐúĘħýĐâùęèĆňĕü ĐĕĎĕĆýň ĕ üĠĄŇ ğ þŎ ü ĆēąēĄĕ øĈĐ÷ ĢĎňë÷ė ìňĕąğãňĕģĊňğāĆĕēĢâĈňéēùęèĆňĕüĐĕĎĕĆýňĕüĠĄŇĠĈňĊ ĠĈēĢĎňčĔèğâøĄĐèúĕèãĊĕĄĚĐþĆēâĐý÷ňĊąùňĕúŇĕüğĎĦü þĆēøĜúĕèğãňĕģĆŇčěĊĆĆö âĦğþŎüĐĔüĊŇĕùęèúĘħĎĄĕąþĈĕąúĕè

ĎüňĕĆňĕüéēĄĘĆĜþþŌŐüĊĔĊâĕĆŋøĜüøĔĊĢĎîŇąĚüĐąĜŇĎüňĕĆňĕü āĆňĐĄþŃĕąëĚħĐĆňĕüãüĕ÷ĢĎîŇĢĎňğĎĦüĐąŇĕèëĔ÷ğéü þŌééěýĔü ģ÷ňğāėħĄğĄüĜčğøĦâãęĨüĄĕĐĘâ÷ňĊą éęèĄĘëĚħĐĆňĕüĊŇĕ “ýňĕüĠĄŇ & čğøĦâ” ĎĆĚĐýĕèåüúĘħøė÷ĢéĢüåĊĕĄüěŇĄĐĆŇĐąãĐèčğøĦâéü ģ÷ňĆĔýčĄîĕüĕĄĊŇĕ “čğøĦâøĔĊāŇĐ” ĆňĕüýňĕüĠĄŇéēğþľ÷ ýĆėâĕĆĐĕĎĕĆøĔĨèĠøŇĎâġĄèğëňĕģþéüùęèčĘħúěŇĄ ĢåĆúĘħëĐý ãňĕĊčĊą-ĠâèĆňĐü ğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆĄĚĨĐğëňĕĆĔýĆĐèģĄŇÿė÷ĎĊĔè úĘħ üĘĄħ âĘ ýĔ ãňĕĊĎĈĕâĎĈĕąğĄüĜĢĎňúĕŇ üģ÷ňğĈĚĐâ čĕĄĕĆùčĔèħ Ġýý øĔâĆĕ÷ãňĕĊčĊąĆňĐüĥ ÷ňĊąâĔýãňĕĊĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊĎĆĚĐčĐèĐąŇĕè âĦģ÷ň ĎĆĚĐùňĕĄĕâĔüĎĈĕąåüøňĐèâĕĆøĔââĔýãňĕĊĢčŇğþŎüùňĊąĥ âĦģ÷ň úĬĕĢĎňģ÷ňĈĄėĨ ĆčĐĕĎĕĆģ÷ňĎĈĕąëüė÷ ĢüĊĔüúĘĎħ ĕŇ üĎėĊġĎą ĠĊēëėĄãňĕĊĠâèğþŎüëŇĊèğëňĕğĊĈĕþĆēĄĕöĎâġĄèåĆęħè ìęħè ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąéēøňĐèğ÷ėüúĕèģþéĔèĎĊĔ÷ýěĆĘĆĔĄąŋ éęèĐĐâéĕâ ýňĕüúĘâħ ĆěèğúāĒ øĔĨèĠøŇøĘčĘħåĆęħè ĢëňğĊĈĕğ÷ėüúĕèčĐèëĔħĊġĄè āĐ÷Ę üĐâéĕâãňĕĊĠâèĠĈňĊąĔèĄĘâĕĠĂč÷ğĊĘą÷üĕĄ úĘħğčėĆŋĂ ĄĕāĆňĐĄâĔýĂľüĠčøüğĈč øĕĄĠýýêýĔýãĐèğĊĘą÷üĕĄúĘħ øňĐèüĔħèĄĐèâĕĠĂč÷Ďą÷úĘħĈēĎą÷éüĠĎňèĂľü ùęèéēąâ ĂľüĐĐâéĕâĠâňĊĠĈňĊéęèéē÷ĚĄħ âĕĠĂģ÷ň ĆčëĕøėåĊĕĄğãňĄãňü ãĐèâĕĠĂğĊĘą÷üĕĄúĬĕĢĎňøĕčĊŇĕèãęĨüĄĕúĔüúĘ ğčĆĦéčĔýâĔý ĐĕĎĕĆğëňĕâĦøňĐèĐĐâğ÷ėüúĕè øŇĐģþéĔèĎĊĔ÷ýěĆĆĘ ĄĔ ąŋ ġ÷ąãĕâ ĈĔý ĢüĊĔüĆěŇèãęĨüéēøňĐèĠĊē üĐüåňĕèúĘħþĕâëŇĐèāĐ÷Ę éęè úĬĕĢĎňĄĘġĐâĕčúĘħëėĄĐĕĎĕĆ ĄĚĨĐğąĦüāĆňĐĄ÷ĚħĄğýĘąĆŋ...ğāĚħĐ ĢĎňğãňĕâĔýýĆĆąĕâĕċúĘħåĊĕĄ ĎüĕĊğąĦüģ÷ňāĔ÷ÿŇĕüğãňĕĄĕčĜŇ ÷ėüĠ÷üþĕâëŇĐèĠĎŇèüĘĨ ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąģ÷ňåĊýğéňĕğâĊĘąüüňĐąåĜŇĢééĕâýěĆĆĘ ĄĔ ąŋ ĄĕùęèþĕâëŇĐèâĦģ÷ňğĊĈĕğþĆĘĨąĊþĕâāĐ÷Ę ğþŎüëŇĊèúĘħøēĊĔü âĬĕĈĔèéēĈĔýĈĕüââĕâĦâĕĬ ĈĔèýėüâĈĔýčĜĆŇ èĔ āĐĎĕúĘüħ èĔħ úĘğħ ĎĄĕē âĔýčĎĕąåĐğ÷ĘąĊâĔüúĘħĆŇĊĄğ÷ėüúĕèĄĕ÷ňĊąĐĘâčĐèåü éęè úĬĕĢĎňåĬħĕåĚüüĘĨğøĦĄģþ÷ňĊąåĊĕĄĎĆĆČĕğþŎüĐąŇĕèąėħèúĘħģ÷ň ÷ĚħĄğýĘąĆŋāĆňĐĄâĔýčĜ÷ġĐġìüĐąŇĕèğøĦĄþĐ÷āĜ÷åěąâĔýåüúĘħ ĆĜňĢé ùęèâĔýĊŇĕğĊĈĕģ÷ňÿŇĕüāňüģþĐąŇĕèĆĊ÷ğĆĦĊ ÷ňĊąåĊĕĄ ğĎüĦ÷ğĎüĚĐħ ąâĊŇĕčĕĄĆňĐąâėġĈğĄøĆ čėèħ ĠĆâúĘãħ ĐéĕâúĕèĆňĕü åĚĐ ÿňĕğąĦüåüĈēÿĚüğāĚħĐğĆĘąâåĊĕĄâĆēëěŇĄâĆēëĊąĢĎňâĈĔý åĚüĄĕ āĆňĐĄâĔýğýĘąĆŋğąĦüĥ éüğþŎüğâĈĦ÷ĎėĄēúĘħģĎĈÿŇĕü

