Pant deoceiplion: Gttenalse demo, Nant desceiplion: d'amilies, Hant Cnalomy; monocol, dico eool, olem and lef, nomalkus bekasiout/Sucondany guok
Oconomically impoulant planla, SNant Ocolag Jequency denaily. abundance, lant hysiology: Oanpicalion, taot ptessute, phclaoymlesia, teapicalion quolient
TEJASVAEE SHARVA" Student
Name: dejasiace Sharia
aSB.S2na Yan SonplBe)
Skis is lo eeily, that the student has salialactoily completea he couse experiments n B.oc 2na Yean in the Bolany Lskorakon of St Shoma CoMege, BKilai during he academic session 2022-28.
Dale : 28/01/2028
.Prvockeals odakd
o pPant phyoalog y rana pinlion .8on-*9 8-30n-23
Root premu -0on 8 3an-3
pholrynHot IS83JIn - *3 8 on-23
Cevolukon ofo)
Aespinaly Geuah-|16-gon 5 48-0n-43
ent valusea
ns. But
have 8 n atoms
Fission
m
xample:
energy. -ent and
mounts
Source: nternet
Agiaspermie P/onh: Alkunakue erm a ?mahed Page No.
Oenmino/gies
.Hobit- Boolily monphologita/) 0ppearante of Me go
AHenakive trrm Herb / Shurs ree | Epiohyk porotik / nekivor.
2.Root Allevnale termt - Dap rook Adueikous root op oot Ci roo/ arite rom ruditle )/ Adventiow Cplani Dovt oer Aan radiee)
8. Sem AIehakive termi ! For (2) Hobi# CHerbareoun or woody) ) ype of slem CAerial r underground ) () Axlennal shape i(D) Branching;
(9) Inmor Ci£ PiHh 1 hollouw) (Di) Surgate o/ stem (cmooh hoimy);
() Coour of skm (V2n) oher chorathrr
(I7Sem habit ' Herboreou / wody
(@1Npe of glem Merial/ unoerground/ special if Aeria
Erech / weak f weak creeping9/ climbing
(D1exlenalshope - Cylindital 1Angulor
( Bronching- Aronthe / unbranched
2nderior solid / fishu/ar Cholloo)
I7 StemSurbace: G/abrous Csmookh) | Hainy
(27 Colour oF skem !- Any
(7oher chorou/en Any dirkinguighing charecher
4.LeoP Atterneiue ferms - A (2)beoing of lea Cin main shm r in 6ronthts r boh ) ; (2) phyllotoxy (Alknae or opposik orrongnent);
(D9hipulen Crdured leog neor peiale ) ; 9) Type of lk af Ccompleity ) i(9)teos Teacher's Signature
AHodment Cprwenre oF pliole ) (D) eaf shape ( ) Ceor morgint
(DI) Leof Apices CShope of leof apex ) (2r) eofsurkaue (E) Veaion (k) teuf 4exture (D)Ipetial chorater -
(2 Bearving of lea : Cuwine / Cauine a Romal| Radical Cwine Cwhen leaf ire Prom only main sem anin Coconut) Coulie a RumalC when leaf onre rom main skm of uwey a lakas bOnhes ) Radica) Cleag "Pperis o arhe dintyom grouno a in planh wih redured tkm tike Potuo).
(o1 Phyllotuxy Altnnae | oppos)ke / wbr/ed » if opposik decustak Cot 90°ong/e Pom one anoto) or suerposeo Crame plae ) ; whonled ('when smorr hon two leaFarite Fom single node ),
D] Shipu/es - Exshpulak I Shipu/ale !> shinule Credured lesf like shuthrn orourd o af Drigjn FDhole llalk .
(Typeof eof - Simple compound ifsimple Cho leaf
Jee a no othir J}}#tompaun pinnay AalmaHy
Compoun DinnaHy wth severa/ leale anting Frm oigle rotAirptlmaHy no rochis buk kaglel rise From origin ike Fingers of otn hond if pinnak it may be un -pinnale ( single aothis ) ; Bipinnae Chuo rathicl) Pripi
-nnae ple uthis) or becompound Chighly compk) os in Corniande r chani'ya. Teacher's Signature
ablave Cendade segilkeak Joanate cdelloid
Lo: leus ehope
Roliculak Mukicondak , convegne Rehiuak,mulhtertat .Oiveon
Januolale RoJundL Sliptra Loale(9I Leof AHachment sessile 1 pehiolak Sessile Ccuhen sh/k oFleais abrend ) Péholak l when shak preunt).
(Dj lesPshape inear 1AokndI lonceslak / enipHcas I ovale obligue / Cordak/ Segittake /deloid I loarae
Cor] tef magins enkire / urduae / trenae /serrae Entire CSmooth leaF margin) uduak Cwauy leuf murgin ) ; Cren- ahe Cround a toothed leafmargjn) ; sernak Csus te ike leaf morgin)
CDi) Ceof Apites !- o6kuse /Aeute 06fvse Crouded leaf apex) Nuk ( pointedleaf opex ).
Cteof rurfore Wabrous / Rough / G/ulinoun G/avtous labous Csmooh ) ; Gluinoun Cekeky)
Hai'ry
G/wous Cchiny a thin ).
] venation Rehieuak 1Porallet i Reliculak unicosak the. single main vein) a mulhitoshale Cmu!Hiple mein veln), I paral/el ar mulkcoslale Convergant Cwhen veingend up od some eg Point ) oiuergant (when veins hve nge Fo mulkijple dinepbn ond end up af mulkip pajn*),
(&j teos exture - Corioteou membranoul Pleshy/Surru en conioceous Chouphrthick leaher ike ) ; membrunous Cer. -y hin smootA) ; Fleahy Csoft bul #hitk) ; SucuientCEkohy)
(i] oher specia/ chnrathen !- 7F Any
5. 2nFlescens Arrongmen o ower On 8em CAloras axic )
AlHenaive denms Pon Solitary/ Aacemose Cymore / Speviay i solitary Csing/e ) > may be soliary axia CBn on akras 6rahy anisng From ma/n bunch ) Solitory emina) CBon orminaly On Fora axit.
Rocemoge - Aeropee) suece/on,indeFinik 9owh young a op " Aateme Compound Ra teme C onitle) / Spike / Compound spike Catkin tomy m umbel/opitae 0 opihuun " ie. Rormme C 8Aulked, no 6ronching , no Complexiy) ; Dnicle (' ComDound rueme, BronChe d Shu/keod) Spike Csesgile no brenthg ) ; Cotnin Cinyenked Spike, Unisexual Plowtrs only ) Coymb same leve umdrel, diEtnnt lengih ot pedit le s aniny from diFfnt leuels) umbe) CumbnUa 1ike edietes oriry from sme paint ofsome lengh) Capilak Ce/bboe sbuuurr ) Copikuum (conuex Repath).
Fcymose
CBoa/ota/ surenion 01d on top; depinik growsh ) ; # may be unioroe (monochoisa/)/8iporous Coichovial ) 1multi
TOu iF Uniporous ( on/y one braneh Arom main Florul anit moy be alkrnak nr one sideo 0w9in ) i0. Scop/ojd Cone tiaed)/behiCOid Crg-2ag ike ) Biprro uy Coichorial) ie. moin oxir wis one enha/ Plo gh Auo lalhral bronchey i mulkporo uo Con
Cenhas oldProve wih many surrounding branthes ind ofren
- lt Fo Umde/, du/ diforo die o man cenbal F/o wer .
Teacher's Signature.
speck/ inf loroncence Cyonthium | hyrus | Hypon thodium | verkeillaslor' hereCyGnhium ( Single Pemale Plowor , surroundW by seueral male fowor d whole shutwe i en tlosa n inualuere ) hyrus C compound raceme ie salked a Aronched but wih indebine moin axir ond edeginik 1akra bm- nchon ond lakral brontko beorng bundlo of Plower) Verieiloo ter Ca
-Ssile Flouon orire From series of notes in dichasial chyne r bi/porou chmore Fothon a in 0timum tenuif /rum ) Hypanhodium (P/eshy rerephatk with cup 1ike cauiky beoring Fhusr in ik inne wasl an in fg).
6.Mowen ANernabive termt For- (2)8roek a bratkoles CAedured
/ea ke ehychyre, may be epitalyx ) (D) Aoth ment of Phuer edire oT 8lek ); (D) Pmnte of guw Floral who C if compltk ) i (2) Symnehy
CRodial or bilaknal 9) Pren nse of Aeprodychive orgont Cuni-/8i-)
(0)Mumber of Florol pork (?rim1ro, on ek) ;(D) positon off 0ra/ oone CBe/ow r oboue ouary ) ; (Wn) Arrongment of Dloral organt Ci cyeic (B) co/our peeialcharate tif)
(21 Broc d Brorko/es Broukak / £6ratkat / Bracdeolate CBro ckple bef " Brock a calyx) / £picalyx Cwhor/ of brach Puseo wih oalyx on in moluteae femily),
17 symmehy At Ahomon Phic (rodial )/ &ygomorphic
toj Atohment o Flower - sessile / pedieelatr
7 poeepre of at Florey when/e Complek 1?ncompek.
(] Preense of nbrdutkve ogons Hermaphrodie /unsexuay
f unisexual fominak pi'sHllak.
[9 pnenenre of Floral ports (CNumbor ).'- Dimeran/ i-/Rk
/ Pep-amerous Teacher's Signature.
8.
(j potiHon of flory ogant in halemus Hyrgynous | perigynou epigyn aus (2nberior ouary )
(gn7 Anrongmend of Fral ogane! Cychie / Spiro- cyclie Chalf cyelie)/ Acyei.
( co/ou Any Cmainly eo/our of Detak ).
(] omer spetius charathor disinguishing charakr of flouer.
Allernaive terms- A (?) Number oF sepals(D) Coheslon
CFutionbelusepalk o Fued colyx (D)AetuaHon CArmym enl ot sepdh in whon if OUerloppng no4) (u) Dyrakon oftaly
C27 Mumber of sepalk 8/4y 1s eke.
CDI Cohenion polyseploun / Gyamosepaloun Cruged)
(D7Aenkva#on valuak / Dwskd /2mbricak (one oua one in) / Guncunciul C two out, one in )
(D) burekon of calyn Caduceun/Deciduou / persichnt caduro Cearty Pal); Decidvous Chay aong wikh peh) perslant CAemin darhadwih Fruit),
RIHernaive termt :- For (?)Numbe o pekak (2) Coheaion: ppuls Aurhion, Cinbeno Auchion ); ()AenHuekon i(2?) co/ouruf cnela
Appondeges o^ (rollo'
(27Adumber of petalc 379/5 ekc.
Dj Cohenion Gomopeh/ous polypetalou
(D7 Rerivotion valuak /uishd / 2mbricae/vexilary /Quinturial.
Cj Shape of corol/g- Crucifrm / Rosareous / Comporuatr/ oceohe
PubwoT 12nbudió wsifom/ Aofak 1 Papilonoreous Cpea) ek
C colour of corol/a Any
( Appendageo of corolla Spur / Nectory / coron
9. Perianth: eoch indiuiduas it cauUed Depaj"
cwhen Cayx and corong are Complely Putad ot itHgus Aable
AIHanaHve derms For (2) Number of 4epals (DI Nomber of whorlt
(0») Coheoion C Futv'on bekuren alt) (2» Type of tepale Coenm belenre ) ;
(2 Wumber of Tepals 3/915 ekc.
CDJ Num ber of uwhonl eg if totas 6 epot intuo whot i'e.lsr).
(a Cohepion polydepa/ous CAree) qamotpa/out CFates ).
U 2ye of Depalt ' sepaloigYpealoid.
C AenHualion Valuak 1 Tuiskd 19mbrd cate /duincuncial.
0. Ardroecium - Alernahue ferms '- or!-CO) Mumben of glomens i(D/ fenti -1iky(D)) caheaion (se/f Aution i (U Adhe»jon CAsion with oHer uhot)
) SegUente of stominad whorls if two uhondt, if ononged eih opponike
allernae wih eath oHer) i(D) ( engh or iloment CiP soe ong
Some hork i tenm 0idynomou /7eha.. et) i (D1) posi#on of sfomen
C2nsened or exserAed ouk From tonallo ) (Wn) wumber 0F /oculen (no. of obeo in onhor) (Z) AFechnent be/ween Filoment ond anHr
(9 Dype of Conn ecAve C#isye Joining kwo /obr-og anher ) (2) Oihe - Scenre of ener (?nkote r Ahose ie. ouhusrd ) :
ploptaminous Pdllnae) sdnguure
Chdialetamineus_ Coppni'k )
Baniiad ddale Sortifeed entee
.
27 Number o g/emes y/5/00l 0 et¢.
(7 Fertiliky Perle / Stamino/cle C?nertrle shamem).
(0j Cohenion bf glamene,' Polyanlr enus CAre ) 1 monoad'el/phoun
Cane bundle »Fitomen# Ad, onthur Free)/ Diadelphoun Chwo bundk of gkamen ) | polyadelphaun / Sungeneaious CAioment f* but onHor Amd) / Synandeou CBoh Biloment 4 onhin fumt.
a7 Adhenion of eamen Ppipet/ous CAu/on wih corolh)/ £pi
epousCwih poronth ) /Oy nondro us CPusion wA gynoecium )
D Sequence of stamina hrt Dip/oskamenous CAwo whords
Qun who/, ulkanoks wj corolla )06dijploshmenou (tuo a/ae whoA butbukr wht 8ppi'k to corolla )
(9/7 Leng of Fomenk long/short i£ severed Pihmen! gome shnt fome /ong Ddynomous (tuo shond tootong ) Ittho
-dynomou Cfour /ong, two shrt),
Cn] posiHon of stamen- Inserrd Cencdoseol by eoro/la)/Pxgerkd
Cexpore oul of torolla ,
C umber oF /ocules C/oba) : monofhecou C one ceved anh erwilhhvo/obs)/Diecou CY/obs or huo cetin ).
(t7 Aechment of Ailanen with anhr ! RoniAired CNonno!)
Pelnae Cwohole length ) /0omtieived CAid a denta/ poin) versotle Csmu pujint conecion allow fr e mourment )
C Conneckive Pype Discree Comau) /oiugriak (v-shopd)
Osha CHle Cc-shaprd) wih upper Aahk a ouwr shrik
/obe/ Appendicudak CAeaihay oppendix tike Cannethve )
Geynoecium _ynoeciun is a/ro callal DiS/W, whkh beorr leoaf Iike shuothr caued "top.
Annakg tenmt: For(?)umber of (ape/r ;(2JCoheian of canpel
Cn) pos/Hon of avory (»j No. of loulea : (DJ No. of ovwes ; ( P/ocentshon (M bre; (un) 8kyle (») 8hpma Ckyn)
I No. 0F Carpel Mono corpellary 1Bitorpellary /mulie arpelery ek, j Cohenion of corpe/t Apocarpus Crer) / Syntanpou (fure).
(D) posikon of oury sUperior / semi' inbeior / 9nforvor.
Number of oveo! uni1Bi-1/-1 Penta-ImultilouWor
C No.of ovules ineoch lrule- Number /3/9/5 ek.
D/ YoreBetion!- Morgina) Axile | porittal| free cenhad/8ooal SupePrual (ouules everyuhoe extepk inner walls of ouorY ).
C Dite premnt 1 Abrnt Cbelow ouory)
(D7 SAy/e !- Perminal / taknal / Gynobanic Corigin Arom depremn h ouory )/ 9kyhpadium CSwoten dan oFskulePrmpad 1ike chura ).|
(a7 9igmo Copilale lcop.1'ke) / plum Ceamor ike ) 1Dito id eik ike)7 oum[-beu ehoped / Cnear / tometlae /thoky.
