Virginia’s Nonprofit Sector Shaping the Economic, Cultural and Social Landscape
November 2012 Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin Number 41 A joint report of the Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, The Community Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia, and Virginia Commonwealth University by Lester M. Salamon and Stephanie L. Geller with the technical assistance of
S. Wojciech Sokolowski
KEY FINDINGS NONPROFITS: A MAJOR ECONOMIC PRESENCE PAGE 4
EMPLOYMENT. With nearly 365,200 workers—including 235,100 paid workers and 130,100 full-‐time equivalent volunteer workers—Virginia’s nonprofit sector is the third largest employer among Virginia industries. FINANCES. Amassing over $39.2 billion in revenues, spending over $37.9 billion, holding nearly $78.0 billion in assets, and generating $313 million in income tax revenues for state government, Virginia’s nonprofit sector has a substantial financial footprint in the state. COMPARATIVE SIZE. Though sizeable, Virginia’s nonprofit sector is smaller than its counterparts nationally. At 6.6 percent, the nonprofit share of total employment in Virginia trails the South Atlantic average of 7.1 percent and is well below the U.S. average of 8.4 percent. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES. Virginia’s nonprofit sector would be even smaller if not for the large number of nonprofits in the northern part of the state, near Washington, D.C.
A DIVERSE SECTOR PAGE 7
IMPACTS. Active in a range of fields—from social services, healthcare, and education to civic life and the arts— Virginia nonprofits are serving and enriching both individuals and communities. FIELDS. While the bulk of Virginia’s nonprofits are religious, grantmaking, and civic groups, most of the state’s nonprofit economic activity and resources are concentrated in the health field.
STATEWIDE PRESENCE. Although three-‐quarters of the state’s nonprofit organizations and workers are located within the Northern, Hampton Roads, and Central regions, nonprofits account for above average shares of total employment in other areas, including the West Central, Valley, and Eastern regions.
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REVENUES AND GENEROSITY PAGE 12 SOURCES OF REVENUE. The major sources of revenue for Virginian nonprofits are government and fees, which account for about two-‐ thirds of total nonprofit revenues. Just a third of nonprofit income comes from gifts and grants. GIVING. Charitable giving in Virginia, measured as a share of adjusted gross income, is marginally above the U.S. average. FOUNDATIONS. Although Virginia’s 1,842 private foundations held over $5.85 billion in total assets and expended over $655 million, the state’s foundation field is much smaller than its counterparts nationwide. A GROWING SECTOR PAGE 16 OVERALL GROWTH. Virginia’s nonprofit sector experienced phenomenal growth over the past 11 years, with both its expenditures and employment expanding at rates exceeding the national average. ROFIT COMPETITION. Although nonprofit employment FOR-‐P increased in most fields between 2000 and 2011, for-‐profit employment in these fields also increased, in most cases much faster than nonprofit employment. As a result, nonprofits actually lost market share in key fields including social assistance, universities, hospitals, and nursing home care. RECENT ECONOMIC STRESS. Although the 2009 American Recovery & Reinvestment Act, which directed new revenues to nonprofits, helped shield Virginia’s nonprofits from the full impact of the 2007-‐ 09 recession, the state’s nonprofit sector experienced considerable strains following the economic downturn. Reflecting this, nonprofit employment has experienced just marginal growth since 2009. NONPROFIT WAGES PAGE 23 While the average weekly wages of nonprofit workers are lower than those of for-‐ profit workers, in fields in which both nonprofits and for-‐ profits are involved, nonprofit workers often earn more than their for-‐ profit counterparts.
KEY FINDINGS
November 2012
V I R G I N I A' S NONPROFIT S E C TO R :
SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE by
Lester M. Salamon and Stephanie L. Geller
with the technical assistance of
S. Wojciech Sokolowski
Johns Hopkins University | ccss.jhu.edu
Report design by Chelsea Newhouse, Johns Hopkins University. Cover design by Ashley Phillips, The Community Foundation, Richmond.
ii | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
Largely invisible to most Virginians is a set of institutions that, taken together, con-‐ stitute the state’s third largest employer, deliver the lion’s share of health, cultural and social services, enliven the state’s democracy, and add immeasurably to its citizens’ overall quality of life. This component of Virginia’s many communities is the vast array of private hospit-‐ als, universities, symphonies, art galleries, soup kitchens, nursing homes, family service agencies, churches, civic agencies, environmental groups, and other diverse organizations that comprise Virginia’s private "nonprofit sector." The present report builds on the Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society’s earlier 1 That report analysis of Virginia’s nonprofit sector, which was published in 2008. made clear that Virginian nonprofit organizations play a far more important part in Virginia’s economy and society than is widely recognized. More specifically, cover-‐ ing the decade between 1995 and 2005, that report brought to light four key points: 1) Virginia’s nonprofit sector was a major economic force in the state, employing 211,000 workers (more than the state’s banking and insurance, and real estate and leasing industries combined) and generating $30.7 billion in revenues. 2) Though sizeable, the state’s nonprofit sector was proportionally smaller than its counterparts elsewhere in the nation. 3) Virginia’s nonprofit employment grew nearly twice as fast as for-‐ profit em-‐ ployment over this 10-‐ y ear period. 4) Because for-‐ profits operating in traditional nonprofit fields grew more rapidly over this decade than their nonprofit counterparts, Virginia nonprofits lost "market share" in a number of major fields. In light of the recent economic downturn, it is critical to re-‐ assess how Virginia’s nonprofits have fared since our 2008 publication, and more importantly, through and following the 2007–2009 national recession. Similar to the previous report, this update analyzes several major topics: o The overall size of Virginia’s nonprofit sector—the number of organizations and their expenditures, assets, and number of workers. o The distribution of nonprofit activity by field, region, and size of organization. o The sources of nonprofit revenue. o The extent of nonprofit growth over the past decade. o The resulting changes in the "market position" of nonprofit providers. o The relative wage levels of nonprofit vs. for-‐ profit employers. Moreover, following the recent economic downturn, this report examines how the state’s nonprofit sector fared not only during the 2007-‐2009 recession, but also through its immediate aftermath (i.e., 2009-‐2011). What emerges from this discussion is a picture of a set of institutions with far greater economic heft than is commonly recognized. However, the analysis also reveals real and growing threats to the sector’s health, including increased compe-‐ tition from for-‐ profit entities and lingering effects from the recession.
Chapter i: INTRODUCTION
VIRGINIA'S NONPROFIT S E C T O R
Shaping the economic, cultural, and social landscape by Lester M. Salamon and Stephanie L. Geller with the technical assistance of
S. Wojciech Sokolowski
Johns Hopkins University
NOVEMBER 2012
ECONOMIC DATA BULLETIN No. 41 A joint report of The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, The Community Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia, and Virginia Commonwealth University Report design by Chelsea Newhouse, Johns Hopkins University. Cover design by Ashley Phillips, The Community Foundation, Richmond.
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 1
Before elaborating on these findings, however, it is critical to describe the context within which Virginia’s nonprofit organizations are now operating because this defines the needs to which nonprofits must respond. In addition, it will be useful to spell out more precisely what the nonprofit sector is and what portion of it this report focuses on.
VIRGINIA REALITIES—THE CONTEXT OF NONPROFIT OPERATIONS Population growth. Virginia nonprofits are operating in a state that is growing faster than most others across the country. In fact, between 2000 and 2010, Virginia ranked 6th in the nation in terms of population growth (i.e., the actual number of people added to the state) and 16th in terms of its growth rate (13 percent).2 As of 2011, the Census Bureau estimated Virginia’s pop-‐ ulation to be 8.1 million, making it the 13th largest state in the nation.3 This growth, however, has not been uniform across the state. More specifically, the vast majori-‐ ty of the state’s total population growth (82 percent) was concentrated in the state’s already most populous regions—Northern Virginia, Richmond, and Hampton Roads. Such significant growth translates into increased demands not only for infrastructure such as schools and hous-‐ ing, but also for a wide range of human and community services ranging from child care to nursing homes, and from recreational facilities to health clinics.
Increasing diversity. Moreover, this growth is leading to an increasingly diverse population. Over the past decade, Virginia’s Hispanic population grew by 92 percent—from just 4.7 percent of Virginia’s population to nearly 8.0 percent—making it the state’s fastest growing minority group. The state’s Asian population also experienced significant growth, increasing by nearly 70 percent to reach 5.5 percent of the state’s total population over this same period. These changes place additional strains on the state’s nonprofits as they adjust to serve new groups of people.
Economic pressures. Unfortunately, these demands come at a time when the state is still try-‐ ing to recover from the 2007-‐09 national recession. Demonstrating the challenging fiscal and social problems facing the state are these troubling statistics: o Poverty. Virginia’s poverty rate has been rising since 2006. Although, at 11.1 percent, this rate remains one of the lowest in the nation, that fact masks some severe regional dispar-‐ ities. For instance, in 2010, nearly 20 percent of people residing in Virginia’s Southside (19.9 percent) and Southwest (18.9 percent) regions lived below the poverty line; by con-‐ trast, just 6 percent of people from the Northern region lived in poverty.4 o Health coverage. Between 2009 and 2010, the number of Virginians without health cov-‐
erage rose by 10 percent, significantly exceeding the national increase of 7 percent. As a result, nearly 15 percent of all Virginians between ages 19 and 65 lacked health insur-‐ ance.5 o Unemployment. Unemployment in the state increased by 14 percent between 2009 and
2010—the largest increase in unemployment among all South Atlantic states—and reached 7.5 percent in 2010, its highest level since the recession of the early 1980s.6 o Budget shortfalls. Virginia has an estimated $145 million budget shortfall for fiscal year
2013, which could force the state to reduce spending on a range of human services.7
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WHAT IS THE NONPROFIT SECTOR, AND HOW DO WE MEASURE IT?
These serious social and economic challenges translate into significant demands on the state’s private nonprofit sector. But what exactly is the "nonprofit sector"? For the purposes of this report, we focus on 501(c)(3) organizations, which are defined in U.S. 8 tax law as "charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary," and related organizations. Included here are private, not-‐ for-‐profit hospitals, clinics, colleges, universities, elementary schools, social service agencies, child care centers, orchestras, museums, theaters, environ-‐ mental organizations, homeless shelters, soup kitchens, and many more. Gaining a clear understanding of these organizations is complicated. There are several differ-‐ ent sources of data on 501(c)(3) organizations, each of which offer different pictures of even 9 Because the data depicting the scale the most basic parameters of Virginia’s nonprofit sector. of the sector’s resources—its revenues, expenditures, and employment— are more reliable than those depicting the number of organizations, this report focuses on these variables ra-‐ ther than on counting organizations or establishments. To do so, we draw on several different data sources—the Form 990 filings nonprofits submit to the IRS, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) employment records, recent surveys of volunteering carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau, and Internal Revenue Service data on charitable giving. The result is a comprehensive picture of the scope, distribution, and recent trends in this important, but overlooked, component of Virginia’s economy and society. It is important to note, however, that while the data used in this report comprise the most ro-‐ bust and up-‐to-‐date data currently available on Virginia nonprofits, they are not without their limitations, though our use of the more accurate QCEW data help us to minimize the effects of APPENDIX A. these limitations. Full details on the methodology of this report are provided in Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 3
FIGURE 2.1 Nonprofit employment and volunteers vs. employment in selected industries* in Virginia, 2011 Retail trade 405 380 Professional services* NONPROFIT 130,073 365 NONPROFIT SECTOR SECTOR 235,113 Education* 319 Accommodations & food 302 Health & social services* 299 Manufacturing 239 Administrative support 204 Construction 186 Finance & insurance 123 Transportation 119 Wholesale trade 112 Other services* 107 Information 76 Management of companies 65 Arts & recreation* 60 Real estate 50 Paid Utilities 19 FTE** volunteers Agriculture 12 T H O U S A N D S O F E M P L O Y E E S * e xcludes nonprofit employees ** full-‐time equivalent Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
CHAPTER II: A MAJOR ECONOMIC PRESENCE
FINDING I: THE PRIVATE NONPROFIT 501(C)(3) SECTOR REMAINS A MAJOR ECONOMIC FORCE IN VIRGINIA. EMPLOYMENT. Virginia’s private, nonprofit organizations en-‐ gaged nearly 365,200 workers as of the second quarter of 2011, up from the nearly 350,000 workers detailed in our earlier re-‐ port. This includes 235,113 paid workers and an additional 130,073 full-‐time equivalent volunteer workers.10
This workforce makes Virginia’s nonprofit sector the third largest industry in the state in terms of employment, behind only retail trade and professional services (see FIGURE 2.1). More specifically, including paid workers and full-‐time equivalent volunteer work-‐ ers, Virginia nonprofits employ:
o Nearly thirty-‐one times as many workers as the state’s agriculture industry. o Nearly twenty times as many workers as the state’s utilities industry. o More than seven times as many workers as the state’s real estate industry. o Nearly five times as many workers as the state’s in-‐ formation industry. o More than three times as many workers as the state’s wholesale trade and transportation industries. o About three times as many workers as the state’s finance and insurance industry. o Twice as many workers as the state’s construction industry. o More than one and a half times as many workers as the state’s manufacturing industry.
Moreover, the paid workforce of Virginia nonprofits alone represents a significant 6.6 percent of the total Virginia work-‐ force (or 1 out of every 15 workers) and 8.1 percent of total private employment in the state (or 1 out of every 12 private workers), more than the state’s banking and insurance, informa-‐ tion, and utilities industries combined.
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FINANCES. In addition to being a major employer, the Vir-‐
FIGURE 2.2 Nonprofit employment as a share of total employment, Virginia vs. the nation, the South Atlantic, and selected South Atlantic states P E R C E N T O F T O T A L E M P L O Y M E N T
8.4% 7.1%
6.6%
6.9% 6.1% 5.7%
VIRGINIA VIRGINIA
United States
South Atlantic
NC
FL
GA
*full-‐time equivalent
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
FIGURE 2.3 Nonprofit expenditures per capita, Virginia vs. the nation, the South Atlantic, and selected South Atlantic states, 2010
VIRGINIA $6,318 N O N P R O F I T E X P E N D I T U R E S P E R C A P I T A
ginia nonprofit sector has a considerable financial footprint in the state. In particular, as of 2010, Virginia nonprofits: o Generated over $39.2 billion in revenues. o Spent over $37.9 billion, including over $11.4 billion in wages and compensation. o Held nearly $78.0 billion in total assets. Moreover, through the $11.4 billion in wages and compen-‐ sation that they paid, Virginia’s nonprofits generated approx-‐ imately $313 million of state income tax revenues and $985 million in federal income taxes. FINDING II: THOUGH SIZEABLE, VIRGINIA’S NONPROFIT SECTOR REMAINS SMALLER THAN ITS COUNTERPARTS NATIONALLY. VIRGINIA NONPROFITS IN CONTEXT. At 6.6 percent, the nonprofit share of total employment in Virginia is slightly above the averages of several nearby states, including Geor-‐ gia (5.7 percent) and Florida (6.1 percent). However, expand-‐ ing one’s focus reveals that the state’s nonprofit sector is relatively small within both regional and national contexts. FIGURE 2.2, the nonprofit share of total Thus, as illustrated in employment in Virginia trails behind the South Atlantic av-‐ erage of 7.1 percent and is well below the U.S. average of 8.4 percent. In fact, the size of Virginia’s nonprofit sector would be even smaller if not for the significant mass of nonprofits clustered near Washington, D.C. in the northern part of the state. De-‐ monstrating the importance of this region to the vitality of the state’s nonprofit sector: o A third of all Virginia nonprofit employees work for or-‐ ganizations located in the Northern region. o Virginia’s overall nonprofit expenditures per capita in 2010 were $4,725, which was slightly below the U.S. av-‐ erage of $4,856 but significantly higher than the aver-‐ ages in nearby comparison states. However, in Virginia’s Northern region they averaged $6,318 per capita— about 30 percent above the national average. In the balance of the state, however, nonprofit expenditures per capita averaged a much lower $3,973—well below both the U.S. and South Atlantic averages, as shown in FIGURE 2.3.
$4,856
$4,725
$4,224
$3,973
$3,620 $3,553 $3,159
VIRGNIA Northern Virginia United VIRGINIA Virginia
excl. NoVA
South States Atlantic
NC
GA
FL
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data
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FIGURE 2.4 Nonprofit expenditures per $1,000 of gross state product, Virginia vs. the nation, the South Atlantic, and selected South Atlantic states, 2010 $104.18 $94.93 $93.63 $88.16 $84.11 $81.96 VIRGINIA United South GA NC FL VIRGINIA States Atlantic Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data and the Bureau of Economic Analyses, Regional Economic Accounts E X P E N D I T U R E S P E R $ 1 , 0 0 0 O F G S P
As shown FIGURE 2.4, Virginia nonprofit expenditures per $1,000 of gross state product are $93.63—slightly be-‐ low the South Atlantic average of $94.93, and a full 10 percent below the national average of $104.18. Al-‐ though Virginia exceeds some of its South Atlantic neighbors on this measure, this again is likely due to Northern Virginia’s above-‐average performance. In short, Virginia’s nonprofit sector is a major economic force, representing the third largest employer among the state’s industries, and generating and expending bil-‐ lions of dollars on an annual basis. However, this sector remains smaller than many of its counterparts across the nation.
