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healthy populations to sustainable development are undeniable. The International Conference recognized the centrality of sexual and reproductive health and rights to health and development. Sexual and reproductive health and rights spans the lives of both women and men, offering individuals and couples the right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexual and reproductive health, and to do so free from violence and coercion. Sexual and reproductive health and rights are essential for all people, particularly women and girls, to achieve dignity and to contribute to the enrichment and growth of society, to innovation and to sustainable development. Between 1990 and 2010, the global health burden shifted towards non-communicable diseases and injuries, including those due to ageing. At the same time, communicable, maternal, nutritional and neonatal disorders, many of which are preventable, have persisted in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Despite aggregate gains in sexual and reproductive health indicators, marked disparities persist across and within countries, further highlighting the persistent inequalities inherent in a development model that continues to leave many behind. The achievement of universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights will depend on strengthening health systems by expanding their reach and comprehensiveness in a holistic manner. 25. Place and mobility. Place and mobility encompasses the social and spatial environments that we live in and move between. The importance of place and mobility as a thematic pillar resides in linking the large-scale trends and dynamics of population — household formation and composition, internal mobility and urbanization, international migration and land and displacement — to the achievement of both individual dignity and well-being and sustainable development. Section IV of the present report reviews the changing social and spatial distributions of the human population since 1994 and puts forward approaches to integrating these changes into public policies so they can support the human needs for a safe and secure place to live and for mobility. It also highlights the need to ensure dignity and human rights for those whose security of tenure and freedom of movement are threatened. 26. Governance and accountability. Governance and accountability is the primary means of achieving these goals. The world has seen important shifts in the diffusion of authority and leadership since 1994, with a growing multiplicity of national, municipal, civil society, private sector and other non-State actors. The International Conference generated momentum at the national level for the creation and renewal of institutions to address population dynamics, sustainable development, sexual and reproductive health, the needs of adolescents and youth, and gender equality. The past 20 years have also seen a measureable increase in the formal participation of intended beneficiaries in the planning and evaluation of population- and development-related investments and in the elaboration of common indicators to measure development. As the world reappraises goals for the future, progress in participation is at the core, along with the generation and use of knowledge, adequate resources and cooperation, and the critical and continuing need for global leadership to implement population and development beyond 2014. International human rights protection systems have gained in authority, jurisdiction and monitoring power, and the formal participation of civil society as a political force has grown measurably since 1994, yielding important shifts in rights-based investments. Yet the political power of private wealth has never been more promising, nor more threatening, to global development, demanding more representative, public-sector, accountable global leadership.
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