1R.PloralPomula rui Alterair terme Sinpk 1 Aggegale / Compenie
9.
(1 8roche a licalyx
Teacher's Signature.
9
Ca7 Calyx
ky
Pemolk Birexuas
Calyy
Corlyx wiA Sepals.
Calyr wi Y Pured repak, ky)
C97 Corolla
Ctu)
Ptey P313
Coro//
Corolla wih Y pelals (free)
Corollo uwith y fusel peulr.
penon h
peryonHh wlh 6free tepals.
penjan h wih 6 Ause epals
6 tepalt in kuo whods 0f 843 Ser
Teacher's Signature
lornl ri. ygomoypM*
Fleal he't, ultinemaykit
Grorct Cing,lowr reckion ) A
A
&gpicalype Cco-centric in no.)
Glye CCo cenhit in no.)
Enella Cco cerhic in no.)
dndreeiu lmanothcouy anthn)
9ithoun anthee
Stominode
Oshenion Line be two sepals ukhenion beo palal u semen
Cepipettou J
Menoodelphoun ondroeciom, hose.
A5
AS)
A55
Andhoetiuum
Androcium twih 5Pre Samens ¬Apoan)
S Futd ttament Cmonoad elphoun )
lo gfamenm in two uhart of 55 set
Ao No samen ie. Ditkellokd uni'sexual
Aod
A
Pn Pinik ho. of ghamens.
Ahote ium adhesion wih corol/a
EpipeWou tondiHon.
Andro cium adh etion ulh perionh
Ppitepal ous toiton
Gynoethum
Bicarpellary, Apoconpus (Pree )
Bitnpellory, tyncorpoty (Puted )
ynoeuin absnk i. Shaminak FYouer
Sypeior oyory, Bicompe!lary, syn carpou
HolAierin ouory ,Bierpelley, 4yncarpou), OnFeaouary , Anplory, lyncanpou,
( P/ora oxis A very smaly circle it drown above fhe Poral di- 4mam, ik repoxtenk he moßer axis, 2n Actihomarphic Phwer, the mother axis le 7idenotl wik incirc/ed plus sign, while
Teacher's Signature.
Syngenecionu, dndhoreun
Beiranpeion, apotb-pou
Shierypetony, ymaxpous
noceeles Conty single, ert
sehian
For 8ygommph'c. gimpk (irele s drown, Power i terminal Hhan moher axis is nod drown.
(DJ Broct ond Brocdeo/ak d Epirahyx' Brott s pxsenkad 6y Sign similor to calyx bu mor poinky Cem turvy, rong/e 1ike ), 9n Brockak lower, 0 (onty one) broel bign it drawn be/aw he Plrad dierom, i6 Plower t £brackak it * not orawn,
i whor/ of brat ie, "Epica/yx "* prennt han vhorl of brot vgn in Corenhic monner îr drawn cinting colyx, olto repxnkd by some iongular cign og bratl
ower i "Braeko/ak " two /arge orrow ike shuthy dhrawn in left one right secjoh o iarom
2 colyx- Frsl ok no. of sepalt a tA eir orrongmen in relaHion to moher axit thon Her geakalion, iI han to be known Hon the seehian al bror/ side ii onkrior and F'ha/ axit tide t pashrior teehon oP F/ouer, it sepalt ore aleanak to moHr avit hon hey mun/ be opposik o b»*t; Sign Cured'4.
CD Cerolle: Ar corolo, no. 0g Petals it masHy some ao epas, keeping in mind, ilk qesliuallonanO it adwayr "Annak "b cal, apperleps Iike necaryt lto thown;Sign C-shape.
(2j Coheaion:-P Calyxa Corollg ore gamopefloun 4 gamoseplou hon edges oF Sepalt &e pekels ore Joined by line CA) ar (u)
Teacher's Signature
Goa lonsnliydonas 7 eri ard Toniion)
Soednd plonls3-chses)
etaos Cunoopvunoa (3omition)
aas eretdonae
Stouey Epye
1Gnedoceoe
Fomity Puor oe
wi Coluino Fpily:buare . Conilenoe
3.yobrere
34forlies
Bub con Oanocklanyph 8 serie
&aio tuntnuatss For'y-uphensiasau
Sub clo'GanepdlaeC3Seies)
senio 9) nbenoe Bordert d 9 Fomrilies
Sus oarn lppatlae(3 ais)
9) halamizlovat (6 cndert & 34 fomilies)
S
foniy sknar
Cren vnalo, Mdo-RubialeySomily: Rubioeeoe
sexien D)' ekreenae & Mders /0 Fornithos
ienypellolhe
Seuoy :
eaoerr U Jomiio
Hde Malale Somiy looe
Spao 0) aciylonae C ordo
3 Fomiie)
CaluploeaL C5dor u 01 Fomiley)
Sexiog )
Hde imoniale fom'y Selaracsne Family Faborene
Rorolby
0r i ee than no surh Joiniy t regurd, aleo i6 calyr r orollo i "Bilabilok " hon kwo b6ed seprt or pe/alk on chown,
() Androecium '. Poinls to be concidered no. OA 1tame, no. of whor/s of shamen, Coheríon (monoole/lphoy n tygencious)
,dheaion C¢pipeHo u fpikpaloun), dpo or oddiplolam enou C opposik to corolla when kuo whorled oukr wat ), 9nhore CAoce inuond) or Exhose CFate outuwardh), shamin
- Oden pentd by aserdsk (*) r trotr (x),
CR Gynoecium Depens 2s. of ouary , ie. Apocanpoup or Cynco -poun, ho. of /otulen, no. of buuko in edth loeules, ploturkhon,
5. Clesiieelion 2obenAifcakion- AH he end o plond tkudy, pland ir elostijjnd on Hu boot oP known and oe cognised syckn of clottificakion , "Benthomda Hooker syskm of cloetitca ion it Considene o se mut aecephd due it simpliity & oeuraty, i1h mnk commoly urd syskm, even in inpor tan enborio of Me werdd, chmit|ahon should abo inctude sing of choraet of oictent ike oiuiion, clon, erder Rmily ond Genuo Cit reeeed).
Teacher's Signature
`tumen petals a
Slaninl ubeCmonoadephous)
StyuCinside Slaminaube)
Sopal epicalp
Cua -mono heay dnther Halamu)
Pedite!
1:5.flaur
1.2: ?5.0vey
Quuuy
QLr watl foLay
pberlaorn
Gyroecium
11:8taman
Styh wilh twminal gigma
(278em Herboreowo, /owsr pokon onr woody , OPial, erect, cylindnical, branhed, go/, g/abroun green.
DIleo cauine oramal, C/rnate, 84putak, Simpe,pekolak, oumle serrak, acuk, 8/abroun, unitotak,rehicukh
( Flouse Pbraceak, pediretlale, Complek, a cthonopbic,hormapprodk, Pentamerou , hypagYnous, Cyeie.
y Epiealyx_A whor/ ot broceo/en (7), à prexnt orount he Calyx.
(90 covol/a-0ay 8epah 5, GUmosep/ouo va/vat.
(Oj conollai 6, polypeklouo, unhelal Hhe box ond adnae CAtheoion ) wih ehaninal kube, Auithed ned.
OArchoecium sonens Ineginite , manoorolphouo, epipetaloua, upper portHiono Pome & onMerr ore Frre, oherr oeniton, mono heuous, ekbae
x ypoeium Pentocoopeteory Sycorpous, Supeni ouory, pentalotular, h mony ouutes In each /ouwe, le plarenation, shyeo 5, /ong poming taugh 8/ominal tube a each endlng tna drtold shagmaic /obe.
Teacher's Signature
flora/ Rnu/a Pbr, e, g, £z, k(s), C5, Ao), S6)
(N) elostirakian DoenHificaHon:
9. Reticu/ak venakion
6.pentamerot Awer Iicokylec/onoe censt)
0. pelakore Free Dofypetloe ns cham) 8ypemo ovor o DypgynouD Flouser
e.9ameng ind'ebihik d monoadelphous
A ouory AiconpelUory a Anik platmlehon
g. teaves oe 8ipulate
b. Colyi with epiralyx- -
Hence, he given plant it Pi6itcus overe tinenei
Pholomifforoeit))
-. Ma/ualea cesd-v) notuo eoem'y)
Co7 Sem:- Herbaceauo, vniad, ere, onguwor, 6roKheN, Selid, pubemuloup Choiny ), pUrple-red milky 1attx preant
(D7 cea Cauline ond Roma, Gpposike decussake 8hpu/ak , simp/e, elliph
- obouak, enhre, mueronak Cshort poinky apex) puberulosus, unicosak rehwlae , lakex pneent
(.9/oretcence!- 4xillary dichasial chyme or soliary axitlary,
C Flouwer Lbrackne, pediretak, comp/ek, asinomarbic1 hermophrode, Pento-meroun,Aypagynoua a Cyelie
CD Calyax Sepalt 5, polyrepalous, valuak, persistant
(9 Covolla_peuk 6:gomopekaloun, Auitted bypocrelonidon Cthepe) Pure,
( Anodroecium Stemens 5, polyandrauA, insered epipeta/ous,diMecou (y /obes ). Oosirecd, inhose
C]Gqynoecium- Brarpellary tyntonpous, ouarcs ore fte ond syperi mo-_ ina plarenfakon, Skyle long>shgma chrum shaped à SHcky, wo Declories on on e7or a pos/erior s/de of ouary,
(] Fruit Aggnegae Fruik (Eteeio of Follicdes )
Toacher's Signature.
Gnde enhiarats
i:ona) tianom fatharandhus oorus ): Sfora/ Smua br,., k5CAg 2
Cossificaton d 2ohen4ircalion
. AeicuWale venalion
6. pentamerous P/ouwer- Bicoflyona eo
C. petale Aysed
d. Pwo conpels - GyamopeHbe s»em
e. upenon OUary- Bicope!/aa ec:e
Yower achinomophic
. lpipeta/ous 8}amen-. Gentionalea iomm -
. Cymose inPres renre
1. Ouoris tuwo , free
J. Ovwey kwo in eoch loule - Apocyroceaeltmit,)
Henee, e givn plan s taHrenfhy ruo "
Teacher's Signature
aynolegYum
oronay bulnoulh
sky Ailomuduny
- cva'u
Sepa
- pedire Pa:PronMler
fi: .S. flo wer
po/linium
ig: .t. ouony
Ouony wau ovule pa centahon ploeento loeule
(D) slem Herbore oua, Aerial, erec, Cylindita/, Branched, Soid lo wer ponHon mo oh buth uper poahoh bos tommenkum whiAy wooly, Gjeen, nmilky lakex preernE.
j Lef:- CuUine Romol opposik , decumak, Exsipuwatt, si mple Sub-sesce, obouat, entire, Acute, Hainy ie, undergide o lead a great depoxiion oj omentum, unicos/ak, ReHuwak, coareouo, (eo surbore it dry ond depori kon 06 whik woo/y formenkum.
louwer ocdeak, E6raotol/ak, PedireWak, conp/ek, A# - nomophi¢, Hemophordik, pen/amerouA, Hypagyn- 0uA, Cyclic, whit to punple
Co] Caulyx _Sepak 5, pofysepa/ouA, Quinguncial, persiskank
Corollopekale 5, Jomope/atous, valuale, Companuwate whiish purple,
[Dn) Androecium- Number ob Skamens 5, A erHle, Auseo tn e monocdelphoun Condion, ~epresned by "*ens/alsr here ore foa 5 trons/akors, cwih au o6 hem Fysed Dentepon a/ disc Coled"ynosegium "
Teacher's Signature
: floas Bag2om cal on onit pnr ena)lnas famuwa
fbr kg Ccs)4/5)
Here, the anher ?s diheOUD , and onher obes wihh m-
- embranouA Hip is atoch ed fo segmaic lise, each CU of makure onher lobe has o ging/e p ollen mass, Culled pollinium fo, the whole anther hao kwo polli
-nio and 5 haue oa /0 pollinio, po/linig ore ellu-
-nc0A ond Auo doll inia o odjoenl cW 06 adjoin ing anther /obeg are conneekd wih *cordica/s" the Conditou/e unik at a poink Colled "Cotpureu/um
hu, he whoe mechonsD Consist oh pollinia, Coudicles on ReHnocusum and1 corpucudum, hey together Am a rong/akarr
Adhepjorn is avroecium o aynoe uum whor/ tne-prenkd 9ynoS/egjum " Aso " eoruna " in calo
- Aophus, s skomina/ ond consitk of Plerhy oppen
-degea adnak to cCoroll o ond 9ynoeaium whorts, i radiates Arom skomina who ond i free ond curued in ending, a/so each corona/ scale is slighHy bifun
-Cad al it apex
Sgmer ore inserked, ghows bo Cohesion and adh.
- esion uwiA Corolla ond yn o euium 2nterkd ond
2n hose
Gynoecium Bica-pel ary Apocnpoue, Superior, bi/otulor many oUwWes in eech /oule, mortinal plarentasion,
Bise obcent skyle r termina/, shigma are Ard o
Fomn perntagonal Sigmakic hecad or gynosegmium, howeuer syles are Aree
Prit Aggregioke Ceorio of ollic/es ) A
(J Floa/ Amua
R) Clossib/caHon ard 2dentigitaton
g, Reicuwak venoakon
6. Pentemerous Plower oicodyodonae.
C. pekuk Axed
d. Conpe/s hwo in number -.GOmopek/ae
. 0uary superio-- ---Bicopeeuae
A.Pooers ackinomenphc
. Shemenm on epipealous
h. Stemene ore gynan droA
ipollen usuatty in pollini qa.
J. Plowe in cymose o soliary
GentionaJea
k. ouories kvo Free - -sclepiadarea e
J.oUarito ree but sigma
Aured fo Fom ggnoskgium
. whik wooly formenkum a6undank- -. Calo^opis
Menct,he gun plant o "Cabhopii gigonka "
Teacher's Signature
JHobit 8hu6
Skem erbare ous, Aeias,erech, cylin drical, Bronched, Sirklar, Smooh , Gtreen.
(j (eo Cauwine &Romal, opponile decursak 8Hpu/ak, suh-sessile. eliphical, entin, Acuh 9/abroun , unicosfalk, riulk. membranoua
Cu] 2nlone ctence poly chonical chyme Cmuiporou ymose)
C97 Power Broodeonk, brakofae, pedlicelJak, tompe^, xAinsnrphbk , her. -mophoodike eronerou, epgynou, tyoit, pink.
2 Colyx Sepols,gomo sepa/oun, vasuak persion.
i Corolla_pebuls 4, gomopetelyo kuiskd, Aypereratorijorn.
i ndoteium 8men , Fudtle, Polyondroua, epipekloua, ?nsmkd
a mouth oF crolla £loment short, dihetous, doaibied, 9nhote
(D) Gynoecium Aitonellay, synconpous, ouory tnAerior, 6i/cular, uiA
wo auules in eoch /ocule, Axl/e p/arenfahon, /wg Skye 6d 4iam.
Claasizitalion
Claaa Saltyrteonoa
Sub-clan Giamapolor
Rubint Qndee
Fonily Rubracco
Gtunus ova
RIPloal Armua Bn, Br, , g, ktuj C cu) , Au, Gca
. Reicuak venakon
6. Plnel port mul Hiple of Yr 5 --. Dirolydonae .
o. peah Auced. -- GyomopeHae
d. 2nfertor ouamy
e. 8men an mony an cmollq oben -9nlende
Aleaves opprik
. pipea/ous sfomes. - Aubiale
. Plowor in chume Cymona)
Biconpallony, eyncarpoun ingOwor ouony.- - - - Rubiore oe
Hence, the given p/on iIrore cocehea"
(DI 8lem : Herdoreoun, gerial, ereel cylindrical, bnonched, hodes onl iner noes uery prominent, sold 1huy ond grren.