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ĈĬĕåĐ ĈèčĜŇâĆēğāĕēğąĦüĊĕýéüğčĘąĊčĔüĎĈĔèğĈąúĘğ÷ĘąĊ āĆňĐĄâĔýğĄüĜğ÷Ňü÷ĔèúĘčħ ÷ě ãĐèúĘüħ åĘħ ĐĚ “þĈĕøēğāĘąüģĆňâĕň è” þĈĕøēğāĘąüģĆňâňĕèãĐèúĘħüĘħğþŎüþĈĕøňĄğåĦĄĆčëĕøėĎĊĕü ĄĔüğåĦĄúĘħøěŊüéüâňĕèğþŁŏĐąčĕĄĕĆùğåĘĨąĊģ÷ňĎĄ÷úĔĨèøĔĊģĄŇ øňĐèâĈĔĊâňĕèþĈĕéēøė÷åĐ ąėħèùňĕĄĘĎĐĄĠ÷èìĐą ĠĈēāĆėâ ãĘĨĎüĜčĊüìĐąġĆąĎüňĕýĘýĄēüĕĊĈèģþ ĆĔýĆĐèĠìýüĔĊ ğĎĈĚĐĎĈĕą ìęħèùňĕëĐýĆčĠìýĠýýüĘĨâĦãĐğãĕģ÷ňġ÷ąĠąâ ĎĐĄĠ÷èìĐąâĔ ý āĆė â ãĘĨ Ď üĜ ì ĐąĠĈēĄēüĕĊĢčŇ ù ň Ċ ąĄĕ čĬĕĎĆĔýåüúĘħøňĐèâĕĆĠìý ĐĕĎĕĆâĔýĠâĈňĄğĄüĜğ÷Ħ÷úĘħ øĕĄĄĕåĚĐ “ãĕĎĄĜğąĐĆĄĔü” ãĕĎĄĜúĆĘħ ĕň üüĘĄĨ ãĘ üĕ÷âĬĕĈĔè÷Ę ģĄŇğĎĄĚĐüãĕĎĄĊą (ĎňĕĄÿĊüåĆĔý) úĘħýňĕüúĘħĄĘãüĕ÷ĢĎîŇ Ąĕâ ãĕĎĄĜğąĐĆĄĔüãĐèúĕèĆňĕüĄĘåĊĕĄâĆĐýãĐèĎüĔèĎĄĜ ĠýýâĆĐýüĐâüěŇĄĢü üĔýğþŎüâĔýĠâĈňĄúĘħğãňĕâĔüâĔýğýĘąĆŋ ģ÷ňğþŎüĐąŇĕè÷Ę ìęħèğþŎüčĜøĆãĐèâĕĆ÷ĚħĄğýĘąĆŋãĐèğąĐĆĄĔü ğþŎüúĘĆħ âňĜ üĔ ÷ĘĢüĎĄĜåŇ ĐğýĘąĆŋ âĔýĠâĈňĄúĘøħ ĕĄĄĕĐąŇĕèĆĊ÷ğĆĦĊ åĚĐ “ğčĚĐĆňĐèģĎňġāüąĕèåĬĕąŇĕè” éėĨĄĠéŇĊ ğüĚĨĐúĘħąŇĕèĄĕĐąĜŇ ĢüãĔĨüâęħèčěââęħè÷ėý (medium-rare) ìęħèĄĘåĊĕĄëěŇĄãĐèüĬĨĕ ğüĚĐĨ āĐčĄåĊĆ úĬĕĢĎňâĕĆãýğåĘąĨ ĊģĄŇøĐň èĐĐâĠĆèĄĕâüĔâ åĊĕĄĎĊĕüãĐèğüĚĨĐúĘħčĔĄÿĔčâĔýĈėĨüĄĘåĊĕĄâĈĄâĈŇĐĄ ğþŎüĐąŇĕèąėèħ ğéňĕãĐèĆňĕüëŇĕèĆĜĢň éåĐğýĘąĆŋĐąŇĕèĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąğþŎü ĐąŇĕè÷ĘúĘħąŇĕèğüĚĨĐĄĕĠýýâęħèčěââęħè÷ėý ğĄĚħĐğåĘĨąĊğčĚĐĆňĐèģĎň ąŇĕèĈèåĐĠĈňĊâĦøňĐèøĕĄâĆē÷â÷ňĊąğýĘąĆŋĐĘâčĐèùęèčĕĄ ĐęâéēĆĜňčęâåĈŇĐèåĐğþŎüĐąŇĕè÷Ę čě÷úňĕąãĐèåĐğýĘąĆŋúĘħĄĕ âĔü ĢüåĬħĕåĚüüĘĨéýĈè÷ňĊą “ģâŇąŇĕèúĐ÷âĆĐý” ğĄüĜüĘĨğþŎü ğĄüĜúģĘħ ĄŇğåąëėĄúĘĆħ ĕň üĐĕĎĕĆģĎüĄĕâŇĐü üĔýĊŇĕğþŎüâĔýĠâĈňĄ čĬĕĎĆĔýåĐğýĘąĆŋĠĈēåĐğĎĈňĕúĘħğąĘħąĄąĐ÷éĆėèĥ ģâŇúĘħĎĄĔâ ğåĆĚħĐèéüĎĐĄğĄĚħĐąŇĕèéüĠĎňè÷ĘĠĈňĊüĬĕĄĕúĐ÷âĆĐýéėĨĄ âĔýüĬĨĕéėĨĄĠéŇĊúĘħĄĘãňĕĊåĔħĊĎĐĄĥ ğþŎüúĘħùĜâþĕâùĜâåĐģ÷ň÷ĘģĄŇ ğýĕ úĬĕĢĎňøňĐèčĔħèğýĘąĆŋğāėħĄĄĕ ĐĘâ 2 ãĊ÷ ğþŎüâĕĆøýúňĕą âŇĐüâĈĔýģþąĔèúĘħāĔâúĘħģ÷ňéĐèģĊň ìęħèģĄŇĎŇĕèéĕâĆňĕüĐĕĎĕĆ ĄĕâüĔâ čĬĕĎĆĔýĢüâĆöĘúúĘħ ĕŇ üĄĘýĆĆ÷ĕĠĄŇýĕň üĎĆĚĐâėâĩ øė÷Ąĕ ÷ňĊą úĘĆħ ĕň üüĘğĨ ãĕąĔèĄĘĐĕĎĕĆúĘğħ ĎĈŇĕýĆĆ÷ĕÿĜĎň îėèüėąĄýĆėġăå âĔüĄĕâĆĔýĆĐèģĄŇÿ÷ė ĎĊĔèĠüŇüĐü ĐĕĎĕĆčėèħ üĔüĨ âĦåĐĚ “ĠĎüĄ ğüĚĐè” ĐĕĎĕĆğĊĘą÷üĕĄúĘħčě÷đėøãĐèýĆĆ÷ĕčĕĊüňĐąčĕĊ... úĔèĨ ĎĈĕą ìęèħ ĄĘĢĎňğĈĚĐâøĕĄĆčüėąĄåĚĐéēĄĘúèĔĨ “VTĠĎüĄğüĚĐè ĠĈēĠ÷èĠĎüĄğüĚĐè” ĐĘâúĔèĨ ąĔèĄĘ “čňĄøĬĕþĜĄĕň ” ìęèħ čĕĄĕĆù ğþŎüģ÷ňúèĔĨ âĔýĠâĈňĄãĐèýĆĆ÷ĕåĐĠĐĈâĐđĐĈŋ ĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆ ĆčüėąĄãĐèğĎĈŇĕýĆĆ÷ĕĠĄŇýňĕü÷ňĊąĠøŇâŇĐüĐĐâéĕâĆňĕü ģþāĊâğĆĕģ÷ňýĐââĔýğéňĕãĐèĆňĕüĊŇĕ ýŇĕąĊĔüāĆěèŇ üĘĎĨ ĈĔèéĕâ