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FINDING III: VIRGINIA’S NONPROFIT SECTOR IS INCREDIBLY DIVERSE—COMPRISED OF ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING A BROAD RANGE OF SIZES AND FIELDS, AND OPERATING ACROSS ALL REGIONS OF THE STATE. DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIZATIONS BY FIELD. Nonprofits in Virginia are active in a wide range of fields, including the arts, education, health, social services, and FIGURE 3.1: civic life. As illustrated in o Nearly half of all Virginia's nonprofit organizations fall into the religious, grantmaking, and civic associations field, making this the largest component of the state’s nonprofit sector when measured in terms of numbers of organizations. This category embraces places of reli-‐ gious worship, foundations and fundraising organiza-‐ tions, organizations that advocate for social and politi-‐ cal causes (e.g., environmental advocacy organiza-‐ tions), and groups that protect or promote the inter-‐ ests of their members (e.g., professional associations). o Sixteen percent of all Virginia's nonprofit organizations are in the social assistance field, which includes indi-‐ vidual and family services, community food and hous-‐ ing, relief services, vocational rehabilitation services, child daycare, and related services. o Fourteen percent of all Virginia's nonprofit organiza-‐ tions are in the arts, entertainment, and recreation field, which embraces a variety of groups such as per-‐ forming arts companies, spectator sports groups, and museums. o Nine percent of the state’s nonprofit organizations are in the health field, which encompasses ambulatory health care services (5 percent), nursing and residential care facilities (3 percent), and hospitals (1 percent). o Seven percent of Virginia's nonprofit organizations are in the education field, which includes elementary and secondary schools (3 percent), higher education insti-‐ tutions (1 percent), and other educational institutions (3 percent).
CHAPTER III: A DIVERSE SECTOR
FIGURE 3.1 Distribution of Virginia nonprofits by number of organizations, expenditures, and employment*, 2010
Religious, grantmaking, & civic associations
46% 25% 10% 16%
Social assistance Arts, entertainment, & recreation
6% 8% 14% 2% 3%
Ambulatory health
5% 5% 8%
Professional & scientific services
4% 4% 7% 4%
Other
Nursing & residential care Elementary & secondary education
8% 8%
Organizations Expenditures Employment*
3% 4% 10% 3% 2% 6% 1%
Hospitals
Higher education
33% 32% 1% 8% 7%
*Employment data are circa 2011
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW & 990 data
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DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES BY FIELD. While the bulk of Virginia’s nonprofit organizations are religious, grantmak-‐
ing, and civic groups, most of the state’s nonprofit economic activity and resources are concentrated in the health field. Thus: o Despite representing a mere 9 percent of all nonprofit organizations in the state, health organizations (i.e., hospitals, ambulatory health care services, and nursing and residential care facilities) accounted for half of all Virginia nonprofit jobs and 42 percent of the state’s nonprofit expenditures in 2010. o Hospitals controlled the bulk of these resources. Though they comprised just 1 percent of all nonprofits in the state, hos-‐ pitals accounted for 33 percent of the sector’s expenditures and 32 percent of total employment. o Conversely, despite representing 16 percent of all nonprofit organizations in the state, social assistance nonprofits ac-‐ counted for just 6 percent of the sector’s expenditures, and 8 percent of its employment. VIRGINIA NONPROFITS IN CONTEXT. As shown in FIGURE 3.2, the distribution of nonprofit expenditures in Virginia di-‐ verges significantly from the national pattern: o Most notably, Virginia’s religious, grantmaking, and civic associations accounted for a significantly higher proportion of expenditures than their counterparts nationwide—25 percent vs. 12 percent. This makes sense, as the state’s proximity to Washington, D.C. makes it an ideal location for advocacy and civic groups, which fall into this category . o By contrast, Virginia nonprofits operating hospitals and ambulatory health organizations accounted for a significantly smaller share of total nonprofit expenditures in Virginia than they did nationwide (33 vs. 42 percent, and 5 vs. 11 per-‐ cent, respectively). o Similarly, at 8 percent, Virginia nonprofit colleges and universities accounted for a smaller share of total nonprofit ex-‐ penditures than their counterparts across the nation (12 percent). These figures also make sense since Virginia has more for-‐profit higher education establishments and hospitals than the national average. FIGURE 3.2 Distribution of nonprofit expenditures by field, Virginia vs. the nation, 2010 42% 33% Virginia United States 25% 12% 12% 11% 8% 8% 8% 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% Arts, Higher Other Social Ambulatory Professional Nursing & Elementary & Hospitals Religious, secondary entertainment, assistance health & scientific residential grantmaking, education education & recreation care services & civic associations Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data P E R C E N T O F N O N P R O F I T E X P E N D I T U R E S
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DISTRIBUTION BY REGION: A STATEWIDE PRESENCE. About three-‐quarters of the state’s nonprofit
organizations (75 percent) and nonprofit workers (73 percent) are located within the Northern, Hampton Roads, and Central regions—the same three regions in which the bulk of Virginia’s population resides (see APPENDIX B for a description of these regions). More specifically, as shown in FIGURE 3.3: o Northern. A full third of Virginia’s nonprofit employment was located in the state’s Northern region, which contains several of the state’s major urban areas, including Fairfax, Loudoun, Arlington, and Alex-‐ andria. Within this region, 44 percent of nonprofit employment was concentrated in Fairfax County. Si-‐ zeable proportions of nonprofit workers were also located in Arlington County (16 percent) and Alexan-‐ dria City (13 percent). o Hampton Roads. Nearly a quarter (23 percent) of Virginia’s nonprofit employment was located in the Hampton Roads region, which encompasses Norfolk and Virginia Beach. Within this region, a third of all nonprofit employees were in Norfolk City. Other areas with significant proportions of nonprofit workers included Virginia Beach City (19 percent) and Newport News City (14 percent). o Central. The Central region, which includes Richmond, accounted for 17 percent of the state’s nonprofit employment. Within this region, 27 percent of all nonprofit employment was located in Richmond City, and its adjacent county, Henrico, accounted for 24 percent. FIGURE 3.3 Distribution of Virginia nonprofit employment, by region, 2011 Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
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While nonprofit employment is clustered in these three regions, however, the density of nonprofit employment—the proportion of an area’s total employment that nonprofits represent—was actually higher in other parts of the state. As shown in FIGURE 3.4: o In the West Central region, nonprofits accounted for 9.1 percent of total em-‐ ployment, well above the state average of 6.6 percent. Other regions in which nonprofits accounted for above average shares of total employment include the Valley region (9.0 percent), the Hampton Roads region (7.8 percent), and the Eastern region (7.5 percent). o Lexington, home to the nonprofit Washington and Lee University and well-‐ known for its numerous cultural attractions (many of which are also nonprof-‐ its) had an especially large nonprofit share of total employment—a striking 47.4 percent. o Other jurisdictions with especially sizeable nonprofit shares of total employ-‐ ment included Williamsburg City (24.3), Winchester City (22.7 percent), and Norton City (20.2 percent).
FIGURE 3.4 Virginia nonprofit employment as a percent of total employment, by region, 2011
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
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DISTRIBUTION BY SIZE. Virginia nonprofits
also vary by size, although the proportion of large organization has grown over the past several years. Thus, as of 2010: o As shown in FIGURE 3.5, while 68 percent of all Virginia nonprofits had revenues less than $1 million, these organizations accounted for just one percent of all Virginia nonprofit ex-‐ penditures. By contrast, most Virginia non-‐ profit expenditures (83 percent) were made by the four percent of Virginia nonprofits with revenues of $50 million or more. o This distribution became more skewed be-‐ tween 2005 and 2010. In 2005, 82 percent of Virginia nonprofits had revenues less than $1 million, while just one percent had revenues of $50 million or more. This trend may be re-‐ lated to the economic downturn, which likely placed greater strains on the state’s smallest nonprofits.
FIGURE 3.5 Distribution of Virginia nonprofits and expenditures, by organization size, 2010
Small (<$1m) n = 8982
Medium ($1m -‐ $9.9m) n = 1430
68% 1% 16%
Large ($10m -‐ $49.9m) n = 300
Very large (шΨϱϬŵͿ n = 125
Organizations
3% 11%
Expenditures
13% 4% 83%
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data
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FIGURE 4.1 Proportion of Virginia nonprofit income from government grants and charitable contributions, by field, 2010 United States 22% VIRGNIA VIRGINIA 31% Religious, grantmaking, & civic 67% associations Professional & scientific services 54% Arts, entertainment, & recreation 53% Social assistance 51% & secondary education Elementary 22% Ambulatory health 17% Education 13% Higher education 10% 6% Nursing & residential care Hospitals 1% P E R C E N T O F I N C O M E Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on IRS data
CHAPTER IV: REVENUES AND GENEROSITY
FINDING IV: THE REVENUE BASE OF VIRGINIA’S NONPROFITS, LIKE THAT OF THE NATION’S, DIFFERS SIGNIFICANTLY FROM WHAT IS WIDELY BELIEVED. Gaining a clear idea of the revenue base of Virginia’s nonprofits is complicated by quirks in the available data sources, chiefly the 990 form. The 990 form unfortunately merges government grants together with charitable gifts, and combines government contracts and "vouch-‐ er" payments (such as Medicare and Medicaid) with nonprofit fees from sales of their services. This has the effect of overstating the share of nonprofit revenue that comes from both private charity and fees and understating the share that comes from government. Despite these limitations, it is still possible to reach several conclusions about the revenue base of Virginia nonprofits.
FEES AND GOVERNMENT: THE DOMINANT SOURCES. Unques-‐ tionably, the major sources of Virginia nonprofit revenue are govern-‐ ment and fees for service. More specifically, as of 2010: o At least 69 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit revenue came from fees, government contracts and reimbursements, memberships, and property income, and this figure does not even include the gov-‐ ernment support that reaches nonprofits in the form of grants. o By contrast, less than a third of total nonprofit income came from
gifts and grants. As this includes government grants, the share supplied by private charitable support (e.g., private foundations and donations) was likely to be much lower (see FIGURE 4.1). o Behind this average, however, there are significant variations by
field. In particular: x Religious, grantmaking, and civic groups relied most heavily on grants and contributions, which accounted for roughly two-‐thirds (67 percent) of their total income. x Other fields in which grants and contributions constituted over half of nonprofit income included professional and scien-‐ tific services (54 percent); arts, entertainment, and recreation (53 percent); and social assistance (51 percent). x By stark contrast, nonprofit hospitals received the vast majori-‐ ty of their income from government contracts, voucher pay-‐ ments, and private fees and just 1 percent from grants and contributions.
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o It is particularly interesting to note that over the past decade, the portion of Virginia’s nonprofit rev-‐
enues coming from grants and contributions did not change. However, as shown in FIGURE 4.2, ana-‐ lyzing the data by field reveals some notable variations that have occurred over time, including:
x Virginia nonprofits in the arts and recreation field grew more heavily reliant on grants and con-‐ tributions over the past ten years. Thus, while 38 percent of their revenues came from grants and contributions in 2000, in 2010 grants and contributions represented 53 percent of all non-‐ profit arts and recreation revenues. x By contrast, nonprofit elementary and secondary schools grew less dependent on grants and contributions, which represented 32 percent of their revenues in 2000, but less than 22 percent in 2010. Other fields in which the proportion of total revenues coming from grants and contribu-‐ tions declined significantly included nursing homes and universities.
FIGURE 4.2 Grant and contribution share of Virginia nonprofit revenue, by field, 2000 vs. 2010
30.7% 30.6%
VIRGINIA VIRGINIA 21.9% 22.4%
United States
62.0% 67.4%
Religious, grantmaking, & civic associations
57.1% 54.4%
Professional & scientific services
38.0%
Arts, entertainment, & recreation
53.2% 49.7% 51.2%
Social assistance
32.2%
Elementary & secondary education
21.6% 18.3% 16.7%
Ambulatory health
17.7% 10.1%
Higher education
Nursing & residential care
Hospitals
2000
2010
12.7% 5.9% 1.6% 0.8% P E R C E N T C H A N G E I N G R A N T A N D C O N T R I B U T I O N R E V E N U E , 2 0 0 0 -‐ 2 0 1 1
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on IRS data
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 13
C O N T R I B U T I O N S P E R $ 1 0 0 0 O F I N C O M E
FIGURE 4.3 Average charitable contributions per $1000 of income, Virginia vs. the nation, 2009 $28.65 $24.96 $22.88 $21.03 $20.21 $19.33 South GA NC FL VIRGINIA VIRGINIA United States Atlantic Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on IRS data FIGURE 4.4 Foundation expenditures per capita, Virginia vs. the nation and the South Atlantic, 2008 $212 $129 $84 VIRGINIA Virginia South Atlantic Unites States Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data and the Bureau of Economic Analyses, Regional Economic Accounts
E X P E N D I T U R E S P E R C A P I T A
RELATIVE GENEROSITY. As Figure 4.2 also shows, Virginia nonprofits received a substantial-‐ ly higher proportion of their income from grants and contributions in 2010 than did nonprofits nationally (31 vs. 22 percent, respectively). This does not necessarily mean that Virginians are much more generous than their counterparts elsewhere, however. The grants and contribu-‐ tions share may appear significantly higher simp-‐ ly because other revenue sources (e.g., govern-‐ ment contracts and voucher payments) are lower in Virginia than elsewhere. This premise finds support in data from the In-‐ ternal Revenue Service for taxpayers who itemize their deductions. These data suggest that Virginia is essentially on a par with the nation in terms of relative generosity. As FIGURE 4.3 shows, as of 2010, for each $1,000 of adjusted gross income, Virginians contributed an average of $21.03 to nonprofit organizations. This puts Virginia just marginally above the U.S. average of $20.21, slightly below the South Atlantic average of $22.88, and considerably below nearby Georgia and North Carolina. FOUNDATIONS. Nonprofit foundations represent an important part of Virginia’s non-‐ profit sector. More specifically, as of 2008: o Virginia boasted 1,842 private foundations, which generated $629 million in revenues, held over $5.85 billion in total assets, and expended over $655 million in so-‐called "qualifying distributions." o However, when compared to counterparts across the country, it becomes clear that the foundation field in Virginia is relatively quite small. For example, as of 2008 Virgin-‐ ia foundations expended $84 per capita, which is 61 percent less than the U.S. aver-‐ age ($212) and 35 percent less the South Atlantic average ($129) (see FIGURE 4.4).
14 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
FIGURE 4.5 Foundation assets per $1,000 of Gross State Product, Virginia vs. the nation and the South Atlantic, 2008
$39.60 E X P E N D I T U R E S P E R $ 1 0 0 0 G S P
o Similarly, as reflected in FIGURE 4.5, Virginia foundation assets per $1,000 of Gross State Product were $13.60, which is just a third of the U.S. average ($39.60) and roughly half of the South Atlantic average ($25.70). o Also, pointing to challenges facing the field, nearly 16 percent of the state’s nonprofit foundations experienced revenue losses— totaling nearly $134 million—between 2007 and 2008. In fact, if not for these los-‐ es, the foundations field’s total revenues would be 20 percent greater than the re-‐ ported $629 million. In essence, while Virginia nonprofit foundations control sizeable resources, the field is much less robust than its counterparts across the nation.
$25.70
$13.60
VIRGINIA VIRGINIA
South Atlantic
United States
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data and the Bureau of Economic Analyses, Regional Economic Accounts
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 15
FIGURE 5.1 Growth of nonprofit expenditures, Virginia vs. the nation, 2000-‐2010 (in 2010 constant prices) VIRGINIA 68% VIRGINIA U.S. nonprofit 50% U.S. GDP 17% Atlantic South 52% GA 54% NC 51% FL 50% P E R C E N T C H A N G E I N E X P E D I T U R E S , 2 0 0 0 -‐ 2 0 1 0 Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data Source: FIGURE 5.2 Growth in nonprofit expenditures, Virginia vs. the nation, 2000-‐2010 141.9% Higher education 62.8% Religious, grantmaking, 95.9% 56.9% & civic associations 70.9% Social assistance 37.1% 67.9% TOTAL 49.7% 65.8% Hospitals 46.9% 53.9% Ambulatory health 55.4% 48.9% Virginia Nursing & residential care 22.8% Professional & scientific 38.6% services United States 37.9% Elementary & secondary 37.6% 56.9% education Arts, e ntertainment, & 31.0% recreation 28.5% P E R C E N T G R O W T H , 2 0 0 0 -‐ 2 0 1 0
CHAPTER V: A GROWING SECTOR
FINDING V: THOUGH SMALLER THAN ITS COUNTERPARTS NATIONALLY, VIRGINIA’S NONPROFIT SECTOR EXPERIENCED PHENOMENAL GROWTH OVER THE PAST 11 YEARS, WITH BOTH ITS EXPENDITURES AND EMPLOYMENT EXPANDING AT A RATE THAT EXCEEDS THE NATIONAL AVERAGE.
OVERALL GROWTH IN EXPENDITURES. After adjusting for inflation, Virginia nonprofit expenditures grew by 68 percent between 2000 and 2010. By contrast, U.S. nonprof-‐ it expenditures grew by 50 percent over this 10-‐year pe-‐ riod, and the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) grew by just 17 percent—merely a quarter of Virginia’s nonprofit expenditure growth. As shown in FIGURE 5.1, the state’s nonprofit expenditures also grew significantly faster than nonprofit expenditures in all three comparison states and the South Atlantic region.
VARIATIONS IN EXPENDITURE GROWTH BY FIELD.
As illustrated in FIGURE 5.2, nonprofits operating in all fields had growing expenditures between 2000 and 2010. More-‐ over, in almost all fields, the growth in Virginia’s nonprofit expenditures exceeded the national average. In particular, over this ten-‐year period: o Growth was most rapid among Virginia’s nonprofit col-‐ leges and universities, which boosted their expendi-‐ tures by a striking 142 percent after adjusting for infla-‐ tion. o Other types of Virginia nonprofits reporting above-‐
average growth in expenditures included religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (96 percent) and social assistance groups (71 percent). o By contrast, Virginia nonprofit arts and recreation
groups (31 percent), elementary and secondary schools (38 percent), professional service organizations (39 percent), and nursing homes (49 percent) recorded well below average growth in expenditures.