CDI Leo Cauline Romal, oppoaie, decussak 8pules inknpeHalor, ginple, subsnile,ouak, enHre, owk, ciliak, unitootak,ehulak
(R72nPlertifete ichonial chyme.
(o loue brockale, brakolak, PRtiretlak, complee, younger Plouwr "Atkin
-omphit" buk o/der Ahwer " 2Ygomnphit " Aermaphrodik , enh
-merbu, Some tthumerous ePgynous , cydie ,
caly calyx Sepale 5 polycepa/bu, valuak, h ypotranijonm,thront
-moulh hainy penislant, 1cepal in old lower it leaf like
(D0 Corollo! pe/al 5, gomopeJabus, valuak hypocnakibonm, roaf mouh bui*y.
(Di) Andhoeeium; gkoment 5, polyondrouo, insened, 9pipetaous,thnt P
-men di/Aecous, donsikired, inho.
O yyn0ecium Bicorpelloy, Symanpouo, ouony inPria, 6iloculor wikh mony ovweAtle plorenfaion. Ayle long, bifid sHgma.
ClasA- ustlydonae
CR1Noral fomula Br. 6r, o/0. 9, kg) Poral Armva unws for
) young Plower Ar, br/,, 9, ks , C6) As e
) o/der Ploure Brbr 0,. ks C6)As Ga
a. Rekirwak venahon
. lonal pont mulRple of y r - --- - - -- Iiralydanoe
c. Pekols Pused- Gyomopeklae
d. 2nfenior ouony
e. 9oment an mony an trrollo lolas-leave oppoik
. epipela/ous s/amen---.
h. Flowerin cyhume Rubrale
8iempetlny ynconpaua, 'nbeian ouy-- --Rubiorege
Hence, Me given plank h "Mucsanch rydhaephytla "
Teacher's Signature
Seig: dtamun,
äig:t% Klauws
( Habit dmalic herb.
(27 em- Nerboreouo, deni, ereck, quoohangulor, benched, So'i hoiry, Co/our a reen to dok puple , honakc.
(0jteo:- CoLine 4 Romal, esApulak, oDpgnik ond odecunak , Simp
-e peHola, ovak, Serrak (wuy), oue, hairy, reicu
- lak unitotfuk hembànou (memtenoun)
(j2nPlgruteeo Rocemes of verkeitlanbrr.
Powe Eradeak, , lbrutholok,ped/ellak, Complek, 2ygamo - phic Hermaphrodie, Dentameroua but wih modiAi caionn
oUory hupgunous o ruperior, tehoylic, cohih o purple, Plowen very SmalU anN Oomokc
jcalyei Fiue sepals, g0morepalou, 67/abiae with lls itke orrong
- ment ie, " Upper lip congirk of uery lorge ouerlopping gepal, oUeslape thr odjoren repalt o6 lo uwerli'% Sepatr of ou
-erlisehows ua/vak oettsalon, perrftenh
Corol/a pekale 5, gamopeleloug 6}/ab/a wih oper t6 Conrithng
o6 5Foun moull pealr orranged n yauale aeouaion ond single lone ouerlapping lower t6 peked, iE ouerlappr i*
two odjarent pekdc on boh sides. Delals o upren tio °s cohik, wile sing/e large /0uwo lip pe/al it us/e.
Teacher's Signature.
Ebr,O.9ktu).u,)Ap+a-
(e Coedum Skomen , pokior okamen qway Arom lrge peleJ ii co ly o eteing, polyondouA, epipokaloua, o1dynomouo (t, oo long kwo shontin two whordt ), 9hott hairy A/smont, 7nse -ed AeLouo, bonit/red, 9nhe
Chuynoeum Biorpellony, syncorpouA, 6u Qpper teha/auor intkad of biloculer due o Mae sepkm, auory syperor, 6l/oudo e coming thelocudan, One ouule in eah (otule, drile placen-akon,dire pre*nt, stue gunobasic, sAgmo 6iA'd,
o. ReHwa venokion
6. ouwer Denlameroua
C. peale Puned--
d. Conpdt kuo
, avary i superio
Flouse 2ugomophi¢
- - Ihodvdonoe
- - Gyomopetoe
- Biconpellaboe
8. Biliped Cono/la-- ---amiales shm auoohongular
Aventt¢i llaakr ing/orencenre.--~ (a6iaks
U. 6iloular bul oppean fehaloudor .. osimum
k. Chanaglenish¢ onomakic melU.--.
Wence, h 8iuen plant is Oomum eonatkum" -
Toacher's Signature.
( 2denkPicalion tonlblta on
Herboceo uo. Annual, limber.
Nerareoun, aeias, cweak, climb wih nelp 0 tendhil, Angu -lo Csar -sheped ) bronched, sol/t, huiny, Green, bronc hed gren tenohis arm very long pina,
L LeaF- COine ond ramal Alknae, ex 9Hpulake,Simple De blak, Dentaloked shape , dentale, Acuk, Haiy , Gree kenhilpoeant enakion ir reAculak, mulHcos/ak, divergent, membronous, dhomahe biHer smeu.
2 Floescence Sovitony axile,
(9 Power A)Male Flouer Aracheae . eicetak,Dntomplek, d-CAnomonphic, ArHte unitexuuad, niomereus, ouory is Eptguno Cinger ubsenk, cyelic vetuow, malea Amale£lo-
A. Cadux ofmule A/owe Sepals 5, gomose pa/oue , Compa -nulae Ckeu shaped), valuak , persiskont,
A. Coro'lo o male Fower Peals s Dolupeketous, uin - Coneial ye/ow.
A3.Andhoeciun in male Fouer 5 n thee g-op oF
C) t ti, aU A»ile, yngene mandrouo, sho-Pll-
- oment,monoHe QUO, exkore, Teacher's Signature
A. Flra) Fomula of male Flower Ar, , 0', kG): C 51 +() t], Go i. Br0,0, k5),Cs, AR110)*]G
() Female owr Anockae, pediretae, Int omplee, achhamo -phic, uniserual Penemeros, oUoy epigyno us ( ingend'orr ) Cyelrc, yellow, male a Amale Plouer Aporok.
8. Cabyr of Amak P/owwnSepa 5, gomosepalous, ualuak, perir len
8.P Cerolla of Amale Plower pelali 5 poluea/ouo, @uintuncia doohuakon, yeWou
8.8 iynoecium in Amale Plous nicorpedory, sutanou, inborior o vny, unibcubr, (porstlal placenaton. wih man y ovuin eath locule, skk very ahot, sHgma 3.
B.4. Ploa Formula o Amale Flowe Br, , 9. k) Cs Ao Ga
Tden 4i£icapion & lmiprakon :
. Aeruwyk venakon . 9coydonoe
6. Pen tomer ous £lowo-
C. peka)s free Cup. Shaped hadomua polypeHae
e. nPmor 0uoy - CalyciA%noe
A. Tendai Ombers
. Dowe/al platen teton-- - posslonck
. Plowr Unisex ua
. Slamen 5 in (V) +#) +1 g7oups, - -- Curbikaceae
. Sevea ovwes in eath locu/e
k. BiHem Aroma . memordica
Teacher's Signature
(9JHebil Herboreou ghus
(91 Sem Herbareous buk louer pordioni woody , 0eiad, e, cylirdh*al, Bronched, Solid, Smoofh Green.
Cowine &Romas, 4Henabe, erglipulat, Compound bipinnak, eli - olak, ellipical chape, enire, oblute, /abrouo, unicenAk eicuk, membrenoue,
LD]2nlorecenee Aacemore rareme, axillay,
(rj £louwer Arueleak, ebrackeae,pedicellok, Complek, ygomorphic, He - mapodi'k, penameroua, hypogynour (eupenior), Cuchie, yelow ko Aed,
(2 aly*8epale 5, Ao/y?epa/o us, m brk a C in, lout, 8 inbe); odd antedor 0epal, decidr'ou, Dekltai'd epad.
( Coro!la a't 5, polypeldous, Acending imbr*at; ie, antorion sepa/, smallent, ovake, yellow-nd,
CI dhdhoeuvum -/0 aamens bu 8 Smale sfameng ore ockilly "thomi: -noi'd Chorfeior, Polyondhous, dip/othamenoun, long Exrended, diheeous, donaidixed, Dnbert
L Ynoeaium Mono tnypelon, shr syle oipilak), superyor uni-lotu a, many ovwe n lo euwe, maNg inal 4eminal ky Teacher's Signature.
Sub
Soborea
91 Ploral Fru/a Br,, .Ks, Cs , A 3+y 32
R 2dentiicaon ckmibicaylon
9, Aediculok venahon
. Plowerm pendemeroun - /tyedoroe -PolypeAaloun,
C. pefalo free-
o. Cup-ghaped ha/am
0uauy Semi-inbenorleawes alenalek
layei orae.
. only ne carpe)--- - Nole/ep.
A. Plowor aygamapbie
Comlle hauing afeending 0eskiakon --Coonalpinarese
Tmorginal plarenterton.
Prui Armed ao legumer pod--- Fubaceoe
Hence, he givey dan! a Cotio gythu/a Toacher's Signature.
(2]Mabit Perennia herb.
L2)8em Herbo ceou, gerla, erett cyltndhka/, bronched, Solid heriry geen.
]ea Cathne & omal, 9Pposie, odecu rcale, org4pcdale, peklolae, Serrale CSou like ), acule Cpointy apex) , haiy Unicoskae re- culade, membranous.
(19n Flre senee, ezminal helenggomoud raceme capihdum.
2(9J FYouoer 4)Ray Plonehe8roceale, sestite, incompkte , zygonaphit, unterual- pitiWale, pentomervua , njevor epigunous oua, oelit, pole yeUouw.
CA.) Colyx of ray Florels Reduced inh numerous hainy eulgrou
Cawed pappua Cond a arronged on topo ouary Ppersië}ant
4 ) Corol/o a ray Aorek_pekuls 5, Gomgpelebun CAuced), guh ake a 6i/abiak Cie. corolla is shapike and difForani siaes), wih onfewo 3 ben9 ange foming obes and porvleror an Smalyaluak 0 evadtom.
A.3) Ardhoecium in rHy lorek Androiam abrenl in ray Flornk.
(A.49)Oynoeejum in rey Alored. Bko petlary, Syncanpoua, hoemo Uhilculor wih only ! ovule in each locu/e, gorus
Teacher's Signature
plocentaion, temminad skyle with bikid sHama.
(A.5) Floa Jnmua of Ray Clorek Br, Ebr, Y, 9, k, Ca) Ao, 9o)
) c £onete on tubularr Floee Brotkeak, ebale abak, sesik, Complele, Achinomophie ingenir epigynouo auary, yolou
(8.1) Calyx of dise Floreh numerou in number od reduced to hairy outgrowhr caled peppus, penPiakand.
(6.)Corolla eg dire Flore pekads 6, gmopefalous, egva/ shen re kubulan, valuafe 0eskivalon,
(6.3) Andhoecum ire Ploveds 9kamens 5, epipekalous, sung enegious (Rilomenk ee 6ul onshor Pured), Filamend shord, ba-si6ired, Inbote ond dithetous
(8-4) aynoedum o diic flortte- BicorpeUary, syneanpoua, inhenio uniloculor wih eath loute conAaining one ovule, boral placendaion, eminay tkyle Pigma 6IAid.
(6.5 Floral Formua o dic floreh Teacher's Signature.
Sub-clam - Goamiepelaa
Inbesuae
pheole de Jamily
AaterouRAL
Genus 5ride
Ha Arl diagram o Siorlaret f Taidec,procumben
Fora Fonmula: Br, ¬B, D, 9, Ko, le), A5), Ga)
. Relieu/ak venawon
6 Wawer entamerou- - - Oicotyledonae
C. pefals Aured. qamope/ae
d.Ovory injemor - InPerae
e. Syngenesioun shamen
Aouony unilousor wih one ovule - dntoralea
9. Aaceme Capikutum inglorunee Frmy
6. Caly x neduced to pappUn-- dteraceae
Hente, iven p/ank it "Jidex procumóeng ". Toacher's Signature
92.S. Cyahimm Inyrence TiSinglemale Hlower
JiTS. auany
unmoknt Cyon thium
r2JHobit ADnual herb.
(D Skem Aerial, osending, Quodrangalor, 6mnched, 9o/id, hainy, horóae- -Oo reen .
(D Leof Couline ond Romal 9Pposike, 8upenpoed, 8Mpulalk, stmple, pedice
- 1/ot, o6/ong, denak, Acuk, Smoohh, rekulake,unicosha , Ca dytowo, green .
(1nPlore feence Qyanhium, C8ingle Female Nower surro unded by several male Plo wr ond whole ghuckt it enclerxd inide inuolvcu .
(01 mawe Plou er ¬ach ayonthiun Contish o6 obout 5 mole Flower. mads o
6 6rath ond on arrenged cenhibugally, och male Plower it Com
-pndd o cingle 8tomen wih short shalk, Dovkion aboue it
-ament, Anhert ore diaetous globox, peionA abscenh
(TmalePowrt peonth abecenf, brocheak , pediretlJak, pedirele elongaks an Moweroui out al maiky of inuoluLum, fenale flower i rngle and occupy cene o cyonheium, it hupogynous (Ccup
Crior ouary ), aynaecium i* ?icanpethoy, yncanpous, tilocuen with eoch locule hauing kuo Ovuln, D/arenhian oxilei tigmg
3 6/Pid.
CDPoral Rrmula male ower , 0, Pa, A!,Go
Female Pewer 9, Pa 1Ao , Ses)
Teacher's Signature.
0. Reku/ak venakion. Bitablyoonoe
Flewen uih one who ob powonh Mono cWomydeoe
. Plowr Uniserua
. ponionh redured n abrenk -. Uniseralen -
e,ou ule pn con pe
ASomen ging/e free fuphrbiateoe
. Gyaoeuun mwnpelloy, Pyncanpous
i.sbigna 8iAid
Hente, Ahe gBuen plont ir " eaphbio pilaliAn "
Hobit Pertnnia) 9urculenk
(Djstem Udegeund du/6, uppr port gmal , erttk, herdare oua, cylindhod, Unorohe d, soliel, Smookh, Cqreen, suttukn.
Rodital, gonged opirally, 9enite, erikpulak, Simple, enhrt Cadurou n nemboranoto, por8iskant, Pi6ro uo, mu/ieoslek, Doralle/ venaon, 0oaked wih wax,
(
TnfMorettente Spike oreme ('seooile, y oung al fop)
Sroreak, rod loge Single, Su6-sonile 6/serual, complek, at. inomonphic,Agyoogunous, Cyelic, whik , peronh
CQ Penionh+ in who 6 Awo, gomolepaloua, valuok, Pealleid whie.
CQ ndroetiun in kuo whont, oddia/oslanenoua, ferhle, enikpo/oaa, Short Piloment, OiKeeous, vers aile, Inhose,
Coj vnoeium- icmpelary, Suncanpous, hypagynows ouptnr auory , hiloulor O ouules in eoch ocule, teile pla ten akon tmine yle, ahgma disroid.
CDPlora! Formule .g, P319 A 349 3
C 2denLtaion ond clenibiecadion 01e giuen D/onl can be C/aribieda
Teacher's Signature.
- mangcolydona Closa
Cenonanic Siea
Janilg dopwgaie GqenuA
O, poal/el venaion
6. Alowers himerouA - Monocafy/edonoe
o.peionth pelaoid
d. 8upemor avory -Coronoioe (eo epirally orronged
F. plonk curwlent, 9fomen in kuo whrHpongoroe
. ie onpallony ymnpon oy@ry
h. Axite orenhahon -. -PG ove
Hence, He gluen plant it "gaue amicu " a/co known an po/yanhes tuberot eCd nome) .