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ğčĆĦééĕââĕĆúĬĕûěĆēúĘħþĕâëŇĐèĠĈňĊéēĠĊēĄĕëėĄĐĕĎĕĆ ğ÷Ħ÷ãĐèĆňĕüĐĘâĐąŇĕèĎüęħèâĦåĚĐ “čğøĦâøĔĊāŇĐ” ğëňĕĊĔüĆěŇèãęĨüĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąâĦøňĐèģþúĬĕâėéûěĆâėéúĘħģ÷ň üĔ÷ĎĄĕąģĊň âĊŇĕéēğčĆĦéâĦģ÷ňğĊĈĕĎėĊāĐ÷ĘãĐèĄĚĐĨ ğúĘąħ è ĎŇĕü ĎėĊġĎąĢëňğĊĈĕãĔýãĘğħ éňĕğâĊĘąüüňĐąìĘĐĕĆŋĊĄĘ ĕùęèĆňĕü “ýňĕü ĠĄŇ&čğøĦâ” âĦğĈąğĊĈĕğúĘąħ èĄĕğĈĦâüňĐą üĬĕĨ ąŇĐąâĬĕĈĔèĎĈĔèħ ĐĐâĄĕāĐ÷Ę úĘĆħ ĕň üüĘĄĨ ġĘ øʼnēĢĎňğĈĚĐâüĔèħ ģ÷ňĎĈĕąýĆĆąĕâĕċ ĄĘøèĔĨ ĠøŇýĆĆąĕâĕċġìňąãňĕĊĠâè ýĆĆąĕâĕċĢøňĆĄŇ ĠĄâģĄň ĠĈē ýĆĆąĕâĕċåĕĊýĐąĄĐèģĆŇčĊě ĆĆöāĆňĐĄ÷ĜĆùąüøŋúĊĘħ èėħ ģþĄĕ ýüùüüĄėøĆăĕā ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąāĆňĐĄğāĚħĐüģ÷ňğĈĚĐâúĘħüĔħè ýĆĆąĕâĕċåĕĊýĐąúĘĄħ ğĘ āĈèåĔüúĆĘğþľ÷ĢĎňĂèŌ ğýĕĥ ğāĚĐħ éēģ÷ň ĢĎňğãňĕâĔýâĕĆâėüčğøĦâúĘħúĕèĆňĕüğãĘąüýĐâģĊňýüâĆē÷ĕü ÷ĬĕĊŇĕ “čğøĦâìěþğþĐĆŋġāüąĕèåĬĕ” ĄėĆĐëňĕčėèħ úĘãħ ĕ÷ģĄŇģ÷ň ğāĚĐħ ğĆĘąâüĬĕĨ ąŇĐąåĚĐ ğýĘąĆŋ...(ýĐâąĘĎħ Đň ģĄŇģ÷ňğ÷ĘąĪ ĊĎĄĐĎĄĕü ğĐĕğĆĚĐħ èğãňĕãŇĕąġçČöĕ) 2 ãĊ÷ čĬĕĎĆĔý 3 åüâĬĕĈĔè÷Ę éĕâüĔüĨ âĦãĐčĔèħ čğøĦâĄĕâėü úĘĆħ ĕň üüĘğĨ ãĕčĔèħ ğüĚĐĨ ġåãěüĄĕéĕâġāüąĕè åĬĕġ÷ąøĆè øĆèúĘğħ ãĕğãĘąüģĊňĊĕŇ “ìěþğþĐĆŋġāüąĕèåĬĕ” ğāĆĕē ğãĕéēåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâğêāĕēğüĚĐĨ ġåãěüčŇĊüúĘĄħ ģĘ ãĄĔüĠúĆâĆē÷Ĕý 5 ãęĨüģþ (beef marbling standards) ĄĕĢëňúĆĘħ ĕň üüĘğĨ úŇĕüĔüĨ øĕĄ ĄĕøĆòĕüâĕĆğâĆ÷ğüĚĐĨ ġåúĘĢħ ëň âĔüúĔħĊģþ ìęħèéēĠøâøŇĕèâĔý ĄĕøĆòĕüâĕĆğâĆ÷ğüĚĐĨ ġåāĔüûěŋ ĊĕâėĊãĐèîĘþħ üłě ÷ĔèúĘĎħ ĈĕąúŇĕü ĆĜ ň ÷Ę Đ ąĜ Ň Ġ Ĉň Ċ ĠøŇ ÿĜ ň úĘħ ģ ĄŇ ĆĜ ň âĦ úĬ ĕ ğüĘąüĥ ğþŎüĆĜňâĦģ÷ňğāĆĕēģĄŇģ÷ňâėüğþŎüþĆēéĬĕĐąĜŇĠĈňĊ ğþŎü ĐĔüĊŇĕĄĚĐĨ üĘãĨ ĐğĈĚĐââėü “úĘġýüčğøĦâìĜğþĐĆŋġāüąĕèåĬĕ” Ġýý čěâüĐâ÷ėýĢüúĘğħ ĆĘąâĊŇĕĄĘğ÷ĘąĄĠĆ (medium-rare) ĢëňğĊĈĕĆĐ ģĄŇüĕüğýĘąĆŋĎĄ÷ģþğāĘąèĠâňĊĠĆâğúŇĕüĔüĨ čğøĦâéĕüĆňĐüâĦĄĕ ùęèġøʼnē ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎąģĄŇĆĐëňĕğāĘąèġĆąğâĈĚĐøĕĄ÷ňĊąāĆėâģúą üė÷ĎüŇĐą þĕ÷ğüĚĐĨ ÷ňĊąĄĘ÷âĦāĐĆĜĊň ĕŇ ğüĚĐĨ êĬĕħ üěĄŇ āĐüĬĕğãňĕþĕâ ġĐň!!! üěĄŇ ...ĎĊĕü...ĄĔü...êĬĕħ ąĐ÷ğąĘąħ ĄĄĕâĥĥĥĥĥ ğāĚĐħ üúĘĄħ ĕ ÷ňĊąâĦčèĔħ čğøĦâğüĚĐĨ čŇĊüĐĚüħ ĥ ĄĕëėĄ úěâåüąâüėĊĨ ĢĎňĠĈēýĐâ ĊŇĕúĆėþøŇĐĥ ģþùňĕÿŇĕüĄĕúĕèüĘĨ ģĄŇāĈĕ÷ĠüŇúéĘħ ēøňĐèĠĊēúĘħ Ćňĕü “ýňĕüĠĄŇ & čğøĦâ” ğāĚĐħ åĊĕĄĎĆĆČĕĠĎŇèâĕĆýĆėġăå ğþŎüĐĔüĊŇĕâĊŇĕéēģ÷ňĐĐâéĕâĆňĕüâĦþĕğãňĕģþýŇĕąčĐèġĄèåĆęèħ éęèģ÷ňåĊýğéňĕğâĊĘąüüňĐąğ÷ėüúĕèâĈĔýčĜĆŇ èĔ üĐüúĘâħ ĆěèğúāĒ āĆňĐĄâĔýđĔĄğāĈèëŇĊèúňĕąúĘĊħ ĕŇ “éĕâģĆŇģþĎĕ ğèėüøĆĕëĊ÷ ëĄ ĊėĄĕüāĘĈħ ĄŇ ĈĚĄčĔîîĕğĄĚĐħ čĕąĔöĎŋ…”