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on 990 data
16 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
the strong growth in Virginia nonprofit expenditures was the persistent dynamism of the nonprofit labor FIGURE 5.3. In particular: market, as shown in o Between 2000 and 2011, the nonprofit workforce achieved an average annual growth rate of 2.0 per-‐ cent, netting 45,792 new jobs. By contrast, the for-‐ profit workforce grew by a marginal .05 percent. o Despite two recessions, nonprofit employment grew every year but one between 2000 and 2011, while for-‐profit employment experienced both ups and downs. o Nonprofit employment growth also outdistanced the public sector’s employment growth. VARIATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT GROWTH BY REGION. This overall record of nonprofit job growth was also evi-‐ dent in most regions. In fact, in all regions but one, the nonprofit workforce expanded between 2000 and 2011. Moreover, in six of the eight regions analyzed, the non-‐ profit sector grew, on average, faster than the for-‐profit FIGURE 5.4, between sector. More specifically, as shown in 2000 and 2011: o Nonprofit job growth was particularly robust in the Eastern region, where it grew by an average annual rate of 6.2 percent. Eastern for-‐profits grew even faster, with an average annual growth rate of 9.5 per-‐ cent over this same period, reflecting the Eastern re-‐ gion’s overall dynamic economic growth. o Average annual nonprofit job growth not only ex-‐ ceeded the state average in the Central, Valley, and Northern regions, but also well surpassed the for-‐ profit sector’s annual average growth rates in these areas. o While the nonprofit sector experienced below aver-‐ age annual growth in the West Central, Hamp ton Roads, and Southwest regions, it outperformed these areas’ for-‐ profit sector, which experienced net job losses between 2000 and 2011. o The one region in which nonprofits lost jobs was the Southside region, with an average annual growth rate of -‐1.9 percent. Suggesting that this area’s economy has been experiencing significant strain, Southside for-‐profits also experienced net job losses over this 11-‐year period.
FIGURE 5.3 Average annual change in employment in Virginia, by sector, 2000-‐2011
2.0% PERCENT CHANGE IN EMPLOYMENT, 2000-‐2011
OVERALL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH. Accompanying
1.3% 1.2%
0.6%
0.05% NONPROFIT NONPROFIT
Local Federal State Private for-‐ government government government profit
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
FIGURE 5.4 Average annual changes in Virginia nonprofit and for-‐profit em-‐ ployment, by region, 2000-‐2011
2.0%
STATE TOTAL
0.0%
6.2%
Eastern
9.5%
3.6%
Central
Valley
0.4%
3.5% -‐0.5%
2.3%
Northern
West Central
1.0%
1.9% -‐0.9%
1.8%
Hampton Roads
-‐0.2%
Nonprofit Southwest
Southside
0.7% -‐0.7%
For-‐profit
-‐1.9% -‐1.7% P E R C E N T C H A N G E I N E M P L O Y M E N T , 2 0 0 0 -‐ 2 0 1 1
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 17
FIGURE 5.5 Average annual percent change in Virginia nonprofit employment, by selected field, 2000-‐2011 TOTAL 2.0% Ambulatory health care 5.7% Religious, grantmaking, 2.9% & civic associations Professional & scientific 2.7% services Education 2.5% & residential care Nursing 2.0% 1.1% Social assistance Hospitals 1.1% Arts, entertainment, & 1.0% recreation P E R C E N T C H A N G E I N E M P L O Y M E N T , 2 0 0 0 -‐ 2 0 1 1 Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data Source: FIGURE 5.6 Average annual percent change in Virginia for-‐ profit vs. nonprofit employment, in principal fields of nonprofit activity, 2000-‐2011 2.0% TOTAL 0.0% 1.1% Social assistance 8.4% 2.5% Education 6.4% 1.1% Hospitals 3.5% 5.7% Ambulatory health care 3.4% 2.0% Nursing & residential care 3.0% 2.7% Professional & scientific services 2.9% Nonprofit 1.0% Arts, e ntertainment, & recreation 1.8% For-‐profit Religious, 2.9% grantmaking, & civic associations 0.1% P E R C E N T C H A N G E I N E M P L O Y M E N T , 2 0 0 0 -‐ 2 0 1 1 Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
VARIATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT GROWTH BY FIELD. This overall record of significant nonprofit job growth was also evident in all fields, although some fields expe-‐ rienced more dynamic growth than others. As shown in FIGURE 5.5, between 2000 and 2011: o Nonprofit ambulatory health organizations expe-‐ rienced the most impressive employment growth, adding 8,547 employees over this 11-‐year period— an annual average growth rate of 5.7 percent. o Other fields that experienced well-‐above average
nonprofit job growth include religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (2.9 percent); professional and scientific services (2.7 percent); and education (2.5 percent). o While the hospital field experienced a below-‐
average rate of job growth, private nonprofit hospit-‐ als still netted over 8,550 new jobs between 2000 and 2011.
GROWING FOR-PROFIT COMPETITION AND LOSS OF NONPROFIT MARKET SHARE. Although nonprofit em-‐ ployment increased in most fields, another important trend was simultaneously at work—for-‐profit employ-‐ ment in these fields was also increasing, and in most cases, much faster than nonprofit employment. As shown in FIGURE 5.6, between 2000 and 2011: o For-‐profit employment in the social assistance field achieved an average annual growth rate of 8.4 per-‐ cent, which was nearly 8 times the nonprofit sector’s annual average growth rate of 1.1 percent. o Similarly, in most of the other principal fields of
nonprofit activity—education, hospitals, nursing homes, and arts and recreation—for-‐profit employ-‐ ment experienced more robust growth than non-‐ profit employment. o There were just two exceptions to this trend: the av-‐
erage annual growth rate of nonprofit employment was nearly 30 times the annual rate of for-‐profit employment in the religious, grantmaking, and civic association field (2.9 percent vs. .1 percent) and roughly double the average annual rate of for-‐profit employment in the ambulatory health field (5.7 per-‐ cent vs. 3.4 percent, respectively).
18 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
o Thus, despite the continued growth of nonprofit employment, nonprofits actually lost mar-‐
79.0%
78.0%
12.7%
10.3%
4.4%
4.5%
14.8%
16.1%
35.1%
37.6%
75.4%
79.9%
76.8%
91.1%
30.3%
48.4%
8.2%
6.7%
P E R C E N T O F T O T A L E M P L O Y M E N T
ket share in key fields. Most notably, as shown in FIGURE 5.7, between 2000 and 2011 the nonprofit share of total employment decreased from: x 48 to 30 percent in social assistance x 91 to 77 percent among universities x 80 to 75 percent among hospitals x 38 to 35 percent among nursing homes o Interestingly, though, because for-‐profits operating in fields outside of the service sector fared relatively poorly (e.g., for-‐profits lost nearly 132,000 manufacturing jobs between 2000 and 2011), the nonprofit share of private sector jobs actually increased from 6.7 percent to 8.2 percent over this 11-‐year period. These developments suggest an increasingly competitive environment for Virginia’s nonprofit organizations. They also underline the challenges nonprofits face in generating capital for expan-‐ sion in times of rapid growth, a factor that often makes it hard for nonprofits to compete on a level playing field with for-‐profit entities. Another key explanation for this phenomenon may be the preference on the part of state and local governments—which have increasingly been out-‐ sourcing traditional government functions to private entities, particularly in the area of social ers.11 assistance—to work with for-‐profit provid FIGURE 5.7 Nonprofit employment as a percent of total private employment in Virginia, by field, 2000 vs. 2011 2000 2011 TOTAL Professional Elementary Arts, Social Higher Hospitals Nursing & & secondary assistance education residential entertainment, & scientific education services & recreation care Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data Source:
Ambulatory health care
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 19
NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH DURING THE RECENT ECONOMIC DOWNTURN. As noted above, Virginia nonprofit employment grew over the past decade, achieving an average annual growth rate of 2.0 percent. In light of the deep national recession that afflicted the nation between 2007 and 2009, it is also critical to analyze how nonprofit employment fared over the past four years. Focusing the analysis on the recessionary period and beyond, it becomes clear than Virginia’s nonprofit sector has been under considerable strain in recent years. As shown in FIGURE 5.8: o Somewhat surprisingly, the data reveal that nonprofit employment actually grew by 3.3 percent during the first year of the recession, and 1.4 percent during the second year of the recession, for an average annual increase of 2.4 percent. By contrast, Virginia’s for-‐profit sector lost nearly 137,500 jobs over this two-‐year period. o Following the recession, nonprofit employment experienced no growth between 2009 and 2010, and just marginal growth (0.6 percent) between 2010 and 2011, yielding an average annual in-‐ crease of 0.3 percent. While for-‐profits continued to lose jobs between 2009 and 2010, they re-‐ bounded between 2010 and 2011, growing nearly twice as fast as nonprofits (1.1 percent vs. 0.6 percent). These trends suggest that it took longer for the national recession to take a toll on the state’s nonprof-‐ its. This is likely due, in part, to the national 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which di-‐ rected new revenues to nonprofits in Virginia and other states, and thus shielded nonprofits and those they serve from the full impact of the recession. However, Virginia for-‐profits seem to be on a quicker path to recovery than nonprofit establishments.
FIGURE 5.8 Annual average changes in nonprofit and for-‐profit employment in Virginia, by time period and year, 2007-‐2011
Recessionary Post-‐recessionary period period
By year, 2007-‐2011
2007-‐2008 A N N U A L C H A N G E I N E M P L O Y M E N T
2008-‐2009
2009-‐2010
2010-‐2011
2007-‐2009
2009-‐2011
3.3% 2.4% 1.4% 0.6%
1.1% 0.3% 0.3%
0.0% -‐0.5%
-‐0.7%
Nonprofit
-‐2.7% For-‐profit
-‐4.7%
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
20 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
TRENDS BY FIELD. An analysis of the data over this narrower time frame also reveals that
nonprofit job growth was not restricted to a few fields, but rather, was evident in most principal fields of nonprofit activity during both the recessionary and recovery periods. During the 2007–2009 recessionary period, nonprofits operating in eight of the nine fields ana-‐ FIGURE 5.9: lyzed experienced job growth. In particular, as illustrated in o Nonprofit ambulatory health organizations experienced the most significant growth, with a 9.6 percent annual average increase in employment over this two-‐year period. o Other fields that experienced above average growth in nonprofit employment during the recessionary period included professional and scientific services (4.4 percent) and reli-‐ gious, grantmaking and civic associations (2.7 percent). o While elementary and secondary schools, social assistance groups, hospitals, higher edu-‐ cation institutions, and nursing and residential care facilities all achieved average annual growth rates that were below the state average, they still added workers during this pe-‐ riod of great economic strain. o The only field that lost workers during the recessionary period was arts, entertainment,
3.2%
9.6%
0.5%
2.5%
2.7%
2.1%
2.0%
1.5%
4.4%
4.6%
9.4%
9.5%
13.1%
0.7%
4.1%
0.0%
-‐0.8%
-‐2.7%
0.7%
2.4%
A N N U A L C H A N G E I N E M P L O Y M E N T , 2 0 0 7 -‐ 2 0 0 9
and recreation. Not surprisingly, this field received less federal assistance through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act than nonprofit human service organizations.12 FIGURE 5.9 Average annual changes in nonprofit and for-‐ profit employment in Virginia, by field, 2007-‐2009 recessionary period Nonprofit For-‐profit Professional Ambulatory Religious, Social Hospitals Higher Nursing & Elementary TOTAL Arts, health education residential grantmaking, & scientific entertainment, & secondary assistance services & civic care education & recreation associations Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 21
3.1%
-‐4.2%
2.8%
1.8%
1.5%
1.7%
2.9%
9.0%
7.9%
-‐0.8%
-‐0.1%
0.2%
1.1%
3.4%
1.3%
-‐0.4%
-‐1.6%
0.3%
0.0%
0.3%
A N N U A L C H A N G E I N E M P L O Y M E N T , 2 0 0 9 -‐ 2 0 1 1
Similarly, during the 2009–2011 post-‐recessionary period, the majority of fields analyzed continued adding jobs. Thus, as shown in FIGURE 5.10: o Ambulatory health organizations experienced the most significant growth, with a 2.9 percent annual average increase in employment over this two-‐year period. o Other fields experiencing above average growth during this period include elemen-‐ tary and secondary education (2.8 percent), higher education (1.8 percent), social assistance (1.5 percent), and professional and scientific services (1.1 percent). o By contrast, nonprofits operating in the arts, entertainment, and recreation, nursing and residential care, and hospital fields all lost workers over this two-‐year period. It is also important to note that in the majority of nonprofit fields, the average annual rate of employment growth was slower in the post-‐recessionary period than in the recessionary period, which could reflect the exhaustion of the additional resources pumped into the sector through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Thus, for example: o Between 2009 and 2011, the average annual growth rate among nonprofit profes-‐ sional service organizations was just a quarter of its 2007-‐09 level (1.1 percent vs. 4.4 percent, respectively), and the average annual growth rate in the ambulatory health field was just a third of its 2007-‐09 level (2.9 percent vs. 9.6 percent). o By contrast, nonprofits operating in the social assistance, elementary and secondary education, and arts, entertainment, and recreation fields fared better between 2009 and 2011 than they did during the recessionary years. FIGURE 5.10 Average annual changes in nonprofit and for-‐profit employment in Virginia, by field, 2009-‐2011 post-‐recessionary period Nonprofit For-‐profit Social Higher Elementary Ambulatory Religious, Professional Arts, TOTAL Hospitals Nursing & health education & secondary residential entertainment, grantmaking, & scientific assistance education services & civic & recreation care associations Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
22 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
FINDING VI: IN FIELDS IN WHICH NONPROFITS AND FOR-PROFITS ARE INVOLVED, NONPROFIT AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES BOTH OFTEN EXCEED FOR-PROFIT AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES. OVERALL WAGE LEVELS. Overall, the average weekly wages of nonprofit workers are lower than those of for-‐profit workers. More FIGURE 6.1 shows, as of the second quarter of 2011: specifically, as o The average nonprofit worker earned $904 per week. o By comparison, the average for-‐profit worker made $966 per week, about 6 percent more than the nonprofit average. o At the same time, the data reveal that Virginia nonprofit work-‐ ers are making more than their government counterparts. Thus, the average weekly wages of nonprofit workers are 5 per-‐ cent above those of state government workers and a striking 20 percent above those of local government workers. Moreover, two interesting trends emerge when comparing data from 2011 to data from 2005: o The gap between the average nonprofit and for-‐profit weekly wages is narrowing. In particular, as of the second quarter of 2005, the average for-‐profit weekly wage was $813, which was 11 percent more than the average nonprofit workers’ $724 weekly earnings. o Nonprofit wages are increasing at a faster rate than other sec-‐ tors. Thus, between 2005 and 2011, the average nonprofit weekly wage increased by 25 percent. By contrast, for-‐profit wages increased by 19 percent, state government wages by 16 percent, and local government wages by just 10 percent over this same period.
CHAPTER VI: NONPROFIT WAGES
FIGURE 6.1 Nonprofit, for-‐profit, and government average weekly wages, Virginia, 2011
$966 A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S I N 2 0 1 1
$904
$863 $753
For-‐profit
Nonprofit NONPROFIT
State government
Local government
Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 23
FIGURE 6.2 Comparative average weekly wages in selected service fields, nonprofits vs. for-‐profits, Virginia, 2011 $904 OVERALL $966 $1,771 Professional & scientific services $1,795 $1,168 Ambulatory health care $1,073 $960 Hospitals $1,049 $860 Higher education $839 Religious, $819 grantmaking, civic associations $1,171 & $641 Elementary & secondary education $632 $554 & residential Nursing Nonprofit care $514 $522 Arts, entertainment, & recreation For-‐profit $440 $503 Social assistance $412 A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S I N 2 0 1 1 Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project based on QCEW data
VARIATIONS AMONG FIELDS. These averages, however, obscure some significant variations in the average wages of nonprofit workers in differ-‐ ent fields. Thus, as shown in FIGURE 6.2: o Average nonprofit weekly wages range from a low of $503 in the social assistance field to a high of $1,771 in the professional and scientific services field. o Other fields in which nonprofit average
weekly wages are especially low include arts and recreation, nursing and residential care, and elementary and secondary education.
NONPROFIT WAGES EXCEED FOR-PROFIT WAGES IN COMMON FIELDS. While overall nonprofit weekly wages remain lower than over-‐ all for-‐profit weekly wages, a different picture emerges when attention focuses on just the fields in which nonprofits and for-‐profits are both actively involved: in these fields, nonprofit wage levels often exceed for-‐profit ones. This suggests that the real reason overall nonprofit weekly wages trail for-‐profits ones is not that nonprofits pay lower wages but rather that nonprofits are concentrated in low-‐wage fields. In fact, as Figure 6.2 illustrates, within those fields nonprofits of-‐ ten pay better wages than their for-‐profit coun-‐ terparts. Thus, for example: o In the social assistance field, nonprofit work-‐ ers earn a striking 22 percent more, on aver-‐ age, than their for-‐profit counterparts. o Nonprofit arts, entertainment, and
recreation workers earn 19 percent more than their counterparts in for-‐profit facilities. o Similarly, in the ambulatory health services
field, nonprofit salaries average 9 percent more than for-‐profit ones.