2. Cbmpomabive Analamy of icof 6 moneca Root
S.Alo, Bieot A oo Manocek Rook
he oukermos! layer of cor. . n olden ook oh mony manot as he -hx does't gek suben/sed in oukr ayer u Cottx may get Subenize d old oot. o frm proketiue "Exodemis "
he Contex is naro u Cordex is Companahinly uwide.
8. 9he penicy cle * aponsi6le 3. he pencyele only Fom u For ForrmaHon o alral laleral roek, Cork Cambium vmulawn cambium absenk rooh, Vorudor Com biu Cenk Cumbi'um.
Vascuay isrue geeraly in . Vosculax izsue genurally monx
Tehaech' condikon 4han 8 e. Po/y axth
5. he xy/em venele one ong-. voscuwar *ylem i1 ound or Oual -utan Cpolugoal), in ehape,
6. Seconday grouh prank, 6 Secwndamy rowh ab rnt
.
Oueko Secondary grouh ok 7. Cort fonmaion does't orcu -e Contx Forms cok.
8. PiHh is erher absen + 8. pih weu developed in cen yey SmulU. ob T.S. Teacher's Signature.
Epidemal hair (4ichome)
» Cutice lay et Epideumis
collenchyma
Repin duct
chlunenchyma
paunchyma
&lch shealh
Bundle cap
pima ph loem, Cambium
Melaylem
&pideumis
Hypedenms
Cote
>primany medulany ay Prooylem rdoden
pith
Cuticle epidemis
Hypademis
Chlonenchyma
vaoeulax bund Cin polthes)
Gnound hssue Cconte)
> Cauthed protohloem
meuphleem
metoyem
Protoxylem
>poooxylem lotuna
Stlenchymoou
Bumtle sheah
Sio: 9.S. Morocol Stm (celulas)
mam oret sten
Spidvr
Comparakive onaoay aA Oitata manote hem rtet km
Monoted em
.Hypodermis made of collenthymaou 4HVpodermii mads of non- an sceanthym ceU which may be @ren -oun ceus , non -9run, na/ istye ronged i totenht mo 2nknal cocenhic onangment absen
9he 9rOud ti'ssue ir veryweu difPemni- Ground tistue diPRaniolion aosen* -able ino Cokex, endodenmis, eri*yle, pih, .Oieof skm it alw aye solid. 4 monoCok skm it Gereratly hollouo.
, VocuH bundle orrongrd ao ing. vorcuar bundle seakxd houg ot skn, 6 Votw/an-bundle of some siaeo. 6. 9nner bundley langu, ouler smal.
7medullanynays in beween vouuor 7. medullay ray aéent. bundles Peant.
8 9clemnthymaloun bunde sheakh onou 8. selenmyhma/ous bundle sheath Mound -nd vaoulor /'ss ve abunt vo uda bundle mennt
9 Cambium peent in bekween x ylem 9., Cambium absenk nence, "closed ". phloern hence " open"
o Seconday grouwth Prernt. 0. econdoay grouh Coes} ocua.
Boh cok cambium ond vaaculax . Boh Co* Cam6/'um und vaoconm
Combium absen Camblus Caue seco/mlay growh.
A. 7ut beneah proorylem wakr Proho *yem launo, just below htu Caui-y C launo) uben. prooxukm pmnt
9. 9he older vaneulax tissue shp
4 Olden vestulan H'ssue funchion throug
- OutINe Aunchioniy due o nsy grouh
Old Skm gek covenrd wik bark |w No such shuthu i Anmet C phellem)due lo setondannygrowh. |
16. stomaa ib poeount on epborms ir 15. sfoma/a guanded 6y dums-6eu
guordtd by kidhey-shoped Lpd teu, haped guaHd cell
Toacher's Signaturo
Cuticle
uppex epideumi's
Sundle shesh extenjon
palisade paseonchyma
Bundle shea'h
polnylem
metoneylem
pengy parumhyma
phloem
Bundle she ah
3tomala oPening
Loun epideumiç
lowe e pid utmad Cuiici
> Cutiele
8amoua
uppe epidvuni s
8u Fom tu
Sma chutn b T
Bundle sheah
menoph yl! Crror ue yem
phloem
ower epidemi
Bundle She ah exknion
-ia:J.8.macet Leah Ccettulou)0.
S.No. ited leaA
9. ico les a dorsi-venhal.
onaemy monotg 4 Piu /eo
Monocet teof
. Monn co leaf h aob ?laleral,
.8/ica depaikón nok found in s}ita depihon generally otu in opidemalcu prdormay ull, B9tomaa ore len ubundant n ./omaka ont eguauy dishibukd *n abxnt on adaxial sil. boh side,
29omafa has kidney ghoped guo- .omaa hun dumb- bll ohapnd Guend ceu,
Ground HsuedifTPounhiable ino 9. Ground isue indibtngueable, poaliscuds ond pongy ponnehymo.
.bulum cell eabsenk . ulliFm ceutb preoent
2. Aurdle gheah,ib exendkdedis Bund'e 9heah exansion a dpomrehymalouo, -lemnthyrna/oua,
. Hypodermis h midods region OHupodeami eh mid'ris *g'on is is collenchymalous, scleanchynaoua
.Vascuwex bund/e difkr in size ui bundles an a/mt ob same size du af diffemnk Potron oh ib, midmb, duo niulak ven-
to pnalle! venaj'on. at1on.
Teacher's Signature
Roof hai epble ma rodesmis
Conex
endod emis phloenm rooxylem mela xylem piHh
Fig T:S.monocot Root
70ruer se section ob iuen plont makemal ond obserue i under mitroct Ope C com pound mitrosroe).
0bvuwatisng :
or6mo. (1) Phe 7.s, is almo?4 c/rcuwon with mony unicellar hoirs ,moy be KO0f hait, hence he oukrmal loyer is " eniblemo"
Cer Co 9he * conker " is wide, with subenizakon al outer regionJu bencah epslema hence ik isBrodermi ".
Erdoobrmi (a) Vhe innermont rgion og toenhx tomist ob borel-shopzd ceula, uwhith Fon cemNek ng around vancular bundle. "Canparyon ghipe prent"
Penituele l 4) Blow êntoobm's liao the smaller compot cetto which am hin w -lle d and poenehymako ua.
uacu C6) Gqopr ob ry/em and phloem aronged alkmahve ly & radially.
ce) prooxyem Aareo fowords poritycle,*yem om cimuwarr butno ongular and e "polyorth " i.e. 8 or mo4 piHh larje a wau deue/opeo/ Hence,
Cn Drorere ob epiálema inskadoh epidenmis
(o) Uneulan bundle in erorch condikon
(3) penecense og erodemir Ctubnitohon).
( voo Cula bundle Bolyarch
6) weu cdeueloped bih.
Roof
(6) Seron dor y growh abmn Mawco Roa
Heme, he 9ivon Nanl motrial it mnecolydanuo koa "
Teacher's Signature.
u he frunsueme seckjan od alve plont makaialon d obceue i Unde Compourd mierose ope .
Epiblenmo outermnd single layoed ceL wim ood hair pmont, in olden ooe ins ead 6 epiálema Peridem con be ceen.
6) Conex! corkx is undikfemnlbkd uwih baenth umaloua cuh -uing inkreettul ar potts, co*x it notvery deep.
Co endodenmis Consisl « boml shoped reo with no inkrcetiubr spote ond Compott orrangmeh Porming complek ing. peiyele coneisl a compack porrnthymalous cella Jua ben- eah he Doncyele.
e) Uaoeuwar iseue ! Andially orronged, erareh, Jehath wih poro/o x yken luing townda poriyele, the y/en elemuni ore ongulor ond noh ou
) pith weu dedined bith dóSonk, ib PMDnt am Smalt
(a) Peee Aook hair, epislema
(6 vnwor 4iseue exorch
()Erodemitabren
) prnre o6 pedenn ln older rook Csee.gjnouwh)
(e) vnculor 4its ue o* ehath
() vy/em elemen It onr onguwar
(4) we debined pith obrenk Btot Poof Hences Ahe given mad vial is drtadlydenus Rert
> Cuticle epidemis
O Hypadeumis
Chlonchyma
voculax bunde Cin palchen)
Gmuund 4istue Ccontex)
>Cnushed protophloem meuphloem metoym
>potoxylem
> poobxykm lotuna
Sclennchymokous unde sheah
Sio: S. S.Morocot Stm (ceuulas)
epidonmis
Hypedeus vanlwiy
CU he romuerce seghon OA Aiven plont mordenrad, thon obseue i un -er Compound microttope.
AEpidemit oulenmonk, aingle layend with hin atde, Aook hais absen, absonsese o pjdeam in older o/em.
8 Hupodenmic gaof benah Me epidermis lin Hhe muIilayend clerenchymatous aye hy podemit.
e Coernot wey cdeb ined canis o Da echymatouo ealth wi intrrettuwar 8paren.
d enododorms à penieyele wew deßined emodermis ond eoit - ye'e absenk.
e vapular kisue Svslem Numeraus uaoculor bun d'e StaHnd aU over He trhka region, hen ize inemae ao we eoth Ae axis.
Dhe uanculor itsue bund/es a« conjoint, ealla keral, endorch a clond " ie. Seron dory gne wh abteenk.
0. Rool hoir epi6lema absent,
6. vcular 4iscue endorch 8/em
c. ww degined certx sbcent
d. vooeulbr bundles seatnd
e.vooulon burtlesoe conjoin,collakra endonch on d clored Csee gnouh abrenh) monoced em
Wence, 4e dlven makma) ismonocothy donus ahm"
Toacher's Signature
CU Fhe tronsuenne secdjon ok gluen plont matenias, hon o6senve under Compound mieroleope
epidem is oudnmen aing/e catw, hick ngion, uwi* no o0 hoi, cWs or highly cuti'wloied oukworlly.
C6 CoTkx corkr ii wdl dedined wiA oukr collenchymaoua rella ond inner pamnchy malo s rA
Edoenmis Dnntr mat layer e ronkx uwith slarth depnion hence also called " g4oreh sheakh " perieyde! Dnner to endademi lies omi luna Compotk ondse-letenthumaloua layer, whith urenle podeuele, Uotular istue ' oscular Arue bunteo orn omongrd in whg Armalon , the vanukn burdles on "conjoint, tolla kol, en dowh ond open "
(P pitA Iweu deßined pormnthymalous pith prenl at conhe.
o. Aoof hen epi6lema absent.
6. vameuwo fisoue t endoeh. - 9Pem
c. Conex very wel/ vebberanaiakd
d. voular bunde in ing Anmakon.
vaowr Atrue Conjoink, collakral, edarth & opn
f weu debine od pim bWank.- - -Drelem
Hence, he ivon pont mafnal ir "Wicoblodonuo Pen "
Teacher's Signature,
uppe epidvmis
skrnoei cham bex K Bu'e shealh rneophytt Cround lisçue) yem
phloem
Jwex epidoumis
Budle ghe ah exknsion
Cuf trangverse seckon o6 9iven plont makial ond bceue dr compound microrcope
TBOB AGA :- 9he 29, oA Aiuen mawrr is not eiravr buk £lak
pideamis Sing/e ayer o epidenmis with glomala on boh upP Onod low &Unbace con be seen, Some lorg " utlikam cyalto pton*
C8) Ground iue epresen ed by chlorophy!l tonain ing " enophy! celt" wi no ja pre etlu/ar spore
he mgion ic nok dickmnr'able ino paliro ds ond epongy pornthyma.
0 VouWr bundle Seuverc) uonwlor bundle o neandy come cise
Con be Seen wih ik boh side conleining Sclenenehymalous exkentions" which Teoth upo upper ond lowOr epilermis,
Fach 6un dle is proetkd by gtereh Containsng "6tundle theath " cel, vascuwar budle i *eonjoink Collalesal c/ored " with kyem towota uper epider.
-mit a ph /oem lownds lown pidtnmit.
9.Fodentisicalion,
. outline s Alak wi uppon a ower epiderm.
6.prentt thmoka - - teab
o. 2.9.is isobilakeral.
d. Garound rssue Can' be dClennbiakd in to Dolisade Ond spongy DOnthy ma.
e. prnce ob 6udNFom cun Mano cok ko
Hentt, the given plont matrjal ir "Manoc le o" Toacher's Signature.
Cuticle
Uppe epfdemis
Bundle sheoth exlenjon
>palisode posepnchyma
undle shea'h prolonylem
metonylem
Spongy pasunmhyma
ph'otmn
Bundle she ah
3omota opening
Louex epideumis
loue epid uumal Culic
Plont mofial- (4)
Page No. 106,
Cu he tron euerre oeckon o4 given pMonk maberia ord obterue id undtr ompaund microttope.
Let- 9he ?.s. oA #iuen dont makrid it nd eireulor óut Fa
CA Edmls epicormis is sing/e layeord, hie k cusiwlorind ond pnennt on 6 oh s/de (upper- /owon ), wih somak only on lower epitnit, roun d Tinve! ¢eorhy ditotntiable into uppor compoty arrang ed palicade " ond lowor " Spong y Doreathymo"
CCy Uoruwor T'scue!. Seueral voeulur bundlu o d'Ffn sres
Can be goen in ?. 9. Jusl aboue He vgoruler bunele lies "Darnchumatous bundk kntioA " whieh exknd upko upper ond lo w epidemis
he vooeusan 6undle is 0oajoink, collakral ondr6sed ". wh p
-oxWe m Pocing owords uppen epidernis and phlo en ouonds lo uwer epidemit
g. Dhe e, is Plal but nol orulr
6. Poeoent 06 thmoBa
C. 29. s donsiuenr wi ohomala only on lousn 1ide.
d.Ground 4stvediFRnnhoble into uppe
palirade lauyn & louwen pong y pownchym
e.Bunelle theah exkncion o* po*nchymakoua
- (eo%
A voulon 6undes ob diPAanl eice s .-. ----. Dicok tooh .
enco, he given plonl makia/ i irokkydonao leab"
Teacher's Signature
s
CutiL
ichom
2pidems
ea Jote Bindleg
> Cone*
Shonth shesh
Secondery phloton
Combium
Crushed miny phloem
Serondory xylem
piynylem
cenhd pith
CE the aneuerse sechion o iven materiw 4 o6serbe it une com pounc microrc o0 :-
2.0680atiena :
he ouHne is ongular uwih y onglea protruded as bulges, aHer anakemita o6seuaom on aa Ao/lorws
A)Epedermis he epidermis is oukemont layer, i t singe layend with Cuhce onod mony mulHelula trichameo.
C8) Cortew Coder s very well diAlen4o6 e into outer Collen
chymo ond inner pomnehyma.
9he oukr layer ie. Collenchymg r seuera layend deep In 6ulges bu few lay e*d in oMUr inkmediak aonea.
he innn layer ie. pomnchyna nulGtayend aone wh
inrceu/or 8pare,
CoTeal Gundleo" His o* uACular 6unellea presen in con - lex o4 y 6ulegea, his 6unces e "Conjoint, Cellatoral,exowh
Open" hotn alley em bundles o endareh but hem he prohxylem lie toworda epidemi.
Phe xylem cortia/ bundes ore premnt touonda eniderni's
cwhile phloem touwrdo pih hence oe also called " 2nionted 6oh
eWemenh * sepenrakd by Comóium wh*h is ochue ond "produre very
iWe omun o Seuondery Growh
Teacher's Signature.