âŇ Đ üéĕââĔ ü ĢüêýĔ ý üĘĨ . ..ğëŇ ü ğåąåĆĔ ý ...ĎŇ ĕ ü ĎėĊġĎąãĐĀĕâ...“ĈĔâČöēãĐèğĄĘą 8 þĆēğăú”.....úĘħ ýĆĆ÷ĕčĕĄĘģ÷ňĄĘĄøėğþŎüğĐâêĔüúŋéĔ÷ĈĔâČöēãĐèğĄĘąģĊň!!!ĄĘ ÷ĔèüĘĨ 1. ğĄĘąĎĈĊè åĚĐ ğĄĘąúĘħğåą÷ĘúĘħčě÷ĢüĐ÷Ęø ĠøŇâĕĈ ğĊĈĕĠĈēčėħèĠĊ÷ĈňĐĄúĬĕĈĕąåĊĕĄ÷ĘãĐèğûĐéüĎĄ÷čėĨüĢü ĆēąēğĊĈĕĐĔüčĔĨü ĠĈēúėĨèåĊĕĄġĎ÷ĆňĕąģĊňĢĎňğûĐøňĐèĆĔý ÿĈâĆĆĄ åĚĐåĊĕĄéěâéėâ éĜňéĘĨ ãĘĨýŇü ĠâŇèŇĕą øĕąąĕâ āĜ÷Ąĕâ âėüéě ĐňĊüğĎĄĚĐüĎĄĜ ÷ĜğĎĄĚĐüğčĚĐ ĎüňĕğĎĄĚĐüąĔâČŋ þĕâ ğĎĄĚĐüøēģâĆ ĠâŇâĦģĊ øĕąâĦëňĕ 2. ğĄĘąğâĦý åĚĐ ĐĕĎĕĆāėğċČ ĄĘĆčëĕøėĠøâøŇĕèéĕâ ĐĕĎĕĆûĆĆĄ÷ĕúĔħĊģþ ğĎĄĕēúĘħéēâėüğþŎüåĆĔĨèåĆĕĊ ğāĚħĐĠâň ğĈĘħąü ğþŎüčėüåňĕąĐ÷üėąĄ ĠĈēĄĘĆĕåĕĠāè ğèĚħĐüģãğąĐē 3. ğĄĘąüňĐą åĚĐ ÿĜňĎîėèúĘħ÷ĘúĘħčě÷ úĘħÿĜňëĕąğāėħèĄĕåňü āýĢüăĕąĎĈĔè ĎĈĔèéĕâúĘħĎĈèèĄèĕąĐ÷úüĐąĜŇâĔýğĄĘą ĎĈĊèĄĕüĕü 4. ğĄĘąĠøŇè åĚĐ ÿĜňĎîėèúĘħúĆèåěöåŇĕĄĕâ ĠĈēåěö ÿĜňëĕąĐąĕâéēþĆēúĔýĆĐąĆĔâčě÷Ģéãĕ÷÷ėĨü ĠøŇģĄŇčĕĄĕĆù ýĆĆĈěĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋģ÷ň÷ňĊąøňüúěüúĘħøĬħĕâĊŇĕüĘĨ ìęħèøŇĐĄĕâĦéē āĔõüĕĄĕğþŎüğĄĘąĎĈĊèãĐèëĕąĎüňĕĄęüúĔĨèĎĈĕą 5. ğĄĘąğëŇĕ åĚĐ ÿĜňĎîėèÿėĊåĈĬĕ ãĘĨĆňĐü ĢëňğčĚĨĐÿňĕüňĐą ëėĨü čĜýýěĎĆĘħ âėüğĎĈňĕğþŎüèĕüĐ÷ėğĆâ ĆčüėąĄčĜè üėąĄ ýĆėġăåãĐèüĐâ ĄĘþĆėĄĕöåĊĕĄĆĔâãęĨüĈèøĕĄâĆēĠč ğèėüč÷ 6. ğĄĘąéŊĕ åĚĐ ÿĜňĎîėèĎüňĕ÷ěğĎĄĚĐüğčĚĐ ąĚüëĜģĄňøňü ĆĔâğĎĄĚĐüğúāĘğčĆĘăĕā ĠĈēĄĘčĕĄĘüĔħèåěâğãŇĕĐąĜŇâĔýāĚĨü þĆēčĕüĄĚĐğĎüĚĐĎüňĕĐâ ğĎĄĚĐüģĎĊňğéňĕ ğāĆĕēĄĘþĆēĊĔøė ğāėħèúĬĕâĕĆĈēğĄė÷ãňĐĎňĕĄĆňĕąĠĆèãĐèăĆĆąĕýĔèğâė÷ğâĈňĕ ĈĔâČöēčĕĄĘøĔĊčĔħü üĬĨĕĈĕąģĎĈğĈĦâüňĐą āĜ÷øēâěâøēâĔâĊŇĕ “ğĄĘąéŊĕ” ìęħèğþŎüåĬĕāĜ÷ĢüåĊĕĄĎĄĕą ãĐĐăĔąģùŇġúČ 7. ğĄĘąâĜ åĚĐ ÿĜňĎîėèúĘħčĊą ãĕĊ ĎěŇüğāĆĘąĊÿĐĄ Đĕąě üňĐą ĎüňĕøĕĎüňĕĆĔâ ğāĆĕēąĔèģĄŇĄĘâĕĆĆĊĄøĔĊãĐèģãĄĔü ĠĈēøĘüâĕ āĜ÷éĕģāğĆĕēĐŇĐüĎĊĕü ÿĜňëĕąúĘħāýğĎĦüéēğâė÷ ĐĕâĕĆğãĚħĐüâĔĨüüĬĨĕĈĕąāĔè ğĐŇĐĈňüĐĐâĄĕüĐâþĕâ Ġč÷è