24 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
conclusion The data presented in this report reaffirm a key conclusion from our 2008 analysis—Virginia’s nonprofit sec-‐ tor is a powerful economic engine. As highlighted in this report, Virginia’s nonprofits now engage nearly 365,200 workers and have revenues in excess of $39.2 billion. On top of that, this recent analysis demon-‐ strates that Virginian nonprofits are very resilient employers: while the for-‐profit sector experienced signifi-‐ cant job losses during the recent economic downturn, nonprofits continued to create new jobs. However, this report also underscores another important finding that emerged from the earlier analysis— Virginia’s nonprofit sector has even greater potential. Virginia’s nonprofit organizations are not only behind the nation along several key dimensions, but also have been losing ground to for-‐profits in the state, most notably in recent years. The result has been a steady loss of nonprofit market share even as the overall scale of nonprofit employment has increased. Lastly, it is important to recognize that Virginia’s nonprofit sector is a bifurcated one. As stressed in both the 2008 and recent reports, there are significant differences between the scope and scale of nonprofit activity in the Northern Region and in the balance of the state. Thus, without the substantial economic contributions of Northern Virginia’s nonprofits, the state’s nonprofit sector would likely fall even further behind its coun-‐ terparts across the nation. In our 2008 report, we concluded that strengthening the capacity of the state’s nonprofit sector should be an urgent state priority in light of the challenges facing Virginian nonprofits and suggested four tangible steps to do so. This conclusion applies with even greater vigor today. As highlighted above, Virginia’s nonprofits are not only experiencing many of the same challenges they faced in 2008, but are also confronting new ones as a result of the recent financial crisis and growing competition from for-‐profit providers. As such, it is more important than ever to accomplish the following:
1. IMPROVE THE SECTOR’S VISIBILITY AND CREDIBILITY. A first step toward strengthening the Virginia nonprofit sector is to improve the sector’s visibility and credibil-‐ ity. Too often, what is not counted is assumed not to count, and Virginia nonprofits have not enjoyed the visibility they deserve in the media, in policy councils, within the business community, or in academic circles. Hopefully, this report will help boost awareness of nonprofit organizations and help them attract the atten-‐ tion they deserve. But this will only occur if the findings are actively disseminated and if regular updates are carried out. Since our last report, there has been a boom in the use of social media, which now makes dis-‐ semination much easier and cost-‐effective. Nonprofit stakeholders need to think creatively about how they can use these technologies to their advantage. On top of the quantitative data featured here, Virginia’s nonprofits also need to consider how they can better highlight and articulate their "value proposition," i.e., the specific qualities that make nonprofit organizations unique and distinguish them from other sectors. Although recent research conducted by our Center has af-‐ firmed that there are seven attributes (caring, effective, empowering, enriching, productive, reliable, and responsive) that are at the core of the nonprofit sector’s special identity, it has also demonstrated that many key players including government officials, the general public, and the media do not understand the nonprof-‐ it sector’s unique qualities. As such, sector stakeholders also need to devote time and energy to raising awareness about the sector’s value proposition. Again, new technologies such as social media could play an important role in education and dissemination campaigns. Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 25
2. BOOST GIVING AND THE STATE’S FOUNDATION FIELD. A second important step toward strengthening Virginia’s nonprofit sector will require boosting the sector’s sources of support. As this report and the previous one have shown, the overall scale of the nonprofit sector in Virginia is not yet on a par with that of the nation at large. One reason for this appears to be that the state’s foundation field commands significantly less resources than its counterparts both nationwide and in the South Atlantic region. A concerted effort to promote the creation of endowed foundations and boost the resources of the state’s very promising community foundations would therefore seem in order. 3. STRENGTHEN COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION WITH GOVERNMENT. Important as it is, increased giving cannot by itself bring Virginia nonprofits to the level of nonprofits else-‐ where in terms of the scale of their operations. For nonprofit expenditures per $1,000 of gross state product in Virginia to reach parity with national averages, $4.3 billion of additional revenue would be needed. To fill that gap, charitable giving in Virginia would need to be increased by about 50 percent, an unlikely proposi-‐ tion since philanthropic contributions in Virginia are already above the national level. What this suggests is the need to strengthen the partnership between nonprofit organizations and govern-‐ ment in Virginia. The single biggest determinant of the scale of nonprofit activity around the country is the extent to which government is supportive of it. That Virginia nonprofits appear to be lagging behind national averages is likely due to the relatively limited support nonprofits receive from the public sector in this state. Closing the gap between Virginia nonprofits and their counterparts in other parts of the country will there-‐ fore depend heavily on the willingness of state government to lend a bigger helping hand. Clearly, the recent economic downturn will make carrying out this recommendation more difficult than in the past. This underscores the importance of mounting a serious campaign to educate government officials as well as the public and other stakeholders about the sector’s value proposition (as described above). Until key players understand the economic contributions of the sector, its significant job creation potential, and its special qualities and attributes, they will have little incentive to devote additional resources to nonprofits.
4. BUILD NONPROFIT CAPACITY. Finally, given the enormous stake that Virginia has in the health and viability of its nonprofit sector and in the effectiveness and efficiency with which it carries out its functions, it is critical to boost the capacity of the state’s nonprofits, particularly in the regions not close to Washington, D.C. One important tool to achieve this is to increase the resources available to the state’s nonprofits through general operating-‐support grants. Re-‐ cruiting nonprofit managers, equipping them to remain on the cutting-‐edge of knowledge and experience, preparing them for the difficult management challenges they will face, and improving the flow of practice-‐ relevant knowledge to them also become urgent components of any meaningful program of sector streng-‐ thening and improvement. Moreover, it is critical to address the significantly unequal playing field on which nonprofits are forced to compete in many fields due to their lack of access to equity funding, the limits on their ability to lobby for policy features that protect the nonprofit share of government contract business, and their generally more favorable benefit packages that allow competitors to under-‐cut their costs. In our 2008 report, we urged state leaders to take action to strengthen Virginia’s nonprofit sector. It is un-‐ clear that this message penetrated—in fact, in many respects, Virginian nonprofits are worse off than they were five years ago. Virginia’s nonprofit sector has many strengths. It is now more critical than ever for Vir-‐ ginians to build on these strengths to help ensure the state’s nonprofits can be as strong and as effective as possible into the future.
26 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
OVERVIEW The data for this study come primarily from four sources. The first is the aggregate data set of organizations exempt from income tax under section 501c(3) produced by the Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, which is administered by state Labor Market Information agencies and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The second source is the database of organi-‐ zations exempt from income tax under section 501c(3) pro-‐ duced by the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) at the Urban Institute from the tax reports filed by tax-‐ exempt organizations (IRS Form 990) to the Internal Revenue Service. The third source is comprised of private foundation files pro-‐ duced by NCCS from tax returns (IRS Form 990-‐ PF), and Form 1023 filed with the IRS, available online for public use. The fourth source is the 2011 September Supplement to the Cur-‐ rent Population Survey, administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and available online for public use. In addition to these four main data sources, we used supplementary data from the Bureau of Economic Analyses (Gross State Product) and Individual Income and Tax Data tables produced by the Internal Revenue Service and available online for public use. The report also relies on the regional breakdowns detailed in TABLE A.1.
appendix a: methodological note TABLE A.1 Regional breakdown
REGION
COUNTIES
CENTRAL
Albemarle; Amelia; Buckingham; Caroline; Charles City; Chesterfield; Culpeper; Cumberland; Dinwiddie; Fauquier; Fluvanna; Goochland; Greene; Hanover; Henrico; King and Queen; King William; Louisa; Madi-‐ son; Nelson; New Kent; Orange; Powhatan; Prince George; Rappahannock; Sussex
EASTERN
Accomack; Essex; King George; Lancaster; Middlesex; Northampton; Northumberland; Richmond; Westmoreland
NORTHERN
Arlington; Clarke; Fairfax; Loudoun; Prince William; Spotsylvania; Stafford; Warren
SOUTHSIDE
Brunswick; Charlotte; Greensville; Halifax; Henry; Lunenburg; Mecklenburg; Nottoway; Patrick; Pittsylvania; Prince Edward; Southampton
SOUTHWEST
Bland; Buchanan; Carroll; Dickenson; Floyd; Grayson; Lee; Russell; Scott; Smyth; Tazewell; Washington; Wise; Wythe
HAMPTON ROADS
Gloucester; Isle of Wight; James City; York; Mathews; Surry; York
VALLEY
Alleghany; Augusta; Bath; Frederick; Highland; Page; Rockbridge; Rockingham; Shenandoah
WEST CENTRAL
Amherst; Appomattox; Bedford; Botetourt; Campbell; Craig; Franklin; Giles; Montgomery; Pulaski; Roanoke
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 27
1. QUARTERLY CENSUS OF EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES (QCEW)
The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) is an administrative data set collected by states as a part of the federal Unemployment Insurance (UI) program. QCEW is managed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which made it available to the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) research team under a special research agreement. Since access to individual state da-‐ ta is regulated by state laws, JHU obtained access to micro-‐data from 43 states, including Virginia, and the District of Colum-‐ bia. QCEW draws on the quarterly surveys of workplaces that state employment security offices have conducted since the 1930s and accounts for approximately 98 percent of all wage and salary civilian employment nationally (the program does not cover self-‐employed and family workers). Under federal law, all nonprofit places of employment with four or more employees are required to participate in the unemployment insurance system. At their discretion, states can extend this requirement to nonprofit places of employment with one or more employees. However, Virginia has not extended the coverage beyond the federal mandate. The principal exclusions from the QCEW data set are employees of religious organizations, railroad workers, small-‐scale agri-‐ culture workers, domestic service workers, crew members on small vessels, state and local government elected officials, and insurance and real estate agents who receive payment solely by commission. In terms of nonprofit employment, the exclu-‐ sion of religious organizations as well as entities with less than four employees is the most significant; however, religious or-‐ ganizations may elect to be covered by the unemployment insurance program and those that do are covered in the data. At this time the exact number of employees in tax-‐exempt establishments not covered by QCEW is not known, but we estimate it to be no more than 3 percent of total employment in the nonprofit sector in Virginia.13 While nonprofit places of employment have long been covered by the QCEW surveys, the data generated by these surveys have never broken out the nonprofit employment separate from the for-‐profit employment. As a consequence, the nonprofit sector has essentially been buried in the data. The JHU Center for Civil Society Studies has developed a methodology of iden-‐ tifying nonprofit employers in the QCEW micro-‐data by record matching with the publicly available register of tax exempt entities maintained by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The nonprofit micro-‐data were subsequently aggregated by state, county, and fields of activities to meet the BLS disclosure rules, mandated by law to protect the confidentiality of company-‐ specific information. For this project, the disclosure rule was set at less than 10 entities in the aggregate nonprofit subset, or the nonprofit subset representing more than 75 percent of total employment in a given class. These disclosure limits had no effect on state-‐level aggregates or two-‐digit NAICS industries at the state level, however some lower level aggregates, such as smaller counties, or three or four digit NAICS levels in smaller states were suppressed. The nonprofit aggregates were matched with aggregate economy-‐wide employment data published online by the BLS. The result is the most accurate and up-‐to-‐date picture of U.S. nonprofit employment yet available, and a pathway to generat-‐ ing such data on a regular basis into the future. This is so because the QCEW data have a number of critical advantages over other data sources as a window into nonprofit employment trends. In particular, these data: x Are collected every quarter; x Are available within six to eight months of their collection, unlike Economic Census data, which typically re-‐ quire two to three years to process; x Are closely monitored and verified for accuracy by the Labor Market Information offices of state Employ-‐ ment Security agencies and the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics; x Are collected at the establishment level rather than the organization level, which is important to avoid dis-‐ tortions otherwise caused by the existence of multipurpose and multi-‐location organizations; x Cover employment and wages, which is especially relevant for gauging the operations of labor-‐intensive entities such as nonprofits; x Are comprehensive, covering about 98 percent of all nonprofit employment; and x Cover for-‐profit and government places of employment in the same data system, which facilitates systemat-‐ ic comparisons among the sectors, a matter of increasing importance. 28 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
For the purpose of this report, we focus on the “charitable” portion of the nonprofit sector because this is the portion that most people have in mind when they think about the nonprofit sector. This includes all organizations registered with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, which embraces private not-‐for-‐ profit hospitals, clinics, colleges, universities, elementary schools, social service agencies, day care centers, orchestras, museums, theaters, environmental organizations, homeless shelters, soup kitchens and many more. 2. IRS FORM 990 DATA The IRS Form 990 database is the main source of financial variables for public charities that filed Form 990 with the Inter-‐ nal Revenue Service (IRS). The 990 database includes 10,837 nonprofit organizations located in Virginia in 2010. The Form 990 database uses FIPS county codes to designate the geographical location of each organization, which allows breaking down the data into counties and regions. However, the Form 990 database uses the National Taxonomy of Ex-‐ empt Entities (NTEE), a hierarchical classification system that categorizes organizations according to their stated organiza-‐ tional purpose. This creates a problem in matching the Form 990 data with the QCEW, which uses the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Since NAICS allows comparisons of nonprofit entities to their for-‐profit counter-‐ parts within narrowly defined fields of activity, which NTEE cannot do, we mapped the NTEE codes to NAICS codes, using the conversion tables produced by the National Center for Charitable Statistics. Another limitation of the Form 990 data is that revenues are reported by the transaction types (grants and donations vs. program service revenues) rather than by the sources of those revenues. Although the IRS Form 990 provides an oppor-‐ tunity for itemizing revenues by source, this is seldom done by the filers. As a result, funding received from government (in the form of grants or payments for services) are lumped together with those received from the households and the private sector. Finally, the Form 990 database contains apparent data errors that sometimes produce out-‐of-‐range values (for example, small organizations reporting billions of dollars in employee compensation or revenues). To minimize the impact of these errors, we top-‐coded outliers to the values consistent with other financial data reported by a given organization (for ex-‐ ample, out-‐of-‐range compensation of employees equals total revenues). We obtained the following financial variables for tax-‐exempt organizations from the Form 990 database: total expenses, compensations of employees (calculated by adding compensation of top officers and that of other employees), contribu-‐ tions (from government and households), program service revenues, total revenues, assets and liabilities at the beginning of the fiscal year, and assets and liabilities at the end of the fiscal year. For longitudinal comparisons, all financial variables were converted to constant 2010 dollars using the chain-‐type price index for personal consumption expenditures in the service sector, 2000-‐2010, available online from the Bureau of Economic Analyses (www.bea.gov) Table 2.3.4. 3. IRS FORM 990-PF AND IRS FORM 1023 The data on foundations were obtained from files produced by the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), de-‐ rived from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Exempt Organizations Business Master File, and the IRS Return Transaction Files. The Business Master File contains mostly data from IRS Forms 1023 and 1024. The IRS Return Transaction Files con-‐ tain data from Forms 990, Form 990-‐ EZ, and Form 990-‐PF. IRS Return Transaction Files form the basis for the NCCS “Core Files”. For further details on NCCS methodology, refer to the National Center for Charitable Statistics Guide to Using NCCS Data available at nccsdataweb.urban.org/kbfiles/468/NCCS-‐ data-‐guide-‐2006c.pdf. We collected the following variables for private foundations: number of organizations, total revenue, contribu-‐ tions/gifts/grants paid, operating and other expenses, total assets, and net assets. For longitudinal comparisons, financial variables were converted to constant 2000 dollars using chain-‐ type price indexes for personal consumption expenditures in the service sector, available online from the Bureau of Economic Analyses (www.bea.gov) Table 2.3.4. Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 29
4. CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY—SEPTEMBER SUPPLEMENT
The data on volunteering were collected through a September supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly survey of about 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It focuses on obtaining information on employment and unemployment among the nation’s civilian noninstitutional popula-‐ tion age 16 and over. The purpose of this supplement to the CPS was to obtain information on the incidence of volunteering and the characteristics of volunteers in the United States. For further details on CPS methodology see Bureau of Labor Statis-‐ tics, Volunteering in the United States, 2010 Technical Note, available at bls.gov/news.release/volun.tn.htm. We obtained the total number of persons who volunteered in the U.S., as well as the number of volunteer hours, which al-‐ lowed us to estimate volunteering rates and the full-‐time equivalent (FTE) of volunteer input.14 30 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
OVERVIEW o The Central Region encompasses Richmond, which is one of the state’s largest cities. o The region accounts for 21 percent of the state’s non-‐ profit organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included several health-‐ focused organiza-‐ tions—St. Mary’s Hospital of Richmond, University of Virginia Physicians Group, Bon Secours Memorial Re-‐ gional Medical Center, and Martha Jefferson Hospit-‐ al—as well as the civic group, Childfund International TABLE B1.1). USA ( REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 41,073 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for 17.5 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit employment in 2011, which is noti-‐ ceably below the region’s share of the state’s total population (17.5 percent vs. 20.5 percent, respectively) (TABLE B1.2). o Similarly, nonprofit employment in the Central Region accounted for just 5.8 percent of the region’s total employment, which is less than the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, Central Region nonprofits achieved an annual average growth rate of 3.6 percent. This is not only well above the state average of 2.0 percent, but also 9 times the annual average rate of the region’s for-‐profit sector (.4 percent). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Central Region nonprofits generated over $5.4 billion in revenues (13.9 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held nearly $17.0 billion in assets (21.8 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B1.3). o Over a third (34 percent) of these revenues were generated by the Central Region’s hospitals. Religious, grantmaking and civic associations (22 percent) and ambulatory health organizations (17 percent) also played a key role in the region’s economy. o Well over half (57 percent) of these assets were held by just one field—religious, grantmaking and civic associations ( TABLE B1.4). o Central nonprofits expended nearly $5.8 billion (15.2 percent of the state’s total nonprofit expenditures) in 2010. This trans-‐ lates into $3,510 of expenditures per capita, which falls 26 percent below the state average of $4,725. * Given the inherent problems with the IRS Form 990 data source, the financial data presented in this section should be interpreted with caution. The Form 990 filings are organized according to the year in which they are received, not by the year covered. This is because organizations have different fiscal y ears and also because many file late or have extensions. As a consequence, while most organizations included in the electronic 2010 990 file have fiscal y ears that end in 2010, the file also contains records for organizations with fiscal years that end in 2008 and 2009. Another potential problem arises from reporting on the organization rather than establishment level. As a consequence, all resources of multi-‐
appendix B: REGIONAL DETAILS
B1: CENTRAL REGION*
establishment organizations are reported for the geographical region where the headquarters is located. Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 31
B1.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue Central Region, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD Hospitals St. Mary's Hospital of Richmond Inc. Richmond Ambulatory health University of Virginia Physicians Group** Charlottesville Hospitals Bon Secours Memorial Regional Medical Center Inc. Richmond Hospitals Martha Jefferson Hospital Charlottesville Civic associations Childfund International USA Richmond * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. **This organization is affiliated with the University of Virginia. B1.2: Nonprofit employment in Central Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT NONPROFIT FINANCE AND AS A SHARE OF EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL TOTAL REGION 501(c)(3) † EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% CENTRAL REGION TOTAL 41,073 34,448 705,216 5.8% Albemarle 3,454 917 33,542 10.3% Amelia 200 38 1,853 10.8% Buckingham 200 39 1,809 11.0% Caroline 200 55 5,324 3.8% Charles City 200 – 1,098 18.2% Charlottesville (city) 3,397 880 34,405 9.9% Chesterfield 2,864 5,010 113,205 2.5% Colonial Heights (city) 200 239 10,480 1.9% Culpeper 1,231 257 14,523 8.5% Cumberland 200 8 1,259 15.9% Dinwiddie 200 97 6,378 3.1% Fauquier 1,647 505 20,650 8.0% Fluvanna 200 55 2,971 6.7% Goochland 200 – 10,984 1.8% Greene 200 46 3,509 5.7% Hanover 3,097 718 44,540 7.0% Henrico 9,861 17,092 172,193 5.7% Hopewell (city) 200 158 7,802 2.6% King and Queen 200 7 896 22.3% King William 200 104 3,308 6.0% Louisa 200 100 8,163 2.4% Madison 200 32 2,446 8.2% Nelson 140 56 3,422 4.1% New Kent 200 47 3,740 5.3% Orange 229 221 8,247 2.8% Petersburg (city) 335 283 14,187 2.4% Powhatan 200 463 6,451 3.1% Prince George 90 113 13,759 0.7% Rappahannock 200 27 1,331 15.0% Richmond (city) 10,933 6,846 149,244 7.3% Sussex 200 34 3,497 5.7%
TOTAL REVENUE $608,747,034 $309,500,733 $296,325,732 $233,558,064 $215,772,220
NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT n/a 100.0% 17.5% 1.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.4% 1.2% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.3% 4.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 4.7% 0.1%
† Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules. – Data unavailable because of federal restrictions on the disclosure of data that can identify individual employers.