Cuticl epidenmis
Cotical bu nd 'c
ylem of cnhcal bun dle.
phloe nm
Collenchyma Cont
ponenthyma
Stoncb sheah
paimon phloem ('Cruthr
setordoy ph'oem
cembium
Seondory *ylem
pimny t lem
porolonyem f P pih
:.Nplantheo leululaw)
c) Endodenmis otAinch endodeamio aboent
Cd)perlcycle- single layned, distinck fnms o compele ning.
) ua9cwr tissue ! his Qrr rue vmuson 6undle, i Conyoini, colloteoal, endereh a open " whi*h Follou foto w'ng st guence pmm Oy phloem setondory phloem Cam6?um serondory xylem oimamy kykm,
Phe primoy phloem is omo Comp/ee ly orushed while he Setondary phloem Brme o tonkinuoun luyen dound Con 6ium, innn lo Com - bium en mul tilayeeod serondary xykm a pin y xy lem whih it inn. -mont wih prooxy/em scing towenda pi. ,
CA) Di - we developcol port chymabouo piha cenhe.
" prnente o Coricas bundlea alco caled teaß frste bundlto" n hey or poioned posoned aut beJous 6uldges of leab troces, al e -net o 9uadrongulon gem,
9his corital bund'es n nef direcHy tonneekd to rue voo eu bundle prant in ner to perrycle
"he corHcal bundles o inveskd ag heir phloenm A
touword pith while xylem oworda epidermis.
Teacher's Signature
9. Eoi blema CAoot hoirt) absent, 6u thome prexnt
6. voculo bundle is collakras, t(onjoink u edoreh - 3/em
C. Corkex wll diffemnkakd.
. vacuwn bunde in aing Armakon.
e.Combium "Secondory growth "preen - -Bicel 9kem
P8lem .s. ouline is guodrangulan wik buldgea.
9. Presen corical bundle beraas bu ldges Nyclonheo
Wence, he giuen madenia is oicoklydonus okm of "Nyeanthes
Teacher's Signature
Cut he ransvere seckion Oiven malerias a 0bserve il unde micro eeope, ufe compo und mitrostope
Phe outine appant a/mat ciron in ronuerse sec#on, uwith non unibom *ioge.
Ca@pems9be epdemis is ourtemend single layeed ceves wi
-th oukr Putë hauing hick cuede
@ Corker he corex is very uwel witfen tiaded into outen
Collenchymo und inner ponchy ma
Corter is mony layerrd 4hick bu ijt on/y w layered hic.
-k ner o under zkomae.he tollenchyma 3-5/ayer deep with hickening. pon chna ties un der the collenthyma ,ik ceu conain chlonoplaak , 9ntercelula space Preent
C)Endodermis Aepoenenee by, ginglelayed slarth sheath. shile, he penicycle is indisinet".
DjVogcuor #$sue3 ninged vagcuwo syskem pean
he one oulemmont as a true vmeulor bunoll e while tmeaining kwo ie in bih re8ion henee caued medulary bundlen
he vaeud n- bundle in outermnt rin9 a* many hey q"col adora). conjoin, endorth a epen '
Teacher's Signature,
Stomaa
Cuil
-> Epidenmris
> Cou enthy ma
Parnhyma
anch shesh
Setondary phloem
>combium
>Secondony yen
Pimoy *y lem
> 0uer mudullany 6unde
Tnner medullany tude
> Ph'oem
> Combium medlir Bur
>yem
> pih
pimonY,Phloem- he protoxy lem ob true v»culan bundle is CUsArd setona
- y pbem is drrknt ond Comóium very wey deueloped Seperoirg secon -dory ph/o em and see ondory xykem Followe d 6y mimory ylem, he uoeulor bundle og micd le ringe are lem thon ouker
-mt buk ce lange in size ,hy o also "conjoint, collokoral, ersbrthaon. he uooeular bundle e inner mtnirg it lorgeol buk feuo te clora to bikh it is alto " Conjoint , collokral, endarch a open "
e) pith -Cenhally locakd smaua pornchymalous.
poeense ob inne two igs oh uanuwor bundle eaued medullory bundle "an they anr lotaed in pith, the only contain inra Apicular cam6ium and show very üHHe recondury growth
9. Rook hair /t absen in Ts.
6. Uoceular bundle is conjoint, Colaleral a endorchCcorkex uery weuu liffennialed.
duaocular bundle in ing Anmokon.
Combium "9e condary growkh preeent .
Skem
3 inged voocuwn bundle with beingmedullo bundes---Bonhaauia
Hence, he given malerial it dieolydonus sem of "Boerhaauia"
Teacher's Signature.
Ridae
epidermis
Sclem nchyma
Paisade
ponththyma
Contica bundle
varuder bund
pith
(uilin)
ouf the transuerie seh/on eh given mukerla/, 4han obsenue 4under compoun d mitrose ope
1.Oa aliona-9he ouklin e oppert circu/or bu w?h monguor iges 4g o0ag
A) epidenm/s oulemrt gingle leyond cells whih o* highíy cukeuania ed in ouler regjon, 8unken 9omghu prernt, Brming he grooves hee numero ua ougnowthe called "hoi* "an poeoent in 8rooues cround shomala.
8) Cenferveny we diFfnen Hafed inko hy podenmis, pal sode ond ponenchyma.
Hypderms lien in IrOoU, un conHinuouA Jush beneath he epidmit o tniongulan idgea or 7 shaped a Selerenchymatous "
Hypodemis * Allouwed 6y "polisade "some wha " M-ghoped"
e below the hypodemit D/y in triongw Tidgea, "Covira voocular Bundle " palisode is Allowed 6y coninuo w nonenchymakous Conkx which contain " vancuWar bundle " 6ul only below vdges, his ugouwr buro /ea om "Conjoint, Collalerad, endarnh& open",
cy Endooemis Endoderm/s ia single layed uith sanh sheath while he peicycle ir indisinct'"
(o) UouWor issue- Ohe true uoculor bundlea 0re smaWer thon Cordica 6undle ond lies " ony below the grooues"
Sclenchymaloup cap CaLUe d" Bundle cap " prroenk Juot ab -oUe eath bunde,hic o* " Conjoink, collalead, endarth opn"
Toacher's Signature,
Aidge cuicde
eptdemia
>lerenthy malouo Hyrdenmk
ai
Ridge Sunten stomal
palicode > phloem
Cortto Combum
yem vacuyur bwrle
pertnthymokous coita
sharuh shealh Céndode om e)
phloen
>Cambium , V»cenlar eylen J bun!e
pih
.S.8tem: oouaina (callhalan)CE) DI well de uofoped pannchy mal-ous plh poeank atcen
D. Aomalosus chaeacdex
pr eense ob v ancwor 6undles in co7tex, henre Caled" CorH¢a bundl whith ie belouw idgeo only and o akanot two true vancuar
- bundk o0 hey lie 6e/ous grooves only, it vocular bunee oe G and am" Conjoink, collakeral, endoch ond o/en "
a. Uosculor burdes one corjoint, coltateno, endorrh. ond open ype---- Blem
6. Cortex weu dirleren Haed
C.uawcw ar bundle in rng formak'on .
d,Com6ium " gecondery growhh peen k Oicol ghem
e. 8.ob makericy hon groous a triongw ridge.wiharo0ue ai".
A drence o covwcal bundln beburidgen--- - CosUoTing
Hence, 4he giuen makniad ditolydonus ckm af " Coçina "
Expt. No.
Anomalous chorocer Dlont (4)
Page No.52
Cuk o honsuerte seciion ob given maleri han obserue i unden mitroccope (uco Comnound microteode)
he OuHine is almost circuwor wih uisi6le cork jurt beneah 4he fenictt» oDenings , oMer anakomitas obsenvakione cre o Follow¢
CA) Perideam he po^idem Composed o oultr phellen ,miod -egeneraue phellogen- and inner phellodem a/so called respec Auely Cok"', " owk combium " & " Serondory Contex"
CB) Cen#ice/g - Feu lenticles octur in phetlen on ouker cork here the cells of phellen ore thiek.and uberized but dead while 4he cork cam biun or phellogen is only one to two lay e d with Compremed eehong uwor generaHue cela
CC Contex Jusk beneahh the phetlodenm osetondary conex ies he rue conen seeandary cotex is fomed he phellogen cut out ceuts tn - urrda ie. touwonde cortex duning seondary 8roh, he rue corkx is nof very wul dicFeen iable ", ap he whole Corkx cons isk oh ouad pamnchymatous cello. hi ponmnchym akous cas hao slerth depoci k'on in it and ore wih intercewor sparea, he uos cus bundles can be seen in boHh primary or true Corex ond seuwndory conkx.
Teacher's Signature.
pidexma
- Cank cett
S corkN
s cambium conjuntrue tissuek etele
ylem > phloem ssue
GiTou tissue
phloem
vayulan iunde (Inner-JTue
C) voscuwor issue cyelem Numerouo vanculan bunlleo o6 difemnf
Sixen can be oeen ie sca#ornd in Comicad region.
9he Size o his vanculor 6undlea increoma 4oworda he cere
yOscwo bundles om preent in bokh oukr Secondary Corkex a weu o innen primary cotex,
The vao culan 6undles ob vecoobry corex oe com/ponalivety malle thon ha o twue corte,
he voscuor bundle ob setondary toker oe ako caued
Serondony veocuen bundlen " As 4hey an Fommed ao *eult og SecondorV gr
-0w
Each vosculor bundle ir Concenhie i:e, "Dmphivanal " whe phloem it surrounded by xulem
he tuancuw bundlea ob true cank* o some as fecodory
- vouwar bundle but ene Joduly bi'9gen on we eoch cenbe ob 7. S.
hwo he Uaocwan bundles an "Conjaink, colloberal, endorch and elored
vancwo Cembiumn absent in boh detondary end pimoy
uc cubr bundlea
Seeondory growh absen+ in u cuarbundles hence sec
-Dndary xylem & Seeondary phlom adco absent
Ce) Ground Tiscue he cells qre panenchy makoup ond exk.
- ndo from Periderm to cenu ling almo} enh avie,
CP) Di - Wel debined Pith abscent.
Teacher's Signature.
A very lale shoge of deue/ojpmen, the enchy makoue region ob our corkx beeome memisl maic èrming " cork comblum " whith cu ouk 6oth secondary vaocuor 6un dle ond oe Londory Cortex towonds inner inde, hence insro. sing diomtkr ob skm caning "Serandory growh" In conhens to true ocdo bu.
-nye whith oe Collokaal "he" Voscworr bundle og Serondory Conkr o Con.
- cenic or Amphiuos al "
. Aoo hairi or epiblema absent.
6. vorcuor bundlle prenent one Cllalena/, conjaint 4 endorh--- 8lem.
C. voscuon bundles ore seakterad
o. Primay umculo burdlea Ore c/osed 4ype.
.Ce r is not uwellcleFfemnsioble. pith is indistinc4.manocok s/em.
Preese e oj cor* Combium buk uoccu ar camb/um o absc ent.
h. Secondory v aseuwen bundles ore amphiuana!.
i.Secondory growh onty due to Cork com6/um. Cork Combium cus onty towords innrside. - noco ena
Hente, the grven mokeniay is manocoHlydonu shem o rocena_
Toacher's Signature
S-8len: Bignenia (gadlinn)
Cuk the toreverse gecion « given malenil and oóseove the mada undr Compound microstoPe.
Phe ouHine oh 4ronsuerse secon oh iuen makeial s nok oirtu/or bul almont 9Uo drongu/ar.
CA)Epidemh he eoilemis oukenmeak, sigle lawemd wih ceug being highg cukieuloiged.
(8)Covkex Epidermis is Aollowed by (o-r which ic only Seo /ayetd deed, coer is mode oh poenehymoa/o us celA with mony inderteuw -lor spores inbekween
Co)Epcodomjs olistinch endarlenmis adsenf , inskead o pornehym - aoun layer wih goreh doponikon taled "glaneh sheath " reDwank he endodemio.
d) pericy ehle uss 6eneakh the endodermis iea the diseonkinu
- oWA Dathes 06 Se/een chymukou reus which repenk peric ycle,
CP oocu/or discue 8Uskem he vaocedon icrue suekm tieo belou
Deitycle, wih U-shoped phlo em weoes al coer ob 7. The vooculor tirue * open fue ie, Com bium peant, the Combium cuw-ouhk Serundary Phloem fowonds oukr Side secudory xylem
Teacher's Signature
Cuide &pidenmis
Sech Ghesh
prnnorny phlst fibre
eronelory phl m fa
Cornb
oword inner gde, bud he 9erondary phloem of comens ourrg7
Ow ond intodud C inudes ) inworda to seceondory xulem foming U*shoyed wed .
AA 3i ob intuckion U-sh oped wedges on dbTmed due fo se
Condory phloem. howeve he setodory phloem od retondory xulem on gH Sepuroed 6y tonk eombium,
An ohe poaikion ie. inóekuren tornert, their is nomau grouth o secondory ph/em hece no wedges Con be seen.
he uotuor combium is only ingle layern hence i ir alko Cauled "nisutoce Comóium"
he vaneular bundte s *coltokral, conjoink, edanh a open " &ype.auith primoy xuWem or prefozytem Aclng towords nith.
CF) pith wetu debined parnchymatoua pim prean at cenhe 9.9. o6 gven makenial.
Duning seondoay grouh / uery lakr skge ag deve/opmen, the Cambium cule ouk secondory Phloen fouw nd oul* side 4hon cecondory xy. Jem touwn do innr side, 4his neoul* in gotoler setondory phloem af A uedg, shi'th than inhures setonoory vylem Jerming U-shopd wedg in Secondary sy/em. 4hs obnovmaliay is indiauy neshikd o only
-agon ally ploced nothes buk aler it may oceun in oher plate ao wt.
Teacher's Signature.
Rool hor or opi6lema obstenf.
6. vostulor 6unde cofloken, conjoin/ 4endorh --. --. Skem
c. conter we desbeaensled.
d, vaocun carnbium pment
e. gecondory grosh preent, he outine ob .s, s gudrongular, - - - - cof sfem, 0.Triehome mulHteltulor vbhois obsent
. 4- vshoped wedges in <y diago nal setodory ylem Brgnono
Heme, he giuen mawial is d icotlydonup gem o " Gignonia"
Teacher's Signature
Anomaloun chorachen plont (6) Page No. 58.
CuF 0 ronsverse 8e cion on given melenial, thon obsenie it under Compound microstope.
1.0600DOLn i 9he oufline of trons uese sechion r amen! cirlan oMer obsoroajona
A) Epidemis epidemis ts single layeed thick ush*h cosil o borru- ghoped ce wikh thick cuicle.
B) Colex . Ohe corler is made ouer chlorenchy mabous hypodemis ond innen Porenchymalous lawer, the midde layer howeter on irt ab"selert nchymakowa celuA wih Several pik " Amnin " 9one ceu " ohith prouide mehon icas &UPpO 4o pbnk.
Eoodeamio- he endoderms consisk og pounthymahouo ceus, no deonty otisHngushoble.
CO Penicyele- he mioldte layer 9% cntx contishing oh thick waued so - ne cetls nepounk the poricyck innen to ohne cella lien pownchymabous leyerr
Ce) vogcuwer Assue Sey0kem_ The vaocu/or seue Follous he Allo-wing Poahion
rimoy phloem Seronodoy ph/oem unishatose Cambium+ Secbndory xulem - Inko*y/anry phloem primay *y/em inharu/ary phloem.
Ho, prim0Ty ohloem it almoE cruthed ar pmnenk in farm a Smau dolches.
Toacher's Signature
Dcnthyma pi many phloem
SeLDmdern phlom
Cambium
Secondary y lem Inty lony phloem
Po oy/em
Inbaxyby phloem
pith
Secodony ph/oem 1s geueru! layortd o forme eonplek ring, jt pl 0wed by unico sknak cambiun.