ĐĕâĕĆĎęèĎĊè âĘ÷âĔüëĕąĐĚħüģĄŇĢĎňğãňĕĢâĈň Ġč÷èåĊĕĄğþŎü ğéňĕãĐè úĔĨèúĘħýĕèåĆĔĨèąĔèģĄŇĄĘåĊĕĄčĔĄāĔüûŋĈęâìęĨè 8. ğĄĘąýĔèğâė÷ğâĈňĕ åĚĐ ÿĜňĎîėèúĘħĎüňĕğýĚħĐúĘħčě÷Ģü ġĈâ ýĆėĎĕĆèĕüģĄŇğþŎü ĄĘĊėčĔąúĔċüŋğþŎüċĜüąŋâĈĕèğÿ÷ĦéâĕĆ ëĐýĢëňĐĬĕüĕéĢüúĕèúĘħÿė÷ ãŇĄãĜŇ úĬĕĆňĕąĆŇĕèâĕą ĢëňåĬĕāĜ÷ Ďąĕýåĕą ýěåĈėâăĕāģĄŇüŇĕĆĔâ éüģĄŇĐąĕâāĜ÷÷ňĊą ģĄŇĐąĕâ ġøňøĐý ģĄŇĐąĕâĄĘğĆĚħĐè čĕĄĘúĘħĄĘăĆĆąĕþĆēğăúüĘĨéęèĢëňåĬĕ āĜ÷ĐąĜŇ 2 åĬĕ åĚĐ “åĆĔý” ĠĈē “ĢëŇåĆĔý” ĠĈēĢëňčĆĆāüĕĄ ğĆĘąâăĆĆąĕĊŇĕ “ĠĄŇ” ĄĔâĐûėýĕąĢĎňğāĚħĐüĂŌèĊŇĕ ğĆĘąâøĕĄĈĜâ ĠøŇğāĚħĐü ĥ ģĄŇĠüŇĢéĊŇĕğĆĘąâøĕĄĈĜâĎĆĚĐğĆĘąâ÷ňĊąåĊĕĄ ğåĕĆāąĬĕğâĆè ğāĚħĐčĊĔč÷ėăĕāãĐèøĔĊğĐè ĠĈēúĘħčĬĕåĔîģ÷ň ĈýåĬĕĊŇĕ “üĐâĢé” ĐĐâéĕâčĄĐèĠĈēāéüĕüěâĆĄĢü ýňĕüğĆĘąýĆňĐąĠĈňĊ ĠĈňĊåěöĈŇē...åüãňĕèâĕąåěö éĔ÷ĐąĜŇĢüğĄĘąþĆēğăú ģĎü...?? ĐŇĕüéýĠĈňĊ...ãĐĢĎňğéĆėî ĥ ĐąĜŇğąĦüğþŎüčěãúĔħĊâĔü üēúĔĨè...ğĄĘąĠĈēÿĔĊ....ĠĈňĊāýâĔüêýĔýĎüňĕåĆʼnĕý ĥ ĥ…ģþ ĈēğĊňą…ģþĈēĊĕ…ĎŇĕüĎėĊġĎą…éĐĄìŇĕčŋ…ãĐĐĬĕĈĕ… ãĐĈĕģþâŇĐü. úĘħĄĕãĐèãňĐĄĜĈ : http://www.iicrd.ku.ac.th/html/01.html https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/ûèëĔą ğĈĦââĔĄāĈ http://hereilike.com/siam/hereilike/detail. aspx?cmsId=450&&cate=2&&posi=1

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åěöčěğúā ĊèċŋĆüĚħ üĕąâčĄĕåĄčĔøĊýĕĈĠĎŇèþĆēğúċģúą ĢüāĆēĆĕëĜþùĔĄăŋ čĄğ÷ĦéāĆēğúāĆĔøüĆĕëčě÷ĕ Ē čąĕĄýĆĄĆĕëâěĄĕĆĘ āĆňĐĄ÷ňĊą åěöüėāõĔ üŋ ğüĚĐĨ üėĄħ üĕąâ čĄĕåĄÿĜğň ĈĘąĨ èčěâĆ ĆĕëýěĆĘ åěöåęâćúûėī ĐĕĆĘþâĆöŋ ÿĜéň ÷Ĕ âĕĆčĄĕåĄÿĜÿň ĈėøģâŇğāĚĐħ čŇèĐĐâ ģúą ĠĈēåěöčėúûėāĆ ýĜĆöüĔñ ğĈãĕüěâĕĆčĄĕåĄġåğüĚĐĨ ĠĎŇèþĆēğúċģúą ĠĈēÿĜéň ÷Ĕ âĕĆ čĎâĆöŋğåĆĚĐãŇĕąġåğüĚĐĨ éĬĕâĔ÷ ĆŇĊĄâĔüéĔ÷ğčĊüĕĢüĎĔĊãňĐ “TPP âĔýÿĈâĆēúýăĕå ğâČøĆ-þċěčøĔ Ċŋģúą..åĊĆĎĆĚĐģĄŇåĊĆğãňĕĆŇĊĄ” ĆŇĊĄ÷ňĊą ü.č.āěúûëĕøė ĊèČŋĄèåĈ üĔâ ĊėëĕâĕĆāĕöėëąŋëĕĬ üĕîâĕĆāėğċČ âĆĄğéĆéĕâĕĆåňĕĆēĎĊŇĕèþĆēğúċ âĆēúĆĊèāĕöėëąŋ ĠĈē Ćċ.÷Ć.þĆēăĔččĆŋ ğúāëĕøĆĘ ÿĐ.ċĜüąŋĐĕğìĘąüċęâČĕ Ą.ûĆĆĄċĕčøĆŋ ĠĈēčĄĕåĄăĕå þċěčøĔ Ċŋ-ğâČøĆ ğāĚĐħ ëĘþĨ îŌ Ďĕ ĠĈēÿĈâĆēúý ĠĈēĠč÷èéě÷ąĚüãĐèăĕåþċěčøĔ ĊŋģúąúĘģħ ĄŇ ğĎĦü÷ňĊąĢüâĕĆúĘħģúąğãňĕĆŇĊĄğþŎüčĄĕëėâåĊĕĄøâĈèĎěňüčŇĊüąěúûċĕčøĆŋúĕèğċĆČòâėé ăĕåāĚüĨ ĠþìėĂâľ ĎĆĚĐ TPP ĢüĐüĕåø ğĄĚĐħ ĊĔüúĘħ 20 āćċéėâĕąü 2558 ö ĐĕåĕĆĊëėĆĕüě čĆöŋ ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ýĕèğãü åěöčěğúā ĊèċŋĆüĚħ ğþľ÷ğÿąĊŇĕ čĄĕåĄĒ øĆēĎüĔâ÷Ęùèę ÿĈâĆēúýãĐèåĊĕĄøâĈè âĕĆåňĕğčĆĘ TPP (Trans Paci c Partnership) ĢüĄėøøė ĕŇ è ĥ ĠĄňĊĕŇ þĆēğúċģúąąĔèģĄŇģ÷ňğãňĕĆŇĊĄ ĐąĜĢŇ üãňĐøâĈè ġ÷ąăĕåğâČøĆ-þċěčøĔ Ċŋ ĄĘåĊĕĄâĔèĊĈğâĘąħ ĊâĔýúŇĕúĘãĐèģúąĢüâĕĆāėéĕĆöĕ ğãňĕĆŇĊĄğþŎüčĄĕëėâĢüĐüĕåø úĔèĨ üĘğĨ āĆĕēĐĕééēúĬĕĢĎňăĕåþċěčøĔ ĊŋúèĔĨ ĎĄĜ ĠĈēģâŇ ĆĊĄùęè ğâČøĆâĆÿĜğň āĕēþĈĜâãňĕĊġā÷ ĠĈēùĔĊħ ğĎĈĚĐèčĬĕĎĆĔýÿĈėøĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋ úĘĄħ éĘ ĕĬ üĊüĆĊĄâĔü âĊŇĕ 700,000 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü øňĐèĈňĄĈēĈĕą čŇèÿĈøŇĐĠĆèèĕüăĕåğâČøĆúĘøħ Đň èãĕ÷ĐĕëĘā ãĕ÷ Ćĕąģ÷ň ğāĆĕēģĄŇčĕĄĕĆùĠãŇèãĔüâĔýčĎĆĔòĐğĄĆėâĕúĘğħ þŎüÿĜÿň ĈėøþċěčøĔ ĊŋĆĕąĢĎîŇãĐèġĈâ ĠĈēéēĄĘâĕĆÿĈĔâ÷ĔüğüĚĐĨ ĎĄĜ ĠĈēëėüĨ čŇĊü ĆĊĄùęèğüĚĐĨ ģâŇ ĠĈēëėüĨ čŇĊüúĘģħ ĄŇğþŎüúĘøħ Đň èâĕĆ ãĐèëĕĊĐğĄĆėâüĔ ğãňĕĄĕãĕąĢüþĆēğúċčĄĕëėâ TPP ĐąŇĕèĠüŇüĐü úĘÿħ ĕŇ üĄĕĄĘøĊĔ ĐąŇĕèğâČøĆâĆÿĜğň ĈĘąĨ èĎĄĜ-ğĈĘąĨ èģâŇãĐèğĊĘą÷üĕĄ ĠĈēĂľĈþė þľüčŋ úĘħ øňĐèĈňĄĈēĈĕąģþğāĆĕēģ÷ňĆĔýÿĈâĆēúýéĕââĕĆúěŇĄøĈĕ÷ãĐèğċČğĎĈĚĐéĕââĕĆýĆėġăå (by product) úĔèĨ ĎĄĜ ĠĈēģâŇéĕâčĎĆĔòĒ ĎĕâĐüĕåøģúąøĔ÷čėüĢéğãňĕĆŇĊĄâĈěĄŇ TPP éĆėè ğëĚĐħ ĠüŇĊĕŇ ÿĈÿĈėø÷ňĕüþċěčøĔ ĊŋãĐèčĎĆĔòĒ øňĐèúēĈĔâğãňĕĄĕĢüģúą éüâĆēúýøŇĐğâČøĆâĆ ÿĜğň ĈĘąĨ èčěâĆúĘĄħ âĘ ĊŇĕ 191,545 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ĆĊĄùęèğâČøĆâĆÿĜğň ĈĘąĨ èģâŇþ-łĜ ąŇĕāĔüûěŋ āŇĐ-ĠĄŇāüĔ ûěŋ ĠĈēğâČøĆâĆÿĜğň ĈĘąĨ èģâŇğüĚĐĨ ĆĊĄ 5,308 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ĠĈēĎĕâģĄŇĄÿĘ ğňĜ ĈĘąĨ èčĔøĊŋğĎĈŇĕüĘâĨ éĦ ēģĄŇĄĘ øĈĕ÷ĆĐèÿĈÿĈėøāĚëĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋ čŇèÿĈâĆēúýøŇĐğâČøĆâĆÿĜňþĈĜâãňĕĊġā÷ĄĕââĊŇĕ 471,824 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ĠĈēğâČøĆâĆÿĜğň āĕēþĈĜâùĔĊħ ğĎĈĚĐè éĬĕüĊü 31,381 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü

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ú¼³ ¾Ĩ ¯¯­µ­¼ ­µ»ĥ³§¼±Çĭú ű¯ºÆ¤Űʤ® ¹

åěöčěğúā ĊèċŋĆĚħü üĕąâčĄĕåĄčĔøĊýĕĈĠĎŇè þĆēğúċģúą ĢüāĆēĆĕëĜþùĔĄăŋ čĄğ÷ĦéāĆēğúā ĆĔøüĆĕëčě÷ĕĒ čąĕĄýĆĄĆĕëâěĄĕĆĘ ģþĆŇĊĄèĕüþĆēëěĄ ĊėëĕâĕĆ ICoMST åĆĔĨèúĘħ 61 éĔ÷ãęĨü ö ğĄĚĐè ClermontFerrand þĆēğúċčĕûĕĆöĆĔòĀĆĔħèğċč ġ÷ąĄĘ INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) ğþŎüğéňĕăĕā ĄĘÿĜňğãňĕĆŇĊĄèĕüúĘħĄĕéĕâúĔħĊġĈâ úĔĨèĎĄ÷ 46 þĆēğúċ ġ÷ąĄĘåüģúąúĔĨèĎĄ÷ 13 úŇĕü úĔĨèéĕâĎüŇĊąèĕü ĆĔòýĕĈ þĆēâĐý÷ňĊą čĄĕåĄčĔøĊýĕĈĠĎŇèþĆēğúċģúą ĢüāĆēýĆĄĆĕëĜþùĔĄăŋ čĄğ÷ĦéāĆēğúāĆĔøüĆĕëčě÷ĕĒ čąĕĄýĆĄĆĕëâěĄĕĆĘ čùĕýĔüğúåġüġĈąĘāĆēéĐĄğâĈňĕ ğéňĕåěöúĎĕĆĈĕ÷âĆēýĔè âĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ čâĊ. čĊúë. ĠĈē éĕâăĕåğĐâëü ġ÷ąğãňĕĆŇĊĄĢüèĕüþĆēëěĄĊėëĕâĕĆ üĬĕ ğčüĐÿĈèĕü ĠĈēğøĆĘąĄĆĔýâĕĆğþŎüğéňĕăĕāĢüâĕĆéĔ÷èĕü þĆēëěĄĊėëĕâĕĆ ICoMST åĆĔĨèúĘħ 62 ĆēĎĊŇĕèĊĔüúĘħ 14-19 čėèĎĕåĄ 2016 úĘħþĆēğúċģúą ö ġĆèĠĆĄ Swissôtel Le Concorde âĆěèğúāĒ *************************

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āĜ÷ùęèĊĔõüēûĆĆĄâĕĆùĐ÷ĎĆĚĐģĄŇùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕãĐèģúąâĔýĀĆĔħèüĔĨü øŇĕèâĔüĐąĜŇĠĈňĊ åĚĐåüģúąùĚĐĊŇĕâĕĆùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕ ğãňĕýňĕü ğãňĕĊĔ÷ ĎĆĚĐčùĕüúĘħċĔâ÷ėīčėúûėī âĦéēøňĐèùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕ ùňĕāĜ÷ğþŎüģúąĢüăĕČĕĀĆĔħèâĦĊŇĕ It’s a must (ğþŎüčėħèúĘħøňĐèúĬĕ) āĜ÷ğþŎüăĕČĕĀĆĔħèùęèâĕĆùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕĐĕéāĜ÷ģ÷ňøŇĕèĥ âĔü ÷ĔèüĘĨ • Please take your shoes off. (take off ğþŎü idiom = ùĐ÷-ğčĚĨĐ-ĆĐèğúňĕ-âĕèğâè ĒĈĒ) • Please take off your shoes.

• Please remove your shoes.

• Shoes off please.

• Shoes off inside, please. (ğãňĕãňĕèĢü âĆěöĕùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕĐĐâ÷ňĊą) čŇĊüúĘħãĐâĈŇĕĊìĬĨĕ Ex : It is a must to take your shoes off before you enter the temple. øňĐè (åĊĆ) ùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕâŇĐüğãňĕģþĢüġýčùŋ åĆĕĊüĘĨĄĕāĜ÷ùęèğĆĚħĐèĢčŇ (čĊĄ) ĆĐèğúňĕâĔüýňĕè øĔĊĐąŇĕèãňĕèĈŇĕèüĘĨĐĕéĢëňĢüâĆöĘúĘħğĆĕåüģúąĠč÷èĐĐâģ÷ňøĕĄ ġĐâĕčãĐèúŇĕüĢüòĕüēğþŎüğéňĕãĐèýňĕü ĎĆĚĐÿĜňüĬĕëĕĊøŇĕèëĕøėģþčùĕüúĘħüĔĨüĥ ĐĕéāĜ÷ģ÷ň÷ĔèøŇĐģþüĘĨ úĘħýĐâĊŇĕģĄŇøňĐèùĐ÷ (ĆĐèğúňĕ) âĦģ÷ň • You can leave your shoes on. (åĬĕĊŇĕ On ĢüúĘħüĘĨĎĄĕąåĊĕĄĊŇĕ ĢĎňĄĔüĐąĜŇãĐèĄĔüąĔèèĔĨüĠĎĈē) • No need you take your shoes off.“ģĄŇøňĐèùĐ÷” • Shoes on is OK. (ĐĐâğčĘąè Owkay = ġĐŇĊğåąŋ)“ĢčŇģ÷ň” • You can keep your shoes on. (ģĄŇģ÷ňùĐ÷ĆĐèğúňĕģþğâĦýĠøŇĎĄĕąåĊĕĄĊŇĕ ģĄŇøňĐèùĐ÷ĎĆĐâ) “ģĄŇøňĐèùĐ÷ĎĆĐâ” ĎĆĚĐ • You don’t have to take your shoes off. “ģĄŇéĬĕğþŎüøňĐèùĐ÷ĎĆĐâ”