32 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B1.3: Nonprofit finances in Central Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER OF EXPENDITURES REGION ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 CENTRAL REGION TOTAL 2,316 $5,443,715,214 $5,777,021,476 $3,510 $16,999,978,275 Albemarle 100 $327,697,543 $313,074,290 $3,157 $857,042,603 Amelia 5 $1,638,733 $1,661,987 $130 $2,477,297 Buckingham 12 $29,640,576 $27,484,485 $1,605 $28,834,177 Caroline 16 $4,457,848 $3,743,521 $131 $12,617,924 Charles City 5 $1,001,256 $850,633 $117 $4,650,093 Charlottesville (city) 257 $975,171,187 $1,427,346,535 $32,768 $7,370,839,730 Chesterfield 275 $220,230,493 $212,656,505 $671 $302,765,397 Colonial Heights (city 20 $4,211,918 $3,922,582 $226 $4,855,901 Culpeper 80 $176,308,920 $178,697,005 $3,815 $405,493,831 Cumberland 5 $335,326 $346,435 $34 $1,461,159 Dinwiddie 4 $633,869 $268,648 $10 $3,648,943 Fauquier 107 $208,645,439 $201,361,758 $3,080 $427,121,107 Fluvanna 21 $6,267,950 $5,173,274 $201 $11,167,191 Goochland 26 $12,872,436 $12,103,168 $556 $19,275,717 Greene 16 $11,915,469 $12,002,985 $650 $26,727,908 Hanover 130 $222,320,985 $224,047,787 $2,241 $662,223,708 Henrico 497 $2,004,273,224 $1,913,924,820 $6,226 $3,043,597,098 Hopewell (city) 13 $4,229,633 $4,552,609 $201 $39,296,514 King and Queen 9 $772,492 $790,073 $113 $2,609,018 King William 12 $3,712,715 $3,727,869 $233 $4,380,297 Louisa 30 $4,920,688 $5,188,779 $156 $21,434,989 Madison 21 $37,286,247 $36,969,641 $2,780 $327,166,960 Nelson 37 $17,140,855 $16,632,641 $1,108 $37,426,222 New Kent 11 $3,551,937 $3,552,845 $191 $4,621,013 Orange 44 $18,912,162 $18,700,744 $557 $93,276,661 Petersburg (city) 57 $33,390,515 $42,461,574 $1,304 $194,415,607 Powhatan 20 $1,742,647 $1,762,015 $63 $4,536,236 Prince George 11 $1,356,112 $1,568,205 $44 $3,717,547 Rappahannock 22 $5,470,560 $5,322,510 $709 $7,670,962 Richmond (city) 440 $1,096,383,476 $1,089,572,899 $5,337 $3,063,349,598 Sussex 13 $7,222,003 $7,552,654 $626 $11,276,867 Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 33
B1.4: Nonprofit finances in Central Virginia by field, 2010 TABLE NUMBER FIELD OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 CENTRAL REGION TOTAL 2316 $5,443,715,214 Hospitals 17 $1,865,789,677 Civic associations 1,056 $1,198,535,626 Ambulatory health 127 $902,568,931 Social assistance 316 $397,834,781 Nursing homes 69 $353,356,218 Elementary and secondary schools 76 $207,962,261 Arts and recreation 337 $174,598,045 Universities 8 $154,314,720
SHARE OF TOTAL REGIONAL REVENUE ASSETS 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% $16,999,978,275 34.3% $1,975,961,631 22.0% $9,743,946,091 16.6% $752,095,508 7.3% $575,400,969 6.5% $1,465,586,870 3.8% $768,449,035 3.2% $857,454,534 2.8% $419,394,067
SHARE OF TOTAL REGIONAL ASSETS 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 11.6% 57.3% 4.4% 3.4% 8.6% 4.5% 5.0% 2.5%
34 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B2: EASTERN REGION
OVERVIEW o As a predominately rural area, the Eastern Region does not include any of the state’s largest urban centers. o The region accounts for just two percent of the state’s nonprofit organizations. In 2010, the largest nonprofits in the region included four health-‐ focused organizations— Chesapeake Hospital, Rappahannock West-‐ minster Canterbury, Eastern Shore Rural Health System, and Shore Life Care—and the TABLE B2.1). social service provider, Bay Aging ( REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 3,639 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for just 1.5 percent of Virginia’s non-‐ profit employment in 2011. This is marginally below the region’s share of the state popula-‐ tion (1.5 percent vs. 1.8 percent, respectively) (TABLE B2.2). o However, nonprofit employment in the Eastern Region accounted for 7.5 percent of the re-‐ gion’s total employment, ranking it above the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, nonprofit employment grew faster in the Eastern Region than in any other region of the state. Although Eastern nonprofits’ average annual rate of employ-‐ ment growth was more than three times the state average (6.2 vs. 2.0 percent, respective-‐ ly), it dwarfed the region’s for-‐ profit annual average growth rate of 9.5 percent. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Eastern Region nonprofits generated nearly $158.9 million in revenues (less than one per-‐ cent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held over $342.3 million in assets (less than one percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B2.3). o Roughly a fourth (24 percent) of these revenues were generated by the region’s hospitals. Other fields generating a significant portion of the region’s total revenues include nursing and residential care (19 percent), social assistance (19 percent), and ambulatory health (16 percent). o The bulk of the region’s assets, however, were held by its religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (24 percent). Other fields holding substantial shares of the region’s total assets include social assistance (17 percent); arts, entertainment and recreation (16 percent); and nursing and residential care (15 percent) (TABLE B2.4). o Eastern nonprofits expended nearly $150.6 million (less than one percent of the state’s total nonprofit expenditures) in 2010. This translates into $1,061 of expenditures per capita, which falls 78 percent below the state average.
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B2.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Eastern Region, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Hospitals $36,175,303 Chesapeake Hospital Corporation Kilmarnock Nursing homes $14,546,232 Rappahannock Westminster Canterbury Inc. Irvington Social assistance $13,716,413 Bay Aging Urbanna Ambulatory health $13,609,260 Eastern Shore Rural Health System Inc. Nassawadox Nursing homes $8,094,663 Shore Life Care Inc. Parksley * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. B2.2: Nonprofit employment in Eastern Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL A SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3) † EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% EASTERN REGION TOTAL 3,639 1,129 48,312 7.5% 1.5% Accomack 838 177 12,825 6.5% 0.4% Essex 200 178 3,904 5.1% 0.1% King George 200 127 9,198 2.2% 0.1% Lancaster 823 246 4,618 17.8% 0.4% Middlesex 200 67 3,202 6.2% 0.1% Northampton 809 82 5,160 15.7% 0.3% Northumberland 200 74 2,496 8.0% 0.1% Richmond 215 67 3,323 6.5% 0.1% Westmoreland 155 111 3,586 4.3% 0.1% † Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules.
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B2.3: Nonprofit finances in Eastern Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 EASTERN REGION TOTAL 227 $158,876,417 $150,566,473 $1,061 $342,330,855 Accomack 35 $22,128,555 $20,557,781 $619 $38,709,467 Essex 15 $4,498,593 $4,507,152 $403 $10,700,567 King George 14 $2,870,792 $2,479,163 $105 $3,246,482 Lancaster 49 $70,248,553 $67,328,200 $5,915 $124,798,706 Middlesex 32 $19,243,811 $16,834,003 $1,534 $54,236,786 Northampton 31 $26,973,174 $25,258,643 $2,038 $46,183,058 Northumberland 17 $2,023,284 $1,704,090 $138 $9,247,610 Richmond 13 $3,671,365 $3,821,033 $412 $10,541,288 Westmoreland 21 $7,218,290 $8,076,408 $463 $44,666,891 TABLE B2.4: Nonprofit finances in Eastern Virginia by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% EASTERN REGION TOTAL 227 $158,876,417 100.0% $342,330,855 100.0% Hospitals 3 $37,784,355 23.8% $33,683,506 9.8% Nursing homes 12 $30,628,894 19.3% $50,354,797 14.7% Social assistance 50 $29,604,607 18.6% $58,641,388 17.1% Ambulatory health 18 $24,823,533 15.6% $28,024,470 8.2% Civic associations 79 $16,828,284 10.6% $81,407,883 23.8% Arts and recreation 30 $6,238,576 3.9% $54,461,516 15.9% Elementary and secondary schools 8 $5,711,722 3.6% $4,727,777 1.4% Other 27 $7,256,446 4.6% $31,029,518 9.1% Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 37
B3: NORTHERN REGION
OVERVIEW o The Northern Region encompasses two of Virginia’s largest urbanized areas— Arlington and Alexandria. o With 39 percent of the state’s nonprofit organization, this region is home to the largest number of nonprofits in Virginia. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included Inova Health Care Services, George Washington University, Nature Conservatory, International Relief and De-‐ velopment, and Mary Washington Health-‐ care (TABLE B3.1). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 77,416 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for a third of Vir-‐ ginia’s nonprofit employment in 2011, which is roughly equivalent to the region’s share of the state’s total population (32.9 percent vs. 32.5 per-‐ TABLE B3.2). cent) ( o However, nonprofit employment in the Northern Region accounted for 6.2
percent of the region’s total employment, which is marginally below the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, Northern Region nonprofits achieved an average annual growth rate of 2.3 percent. While this is roughly equivalent to the state average (2.0 percent), it is more than double the region’s 1.0 percent annual average growth in for-‐profit employment. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Northern Region nonprofits generated nearly $17.1 billion in revenues (43.6 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues, which is the largest share by far among all 8 Virginian regions) and held nearly $31.9 billion in assets (40.9 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets, which TABLE B3.3). again is the largest share by far among these Virginian regions) in 2010 ( o Well over a third (37 percent) of these revenues were generated by the Northern Region’s reli-‐ gious, grantmaking, and civic associations. Hospitals also played a key role in the region’s economy by generating a fifth (20 percent) of its total revenues. o The bulk (50 percent) of the region’s assets were also held by its religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (34 percent) and hospitals (16 percent) ( TABLE B3.4). o Northern nonprofits expended nearly $16.3 billion (42.9 percent of the state’s total nonprofit expenditures) in 2010. This translates into $6,318 of expenditures per capita, which is 34 per-‐ cent more than the state average and the highest expenditures per capita among all 8 of Vir-‐ ginia’s regions.
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B3.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Northern Region, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Hospitals $1,616,301,116 Inova Health Care Services Falls Church Education $1,129,759,352 George Washington University Ashburn N/A $925,817,441 Nature Conservancy Arlington Civic associations $706,082,523 International Relief And Development Inc. Arlington Mary Washington Healthcare Fredericksburg Hospitals $665,793,905 * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. TABLE B3.2: Nonprofit employment in Northern Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL A SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3) † EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% NORTHERN REGION TOTAL 77,416 38,140 1,249,691 6.2% 32.9% Arlington 12,527 3,428 168,239 7.4% 5.3% Alexandria (city) 10,202 2,800 94,204 10.8% 4.3% Clarke 338 100 3,819 8.8% 0.1% Fairfax 33,682 23,083 578,086 5.8% 14.3% Fairfax (city) 1,136 791 19,423 5.8% 0.5% Falls Church (city) 977 199 11,880 8.2% 0.4% Fredericksburg (city) 4,238 663 24,881 17.0% 1.8% Loudoun 4,989 2,693 136,864 3.6% 2.1% Manassas (city) 1,948 418 24,138 8.1% 0.8% Manassas Park (city) 200 13 2,252 8.9% 0.1% Prince William 3,652 1,681 107,404 3.4% 1.6% Spotsylvania 994 464 29,869 3.3% 0.4% Stafford 1,260 1,559 37,074 3.4% 0.5% Warren 1,273 247 11,556 11.0% 0.5% †Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules
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B3.3: Nonprofit finances in Northern Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 NORTHERN REGION TOTAL 4,260 $17,087,920,902 $16,265,017,556 $6,318 $31,875,292,825 Alexandria (city) 691 $3,115,948,668 $3,035,784,105 $21,547 $4,399,062,703 Arlington 610 $5,199,286,441 $4,887,636,694 $23,353 $10,622,017,783 Clarke 34 $213,980,024 $212,650,756 $15,112 $92,948,377 Fairfax 1,658 $5,179,125,864 $4,774,252,068 $4,396 $10,203,161,551 Fairfax (city) 147 $203,996,188 $186,517,310 $8,244 $553,928,265 Falls Church (city) 69 $58,459,222 $56,902,826 $4,554 $108,386,350 Fredericksburg (city) 94 $832,239,857 $806,807,726 $33,023 $1,115,772,505 Loudoun 412 $1,549,248,205 $1,573,375,050 $4,990 $3,817,168,633 Manassas (city) 81 $168,567,322 $157,910,314 $4,128 $207,523,476 Manassas Park (city) 3 $662,871 $656,907 $46 $656,704 Prince William 242 $354,274,816 $360,449,651 $887 $457,804,687 Spotsylvania 70 $46,787,151 $46,494,215 $378 $70,742,527 Stafford 85 $30,858,897 $30,618,600 $236 $43,524,465 Warren 64 $134,485,376 $134,961,334 $3,594 $182,594,799 TABLE B3.4: Nonprofit finances in Northern Virginia by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% NORTHERN REGION TOTAL 4,260 $17,087,920,902 100.0% $31,875,292,825 100.0% Civic associations 2,163 $6,261,337,564 36.6% $10,703,765,573 33.6% Hospitals 20 $3,381,453,066 19.8% $4,977,529,431 15.6% Universities 19 $1,251,625,388 7.3% $3,158,757,901 9.9% Social assistance 556 $1,155,174,695 6.8% $1,545,128,125 4.8% Elementary and secondary schools 114 $383,003,573 2.2% $1,057,728,591 3.3% Nursing homes 114 $368,620,086 2.2% $909,902,157 2.9% Arts and recreation 558 $349,783,280 2.0% $619,940,013 1.9% Ambulatory health 101 $155,648,173 0.9% $144,572,874 0.5% Other 615 $3,781,275,077 22.1% $8,757,968,160 27.5% 40 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B4: SOUTHSIDE REGION
OVERVIEW o The Southside Region encompasses three of Virginia’s smaller cities—Danville, Emporia, and Martinsville. o The region accounts for just four percent of the state’s nonprofit organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included three hospitals—Community Memorial Healthcenter, Halifax Regional Hos-‐ pital, and Southside Community Hospital—and two schools, Hampden-‐Sydney College and Averett Uni-‐ versity (TABLE B4.1). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 7,131 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for just 3.0 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit em-‐ ployment in 2011. This proportion is below the region’s share of the state’s total population (3.0 percent vs. 4.7 percent) (TABLE B4.2). o Similarly, nonprofit employment in the Southside Region accounted for 5.8 percent of the region’s total employment, which is slightly below the state average of 6.6 percent. Between 2000 and 2011, the Southside Region suffered the most significant nonprofit and for-‐profit job o losses in the state (with annual average growth rates of -‐1.9 percent and -‐1.7 percent, respectively). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Southside Region nonprofits generated nearly $669.2 million in revenues (1.7 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held over $1.3 billion in assets (1.7 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B4.3). o Over a third (35 percent) of these revenues were generated by hospitals. Colleges and universities also played a key role in the region’s economy by generating nearly a fifth (19 percent) of its total revenues. o Nearly three-‐fourths (72 percent) of the region’s assets were held by three fields—religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (27 percent); colleges and universities (27 percent); and hospitals (18 percent) (TABLE B4.4). o Southside nonprofits expended over $642.1 million (1.7 percent of the state’s total nonprofit expendi-‐ tures) in 2010. This translates into $1,687 of expenditures per capita, which falls 64 percent below the state average.