9n ner to Combiu lies mony layemo th*k secoNary xylem, howe -ven his postea pokheo o "9ecodary ph/oem" complekly ourrounde d dy se -ondory xylem. Fo/lowed by prinary xylem.
his pakehoo og seconvary phloem Deent io setondory xylemn ore called ?ntex y/ory phloem "
he primory xylem or prooryem faceo cloa o pih, but fuw phloem pakhes " can be seen beneah he pimory xylem, om roups o Cauled Zn haxyhy ph/oem "which ie very d/one to diH.
CP) pi4D wel dejned pits proens a he cenhe ob ontverne Sec -tion 8iuen mokuicd,
Pranse 6 nter a nha xylarny phloem the abromality is seen duing setondary grouh
(A) 2nlerxylary phloem Dung developmena Shagen, a few segmank oh Secondory xu/em become ociue ond Arme secondory ph /otm Iaer #hey Come batk to nornal stak and huo rulhing in Amation g seconoory ph - loem inbedwoen he 9eron dury xylem , his polches on called "9ntrrubry dhloem "
C6) 9nhoryloy phloem Ouing Seodony grouwh fome cellh ob
inernal combium betome acive, Arming palt hta og Sotondury phloem gund Sene ah prooxylem neor pih, thir ore caued " 2troxy/aTy phloem "
7huo, boh inkr ond 2n baxvlmy phloem g moulh o& aónomal combia acHon his is olso ralled " Fnterlo efAerd "
9. Rook hairs on epibema obscent.
6. u0sulor bunole conjoink, cotlaemalv edoch-- - 8/em.
O. Comex very wel! ditfrenhafed.
o. yanulon com6ium prenn. ito s4em.
e. 9econdory growh can be eeen
A prtnenne ogone cets a poicyele. . prerene o 2nen a2n huxu/any phloem.. .
Hence, Aha giuen plond materiau is ditof efern of " lepto denie ".
Teacher's Signature.
Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata family-Acanthaceae)
Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata famihy Acanthaceae)
Ashwagandha Withania somnifera family-Solanaceae)
Ashwagandha Withania somnifera family- Solanaceae)
A1 kalmegh
ci Aekuniras name Androgropho penicudal
cit) Common nome - kalmegh , Ahui-neem, Yreen chireHa.
cit Pomlly Aconthoreae
) Pors used (eoueo, r0ok o/meat enhire ptonl.
Uteo
O. onkally vred fon liuen direarn an livex Apni'c.
6.0he Doudor o katmegh ?e wed to mproue OPpoh'k 4 imdHon.
cThe pott oh kumegh with honey Used fo htat b/ood in Puniky e, a 6/ood punitier
d. For realnen o digeive odi'ttan cuh as dorrhoe o Food Doisoning, onorerio, indigeohon @Uic ek.
c Adenical nome! wihonio 8omnifera
Commen nume : Vojioi) Athwogond ho, komanupini, Balada
Cit' Aomy
8o0ng eeoe
Gw porh used Roors leaues.
CU) uses
Ashwogond ha i widety known mediti nd
plonf hon vaOUA ugage some eh hem ane ao follout
c 7o improue 8penm Cound, Achwoqondho exhod crd,
BENEFITS OF ALOE VERA
GEL FOR OILY SKIN
Natural Astringent
Non-Greasy Moisturisation
Breakout-Preventing
Soothing
Skin-Healing
Neutralising free radicals
Ghrtkumari
Aloe indica (Family-Asphodeloideae)
di) Ashwagondlha exr botl ulHh Puke wom water ured o heat 6ody weaknem ono 4ierdnem re, o Impro ue yigr.
CR As onti- deprnond hw agndha * Pomouely known or e -yment oP qnexiky ond depremon,
Aoloni'tal nome oe inica
i) Common nome ' Aloe vere, Ghritkumoi, kumora, kun wa.
cib Aamy
Ciur pons used: diphode lareas Ceove ond Aloe vere JeUy
v used For
Coy Aloe vera o pepulorberd ord used generalty for skin literder gUeh an denmiilies ond Pkin bume.
( Ani-seplic Alve vena io onh-sephe ie. an4 uiru on anH-6cmal henre ustd bor pimple eament
Ce A/ve vero meuenk othe nowk ond moiskuniteAin.
c Baontas ome :Dnnpore lasallkalfa
Teacher's Signature.
Giloy Tnospora
(plantain famiy) Bacopa monnieri (plantainfamily)
Ci) Common nome Giloy, Amirao vetli, chikamrih, ayuduthi.
c AmMy
Meniapemar eae
cluy poh ured 8/em, bok, leavea.
Uses Gyiloy fo o omoun hend ar climber knou Frr i beneg/cias heah guualiHe & Umd fr!
O. mmunoglimu/ond Gqudychiis known R immunoalimua*
QuaiHen, I improles immune syskm ond mainbonre heal%.
6. Gyenonasue oy thm Chewed dy mony elderr mgulordy
ue o onh-pyrehe arkiont, alto uod to mrcover Aom Feuer 0ommon col.e ou9h urulingeions ehe.
e. Gosho-nkalina) effees Giloy impoues digeoke hed/h cheobs on indieohon ond blohing poo blem bupeeocithy.
0Arechmi C8) Broubm?
c bolanfcal one orop monnie
cii Common rame Brahmi, hnbofgnare, 7hyme pennyword.
lontaglharea e
cu pork Used eave A/oworr km smoat uwhele plont. anohmiia Fomous ind/an herb Ured bosealty Por încraaing memy power, Some imp. urea 0e
O. As Brin Donie. robmi exhach it u sed Ga brt in Fonic
Teacher's Signature
Sarpgandha
Rauvolfia serpentina family Apecnaczae)
. Alzhomjen 'i d}ream heatmen 9he brahmi know to ntoroct with nenyous oytkm o incnae menny pour
C.Dnsomio Brohm @ven with mix o seeral herb to rm chauonpraoh , whith god onh- derenont onH- anot*io ond agf again î'nsom'o, 9nexiy a deprnion.
LF SorpgandhoCAotontalnome 'Pauwsl£ju searnH
c) Common name 8orpgondha, Intlan Snake rook, sopenire. cit') omy
Cu Ane used Rook ond leaues, Apocynareae 80pgoncha hova Polowig usta
O. yogcodiale harpgandho hao o6iAy to duce hemnt a, by dilakng b/o od veneh and dec rening ood wmn,
6. nilepsy plunt h widety used Ar neuro-phystosedi 1ere like aneiky, dejomnion, eolkoy , Asy chonr e,
C. Schlaophernio Monb is wetU known omang enaly ill people ond Used fn reuna/ mentul ditorders, nsavcur 6rcokdowhi ear phobia, aner Pria ond huporhondaia,
Cotton Plant Gossyprum barbadense (Tamily Malvaceae)
cRotonicalnome Gossy/ium bnbadenne
cii Common name kopn, CoHon
Maluaceae
Co) Seed hair Fn Piore
c6 Seeds Ar o exhochon
CV) Utes/ Comment
Colon îs o important Ft6e ond oll yielding plant, 6o% Ptn
g/ well ao oll it obkined Aom Soed.
C6he Pióe oblaineod Aron soeds banjcatly epidesuma) hain.
Co) he cofon 6re is usecd Fr evewal purpores ike Far colto
fexkle corpek, blankek, austoHonit ohkn used o hubbing and in medicn P9hopping bleeding.
C81Jue
d Botonical name - Corchorus apsuanis
ci) Common name Takpati Tat, paf, zuk.
cim Pomll'y ttoreoe
Crotalana juncea family-Fabaceae)
Jute Corchorus capsularis (FamilyMakuaceae
ciu) Port ured Ph/oem Pbre or baal Pibre of em
Ures/commenk
F6re fa ob/olned From Secon dany phloem, he skm io mqin sOUCe, «6len featment he Mbrer oe &eporakd rom hm4 made usable.
(6) uk s ako a very impo/an) canh Crop o saks 1ike wes bengas, Assom, 9ipuro ek, und I hoo greal impre-
-ance in Indion economy,
) duk #6x is shorg ond duroble, gmpratly ured fer m
-aking ropeo, saco bogs ao uet ao dule fabic
) Bolanical pome rofaloro duncea
ci)Common name Son, Sonn, sannhemp
ci)Fomtly
ciu) prk ysed!. phloem Fi6* Cbaok Pibe ) Arom 9km. popili on areae
C(u Useo
Co) Sonn Aibe ane "ghk co/ourd, Coarse ,shong derad66
ir obbalntd obler sfem it htakd ArexkacHon ofre-
Hemp Cannabis sativa (Famihy: Cannabaceae)
Hemp Cannabis sativa; (Family: Cannabaceae)
Condoy hloem.
(6) due fo ik durab/iky, son it ured Por making nopeo mah, ba9s eke
Co) 24 o8kn uned an cellulosie cwrap, alto as cigreHe papeu and ik leaues a ghulky used r Aeding caHe [0] Hem
c Bolenicad nome Connabit satua
di) Common name Gyonjo, charaa,Bhorg.
o Pomily Conna6inaceoe
cu os ured: Co 8/em or phloem (6ak ) P16re
c6) Seedo fr oilexherfon .
) Ureo/ Commenk!
Ca) Whik fióres: The whik ibes ou foamed in pericyeke, 4he beot atiky 't obatne in male plonk han Amales.
C6) he Eióre oe ohong, durable, bus lem elaoe &Perible.
Teacher's Signature.
Coconut Coir
Cocos nucifera; (Family: Arecaceae)
Coconut Coir
Cocos nucifera; (Family Arecaceae)
C)The hemp A^b 0r vred or making ropen, Conpeltr sacks, 60n ek.
Co) he plank panh ow aleo vred Fr obleining nantbic drus SUth a Goonja", chora " a Bhong". which inlow dose ore o medicinal ualue.
Ooolanical nome Cocos nucilerq
C Common nome - Coconu Noniyal Noiyod buchh.
i' Fomily polmae
Gv) pork used - Co) Mecoconp oP Puil A Pibt,
6) endocaap ofseed f oil exhechon.
Cu Usen /commenk:
Ca) The Fruil af coronuk is odrupe r whose meoorop * md Fr o6tainíng Abre.
(6 he meroconp Pi6e oe though, dgid, non- e/eafc buk highly durable a ured for making ropes malt, 6rus -hes ond 6/tn shu65ing ele.
Shorea robusta ;(Family Dipterocapaceae)
Shorea robusta ;(Famihy: Dipterocarpaceae)
Tectona grandis; (Family Lamiaceae)
Sal Tree Salwood Teak plant
c ofanral name 8horeo ro6uaa
) Common nome Sal
Oipleoconpareoe.
u) ponh ured HeHeotwood
CV) Ure/tommenk
ca al o longe decidioug pre1ikh disking sop wood an d heont uwood,
C6 9op wmd it whik twjkh 6ouny kind while heort wood ir dish bown. the woodir duu, hard ond heauy.
Cc he sal s very Dopu/a wood wed For doont, yidoes beoms, plonks ede.
L1Timber or ?eak
dAotonic nome Peckona grondi
Common name eak, s9gwon
cin') Fomity
Verbena cea e
cuy pok t/sed Nog wood.
Teak, woodd Tectona grandis (Family: Lamiaceae)
Shisham Wood Dalbergia sissoo;(Family Fabacea)
Shisham Tee Dalbergia sissoo;(Family Fabaceae)
CV) Commenk /uses-
o) Teck lorge deciduou heo wih peeling bonk , ihas chomutenSH¢ cent og Sc0ios oil which prokek ik egoin gnk.
6 Heort wo o a/medt 6/ack, onnuos ps on dioknc; od Cwood moderaHy ghong and hand.
(o She timber *used For congbuelion purpn os cwey o r ma kin4 Ftrpikme cind Cabinel uwnk
CC1 7imber o gheshom
cBolaniral nome Auldexgia g/ssa
Common name 8hisham.
ii Fomily pibnareae.
u) porh ured Neonkw oo.
CV vses /commenk
Ca oonwood Pr b20wn, gnnualinge ind'sHnc! ond her it very lone aching upho 30m. heigh/
(6 Good quaiky imbr ot hand and moderaHy h eauy i's ob/ained From ilh herkwol.
(e) Shi'sham o ustcd frr Rnnineo, corriages á corung.
Pine Wood
Pinus densiflora;(Family Finaceae)
Pine Tree
Pinus densiflora;(Family Pinaceae)
c orenical nome inus densi£/ono
Cn)Common nome pine, Royal Dine
cjii fomi/y Dinareoe
Ciu pode ured Heort wood wood Dulp.
Cu) Commenk /uces
(a) pine3 Ve commetialy imporanf timbey Speeleo, they one Fost growing 9of/woods, the common)d pines om otkn grown in Himber plakaHons.
)?he wood s SoFler, buk durable and densest with inseek and deceay esisHng proporh'es.
o) pine imber Ps csed in high value caxpenary, furnikna, window ramo, Floo%, roobing ek
Teacher's Signature.
Bajara Crop
Cenchrus americanus (Family: Poaceae)
Bajara Grains
Cenchrus americanus (Family: Poaceae)
Wheat Crop (Gehu)
Triticum aestivum;(Family Poaceae)
L4J Peoml mille4
C7 olonital nome' Cenchunus americanus
) Common nome
cii) Pomily Pooreae
) bonk used : Seed o groins.
v) Comments /uceo
() ayro i sum mor onnuul cnop ond ii weu adopk d to louw 9oil fniiky ond louw moislue.
C6) peod mille} i gown wor/d wid e and Nmot impntanf hop mille in 2n dio and Abrica.
Co Ohe millel 7s o greak prokin eon kni han Faf and o ood nuhiHonal value, if s used Forr making Bare k
oHi (onsumed wih 6uamilsi idly and dora.
83 Wheak
oanical name 2n/4cum 0estuum
Common nome Gehu, Gehoon, kenak.
ciis Aomtly Poareoe
u) posh ured- whea grain.
Toacher's Signature.
Wheat Grains (Gehu)
Triticum aestivum ; (Family: Poaceae)
Jowar CroP
Sorghum bicolor; (Family: Poaceae)
Jowar Grains
Sorghum bicolor; (Familyr Poaceae)
) Commens luI
9Wheof ir on impndont Pbodeoop in ndiu ami culkuad uw dwide, it i uo grown a cash-c°op dou6l culHuon.
C6) A ma ue groin consitk of emóyo, endosperm aleuroe (a yer 0nd hwak.
CWheal FYoor genma tly used Fr Chapali botado, Cakeo, euen in beer pepraion through Pnmnta Kon, wheaf show Used Frr StuFFing, rathemu, catWe Feeding.
d Bolanical rome -Sorghum 62co/ork
ci) Common nome - dowor
Cim) Fomily poareoe
Cu) por Used graine.
Cv Commenk/uwa !
(a) Sorghum it on impontant food crop grown aus o uer he world, 5h mon imponlan! ceral rawn al around Me won /d,
(8 Dha conghum 8rain when rwit tobt but geHg o lder become handened, hs maluw 9°in consisl o6 enmbryo, en
Teacher's Signature.
Glycine
Gfycinemax(Family:Fabaceae
Vigna radiata (Family:Fabaceae)
Soyabean Plant
mar(Family:Faóaceae)
Soyabean Products
Moong Crop
-dogpotm dark pejranp and pigmenkd tenh
(C) Jo00 is o6kn mired with olher loo*s #o make chap0 mo nuhihous, if con be eakn raw , 6uk poped sor
- 9hum popular fnack in India.