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āĜ÷ùęèĆĐèğúňĕ ĄĔüĄĘĎĈĕąĆĜþĠýýğĎĈĚĐğâėü þâøėĆĐèğúňĕĄĔüéēĄĘĐąĜŇčĐèãňĕè ĐąŇĕèĢüåĬĕĊŇĕ 1. shoes ğĊĈĕāĜ÷ùęè éęèğøėĄ s ãňĕèúňĕą shoe Ĉèģþ÷ňĊą ĈĔâČöēãĐè Shoe âĦğþŎüĆĐèğúňĕûĆĆĄ÷ĕĥ ĎěňĄãňĐģĊň ĢčŇģþĢüèĕü ğåĆĚħĐèĠýýúĔħĊĥ ģþ ùĚĐĊŇĕčěăĕāúĘħčě÷ùňĕğþŎü 2. wooden shoe ĎĄĕąùęè ĆĐèğúňĕúĘħāĚĨüúĬĕ÷ňĊąģĄňĐĕéĎěňĄčňüĎĆĚĐģĄŇĎěňĄčňüâĦģ÷ň ğþŎüĆĐèğúňĕúĘħåü ğüğûĐĆŋĠĈü÷ŋĠĈēğ÷üĄĕĆŋåüėąĄĢčŇâĔüĄĕâ ĐĐâĠýýğþŎüčĘčĔüčĬĕĎĆĔýčěăĕāčøĆĘâĦĄĘ ĠøŇùňĕĢčŇģĊňúĬĕèĕüéēĎěňĄĎüĔè ĠãĦè ĠĆèĄĕâ ĢčŇčýĕąģĄŇĆňĐü ĐĔýĠĈēğĎĄĦü ğāĆĕēğãĕĢčŇĎĈĊĄĥ åüğ÷üĄĕĆŋåğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ traesko (ģúĆňčġâŇē) ĢåĆğåąĢëňĠĈňĊ éēøė÷ĢéëĐýĄĔüĄĕâ (sko âĦåĚĐ shoe üĔħüĠĎĈē ĠĈēåĬĕĊŇĕ Traesko ăĕČĕğ÷üĄĕĆŋåøĔĊ a ĠĈē e ĐąĜŇøė÷âĔü) 3. boots åĚĐĆĐèğúňĕýĜʼnúúĘħğĆĕğĆĘąâĥ âĔü ĄĘúĔĨèĠýýĎüĔèĠĈēąĕè ùňĕğþŎüĠýýąĕèâĦğĆĘąâğüňüģþĊŇĕ Rubber boots. ĐĕéĄĘĎěňĄüŇĐèąĕĊĠĈēčĔĨüâĦģ÷ňĠĈňĊĠøŇéēĢëňèĕüĈĔâČöēĢ÷ ĆĐèğúňĕýĜʼnúúĘħ Cowboy ĄēâĔüğãĕĢčŇâĔü ĆĕåĕåŇĐüãňĕè ĠāèğĐĕĄĕâĥ ğþŎüĎüĔèĈňĊü éēĄĘĈĊ÷Ĉĕą, ĄĘ spur øė÷čňüâĦĠĈňĊĠøŇåüĢëňéēğĐĕĄĕĢëňĠøŇ Rubber boots ĆĐèğúňĕąĕèýňĕüğĆĕ čüüĆĕåĕģĄŇĠāèğĈą ĎĕìĚĨĐĢčŇúĬĕèĕüúĘħ (Đĕé) čâþĆâ, Ćâ (âĔüèĜâĔ÷ãĕ) ģ÷ňĐąŇĕè÷Ę÷ňĊą 4. causual wear shoes āĊâüĘĨğþŎüĆĐèğúňĕģĊňĢčŇĈĬĕĈĐèĐĕéĐĐâĠýýĄĕĢüĆĜþğþŎüĆĐèğúňĕčĕü÷ňĊąĎüĔè÷ňĊą āĈĕčøėâĐēģĆâĦøĕĄĠøŇ ýĕèåüğãĕĢčŇğĊĈĕğ÷ėüúĕèģþğúĘħąĊ, ğ÷ėüþłĕâĦĄĘ ĢčŇĠĈňĊģĄŇĐýğĎĄĦü 5. canvas shoes, sport shoes āĊâĆĐèğúňĕÿňĕĢýĢčŇĢëňèĕüģ÷ňĎĈĕąĈĔâČöēĠĈēġĐâĕč ğëŇü ĢčŇğĈŇüâĘďĕ, ĐĐâ âĬĕĈĔèâĕą, ğ÷ėüúĕèģâĈ þŌééěýĔüāĊâ sport shoes (ĆĐèğúňĕâĘďĕ) ĐĐâĠýýĊėéėøĆāėč÷ĕĆğčĆėĄğúåġüġĈąĘĈèģþĄĕâ čüüĆĕåĕĠāèāĐåĊĆúĘğ÷ĘħąĊĠĎĈē 6. slipper, thong, jandal éĔ÷ĐąĜŇĢüāĊâĆĐèğúňĕĠøē úĘħčĊĄĢčŇèŇĕąùĐ÷èŇĕą ĢčŇčýĕąĥ úĘħğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Casual wear ğĎĄĚĐüâĔüĢüğĄĚĐèĎüĕĊāĊâĀĆĔħèğãĕĢčŇāĊâüĘĨúĬĕ÷ňĊąÿňĕãüčĔøĊŋāĚĨüğþŎüÿňĕĎüĕĥ ĢčŇĐąĜŇĢüýňĕüġ÷ąğêāĕēĢüć÷Ĝ ĎüĕĊ ĆĐèğúňĕúĘħğåąğĎĦüğĄĚħĐþĿ 2511 úĘħþĆēğúċþĕâĘčùĕü âĦğþŎüĆĐèğúňĕúĘħģĄŇĄĘãňĕèìňĕą-ãňĕèãĊĕ ĄĘĎĔĊĠĎĈĄčĐýğãňĕøĆè þĈĕą, āĚĨüýĕèĠýýġýĆĕöĥ ýěååĈĆē÷ĔýčĜèĥ ĢčŇ ĢüþĕâĘčùĕüāĊâ fat cats (ĄĎĕğċĆČòĘ) ĄĔâüėąĄĢčŇĐąĜŇĢüýňĕü ğĊĈĕĠãâ ģþĢåĆĄĕéēĢčŇĄĕĆĔýĠãâ÷ĜčèŇĕèĕĄąėħèüĔâ ğĎĦüĊĕèãĕąøĕĄĆėĄùüüâĦĄĘ ğ÷Ħâĥ åüãĕąøēġâüëĊüÿĜňúĘħğ÷ėüÿŇĕüģþĄĕĊŇĕ “Pakistani – No left, no right” (ãĐèþĕâĘčùĕüģĄŇĄĘìňĕą ģĄŇĄĘãĊĕ) ĄĐè÷ĜøĔĨèüĕüéęèĆĜňĊŇĕğãĕãĕąĆĐèğúňĕúĘħğĈŇĕĄĕüĔħüğĐè (úĘħøňĐè Ďąě÷÷ĜğāĆĕēãöēüĔĨüâĕĆğĄĚĐèĢüþĕâĘčùĕüâĬĕĈĔèùęèéě÷ÿâÿĔü ìňĕąãĊĕğĎĄĚĐüâĔü) ãĐúĬĕåĊĕĄğãňĕĢéğāėħĄğøėĄĊŇĕ • heel ĎĄĕąùęè čňüĆĐèğúňĕ éēğþŎü high heel ĎĆĚĐ low hell âĦøĕĄĠøŇ ğĆĘąâĆĊĄĊŇĕ shoe heel • string ĎĄĕąùęè ğëĚĐâÿĜâĆĐèğúňĕ åĚĐ shoe string • ùňĕ pull the string over… ĎĄĕąùęè ĢëňğčňüčĕąĢüâĕĆúĬĕĐēģĆìĔâĐąŇĕè 7. åĬĕĊŇĕ high heel ğãĕĎĄĕąùęèýěååĈúĘħĄĘčøĕèåŋčĕĄĕĆùìĚĨĐĆĐèğúňĕ (ĢĎĄŇĥ) ĄĕĢčŇģ÷ňĐąĜŇğĆĚħĐą éü÷ĜĊŇĕ čňü ĆĐèğúňĕģĄŇčęâ ùňĕčňüĆĐèğúňĕčęâĠč÷èĊŇĕ éü ģĄŇĄĘğèėüìĚĨĐĆĐèğúňĕĢĎĄŇĥ ĄĕĢčŇ Ex: Frankly speaking, lots of government of cers are under the in uence of well heeled politicians = āĜ÷øĆèĥ üē ãňĕĆĕëâĕĆĎĈĕąåüĄĔâøâĐąĜŇĢøňĐėúûėāĈãĐèüĔââĕĆğĄĚĐè Ex: Oh Pat you must be a well heels these days = ĠāĦú øĐüüĘĨ÷ĜúŇĕúĕèĊŇĕåěöéēĈĬħĕìĬĕãęĨüĄĕâüē 8. Shoestring ģĄŇģ÷ňĠþĈĊŇĕ ğëĚĐâÿĜâĆĐèğúňĕâĦģ÷ň ĠøŇĠþĈĊŇĕ þĆēĎąĔ÷ĥ EX: We made tour to the north in a shoestring. “ğĆĕģþğúĘħąĊğĎüĚĐâĔüĠýýþĆēĎąĔ÷ĥ” EX: This assembly hall was done by working on a shoestring. “ĎňĐèþĆēëěĄüĘĨğĆĕčĆňĕèĠýýþĆēĎąĔ÷čě÷ĥ”