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 41
B4.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Southside Region, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD Community Memorial Healthcenter South Hill Hospitals Halifax Regional Hospital Inc. South Boston Hospitals Southside Community Hospital Inc. Farmville Hospitals Hampden-‐Sydney College Hampden Sydney Education Averett University Danville Education * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. B4.2: Nonprofit employment in Southside Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL REGION 501(c)(3)† EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% SOUTHSIDE REGION TOTAL 7,131 2,445 123,625 5.8% Brunswick 401 63 4,059 9.9% Charlotte 200 34 2,013 9.9% Danville (city) 805 689 26,495 3.0% Emporia (city) 200 82 3,815 5.2% Greensville 200 11 3,301 6.1% Halifax 1,079 200 12,011 9.0% Henry 200 306 12,789 1.6% Lunenburg 189 24 2,470 7.7% Martinsville (city) 329 243 11,192 2.9% Mecklenburg 1,192 275 12,149 9.8% Nottoway 200 125 5,351 3.7% Patrick 47 52 4,092 1.1% Pittsylvania 512 121 11,505 4.5% Prince Edward 1,379 181 8,794 15.7% Southampton 200 39 3,588 5.6% *Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules
TOTAL REVENUE $88,329,797 $81,329,314 $63,615,318 $63,563,487 $33,090,136
NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT 100.0% 3.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1%
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0.1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.6% 0.1%
TABLE B4.3: Nonprofit finances in Southside Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 SOUTHSIDE REGION TOTAL 407 $669,181,001 $642,131,328 $1,687 $1,319,083,288 Brunswick 18 $28,764,337 $26,514,465 $1,520 $32,875,051 Charlotte 10 $889,105 $799,194 $64 $2,833,111 Danville (city) 83 $122,345,423 $108,756,482 $2,536 $185,809,992 – – – – – Emporia (city) Greensville 18 $10,355,347 $10,572,797 $864 $11,674,342 Halifax 42 $122,326,511 $115,442,213 $3,188 $176,969,089 Henry 20 $6,130,467 $5,510,542 $102 $5,040,147 Lunenburg 7 $7,204,095 $6,365,188 $493 $6,457,525 Martinsville (city) 52 $41,708,877 $41,483,652 $221,160,781 Mecklenburg 48 $105,114,477 $100,133,051 $3,061 $95,043,344 Nottoway 14 $9,323,444 $6,557,599 $414 $13,284,357 Patrick 22 $2,468,337 $2,252,246 $122 $5,625,484 Pittsylvania 34 $40,176,850 $36,874,527 $581 $125,004,444 Prince Edward 30 $166,625,181 $175,121,041 $7,486 $428,039,383 Southampton 9 $5,748,550 $5,748,331 $309 $9,266,238 TABLE B4.4: Nonprofit finances in Southside Virginia by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% SOUTHSIDE REGION TOTAL 407 $669,181,001 100.0% $1,319,083,288 100.0% Hospitals 9 $234,716,176 35.1% $233,684,100 17.7% Universities 5 $129,586,870 19.4% $351,802,234 26.7% Civic associations 130 $86,014,278 12.9% $360,250,154 27.3% Social assistance 127 $76,928,235 11.5% $85,194,241 6.5% Nursing homes 10 $49,212,993 7.4% $48,504,175 3.7% Ambulatory health 38 $40,092,681 6.0% $61,716,635 4.7% Elementary and secondary schools 11 $38,767,123 5.8% $131,638,371 10.0% Arts and recreation 48 $5,919,443 0.9% $26,352,016 2.0% Other 29 $7,943,202 1.2% $19,941,362 1.5% Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 43
B5: SOUTHWEST REGION
OVERVIEW o The Southwest Region encompasses three of Virginia’s smaller cities—Bristol, Galax, and Norton. o The region accounts for just four percent of the state’s nonprofit organizations. In 2010, the largest non-‐ profits based in the region included Kingsway Charities, Johnston Memorial Hospital, Smyth County TABLE B5.1). Community Hospital, Twin County Regional Healthcare, and Emory & Henry College ( REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 8,290 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for 3.5 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit employ-‐ ment in 2011. This proportion is noticeably below the region’s share of the state’s total population (3.5 percent vs. 5.1 percent) ( TABLE B5.2). o Moreover, nonprofit employment in the Southwest Region accounted for 6.0 percent of the region’s to-‐ tal employment, which is slightly below the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, Southwest nonprofits achieved an annual average growth rate of 0.7 percent. While this falls well below the state average of 2.0 percent, Southwest nonprofits still outperformed the region’s for-‐ profits (0.7 percent vs. -‐0.7 percent, respectively), which suffered net jobs loses over this 11-‐ year period. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Southwest Region nonprofits generated nearly $784.5 million in revenues (2.0 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held nearly $1.2 billion in assets (1.5 percent of the state’s total nonprofit TABLE B5.3). assets) in 2010 ( o A third of these revenues were generated by hospitals. o Similarly, the bulk (40 percent) of the region’s total assets were held by hospitals. Other fields holding substantial shares of the region’s total assets include religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (20 percent) and colleges and universities (20 percent) ( TABLE B5.4). o These organizations expended nearly $749.3 million (2.0 percent of the state’s total nonprofit expendi-‐ tures) in 2010. This translates into $1,797 of expenditures per capita, which falls 62 percent below the state average.
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B5.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Southwest Region, 2010 TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Kingsway Charities Inc. Bristol N/A $189,640,268 Johnston Memorial Hospital Inc. Abingdon Hospitals $112,345,794 Smyth County Community Hospital Marion Hospitals $51,158,601 Twin County Regional Healthcare Inc. Galax Hospitals $49,163,225 Emory & Henry College Emory Education $39,601,969 * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. B5.2: Nonprofit employment in Southwest Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3) † EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% SOUTHWEST REGION TOTAL 8,290 2,910 138,163 6.0% 3.5% Bland 200 – 1,291 15.5% 0.1% Bristol (city) 404 294 11,790 3.4% 0.2% Buchanan 491 170 8,194 6.0% 0.2% Carroll 200 73 6,037 3.3% 0.1% Dickenson 76 – 3,722 2.0% 0.0% Floyd 200 109 2,247 8.9% 0.1% Galax (city) 770 123 6,235 12.3% 0.3% Grayson 200 105 2,305 8.7% 0.1% Lee 440 124 5,292 8.3% 0.2% Norton (city) 840 66 4,148 20.2% 0.4% Russell 529 250 6,789 7.8% 0.2% Scott 184 88 4,849 3.8% 0.1% Smyth 596 174 11,618 5.1% 0.3% Tazewell 562 410 16,483 3.4% 0.2% Washington 1,696 417 19,708 8.6% 0.7% Wise 767 267 15,911 4.8% 0.3% Wythe 136 238 11,542 1.2% 0.1% †Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules – Data unavailable because of federal restrictions on the disclosure of data that can identify individual employers
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B5.3: Nonprofit finances in Southwest Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 SOUTHWEST REGION TOTAL 420 $784,475,244 $749,271,100 $1,797 $1,199,111,947 Bland 6 $4,781,475 $5,009,009 $734 $5,727,546 Bristol (city) 29 $213,893,638 $207,907,446 $11,664 $64,647,010 Buchanan 25 $63,910,376 $46,654,617 $1,943 $128,641,818 Carroll 18 $7,797,719 $7,900,077 $263 $13,338,482 Dickenson 9 $9,120,512 $8,402,478 $528 $5,771,969 Floyd 17 $3,141,500 $2,899,122 $189 $4,556,240 Galax (city) 23 $61,429,844 $65,432,450 $9,243 $35,093,915 Grayson 12 $1,635,644 $1,367,632 $88 $6,697,224 Lee 9 $12,914,010 $13,189,133 $517 $9,568,360 Norton (city) 9 $7,006,793 $6,659,730 $1,672 $4,150,765 Russell 15 $4,787,885 $5,163,018 $179 $4,919,156 Scott 26 $14,808,415 $12,774,031 $551 $12,933,826 Smyth 35 $73,898,340 $76,325,114 $2,371 $127,530,545 Tazewell 42 $39,996,833 $36,087,421 $801 $81,595,673 Washington 79 $235,636,567 $222,836,054 $4,059 $576,663,180 Wise 35 $18,791,394 $19,657,952 $474 $46,494,329 Wythe 31 $10,924,299 $11,005,816 $377 $70,781,909 B5.4: Nonprofit finances in Southwest Virginia by field, 2010 TABLE REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% SOUTHWEST REGION TOTAL 420 $784,475,244 100.0% $1,199,111,947 100.0% Hospitals 8 $257,685,852 32.8% $484,736,093 40.4% Universities 6 $88,966,762 11.3% $235,974,761 19.7% Civic associations 155 $87,471,090 11.2% $238,995,307 19.9% Ambulatory health 52 $66,201,484 8.4% $67,220,501 5.6% Social assistance 89 $46,578,904 5.9% $47,487,695 4.0% Arts and recreation 49 $13,296,169 1.7% $20,626,740 1.7% Elementary and secondary schools 8 $11,221,915 1.4% $31,755,564 2.6% Nursing homes 8 $5,593,728 0.7% $8,692,619 0.7% Other 45 $207,459,340 26.4% $63,622,667 5.3% 46 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B6: HAMPTON ROADS
OVERVIEW o The Hampton Roads Region encompasses six of Virginia’s ten largest cities—Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Newport News, Hampton, and Portsmouth. o The region also accounts for 15 percent of the state’s nonprofit organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region in-‐ cluded Sentara Hospitals, Optima Health Plan, Operation Blessing International Relief & Development Corp, Riverside Healthcare Association, and Children’s Hospital of the TABLE B6.1). Kings Daughters ( REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 54,313 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for 23.1 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit employment in 2011. This proportion is above the region’s share of the state’s total popu-‐ lation (23.1 percent vs. 20.6 percent) (TABLE B6.2). o Moreover, nonprofit employment in the Hampton Roads Re-‐ gion accounted for 7.8 percent of the region’s total employ-‐ ment, ranking it above the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, Hampton Roads nonprofits achieved an annual average growth rate of 1.8 percent. While this is roughly equivalent to the statewide aver-‐ age of 2.0 percent, Hampton Roads nonprofits well outperformed the region’s for-‐ profits (1.8 percent vs. -‐ 0.2 percent, respectively), which suffered net jobs loses over this 11-‐ year period. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Hampton Roads Region nonprofits generated nearly $8.5 billion in revenues (21.6 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held nearly $12.8 billion in as-‐ sets (16.4 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B6.3). o The bulk of these revenues were generated by hospitals (45 percent). o Similarly, the bulk (35 percent) of the region’s total assets were held by hospitals. Other fields holding substantial shares of the region’s total assets include religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (19 percent) and arts, entertainment and TABLE B6.4). recreation (16 percent) ( o These organizations expended roughly $8.2 billion (21.6 percent of the state’s total nonprofit expenditures) in 2010. This translates into $4,925 of expenditures per ca-‐ pita, which is 4 percent higher that the state average.
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B6.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Hampton Roads, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Sentara Hospitals Norfolk Hospitals $1,781,099,735 Optima Health Plan Norfolk Finance and insurance $1,096,722,022 Operation Blessing International Relief & Development Corp. Virginia Beach Civic associations $473,062,348 Riverside Healthcare Association Inc. Newport News Hospitals $433,397,260 Children's Hospital of the Kings Daughters Inc. Norfolk Hospitals $285,514,256 * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. TABLE B6.2: Nonprofit employment in Hampton Roads, in comparison to private employment, 2010 NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3)† EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% HAMPTON ROADS TOTAL 54,313 20,799 697,689 7.8% 23.1% Chesapeake (city) 2,849 2,616 94,239 3.0% 1.2% Franklin (city) 200 167 4,063 4.9% 0.1% Gloucester 835 244 9,400 8.9% 0.4% Hampton (city) 4,668 797 54,712 8.5% 2.0% Isle of Wight 395 215 9,662 4.1% 0.2% James City 1,183 434 26,530 4.5% 0.5% Mathews 200 28 1,143 17.5% 0.1% Newport News (city) 7,628 1,593 95,847 8.0% 3.2% Norfolk (city) 17,893 5,494 137,746 13.0% 7.6% Poquoson (city) – – – – – Portsmouth (city) 3,273 544 43,071 7.6% 1.4% Suffolk (city) 1,907 365 24,651 7.7% 0.8% Surry 200 13 2,409 8.3% 0.1% Virginia Beach (city) 10,113 7,822 162,690 6.2% 4.3% Williamsburg (city) 2,469 209 10,166 24.3% 1.1% York 501 258 21,360 2.3% 0.2% † Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules – Data unavailable because of federal restrictions on the disclosure of data that can identify individual employers
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B6.3: Nonprofit finances in Hampton Roads vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 HAMPTON ROADS TOTAL 1,575 $8,487,546,741 $8,172,157,120 $4,925 $12,778,028,514 Chesapeake (city) 163 $55,980,864 $56,859,520 $255 $137,503,439 Franklin (city) 18 $12,607,197 $11,268,615 $1,306 $24,589,008 Gloucester 37 $17,507,245 $16,480,992 $446 $32,083,367 Hampton (city) 99 $164,403,087 $154,123,211 $1,122 $168,931,478 Isle of Wight 37 $7,950,271 $7,260,393 $206 $15,634,726 James City 108 $114,390,241 $113,411,374 $1,684 $246,516,134 Mathews 19 $4,376,238 $3,133,856 $349 $6,459,743 Newport News (city) 145 $1,108,016,553 $1,118,803,979 $6,194 $1,591,776,722 Norfolk (city) 312 $5,385,233,129 $5,072,711,679 $20,883 $6,402,009,232 Poquoson (city) 10 $971,955 $556,058 $46 $1,520,824 Portsmouth (city) 74 $44,033,931 $42,221,169 $442 $82,015,716 Suffolk (city) 52 $40,900,692 $35,801,598 $422 $87,476,625 Surry 6 $762,006 $717,715 $102 $893,626 Virginia Beach (city) 402 $1,368,304,804 $1,352,787,562 $3,081 $1,823,118,691 Williamsburg (city) 44 $156,743,038 $180,839,904 $12,794 $2,145,837,002 York 49 $5,365,490 $5,179,495 $79 $11,662,181 TABLE B6.4: Nonprofit finances in Hampton Roads by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% HAMPTON ROADS TOTAL 1,575 $8,487,546,741 100.0% $12,778,028,514 100.0% Hospitals 19 $3,782,637,247 44.6% $4,527,451,023 35.4% Civic associations 728 $920,080,794 10.8% $2,435,811,740 19.1% Ambulatory health 69 $779,406,885 9.2% $401,134,978 3.1% Social assistance 226 $351,555,587 4.1% $396,962,568 3.1% Nursing homes 53 $325,833,694 3.8% $755,569,403 5.9% Universities 10 $288,872,821 3.4% $1,218,291,216 9.5% Arts and recreation 284 $243,646,039 2.9% $1,999,556,067 15.6% Elementary and secondary schools 35 $101,914,771 1.2% $218,932,079 1.7% Other 151 $1,693,598,903 20.0% $824,319,440 6.5% Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 49
B7: VALLEY REGION
OVERVIEW o The Valley Region encompasses several of Virginia’s smaller cities— Buena Vista, Covington, Harrisonburg, Lexington, Staunton, Waynes-‐ boro, and Winchester. The region accounts for six percent of the state’s nonprofit o
organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included several hospitals—Valley Health System, Rocking-‐ ham Memorial Hospital, and Augusta Health Care—as well as Washington & Lee University and the professional associ-‐ ation, the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (TABLE B7.1). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 17,024 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for 7.2 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit employment in 2011. This proportion is well above the region’s share of the state’s to-‐ tal population (7.2 percent vs. 6.0 percent) (TABLE B7.2). o Similarly, nonprofit employment in the Valley Region ac-‐ counted for 9.0 percent of the region’s total employment, which is well above the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, Valley Region nonprofits achieved an annual average growth rate of 3.5 per-‐ cent, exceeding the state average of 2.0 percent. Valley Region nonprofits also well outperformed the region’s for-‐profits (3.5 percent vs. -‐0.5 percent, respectively), which suffered net jobs loses over this 11-‐year period. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Valley Region nonprofits generated nearly $2.7 billion in revenues (6.8 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held $6.6 billion in assets (8.5 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B7.3). o Nearly two-‐thirds (64 percent) of the region’s total revenues were generated by hospitals. Nonprofit higher education institutions also played a key economic role, generating 15 percent of the total. o Similarly, the bulk (44 percent) of the region’s total assets were held by hospitals. Other fields holding substantial shares of the region’s total assets include colleges and universities (28 percent) and religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (14 percent) (TABLE B7.4). o Valley nonprofits expended over $2.5 billion (6.6 percent of the state’s total non-‐ profit expenditures) in 2010. This translates into $5,234 of expenditures per capita, which is 11 percent more than the state average.