Bolenital nome - Glycine max
Common nome Soyabeon
Ci Eamil Doupili ona¢eae
cfu) ed'ble pon Soed pooduted in pod.
v) Commenk ouses
C9) 8oya bean plont i Small bughy uU rwalty eree! and oannuali is on imprr/un! fbood enop in ?dia.
(6 he has gma/ prokin ünd /ysine Conknd,
cO) Soy a6eon ir used in Anm ob Cookade food ottk o us a Floo and obn for oi/ erhechon,
isBotonical nome Vigno od~ala
Toacher's Signature.
Moog dal Vigna radiata;(FamilyFabaceae)
ArachisSroundnutfReamut/Mongphali liypogaea (FamilyFabaceae)
ArachisGroundnutPeanut/Moorngphalî hypogaea (FamilyFabaceae)
Cih Common name Garten grom, moong. Cin Famy
papilonareae
ciuy ed8le pon 9eod poodured in pa ( Commen k/use
CO 9he moong p/ont r henbareoun, anmdal plont which beas yey -w louwn pmoduce d in eluskp.
(6 T4 generally grw as khoit enp Hhe sted k Smay an wnsist o6 embroyo, en dospesm ond tecfa a 2tegumenR.
DA 7S Common fbod cmA n 2nd,'a used Rr making seueral di6e ikms , i2 i allo umd along wi% urgefab les , dal er.
Botanical name hochis hypogoea
Ci) Common name moongphali
cii) Army popilio na ceoe
cu) pork used See do for o exhackon.
Cu) Use/ Commenk
ca) Seeds ob grouronut it o6 bigh Commerciol vatue, i# con 6e euhn rw or ured Aor oi ex hachon
C6) The plant it o henó ip cwbich seeds m oveueloped însiok Wmulb
Sugarcane Crop
Saccharum officinarum;(Family:Poaceae)
Sugarcane Products
Saccharum officinarum;(Family:Poaceae)
#he teed Cosis of onembryo, endoperm and thin iye
(c 9he AIkned ond ehineed ofl oblained Aom grounodnut s used as vegetable ol Cooking ofl, so0 op making as lubcont ek.
LG1Sugorcane
) Bofonical nome Sacchorum /Aeinoum.
c) COmmon name yonna
ciy Fomiy Pooceoe
Gvy pont Used Shem For Stgarcoane Jure exroeHon, C) uses/ cam/nerlt
(o) Sugorcone ?s impo?Fenk ogh crop, 74%a porennial gTOws Cuhite grows plo -3 M.height a suppseled by 8/ roott
Ohe plant stemiured for exhucHon oh cugar Cone duice, which is alco called "g0nna Juice " Ured for poeprahon of "cone sugor "
(e) he erhach it also ured in d'tobol prpraHon, the oy-o roduc ob exhack alto used Ar ppralion ob "8w- cwn 6uAOr Commo/y CalledgUrh
Teacher's Signature.
Potato Solanum tuberosum; (Family:Solanaceae)
Potato Plant Solanum tuberosum;(Family:Solanaceae)
TH1Potako
Bokantca nome 8olonum tubexoum
'Com mon nomne -dalu, Aalukam
ii fomlly
o) porke Ued
() Commenk /uce
Sola nareoe
Undexground sem ubeu.
Ca pokoh i maor food ao w a cash orop, Cu/kuokd all o - ve Ahe wodd, ikis o univesal dable food.
) ?he 4ubea it nfcth in 9aeh and ?s cooked 60/ed mesed T ed to make ît ediále.
(C) Poao i3 alto Used for Sizening n popeH indur hy ohr uS oreur in derhin praprakor, a/cohod indushy, cohon Pndusby, efc.
Teacher's Signaturo,
Pear/Nashpati Tree
Pyrus communis;(Family:Rosaceae
PearNashpati Fruit
Pynus communis; (Family:Rosaceae)
oBolencal name ;. Dyrua conmunis
cii Common name' Nashpa
W) Faml/y Rosaceaceae
u Bolanial chora ceus
Seveval speuoo oh pean ore edible Fruik, they wove wite ronge for growhin diPlennd vo?l a eco/og/cal condhon
C6 Dhe pa frul * "pome 4he ohape vawes bud moat opeeseshaue clamic pea shape while othou heuue globoor m.
(v MuhiHonas value!
)eor frulk t sweef, odeh'ciocus wih rou cente ad ton be Consumed raw arin yurte fbm.
(P DA is very ith sou»te ob oni-ox/dan e a £lauinoid. and yitamins , i o/so ocl oo Jaxatiue.
Peoch-
ci Bokooical nome pounUA peNSica.
ctiy Common name Al6ukhna, Aatu Dlum
Teacher's Signaturo
Plum Tree yrus communis(Family:Rosaceae)
Plum Fruit Pyrus communis(Family:Rosaceae)
Litchi Tre Citchi chinensis;(Family.Sapindacear)
cih Avmily
u Botonical chonockovs Rosoceoe
(o) peach on * o odecidiouy tree r ghrub, whith gTOi in dy empcuale climaleo.
C6) vegekaHue propogalion o Comnon meont o muliplicakHon ik dlto mainkins deo/ab/e grnelie chanaclen of poend, T- bu- dding mnt eommon melhod.
NuHonal value !.
(o) he uil s highly nuhiHve, can be consumed rau r yurte, f o symbolic ruit in tulal heriiont.
6 Deoch Frui o ich 9ounte o v-e, u# - A, Dron nogneum
Bokaniral nome _Ukhi ch/nensis.
i Comman nome !: Ukh}, Cycheekah
Gii) Fomly Soplodareoe
Bokonica/ chorarlert
(o Uhi heu is vigorolUA, evergrean,pexnnial hu,
Teacher's Signature
Citchi Fruit
Citchi chinensis(Family:Sapindaceae)
a Compound olioge ond y ellow- Lwhik flowoing haung Seperoe male and Amale low.
6 9he Croo a pooDqgaled (ommerciculy by or layening ond gro ng.
(9 Wuiona/ va/ue
(o Frui s smal , red - pinkirh, can be Consumed raw o yuce, it o owee 4, de/iuoun yih sub-aid FlauzN
t6) Fruik very 7eh i'n U}A- e ond aleo ur ed For d/a--hoeo treamenk,
Teacher's Signature.
Dalchini/Cinnamon Tre Bark.
Cinnamomum verum;(Family: Lauraceae)
Cinnamomum verum;(Family: Lauraceae)
Turmeric Pant
Curcuma domestica; (Fumily: Zing1beruceue)
cy Bolonical nome - Onnomomum verum
c) Common name - ahinbi
cim) PomMy Cura rede .
u) Cort ured Brown so£L bork.
CO) Cinn@mon e tornmon îndion opice used For Rlavounihg vege-twbleo, meal, cuio e,
C8) Oommelucly itr used n spice indushy, oandy ma king a in pembume or fragnon te ndushy,
Co) Bonk ured to Cu* ndiyeolion, oomath aehe ehe. [81
c Bolonical nome -Curcumg domealica
ci') Commen nome - Had
ci) foml/4
Ciuy port uced
U0o-
- dingiberareae - RbiRome.
Ca) The ied umurk ohi ome ?r used Ho prepore turmuni¢ poudeua,.
Teacher's Signature.
Curcuma domestica;(Family: Zingiberaceae)
Zingiber officinale (Family: Zingiberaceue)
Zingiber officinale (Famihy Zingiberaceae)
Tiurmeric Rizome
Ginger/Adarakhi Plant
Ginger/Adaraki Rhizome
6 Tunmnic powdex mainly uwed in Ondian tooking Ar o/0ug Pupote, he terh 06 enmuni* ikels is very bien.
C0 uomunic s alto urd or ndicafor 0 dni otiv, ao ani-p -Hc diumhe om 0 immsnoshmulont.
cBoon/ral name ingibex of£tinade
) Common name Adrak.
C) Pemiy ingibeare ae. RhiOme ciuy pont ued
(0 94* on impordant univeu ral spiee, knouwn forik shong anomak Pmell and PlavoUN.
(6 Gingen is ud Fr Plau eumng in Indion tooking, drved gin gs hon swenad uh) suth ao oil munuhacun, and PaHa}.
- on o6 n on- alcoholc beueru GeO.
(o aingeH is a inmmunoslmulond, an Hoxi'dan/ mh, d has pesLu akiuu poopaHes d o wmd Fr blog, indigotn od ganhih's.
Teacher's Signature,
Heeng Plant
Fenula asafoetida; (Famiífr Wmbeliferae)
Heeng Powder
Ferula asafoetida: (Family: Umbeliferae)
Jeera Plant
Cuminum cyminum ;(Family: Umbeliferae)
D1 AsFoekido
dBdaniral nome
Aruto oafoetida
Commen nome Mengu, Deuil't dung, Weorg
ci amly
UmbeuIferae
Civ) Don used Roo ond ahi2ome.
CV Ur0
(0) I used oo Aquourhg ugen, knous er k Srong odour due fo pame e tentain sulphur t ompounda
(624 s umd in ?ndidn Cvoking or baloncing Flauou bek wu SEent shong spireo, itir alo wxd in saus & pickeba
Co) Heeng s known o 6e ona-8pasmae, on- helmenhe, d-Uie 9d immuno 91mulant
olonieal nome Cuminum ayminum
Com mon nome Jeno
cins Fomtly umbelUileroe
Cio Por uted dmd ipe frul
a) At a Plououning agent due to ik strong dis lnetiue pleoaon
Cuminum cyminum ;(Family: Vmbel+ferae)
Camelha sinensis(Family: Theaceae)
Camellia sinensis;(Family: Theaceae)
Jeera Spice
Tea Field
Tea Beverage
TA1Tea
orour, modt imperkan ngntdiont in Indion tooking n Ured 0 Fint4 epice to be poue d in " kadh oi "
(0 Cumin c tommo nly Ured in Plovouing oh soups, SouragOI Pic kles btad, non-vegelouon dithea eke.
(C) Cumin seed olo wed ao immun ot}imwWont gnh0- promoer, anonxia ond diomhoea.
. Bevenge Praducin9 Nonk
Aolenicnl nome Cbme!lia &inensis
i Common rame
i) Fanhy
v po ysed heaceae dnied leaf.
v Bofonical choracheus
(o) Peo leaues are oromaHc a on ich soure ob cabheine y tonnins, the tpecibit oromo it due fo preenseog themical CaUed Theol.
(6) Apor From Used ao beuerage,fea exhack i' also ured for moking toff o chock/ak.
Teacher's Signature
Coffee Plant
Coffea Arabica(FamilyRubiaceae)
Coffea Arabica:(Family: Rubiaceae
Indio s leacing produter e eo Prmoducing oboul 7.9/akh 70m nnddy, ?eo dleo playi on impontan role in 9ndian e tonomy iForign exehonge abouk T oh andio 's 4olew fortign exchonge
Deo is laboun inensiive erop, prouding 7obo to /0/akh pe 0/ple deeHy ond /olakh peop/e in dint ey,
Rotopical nome Cbeo axabica
Ci Comnen nome
cit fomMy
(u) pona used
coPFee, cophi, Rojpay h. -Rubloree Coffee beons.
Cu) Bofonicas choraekns!
(ol CoFfee s seto mosk Fouourised beveroge in Indla, Ihs bean ar very i*h in CaPfene ,
C6JCOFFee beons produre oo hupe genratly catled *peo-bery'
C) Coffee beons 0* very nich in fakfine and hos very shom 07oma ond foik, they on bealed wilh o2gone Solentt to make hem len expumive , called derabbinahon proren.
Teacher's Signature
Pard Rubber Plant
Hevea brasiliensis;(Family:Eupiorbiaceae)
Hewa brasiliensis(Family-Euphorbiaceae
Pará Rubber Plantc Aolenital nome
Cm Comman name
Hevea bog/len sis
Rubben tu , lakx ru, Poo ubben hu.
iiPomiy euphonbioceoe.
tiu) Dot used
v roremina:
Milky Jak x
he lakr o810ined From rubber ru troug
tobping Proten cohich involue DuHing Imm deep V- 9haptd
Cut in lower bank og skm in egty mnning as tungor pR-
-¢sU* s Very high , hus lakx will Douo 0U/ smoohly ond Contnun/y
Phe fopped lae x it hon makd wih ammonia to uuoid unde-
- Soble coogulahion the taer is han mude in sheelr ad eakd uwith Cougulons like acehc acid to form sofl rubber.
9o ub6or fs Ahon premed Cuf ond smoked For wrek o ornm, Cincky , loee 1ike rusber CuUedCrepe mibber " the Cepe rubbon ie hon pr0reme in whirting disk to fom spra-yed u6 ber " cohose lakr fr than concenbakd a convod in ubben 6/ocee called Cmim6 ubber " wch ochin
- Cally specibied rbber in 2nd/a.
Civuleon/2akon Cum rvbóer being 6niHe in low kmp
.erahurs gnd ha d, in hig 4emp. hey at high ty lexikle
Teacher's Signature
Sevanti Chrysanthemum indicum;:(Family Asteraceae)
o auoid 4his, vclemm, and make ubber puoble Fr inavA Use, Tubber is hraltd with gulphun ond Ahit procem d ea ment "of auáber with culphur or penide derivaRveo 73 Cawed vulconic ahion".
( In auomohle ilushy, Footweor indyshy belt,9hoes ek am D*poud uwieg vdber,
C%1 2n med ical ,i Uxd o make gloue, enema od vornou) neo* - Dieul nghumenh.
Pn2ndia culHvah on oh nusher proudeo employment o o6oul lo lakh peopke dinechy on Indineoty.
Impo/on PhweR lanis
CAJ Chryeonthemum
)Boleniral nome Chysoanthumum indicum
cin Common noe - Seuon, Mums, doiry
cii) Pomily erarea e _u) Bolantal choraedees -
Co) choysonthumim fr a heubareous pesmnias shurb, having Compound Inb/oemnie
Dahlia
Dahlia sp:(Family:Asteraceae)
Chrysanthmum other varities
co) he Plouw tomà/ o kuo upoy of Plorek, ray ond compocile, rOy Plotk on hedi Aionaly geen ao pelals, while aist Fr0 Creae cenhe bulton.
7hUve clurned boomin e caled " mum b/0om" they n nerally 6/0omin nouemben hence oaled month Rlowr
Dlo wer nouemhr mon "
vseo:
(o Chaysanhmum onnamentas, delitak plant g9enerally reen in houre, /auun o6 ebbire and gondens.
6 9he P/owor it onH-backaiat on-py«ie ond oti-hype
Lenrive in nakune henre has meditinal utt
(C) Chanthmum bu ii popu/ar beveap in china [81 Oohlia
c Bofontal nome Dah/io gp.
ci) Common nome -Bohlia
cims Fomily
Astena ceae
u) Bokn ial charachus
Co Oahia plont ir 6ushy, hehoceotus. DøNnnial herb wih
Teacher's Signature.
Hubrou roof
6 Ps onnual pon! In tome aegiong and b/oom in winlers.
V Uses-
Co /onk or generatty of onroenal volut vsed r Oeto7d/DE Punpo re in huue, lawnt Ond obbires,
(6/ 9he polsto like ubcws o6 obhlia ir 6 geal impmlane in giont 0s hey oe wed to Pl%uoun 6ome beuerngea.
Co Dahlio Aubexo ; ich in inulin used F eamenl o kidhe y dirondes.
.Biodies e planis
Biod lere! s alternaliue orm o dien, deriued rom pant ond Gnimal prodyuche , i consisk ok long choin Fabny ocid esten.
L47 Jaropa cookanicalnome! JakOpo Curcas
Cin) Fomly ciuy Boenicad choarlevs
Toacher's Signature.
Jatropha curcas(Family Euphorbiaceae)
Karany
Pongamia pinnata;(Family:Fabaceae)
dOFopa irsemiwoody deciduouo tr, the mak Fèmok Or copenale buk produce in gane Inb/oremnre Ccuth lum ).