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To ll in (someone’s) shoes ģĄŇģ÷ňĎĄĕąåĊĕĄĊŇĕğĐĕĐēģĆģþąĔ÷ĆĐèğúňĕãĐèĢåĆ ĠøŇĎĄĕąùęèģþĠúü øĬĕĠĎüŇèãĐèåüĥ ĎüęħèğþŎüøĔĊĠúü, ğþŎüøĔĊčĚýúĐ÷ğéøüĕĆĄöŋ Ex: I have a gut feeling that Khun Wanchai could ll Khun Preecha’s shoes with no trouble. ÿĄåė÷ĊŇĕ (ğĆĕĆĜňčęâ÷ňĊąâęĪüãĐèøĔĊğĐè) ĊŇĕåěöĊĔüëĔą åèĄĕĠúüøĬĕĠĎüŇèåěöþĆĘëĕģ÷ňĐąŇĕèģĄŇąĕâĈĬĕýĕâ put yourself in the other people’s shoes. ğĐĕĢéğãĕĄĕĢčŇĢéğĆĕ Ex: I would like to recommend you to put yourself in the other people’s shoes. ğĐĕĢéğãĕĄĕĢčŇĢéğĆĕ÷Ĝýňĕè 10. ùňĕāĜ÷ĊŇĕ goody two shoes ğãĕĎĄĕąùęèåü (čŇĊüĢĎîŇğþŎüÿĜňĎîėè) ĄĘĄĕ÷ğþŎüåü÷ĜğĆĘąýĆňĐą úĬĕøĔĊ÷Ęğâėü ģþéüÿĜňåüğãĕĎĄĔħüģčňåė÷ĊŇĕøĔĊğĐèĊėğċČâĊŇĕåüĐĚħüğãĕ ĠýýģúąĥğãĕĎĄĕąùęèĊŇĕ “ÿĜň÷ĘøĘüĠ÷èøēĠåèøĘüğ÷ėü” Ex: The one who went ape in the party is Miss Goody two shoes you met her yesterday. “åüúĘħâĆē÷ĘĩâĆē÷ʼnĕĢüèĕüğĈĘĨąèâĦåĚĐĠĄŇøĔĊ÷ĘúĘħåěöāýğĄĚħĐĊĕü” 11. åĬĕĊŇĕ pump üĐâéĕâĠþĈĊŇĕ čĜý (üĬĨĕ,ĈĄ) ğãĕĎĄĕąùęèĆĐèğúňĕčňüčĜèģ÷ň čĜè 3 üėĨĊ ĎĆĚĐ 4 üėĨĊ ĐēģĆâĦøĕĄĠøŇ ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ 3” pump (three inch pump) ĢüúĘħüĘĨ åĬĕĊŇĕ three inch, four inch pump éēģĄŇğøėĄ es ãňĕèúňĕąãĐèåĬĕĊŇĕ inch ĄĐè÷ĜĊŇĕğþŎüāĎĜāéüŋ ĠúňéĆėèĠĈňĊ ģĄŇĢëŇ åĚĐğþŎüĈĔâČöēãĐèĆĐèğúňĕ (åěöċĔāúŋ) ĊŇĕëüė÷čĜè 3 ĎĆĚĐ 4 üėĨĊ EX: Look, the young lady in the pink dress is on the 4 inch pump. = ÷ĜĠĄŇčĕĊüňĐąĢüëě÷čĘëĄāĜüĔħüčėĢčŇĆĐèğúňĕčňüčĜè 4 üėĨĊ • shoe horn = ëňĐüĆĐèğúňĕ • shoe tree = ģĄňúĘħĢčŇĢüĆĐèğúňĕğāĚħĐĆĔâČĕĆĜþúĆè • That’s a bunch of high brown. “üĔħüâĈěŇĄāĊâĆčüėąĄčĜèğãĕĎĈē” (åė÷ĊŇĕøĔĊğĐèĊėğċČâĊŇĕåüĐĚħü) • She dresses, to kill. “ĠøŇèøĔĊąĔħĊğčĚĐþłĕ” ąĔħĊčĊĕú.

• She dresses to nine. “ĠøŇèøĔĊğąňĕąĊü, ĊĕýĎĊĕĄ” • She dressed to teeth “ĠøŇèøĔĊčèŇĕ ăĜĄėòĕü” (dressed elegantly) • She dressed to loud “ĠøŇèøĔĊêĜ÷êĕ÷ğâėüģþ”

9.

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