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B7.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Valley Region, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Hospitals $344,832,235 Valley Health System Winchester Hospitals $318,201,738 Rockingham Memorial Hospital Harrisonburg Hospitals $273,488,403 Augusta Health Care Inc. Fishersville Education $163,310,948 Washington & Lee University Lexington Education $87,742,813 Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Winchester * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. TABLE B7.2: Nonprofit employment in Valley Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3)† EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% VALLEY REGION TOTAL 17,024 4,071 188,508 9.0% 7.2% Alleghany 200 37 4,205 4.7% 0.1% Augusta 200 302 24,902 0.8% 0.1% Bath 200 11 2,169 9.2% 0.1% Buena Vista (city) 200 34 2,162 9.2% 0.1% Covington (city) 200 105 3,737 5.3% 0.1% Frederick 642 757 24,369 2.6% 0.3% Harrisonburg (city) 3,632 835 25,377 14.3% 1.5% Highland 200 – 502 39.8% 0.1% Lexington (city) 1,770 131 3,733 47.4% 0.8% Page 246 95 5,580 4.4% 0.1% Rockbridge 183 76 5,030 3.6% 0.1% Rockingham 2,011 232 27,791 7.2% 0.9% Shenandoah 452 299 13,392 3.4% 0.2% Staunton (city) 803 300 11,173 7.2% 0.3% Waynesboro (city) 375 247 9,209 4.1% 0.2% Winchester (city) 5,712 610 25,178 22.7% 2.4% † Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules – Data unavailable because of federal restrictions on the disclosure of data that can identify individual employers
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B7.3: Nonprofit finances in Valley Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 VALLEY REGION TOTAL 693 $2,658,680,919 $2,512,388,919 $5,234 $6,600,652,331 Alleghany 13 $2,729,179 $2,330,723 $144 $13,947,061 Augusta 62 $331,570,026 $293,852,085 $3,990 $422,276,989 Bath 15 $16,741,181 $14,338,889 $3,035 $31,033,499 Buena Vista (city) 6 $18,172,973 $18,006,884 $2,712 $27,754,710 Covington (city) 17 $6,782,529 $5,905,290 $988 $16,580,861 Frederick 45 $33,840,293 $31,285,185 $398 $137,227,892 Harrisonburg (city) 114 $515,492,172 $512,638,933 $10,452 $1,297,052,306 Highland 12 $2,831,977 $3,018,949 $1,306 $4,585,842 Lexington (city) 55 $227,321,219 $219,173,059 $31,000 $1,860,665,906 Page 24 $8,686,544 $8,304,912 $345 $29,136,469 Rockbridge 8 $3,537,854 $3,377,881 $152 $8,219,470 Rockingham 65 $108,371,489 $101,060,629 $1,323 $260,407,207 Shenandoah 63 $20,921,432 $20,236,317 $481 $74,260,161 Staunton (city) 60 $62,087,015 $64,331,185 $2,705 $109,793,990 Waynesboro (city) 45 $18,883,396 $18,647,827 $885 $42,471,821 Winchester (city) 89 $1,280,711,640 $1,195,880,171 $45,549 $2,265,238,147 TABLE B7.4: Nonprofit finances in Valley Virginia by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% VALLEY REGION TOTAL 693 $2,658,680,919 100.0% $6,600,652,331 100.0% Hospitals 11 $1,696,581,432 63.8% $2,906,138,226 44.0% Universities 8 $408,237,367 15.4% $1,850,624,520 28.0% Nursing homes 19 $174,573,505 6.6% $454,735,687 6.9% Civic associations 253 $123,337,128 4.6% $925,629,179 14.0% Social assistance 157 $94,730,143 3.6% $154,266,828 2.3% Ambulatory health 38 $47,511,781 1.8% $58,200,531 0.9% Elementary and secondary schools 17 $23,225,530 0.9% $46,434,369 0.7% Arts and recreation 92 $22,570,229 0.8% $81,372,428 1.2% Other 98 $67,913,804 2.6% $123,250,563 1.9% 52 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B8: WEST CENTRAL REGION OVERVIEW o The West Central Region encompasses Roanoke, one of Virginia’s largest cities. o The region accounts for nine
percent of the state’s non-‐ profit organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region include Carilion Medical Center, Centra Health, Liberty University, World Help, and Virginia Tech Foundation (TABLE B8.1). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 26,027 nonprofit employees, the region accounted for 11.1 per-‐ cent of Virginia’s nonprofit employ-‐ ment in 2011, which is markedly above the region’s share of the state’s total population (11.1 percent vs. 9.0 percent) (TABLE B8.2). o Similarly, nonprofit employment in the West Central Region accounted for 9.1 percent of the region’s total employment, which is well above the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, West Central nonprofits achieved an annual average growth rate of 1.9 percent. While this is roughly equivalent to the statewide average of 2.0 percent, West Central nonprofits well outperformed the region’s for-‐profits (1.9 percent vs. -‐0.9 percent, respectively), which suffered net jobs loses over this 11-‐year period. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o West Central Region nonprofits generated over $3.9 billion in revenues (10.0 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held nearly $6.9 billion in assets (8.8 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B8.3). o Nearly half (49 percent) of the region’s total revenues were generated by hospitals. Non-‐ profit higher education institutions and religious, grantmaking, and civic associations also played a significant economic role, generating 22 and 13 percents, respectively, of the to-‐ tal. o The vast majority (82 percent) of the region’s total assets were also held by these three fields, i.e., hospitals (35 percent), religious, grantmaking and civic associations (24 per-‐ cent), and higher education (23 percent) (TABLE B8.4). o West Central nonprofits expended over $3.6 billion (9.6 percent of the state’s total non-‐ profit expenditures) in 2010. This translates into $5,034 of expenditures per capita, which is 7 percent more than the state average.
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B8.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, West Central Region, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Carilion Medical Center Roanoke Hospitals $859,175,661 Centra Health Inc. Lynchburg Hospitals $591,464,163 Liberty University Inc. Lynchburg Education $518,575,106 World Help Forest Civic association $125,085,525 Virginia Tech Foundation Blacksburg Civic association $120,119,321 * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. B8.2: Nonprofit employment in West Central Virginia, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3)† EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% WEST CENTRAL REGION TOTAL 26,027 10,099 286,063 9.1% 11.1% Amherst 651 133 6,256 10.4% 0.3% Appomattox 200 47 3,178 6.3% 0.1% Bedford 330 297 15,229 2.2% 0.1% Bedford (city) 145 123 3,248 4.5% 0.1% Botetourt 200 128 9,118 2.2% 0.1% Campbell 286 378 15,638 1.8% 0.1% Craig 200 32 657 30.4% 0.1% Franklin 915 253 12,970 7.1% 0.4% Giles 408 80 4,820 8.5% 0.2% Lynchburg (city) 7,653 2,304 50,238 15.2% 3.3% Montgomery 2,198 545 26,928 8.2% 0.9% Pulaski 117 151 12,123 1.0% 0.0% Radford (city) 200 148 3,927 5.1% 0.1% Roanoke 2,135 2,147 34,104 6.3% 0.9% Roanoke (city) 9,488 2,821 65,283 14.5% 4.0% Salem (city) 902 514 22,346 4.0% 0.4% † Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules
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B8.3: Nonprofit finances in West Central Virginia vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 WEST CENTRAL REGION TOTAL 937 $3,935,351,592 $3,648,090,771 $5,034 $6,861,286,787 Amherst 23 $45,835,107 $49,505,563 $1,530 $184,956,696 Appomattox 13 $2,545,625 $2,283,640 $152 $5,651,021 Bedford 88 $171,834,846 $163,620,690 $2,380 $88,375,308 Bedford (city) -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ Botetourt 30 $4,246,977 $4,713,072 $142 $13,250,639 Campbell 39 $52,403,684 $51,109,259 $931 $69,518,009 Craig 5 $633,185 $531,951 $102 $885,633 Franklin 53 $58,903,166 $56,401,493 $1,003 $131,259,091 Giles 18 $10,181,014 $9,997,117 $578 $10,674,512 Lynchburg (city) 163 $1,357,336,503 $1,170,788,941 $15,463 $2,036,672,352 Montgomery 129 $261,747,510 $222,343,075 $2,353 $1,348,530,940 Pulaski 22 $6,661,711 $5,547,485 $159 $16,665,836 Radford (city) 22 $12,651,720 $14,360,947 $873 $65,042,113 Roanoke 108 $239,742,797 $222,137,228 $2,406 $430,008,909 Roanoke (city) 181 $1,531,676,927 $1,496,800,336 $15,454 $2,107,940,287 Salem (city) 43 $178,950,820 $177,949,974 $7,156 $351,855,441 TABLE B8.4: Nonprofit finances in West Central Virginia by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% WEST CENTRAL REGION TOTAL 937 $3,935,351,592 100.0% $6,861,286,787 100.0% Hospitals 12 $1,912,542,992 48.6% $2,380,827,797 34.7% Universities 11 $862,090,044 21.9% $1,636,006,998 23.8% Civic associations 396 $498,082,469 12.7% $1,597,513,631 23.3% Social assistance 175 $262,349,166 6.7% $371,197,981 5.4% Nursing homes 45 $211,945,217 5.4% $463,535,211 6.8% Arts and recreation 109 $41,851,786 1.1% $147,928,806 2.2% Ambulatory health 55 $32,065,843 0.8% $45,357,376 0.7% Elementary and secondary schools 23 $28,039,413 0.7% $64,461,172 0.9% Other 111 $86,384,662 2.2% $154,457,815 2.3% Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 55
B9: COMMUNITY FOUNDATION
OVERVIEW o The Community Foundation Serving Rich-‐ mond and Central Virginia Service Area en-‐ compasses Richmond, one of Virginia’s largest cities. o The service area accounts for 14 percent of the state’s nonprofit organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included several health-‐ focused organizations—St. Mary’s Hospital of Richmond, Bon Secours Memorial Regional Medical Center, MCV As-‐ sociated Physicians, and Bon Secours St. Fran-‐ cis Medical Center—and the civic group, TABLE B9.1). Childfund International USA ( REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 27,889 nonprofit employees, the service area accounted for 11.9 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit employment in 2010, which is slightly below the area’s share of the state’s total population (11.9 B9.2). percent vs. 13.1 percent) (TABLE o Similarly, nonprofit employment in The Community Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia Ser-‐ vice Area accounted for 5.3 percent of the area’s total employment, ranking it below the state average of 6.6 percent. o Between 2000 and 2011, nonprofits in this area achieved an annual average growth rate of 3.0 percent, ex-‐ ceeding the state average of 2.0. Area nonprofits also well outperformed the region’s for-‐ profits (3.0 percent 0.2 percent, respectively), which suffered net jobs loses over this 11-‐year period. vs. -‐ REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o The Community Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia Service Area nonprofits generated nearly $3.6 billion in revenues (9.2 percent of the state’s total nonprofit revenues) and held over $7.3 billion in assets (9.4 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B9.3). o The bulk (40 percent) of the service area’s total revenues were generated by hospitals. Nonprofit religious, grantmaking, and civic associations and ambulatory health organizations also played a significant economic role, generating 18 and 15 percents, respectively, of the total. o By contrast, the bulk (41 percent) of the service area’s assets were held by religious, grantmaking, and civic as-‐ sociations. Other fields holding considerable shares include hospitals (16 percent) and nursing and residential care (13 percent) (TABLE B9.4). o The service area’s nonprofits expended $3.5 billion (9.2 percent of the state’s total nonprofit expenditures) in 2010. This translates into $3,334 of expenditures per capita, which falls 29 percent behind the state average.
56 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B9.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Community Foundation Service Area, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Hospitals $608,747,034 St. Mary's Hospital of Richmond Inc. Richmond Hospitals $296,325,732 Bon Secours Memorial Regional Medical Center Inc. Richmond Civic associations $215,772,220 Childfund International USA Richmond Ambulatory health $208,751,097 MCV Associated Physicians Richmond Hospitals $196,841,021 Bon Secours St. Francis Medical Center Inc. Richmond * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. B9.2: Nonprofit employment in Community Foundation Service Area, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3)† EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% COMMUNITY FOUNDATION 27,889 30,810 529,086 5.3% 11.9% SERVICE AREA TOTAL Chesterfield 2,864 5,010 113,205 2.5% 1.2% Colonial Heights (city) 200 239 10,480 1.9% 0.1% Goochland 200 – 10,984 1.8% 0.1% Hanover 3,097 718 44,540 7.0% 1.3% Henrico 9,861 17,092 172,193 5.7% 4.2% Hopewell (city) 200 158 7,802 2.6% 0.1% Petersburg (city) 335 283 14,187 2.4% 0.1% Powhatan 200 463 6,451 3.1% 0.1% Richmond (city) 10,933 6,846 149,244 7.3% 4.7% † Italics indicate estimated values for data missing due to disclosure rules – Data unavailable because of federal restrictions on the disclosure of data that can identify individual employers
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B9.3: Nonprofit finances in the Community Foundation Service Area vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 CF SERVICE AREA TOTAL 1,478 $3,599,655,327 $3,505,003,959 $3,334 $7,334,315,776 Chesterfield 275 $220,230,493 $212,656,505 $671 $302,765,397 Colonial Heights (city) 20 $4,211,918 $3,922,582 $226 $4,855,901 Goochland 26 $12,872,436 $12,103,168 $556 $19,275,717 Hanover 130 $222,320,985 $224,047,787 $2,241 $662,223,708 Henrico 497 $2,004,273,224 $1,913,924,820 $6,226 $3,043,597,098 Hopewell (city) 13 $4,229,633 $4,552,609 $201 $39,296,514 Petersburg (city) 57 $33,390,515 $42,461,574 $1,304 $194,415,607 Powhatan 20 $1,742,647 $1,762,015 $63 $4,536,236 Richmond (city) 440 $1,096,383,476 $1,089,572,899 $5,337 $3,063,349,598 TABLE B9.4: Nonprofit finances in the Community Foundation Service Area by field, 2010 REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% CF SERVICE AREA TOTAL 1,478 $3,599,655,327 100.0% $7,334,315,776 100.0% Hospitals 13 $1,432,439,515 39.8% $1,179,960,428 16.1% Civic associations 715 $656,024,389 18.2% $2,999,020,902 40.9% Ambulatory health 78 $541,840,384 15.1% $454,072,664 6.2% Social assistance 182 $321,215,317 8.9% $390,353,898 5.3% Nursing homes 42 $218,349,396 6.1% $984,031,971 13.4% Arts and recreation 211 $115,041,957 3.2% $530,300,825 7.2% Universities 6 $102,012,349 2.8% $306,467,277 4.2% Elementary and secondary schools 38 $81,717,350 2.3% $193,908,711 2.6% Other 193 $131,014,670 3.6% $296,199,100 4.0% 58 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B10: DANVILLE REGIONAL SERVICE AREA OVERVIEW o The Danville Regional Service Area encompasses Virginia’s Pittsylvania County and the City of Danville, as well as Caswell County, which is lo-‐ cated in North Carolina. o In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included Averett Univer-‐
sity, Roman Eagle Memorial Home, Danville Pittsylvania Community Services, Gods Pit Crew, and Hargrave Military Academy (TABLE 10.1). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o As of 2011, 1,448 nonprofit employees worked in the Danville Regional Service Area, accounting for 3.5 percent of the area’s to-‐ tal employment (TABLE B10.2). o Between 2000 and 2011, Danville nonprofits suffered significant em-‐ ployment losses, with employment decreasing by an average annual 15 rate of -‐6.1 percent. While for-‐profits in the area also shed jobs over this 11-‐year period, they did so at a much slower rate (-‐6.1 percent vs. -‐1.8 percent). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Danville Regional Service Area nonprofits generated nearly $167.4 million in revenues and held nearly $316.2 million in assets in 2010 (TABLE B10.3). o The vast majority (90 percent) of the service area’s total revenues were generated by five major fields— religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (22 percent), colleges and universities (20 percent), social as-‐ sistance (17 percent), nursing and residential care (16 percent), and elementary and secondary schools (15 percent). o By contrast, the bulk (33 percent) of the service area’s assets were held by elementary and secondary schools. Other fields holding considerable shares include religious, grantmaking, and civic associations (21 percent), and colleges and universities (14 percent) (TABLE B10.4). o The service area’s nonprofits expended nearly $149.7 million in 2010. This translates into $1,109 of ex-‐ penditures per capita.
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 59
B10.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Danville Regional Service Area, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE Carilion Medical Center Roanoke Hospitals $859,175,661 Centra Health Inc. Lynchburg Hospitals $591,464,163 Liberty University Inc. Lynchburg Education $518,575,106 Carilion Services Inc. Roanoke Hospitals $186,007,289 Carilion New River Valley Medical Center Roanoke Hospitals $136,056,083 * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. B10.2: Nonprofit employment in Danville Regional Service Area, in comparison to private employment, 2010 TABLE NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE EM-‐ TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3) PLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% DANVILLE REGIONAL SERVICE 1,448 810 41,232 3.5% 0.6% AREA TOTAL Caswell, NC 805 689 26,495 3.0% 0.3% Danville (city) 512 121 11,505 4.5% 0.2% Pittsylvania 131 – 3,232 4.1% 0.1% – Data unavailable because of federal restrictions on the disclosure of data that can identify individual employers
60 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B10.3: Nonprofit finances in the Danville Regional Service Area vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 TABLE NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 DANVILLE REGIONAL 126 $167,364,280 $149,669,092 $1,109 $316,155,500 SERVICE AREA TOTAL Caswell, NC 9 $4,842,007 $4,038,083 $141 $5,341,064 Danville (city) 83 $122,345,423 $108,756,482 $2,536 $185,809,992 Pittsylvania 34 $40,176,850 $36,874,527 $581 $125,004,444 B10.4: Nonprofit finances in the Danville Regional Service Area by field, 2010 TABLE REVENUE AS ASSETS A SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% DANVILLE REGIONAL SERVICE 126 $167,364,280 100.0% $316,155,500 100.0% AREA TOTAL Civic associations 42 $37,378,904 22.3% $67,518,890 21.4% Universities 1 $33,090,136 19.8% $45,493,820 14.4% Social assistance 31 $28,845,522 17.2% $30,543,306 9.7% Nursing homes 5 $26,749,345 16.0% $26,561,838 8.4% Elementary and secondary schools 6 $24,790,233 14.8% $105,262,567 33.3% Ambulatory health 9 $12,042,933 7.2% $19,659,560 6.2% Arts and recreation 19 $1,702,156 1.0% $6,034,300 1.9% Hospitals 3 $710,787 0.4% $7,235,480 2.3% Other 10 $2,054,264 1.2% $7,845,739 2.5% Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 61
B11: LOUDOUN SERVICE AREA OVERVIEW o This area encompasses Loudoun County and the town of Leesburg.