(0 Foo I geneally produ red in winter, buk may very acCo 7ding enuinomen/eat and ero/og/cal cod iHont
C) oil erhorkd From mahune reed, +he oil oblained from Tahopa Can be urtd fo produre high Qutlky biodiee/,
(B1 Pongamio
he zahopo oll when tronghaihitakd with ethonol produ* 6/'odiee high g»ade.
(e gahoo plont t badi"Horaty und Fr moking randtult 90apt, lomp o?l a rookng all.
(91Theamaint o ceed erho it b'ghy oltriou dul ored
Poron onrow, Fith poit on a ao o b'o Fes Hliaen.
(a) balenirl nome -_pongomo p'nna/a
C6) Common nome - Konanj, ndian deech, Teacher's Signature.
Karany seeds &oil
Pongamia pinnata;(Family:Fabaceae)
) Amily fuboreoe
) Aofonical chorordewe
Pugonya rOpid grouwing,/egume hru with Dnki'sh- CwNe wer b/ossom whlch 8/0om in 9ping.
( Seod of Dongamio f eye shoed on rich in oi/conken.
Ce) useo.
() pon9amio oi when unde mhaken drans eslenib itaon w) ehono/ Con be vd os b'odivel,
(6) pongomia hee hovo mullipurpee vie, # con de used a Foolder For Catlen, i o is hadtfonaduy used 9s amp o?
tunning ob leaher 900p mating ludricans ek.
(0 Phe seed ond book ok bu On onl;:helmentt, Onfnemaue, an H*6aceial and nepel îngeeh hente haue medionala ineeHcidal ua tuea.
Teacher's Signature
GondCommunity worshipping SalTre
Tendu pattausedfor making Beede"
Adivasi and Satnami samaj of Chhattisgarh
Centex of chhohiovh
2. 2nhoduck'on 8hnobokony Con be defined ag 9hudy ofelalionghip bekueen mon nd his /her gurrounoting naknal wealkh or plont, "Ethonobobany
n Conex to chhaht orh " t Mu nelahbnahip bekween ehoic roups og chhaltiegorh wlh hein lotal plonk, hs elalionthlp may be abrhatt r lon Cte.
.9ue oE Humon-Alank nelalianthip Mumon pon'nelalonahip F> bamiully eagereed nlo Avo tupeo on he dank o4 prarticallky ofinkrnnhbn
. A6ahac- Ako catsed emolioncu" inleu-ot/latonship ,cuhth i baned puly on eligious or halkional belP Aonhiculor ibe.
9' Workship of Tulsi (Oimum s0rnohum).
6. Cocreh Aco catled prochtal iney-naaHonshi'p, ohith is purly 6ae d on concr/e euidenc@ cedUantages Fron paticular tribe withespel to Ahei plonh.
4Medicinad ute og Dulsi (onimum Qonctun ).
. Main hnic groups of chhaHghDhore Ore woo hbeo, gub-hikes, clanr ond elhnic groups in 3ndto, chhegorh mainly corsis/ og
e Hnic groupr /ike Teli halsa, Thakur 8arT bolga, kum-har /ohar Kew af, yodau Rout, dodiuw soi deuwar A6
- ujimn, Satnomi ek. thir ehnic groupr has Sevual GehGo
6oh abrhacl ant conctle o6 Aeir ouon, in hir Arises hu knowledpe abou hei ehnt plant from fenerahon to other genrahiona
Toacher's Signature,
Karmaand Rauth Samaj of Chhattisgarh
Major EthimicSroupsof Chattisgarh
Father ofEthno botany Richard Evans Schultes, attisgarfi local herbal medicine seller
.ypeo of Ehnoboony 4hno do lany r dhh/6e no 5A
g. yenor a- 3kydy o p/onk used by h/bes For diPPernt packo) Fieldi rureh ao medieine, sprce, beunage, Hmber, Foo ek.
6. chosgica 9 dalh with nomerc/akue o ekhnk plont by their hibeo Pn hon wn longuoe ond ik oppliahon fn morkrn anvnny.
C. pAlaeo ethno6oteny- deàk wih eHhno bolanira) aopeuk Fos ?i2ed plon
d. ehno-medicobgy! deak wih appl/teion oh ehnic knouwedge inPeld oghor beul medicino, lk indeginauo medthoo doculi,
e 8hnoagricu/kne: deak wih echoituas a oo/eused by i - be f- Iuahon o here ethnic- lote/_crops.
C o unders/ont praohcalky In Ine-nektio nship behuen plord thumn
9o tse ethnic anow/ed ge frr modeun medicine indushy,
4o ne ethnie knowkdpe of idenAtaion 4 homercabwn.
(uy 9o underslon t phy/ogenhe elah onhip by usingethnit knudhdge.
(619o Co-2eak ehnic values aj plonk in diPRant ehnk
roupr and compare thir know/edge A 6eer uder
shernding
(6) Do know he plonh ('urehult) oh ponhcular lotaliky , Teacher's Signature.
1im o delermine Areeuenn, deniky a abundonte ag uontoue apecin o
- uing in ghuen one,
2.ReuiaMAnte-auodrak onqumd Size, pencit 9rale, paper. meouring tope
3.Priheiple O4is proehtali bosed on 8 booic fmulas ie,
A.Forule fer Freueney
Pegue ncy No:o guovrak inwhih op.oteumd /00
0oAel no. e guhal ahudied
B. Formela or Censiky
Densiky 9obel no." 9p.peendindil quahrak
Dotal no.o6 guarak okuditd
o.Pormula Ar Akundonre
Abundane Polad no.e 2:preenkindikA.Juagha
Poral no 9h_guadhak inuhkh sp. ocrumd
AFr delermining dhe freguenu we have o deknmine ih fresury clom, ottowed 6y doterminalion 6 Penrenleg o Areguency clam
4hi's Awo daka or bexd on
Teacher's Signature
ualueA Calc.~lal-ld 6y l'nf'/UMCJI rkrn p~n11.;.JI r111d /Jr Con,pn1ron wl~
• ~t,unldo~'t ilti11r:lrnd frt,u,1.y o'lt1.r-11m •~
'I. .n..• :...-, . . / 1 .L' ·. .. . /,,om ob.hdl~ ii f(lr,/Jt totlue/'1</
JWT\ :--1. 9o <l~~,,.;n<- phtMmMon ,t,o,vp/ ,...J:or, .
i l .. RL9•~ :· ,bolkd ~l0111 , 9/rvn 6W ~iJQtr
, . ~:' ()he kt..J wa/M- al,~,nb~ 6y ,o/011; (J&u! 99 '/, •& ; /. 1'f /oe/ #it ~nu,'rornetrl- in /.Ii~ 1'01trn °6- UCJJot.V>- , ./-A/, /or;, 06
I UJct~ ,•,, P..t ../b'trr, •/J UJO.~ Vt::I/JolV),. l'rom /.A~ Of!/r1~ ;xn-k I ob- ,J.I, e plonf Ir ff(fllr;IJ1~00 .
I rth{Y'ff a1>< a ~Pt!J l'rt,111p, 'rw,. k 'o ,, OM. I~
,A , 'd h, 111 Q / a./ f';tJ M /Jl 1 f'rd //ol) , ~ . ru/.-,'wltvt lwtn ,J~ I/or, .
I t , (MJ...,'ui/tn- /.-flM/,J/'Hl-101) ,
I
rno)orrorr,ount •o wa.ll?/r lnJ ll,'WJUjJ, "/-orr,<11--t wJ, ile 1-N lrx.
I e(r ~a..lu. 6y CJJ)lt.h tJI! cl /~11)./cle. ; 1 /M(911 1fJ l(an/. , I
't.. A«f.lUIM. :- ')air, o UA.JJ wfl~J A~fJ.IMy JlafJ/f., i n pol- 011cl C()tl&). il-j, JAi lit. .
I -IP ofr "rUOOt/t rA~e/ r,11/y I-"-'. qwd/ /unit ,~.ul<I runo,~ u,H~d~~
I Apply UMO..l,i-.t- , -k fntvef>-/ Mt ou./vr oi rr /.o pom ;,, de ll ·JfYt" , ktrp
I Mt whole appr,,,,akv,J i'l (,'14/. A. o6r""11t :t S'om<' ~mt , Je l •"~
I - Hur flX/JWfn<''I+ , ' 11 rorr.c WOJ./ , t1x..cu,J -liial- Hte />Ci r~otJI~ ~e.
I u;,#roul CYf>J ,1>la11t .
, , , ,
foa chor's Sig na lu ro
-,--.-,--,
' l,.,,.... r"t' WllWr wrap rip~a,,r intir./~ /.Ar wa.J.J •t, ttJ..t.J ;JtVr , uJ;n, p'o11 { , u.Jh / le I ,Mei,r h no cl11op IQlkrr ;,. ~eJJ - JfJtr- ~HtouJ. p/r,nl- , I
6. Aeoul}t ! - WolYr clrtop e1/)petrr onlJ , · ,, 6tl.J -.:Jor , lr, tJ.Jl, i cJ, /JOI 1'! ,fouM • , - () (J pl a" I tJ.Ji/.1, ilt on(y a~'aJ /)Q11~ , e ,epo'Hd go , ../ho.I N ('on 6~ C.D11cl- ! -<u{,d ./Ao.f , -IA~ aA/Cltruop Cl/>f)eOl'tec./rl11e lo /)rrortln oc7~l'l i;t> 1i>Ql,bl) I otYtt'aJ Pf>? h oIr /J latrlr . I from I I .y,, ~o~ , con aho &e roncl1AY~o' , ~f/ ~Ji~ o/J;ttt-tA#Dn ca- JI,~ canh-ol t11' ~ /) otttJ.~ , in wit / cit 1"10 UJQhh c-1-1'0)) OfJ/JefY'r <iU(J-/tJ o.6Jenu od- Pion/ ,'n #,P po1 ,
t. WM. ~- Oo M¥110119/.~k ./Jic rtoo/- f»t/ntJrre •
I
?o rl,morirhtJJe., ii W<1 UH. ('ro/1'..w,, &r:t.ltum , rr,on0trtw, p,',tf! aj rtt16/,v-,--
.f. R.t.fJJ~ :- ~6, b lrJ.~ ..ua.lV'r Ge: M~d .
~.Al~:- . 'Jool 1'>'tlr)CJ'>c it '' Hvc/l'OJ/J,'c " d,v~loJe cl ~eC'~ iJ J.J.,.. C1UJ)lf,. •
-u/aJ,'o,., O/J UJO/u- CJ.A1,?-/itc/ ·6y r>-fJOff .
:- 9~ C) you'& ,Olor,/ will, UJtlJ uJOl-e4fc:I !Ju ~oo'I llorx/ ,'/, l<~~i' I-A.J...
.p/r,r,/t /o"t /tbJ />otJM /n moitl ~/Jocly o,,cl C(J(J/ fJ/Of( cO~U1.h/ ~u--
-O/)e ,'/, rlO?-thl Me&,w ee ~/run, !·'</<!tn , ttJoue../APioil,Ax,/J.Prru-
- ·6ht1r /.u&! 011 9UO/)t.~ s/un r..ari11~c.J. U/J,l)Vr e11rl od ~tJJ1W, /4/ht
,UJiM monofffekh, nok IAA i11J.:a.J level e~ tne.,w-ry ;,, tnanotrt/vr, I
ku,P geH.J/) u,><:J,'rl~f!J Ao urrr
I
~!-rJfi, rnerw,;y leue/ 1\-7~ ;,, 1'11011on,t.~.
6, RWJ/h!- ?J,e rrh-f /,, rnerll.Jry !we.I i/l th. m~11otM.!u'r 1r (h)e A, p~11011w,01>
d~ rt"Oo/ /J,W,,U~ , -----
CJJa!ur pcme1> l'rof1) ('rOO I- h~ e. k# km d..u u y fJf'rOC Vt') or
'
\\ 091)1 rn,'t "· a,o ~a)u>- eMt/tf ~ocA otr -Me.. Or,/ttHJu, ,'"8 ep-h'c.,./ ~e.J../ I ,'/. ,nak e CJ)rr/-,'c.JA./ c.W I, 1/P olo11 ,-c , l'n ~h,/~t o,, /-0 Me ,, ~Jf.f (di, I ,Mir ((J.JJ/U/)IIIYP!f\c.11 / c>u- wa~,#o,,, O/Jr • ceJJ Al r,11o)l..w & /,'riaJlJ/
rr,t1fli t/J Jlte XJ./lfm 0,0 ii naMJ.tJ , M, 901' l/lltt/ .xvlm, ~, ll ~,.. i .. ( Q/v) CJ /JrHmU/'J( ~tr/ \I ~ool /J'Wh'JtAf ''
Tea cher's Sig natur e
:~:- 'JO rle/ufl)Jlle_ A, m . of Allow/n.g ~t1W-t111111J, UJi1-1, 1,~1,, at, 9tn01J9 A~f)lfrfnl eJv,-. .
&1ho/enct1y~- A , ~oo, 6oh yeh t.k , l'tt AA/ , f!l>0611 / c ()~i(/, ~(l~tJ/~,,-1,1,,, /. ,
3. i1~:7G,e1>01tt, rru,,,;,..om~, Su6~k,11 r1, S'<IIPJt wo.kn-, ('~l,'c(Joio!JJ,, I
I />;//u,- /JO/Jf!/t, .6eake..r on~ t.u~1gJi ~•Jc ,
: .. I()Ae t>a.k~ •Ir tiolum, ef Co,1 ~ltdh-fa ./o At UdllJ,rte OJ odJ, I tfA 11er:I, in Mt rr~,',.,a./-f'Wj /J"rOtVf>, /r -4;1rt~c/M,f~p~ ctuol,'utl.'·
I I 1 0,.,.. ~e.o/J i~k/t-y ()t)/.,011 .' ·
,..
~-
,fJ,m i'lom~ CJJalv>,- ,.,, l1wa/r ~,, a' 0& 'r'f/Jµ,ohk!/Vr 4. ~f/ kt~p ,'t.j )k
/J,'I/Vt ~CIP<!h , /-(~,f) H,~ r>ft~1'trtlfny QUL1/.f,,,,, ,;, &u/6, '1o ICl
/,'// MJ. (f'e?tJ,Mfht.4? w i H, ~al,'!i~ w~ , /uJ / tf QAJ/lf/'r ,J du/& J
i 11 tHJ'-1, o UJOJ/ /..Ao./- -1-wo Aol~ ~()111~ O/J/Jefit'/2. /o o,Mo,, di I'
ou/11·1, o)'>- pan, )~lo ,,!Ae ~uld, r,q!_/"'41- hie lwv •J /wt.I/~ 1
-lu6f , oncl ~iua.k ,/. IA~ &a/Ji /ev(J b tu,~( ~orn{ 1 I I
d~ ./Ju. 9./.o,/Jl/r , no/,.'r/-!,e /f v,/ of ~At S'Ol/"CZ wo,'t,r It /u-~ 1
rrv,p,'1>t,.k,y ~tJ~/c.r>u,J/J.t AYr l'u..u hovN, l'o/4 fltt ,D,~qj Ju-ti
R,a,.af!t ·:- . 01' Ille. ~/Jit>-tA/.ny ,ub>Ai11t( it ~41>htJ~ l ,,J~ o.J., fYt 4': e I e>ol) , /itJM. ~ (J , "J C'o, t, o c~ lwe/ ./J Ja./ir,e_ w~flJ
volume •/J o~ fJd ~O'> de.rl--/Je?-".«./ k Vd/11111, 06 o.,, / ,'6~(< ~,
Teacher's Signature