The service area accounts for nearly 4 percent of the state’s o
nonprofit organizations. In 2010, major nonprofits based in the region included George Washington University, Prison Fellowship Ministries, Air Force Retired Officers Communi-‐ ty, Educap, and Patrick Henry College (TABLE 11.1). REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT o With 4,989 nonprofit employees, the service area ac-‐ counted for 2.1 percent of Virginia’s nonprofit employment in 2011, which is about half the area’s share of the state’s total population (2.1 percent vs. 4.0 percent) (TABLE B11.2). o Similarly, nonprofit employment in Loudoun Service Area accounted for just 3.6 percent of the area’s total employment, ranking it below the state average of 6.6 percent. o However, Loudoun nonprofits achieved an average annual growth rate of 6.6 percent between 2000 and 2011. This is above the annual average rate of the region’s for-‐profit sector (4 percent) and more than three times the statewide average of 2.0 percent. REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: NONPROFIT FINANCES o Loudoun Area nonprofits generated over $1.5 billion in revenues (3.9 percent of the state’s total nonprofit reve-‐ nues) and held over $3.8 billion in assets (4.9 percent of the state’s total nonprofit assets) in 2010 (TABLE B11.3). Nearly three-‐fourths (74 percent) of the area’s total revenues were generated by its colleges and universities. o o Similarly, the vast majority (77 percent) of the area’s assets were held by colleges and universities (TABLE B11.4). The service area’s nonprofits expended nearly $1.6 billion (4.1 percent of the state’s total nonprofit ex-‐ o penditures) in 2010. This translates into $4,990 of expenditures per capita, which is 6 percent higher than the state average. 62 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
B11.1: Largest nonprofit organizations, by total revenue, Loudoun Service Area, 2010* TABLE NAME CITY FIELD TOTAL REVENUE George Washington University Ashburn Education $1,129,759,352 Prison Fellowship Ministries Lansdowne Professional services $45,131,032 Air Force Retired Officers Community-‐Washington DC Sterling Nursing homes $27,031,727 Educap Inc. Sterling Finance & insurance $20,745,777 Patrick Henry College Purcellville Education $16,863,973 * Based on industry classification code in the IRS 990 file. TABLE B11.2: Nonprofit employment in Loudoun Service Area, in comparison to private employment, 2010 NONPROFIT NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A NONPROFIT FINANCE AND EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE EM-‐ TOTAL SHARE OF TOTAL STATE NONPROFIT REGION 501(c)(3)* PLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES TOTAL 10,681,388 5,520,828 127,820,442 8.4% VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 122,917 3,567,444 6.6% 100.0% LOUDOUN SERVICE AREA TOTAL 4,989 2,693 136,864 3.6% 2.1% Loudoun 4,989 2,693 136,864 3.6% 2.1% TABLE B11.3: Nonprofit finances in the Loudoun Service Area vs. Virginia and the nation, 2010 NUMBER EXPENDITURES REGION OF ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ASSETS 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 $1,501,952,938,289 $4,856 $2,809,461,093,514 UNITED STATES TOTAL VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 $37,916,644,743 $4,725 $77,975,764,822 LOUDOUN SERVICE AREA TOTAL 412 $1,549,248,205 $1,573,375,050 $4,990 $3,817,168,633 Loudoun 412 $1,549,248,205 $1,573,375,050 $4,990 $3,817,168,633 B11.4: Nonprofit finances in the Loudoun Service Area by field, 2010 TABLE SHARE OF SHARE OF TOTAL TOTAL NUMBER OF REGIONAL REGIONAL FIELD ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUES REVENUE ASSETS ASSETS UNITED STATES TOTAL 367,146 $1,561,327,700,780 100.0% $2,809,461,093,514 100.0% VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,835 $39,225,748,030 100.0% $77,975,764,822 100.0% LOUDOUN SERVICE AREA TOTAL 412 $1,549,248,205 100.0% $3,817,168,633 100.0% Universities 4 $1,148,240,662 74.1% $2,953,521,388 77.4% Civic associations 211 $146,338,302 9.4% $164,329,350 4.3% Arts and recreation 82 $33,229,526 2.1% $30,858,968 0.8% Social assistance 44 $32,750,587 2.1% $58,637,394 1.5% Elementary and secondary schools 13 $31,629,671 2.0% $135,169,650 3.5% Nursing homes 1 $27,031,727 1.7% $75,654,142 2.0% Ambulatory health 10 $8,265,560 0.5% $12,169,805 0.3% Hospitals 1 $5,185,626 0.3% $4,334,406 0.1% Other 46 $116,576,544 7.5% $382,493,530 10.0%
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DISTRIBUTION OF NONPROFIT FINANCES IN VIRGINIA, BY INDUSTRY, 2010 NAICS TYPE OF # OF CODE* INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS ENTITIES TOTAL REVENUE EXPENSES TOTAL ASSETS 541 Professional Legal services; accounting and tax services; archi-‐ 487 $1,529.8 million $1,474.0 million $1,653.4 million & scientific tectural and engineering services; specialized design services; computer services; management, services scientific and technical consulting services; and research and development services 6111 Elementary Elementary & secondary schools 292 $799.8 thousand $788.7 thousand $2,324.1 million & secondary schools 6113 Colleges & Colleges, universities, professional schools, and 67 $3,183.7 million $3,041.7 million $ 8,870.9 million universities technical and trade schools Ambulatory Outpatient care centers, family planning centers, 621 498 $2,048.3 million $2,071.2 million $1,558.3 million health care medical laboratories, and home health care ser-‐ vices services Hospitals 622 General medical and surgical hospitals, psychiatric 99 $13,169.2 million $12,478.5 million $17,520.0 million and substance abuse hospitals, specialty hospitals Nursing & 623 Nursing care facilities; residential mental retarda-‐ 330 $1,519.8 million $1,458.1 million $4,156.9 million residential tion, mental health, and substance abuse facili-‐ care ties; and elderly community care facilities Social 624 Individual and family services, youth services, 1,697 $2,414.8 million $2,275.1 million $3,234.4 million assistance elderly and disabled services, community food services, community housing services, emergency and relief services, vocational rehabilitation ser-‐ vices, and child day care services 71 Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, his-‐ 1,508 $858.0 thousand $ 777.6 thousand $3,807.7 million Arts, entertain-‐ torical s ites, a musement a nd r ecreation f acilities, and similar institutions ment, & recreation 813 Grantmaking foundations, charitable trusts, fun-‐ 4,960 $9,191.7 million $9,420.3 million $26,087.3 million Religious, grantmaking, draising for social welfare activities, religious or-‐ and civic ganizations, and civic associations associations Credit intermediation, visitors bureaus, waste 1,229 $4,510.8 million $4,131.5 million $8,762.8 million All other management and remediation services, and oth-‐ ers $37,916.8 million $77,975.9 million VIRGINIA TOTAL 10,837 $39,225.9 million *NAICS codes are based on the North American Industry Classification System (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 2002).
appendix C:
64 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
DISTRIBUTION OF NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT IN VIRGINIA, BY NAICS TYPE OF NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT CODE* INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS 501(c)(3) 541 Professional Legal services; accounting and tax services; arc-‐ 17,279 & scientific hitectural and engineering services; specialized design services; computer services; manage-‐ services ment, scientific and technical consulting servic-‐ es; and research and development services 6111 Elementary Elementary & secondary schools 13,797 & secondary schools 6113 Colleges & Colleges, universities, professional schools, and 16,866 technical and trade schools universities 621 Ambulatory Outpatient care centers, family planning centers, 18,830 health care medical laboratories, and home health care services services 622 Hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals, psychia-‐ 75,032 tric and substance abuse hospitals, specialty hospitals 623 Nursing & Nursing care facilities; residential mental retar-‐ 24,293 residential dation, mental health, and substance abuse care facilities; and elderly community care facilities 624 Individual and family services, youth services, 19,401 Social assistance elderly and disabled services, community food services, community housing services, emergen-‐ cy and relief services, vocational rehabilitation services, and child day care services 71 Arts, Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, 7,269 entertainment, historical sites, amusement and recreation facili-‐ & recreation ties, and similar institutions 813 Religious, Grantmaking foundations, charitable trusts, 23,544 grantmaking, fundraising for social welfare activities, religious and civic organizations, and civic associations associations All other Credit intermediation, visitors bureaus, waste 18,802 management and remediation services, and others VIRGINIA TOTAL 235,113 *NAICS c odes are based on the North American Industry Classification System (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 2002).
appendix d:
INDUSTRY, 2011
NONPROFIT EMPLOYMENT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL 501(c)(3)
7%
6%
7% 8%
32%
10%
8%
3%
10%
8%
100%
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 65
1 See Virginia’s Nonprofit Sector—An Economic Force. [ccss.jhu.edu/wp-‐content/uploads/downloads/2011/09/NED_Bulletin32_VA_2008.pdf] 2 For more details on Virginia population trends, see Qian Cai’s “A Decade of Change in Virginia’s Population,” The Virginia NEWS LETTER, June 2011. [coopercenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/Virginia%20News%20Letter%202011%20Vol.%2087%20No%204.pdf] 3 See the U.S. Census Bureau’s QuickFacts, Virginia. Retrieved August 1, 2012. [quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51000.html] 4 For more details on poverty in Virginia, see the state government’s Virginia Performs website. [vaperforms.virginia.gov/indicators/economy/poverty.php] 5 For more details on health coverage in Virginia, see the Virginia Health Care Foundation’s Profile of the Uninsured, March 2012. [vhcf.org/data/profile-‐ of-‐the-‐uninsured] 6 For more details on unemployment trends in the state see The Commonwealth Institutes’ Unemployed, Underutilized, Undone, November 2011. [thecommonwealthinstitute.org/2011/11/10/unemployed-‐underutilized-‐undone] 7 See the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities’ States Continue to Feel Recession’s Impact, June 27, 2012. [cbpp.org/files/2-‐8-‐08sfp.pdf] 8 U.S. tax law actually delineates no fewer than twenty-‐seven separate sections under which organizations can claim exemption from federal income taxes as nonprofit organizations. These categories include social welfare organizations, business leagues, and credit unions, to name just a few. Types of tax-‐exempt organizations under U.S. law Corporations organized under an act of Congress 501(c)(15) Mutual insurance companies 501(c)(1) 501(c)(2) Title-‐ h olding c ompanies 501(c)(16) Corporations to finance crop operation 501(c)(3) Religious, c haritable, e ducational, e tc. 501(c)(17) Supplement unemployment benefit trusts 501(c)(4) Social welfare 501(c)(18) Employee-‐funded pension trusts 501(c)(5) Labor, agriculture organization 501(c)(19) War veterans’ organizations 501(c)(6) Business leagues 501(c)(20) Legal services organizations 501(c)(7) Social and recreational clubs 501(c)(21) Black lung trusts 501(c)(8) Fraternal beneficiary societies 501(c)(25) Holding companies for pensions 501(c)(9) Voluntary employees’ beneficiary societies 501(d) Religious and apostolic organizations 501(e) Cooperative hospital service organizations 501(c)(10) Domestic fraternal beneficiary societies 501(f) Cooperative service orgs of operating educational organizations 501(c)(11) Teachers’ retirement fund 501(c)(12) Benevolent l ife i nsurance a ssociations 521 Farmers’ cooperatives 501(c)(13) Cemetery companies 527 Political organizations 501(c)(14) Credit unions Source: Internal Revenue Service, 1995 9 For example: o The Internal Revenue Service’s Exempt Organization Master File puts the number of 501(c)(3) organizations in Virginia as of 2012 at 40,644. But this listing is rarely purged and may include many defunct organizations. o A more precise picture includes only the organizations that have actually filed the Form 990 that the Internal Revenue Service requires of all non-‐ religious nonprofit organizations with at least $25,000 in expenditures, and the Form 990-‐PF that the IRS requires of all private foundations. These list-‐ ings record 12,679 Virginia nonprofit 501(c)(3) organizations as of 2010, of which 1,842 are private foundations. o Yet a third picture of the scope of the nonprofit universe in Virginia is available from the employment data compiled by the Virginia Employment Commission in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics (the QCEW data set). This body of data, which covers all nonprofits with at least 4 employees, identifies just 5,294 nonprofit 501(c)(3) organizations in Virginia. Number of nonpro ĮƚƐ ŝŶ sŝƌŐŝŶŝĂ͕ ďLJ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ EOMF (2012) 40,644 organizations IRS 990 flyers (2010) 12,679 organizations QCEW (2011) 5,294 organizations Sources: EOMF – Internal Revenue Service, Exempt Organization Master File; 990 – National Center for Charitable Statis-‐ tics, based on IRS Form 990 data; QCEW – Covered Wage and Employment Program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, tabu-‐
notes
lations provided in cooperation with the Johns Hopkins Nonpro
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66 | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
10
This volunteer figure is slightly lower than the figure reported in our previous report based on 2005 data (130,073 vs. 139,000) because the average
number of hours volunteered dropped from 41.7 to 36.6 hours over this six-‐year period. Interestingly, the total number of volunteers was actually greater in 2011 than in 2005 (1,783,482 vs. 1,729,247). 11 There are numerous reasons why governments might prefer for-‐profit providers, including the strong political connections between government offi-‐ cials and for-‐profit leaders reinforced through campaign contributions, the higher wage rates paid by nonprofits in some fields, and nonprofits’ unwil-‐ lingness to cut corners (for example, by “cherry-‐picking” clients), which results in higher overall service costs.
12
While billions of recovery fund dollars were directed to human service fields, arts and culture organizations received just $50 million. For further de-‐ tails on the availability of stimulus funds by field, see the National Council of Nonprofits' Economic Stimulus & Recovery Special Report, Number 1 (2009). [councilofnonprofits.org/sites/default/files/Special%20Report%201%20-‐%20Overview%20%28Feb%2023%20FINAL%29.pdf]
13
This estimation is based on the comparison of total wages of the tax exempt entities identified in QCEW ($11,048 million in 2010) and total compensa-‐ tion of employees reported by the IRS Form 990 filers ($11,425 million). The difference between these two figures, $377 million (3% of wages re-‐ ported in Form 990), can be interpreted as a rough estimate of the maximum under-‐reporting of employment due to differences in coverage be-‐ tween these two data sources. In reality, that error is likely to be smaller, because the Form 990 definition of compensation is somewhat broader than that used in QCEW reports.
14
The volunteering rate is calculated by dividing the number of volunteers by the total adult population. The number of FTE volunteers is calculated by dividing the total number of volunteer hours in the population by the average annual number of hours worked in a full-‐time job (1,758).
15
The bulk of these jobs were lost in the hospital field between 2004 and 2006. This reduction in hospital employment had a significant impact on the scale of the nonprofit sector: the nonprofit share of private employment in the Danville region declined by more than half, from 8.3 to 4.0 percent, over that 2-‐year period.
Virginia's nonprofit sector: SHAPING THE ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE | Nonprofit Economic Data Bulletin #41 | 67
The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies The  Johns  Hopkins  Center  for  Civil  Society  Studies  seeks  to  improve  WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG WKH HIIHFWLYH IXQFWLRQLQJ RI QRW IRU SUR¿W SKLODQWKURSLF RU ³FLYLO VRFLHW\´ RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV and  throughout  the  world  in  order  to  enhance  the  contribution  these  RUJDQL]DWLRQV FDQ PDNH WR GHPRFUDF\ DQG WKH TXDOLW\ RI KXPDQ OLIH 7KH &HQWHU LV SDUW RI WKH -RKQV +RSNLQV ,QVWLWXWH IRU 3ROLF\ 6WXGLHV DQG FDUULHV out  its  work  through  a  combination  of  research,  training,  and  information  sharing  both  domestically  and  internationally.
The Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Ecnomic Data Project 1RQSUR¿W RUJDQL]DWLRQV DUH IDFLQJ LQFUHDVHG SUHVVXUHV LQ VWDWHV DQG ORFDOLWLHV WKURXJKRXW WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV EXW WKH QRQSUR¿W VHFWRUœV DELOLW\ to  respond  to  these  pressures  has  been  limited  by  a  lack  of  timely  information  about  how  prevailing  economic  realities  are  affecting  the  VHFWRU 7KH -RKQV +RSNLQV 1RQSUR¿W (FRQRPLF 'DWD 3URMHFW LV KHOSLQJ WR WDFNOH WKLV SUREOHP E\ FKDUWLQJ HFRQRPLF WUHQGV LQ WKH QRQSUR¿W VHFWRU LQFOXGLQJ KRZ HPSOR\PHQW ZDJHV DQG ¿QDQFHV KDYH FKDQJHG RYHU WLPH DQG LQ UHODWLRQ WR RWKHU LQGXVWULHV 0RUHRYHU WKH SURMHFW LV DEOH WR DQDO\]H these  data  at  the  national,  regional,  state,  and  local  level,  and  to  focus  on  particular  subsectors,  such  as  nursing  homes,  hospitals,  home  health  centers,  education,  social  services,  and  the  arts.
The Community Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia For  more  than  40  years,  The  Community  Foundation  (TCF)  has  connected  the  generosity  of  donors  with  community  needs  by  making  JUDQWV WR RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZRUNLQJ WR LPSURYH PHWUR 5LFKPRQG :LWK DVVHWV of  over  $748  million,  TCF  has  given  more  than  $600  million  grants  since  1968.  From  after  school  enrichment  for  students  to  assisting  local  art  programs,  from  expanding  affordable  housing  options  to  offering  support  for  those  affected  by  violence,  TCF  continues  to  enhance  our  region.
Virginia Commonwealth Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs The  mission  of  the  Wilder  School  is  to  generate  knowledge  and  educate  undergraduate  and  graduate  students  in  the  theoretical  and  methodological  approaches  used  to  improve  public  policy,  as  well  as  to  train  and  provide  consultation  to  community  members.  We  prepare  our  students  for  future  careers  â&#x20AC;&#x201C;  and  community  members  for  excellence  in  leadership  â&#x20AC;&#x201C;  in  public  service,  academic  and  professional  settings.  Our  IDFXOW\ FRQWULEXWH WR WKHLU DFDGHPLF ÂżHOGV WKURXJK VFKRODUO\ UHVHDUFK DQG community  service,  involving  and  engaging  students  to  enhance  their  learning  experiences.
We would like to thank the following funding partners:
Other sponsors include: ACT for Alexandria The Cameron Foundation The Community Foundation of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County The Community Foundation of the Rappahannock River Region Foundation for Roanoke Valley Loudoun County Chamber of Commerce 7KH 1RQSURĂ&#x20AC;W 5RXQGWDEOH RI *UHDWHU :DVKLQJWRQ Piedmont Community Foundation
Photo credits. Cover: Richmond Ballet, www.richmondballet.com Back: Chesapeake Bay Foundation, www.cbf.org; Danville Science Center, www.dsc.smv.org; Barter Theatre (Abingdon), www.bartertheatre.com; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, www.history.org
Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies 3400 North Charles Street Wyman Building, 5th Floor Baltimore, MD 21218-2688, USA Phone: 410.516.4327 Email: sgeller@jhu.edu Website: www.ccss.jhu.edu
The Community Foundation 7501 Boulders View Drive, Suite 110 Richmond, VA 23225 Phone: 804.330.7400 Fax: 804.330.5992 Email: krussell@tcfrichmond.org Website: www.tcfrichmond.org
Virginia Commonwealth University L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs 921 West Franklin Street, Room 102 P.O. Box 842028 Richmond, VA 23284-2028 Phone: 804.827.2164 Email: nbstutts@vcu.edu Website: www.wilder.vcu.edu