East Africa Field Study by Stefan Sauter

TRAVEL JOURNAL SUMMER 2017 EAST AFRICAN FIELD STUDY

Dates: July 14th – July 22nd, 2017 Participants : Dr. Niklas Maak, Stefan Sauter (GSD)

INDEX 1. HABITUATION Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

a. Wildlife Conservation

b. Tourism

c. Socioeconomic Development

i. Population Growth: What Africa will look like in 2100 ii. Water: Scarcity and Iniciatives iii. Education: Lack of proper facilities, learning materials and educators iv. Land Ownership: Refugees and Chinese Settlers d. Mythologies 2. COUNTRYSIDE ESCAPADES / OASIS Kigali and Gisenyi, Rwanda

a. Countryside Politics

b. Energy and Infrastructure

c. Transport

3. INFRASTRUCTURE + TECH + SEXUAL ORIENTATION/GENDER IDENTITY Nairobi, Kenya

a. SGR Railway

b. Countryside Politics

c. Afro-tech (Mobius Motors + Ghana Satellite + East African Data Centre)

d. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Invisible Stories from Kenya’s Queer Community

e. Railroad Town Case Study (Voi)

4. GLOSSARY

5. ADDITIONAL NOTES

SUDAN CONGO

Lake Turkana

ETHIOPIA

Murchison Falls NP

Lake Albert

Virunga NP

Kampala

Lake Edward 1

Bwindi INP

Gisenyi

Kabale Kigali

Lake Kivu

KENYA

UGANDA

3 Lake Victoria

Masai Mara GR

Nairobi Tsavo East NP

RWANDA Bujumbura

Kilimanjaro Serengeti NP

BURUNDI

Voi

Ngorongoro CA

Mombasa

Tarangire NP

Tsavo West NP

TANZANIA

Lake Tanganyika

Zanzibar

Katavi GR

Dar es Salaam

Lake Rukwa

Mikumi NP

Indian Ocean

ZAMBIA

Lake Nyasa Airplane

Capital City

Train

Village

Automobile

National Park Lake

Part 1 [ HABITUATION ] Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP)1 - Ruhijah, Uganda a. Wildlife Conservation

HABITUATED GORILLA GROUPS BUFFER ZONE

NKURINGO

Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Park Ranger Geoffrey (UWA)2 • The habituated Nkuringo gorilla group at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) is one the main HuGo (Human-Gorilla) conflict sites in the region since the group spends 60% of its time outside of the park in community lands. • In 2002, the WWF3 through the International Gorilla Conservation Fund (IGCN) funded the creation of spatial measures such as a buffer zone (30km x 350mts) after a non-lethal contagion incident threatened the group. • The Buffer Zone was created on three principles: (1) problem animal management, (2) improvement local people’s livelihood and (3) of course, conservation. • The buffer zone served as an experimentation opportunity to test deterrent strategies. Initial efforts using smelly (Artemisia - Artemisia alba), unpalatable (Lemongrass - Cymbopogon citratus), and thorny (Mauritius Thorn hedge - Biancaea decapetala) plants proved to be unsuccessful. • It was only with the plantation of tea that the objectives were met. Tea is a buffer crop because no animal feeds on it. At the same time, 450 people were employed on the buffer zone, and the promise of a government funded tea factory could create more jobs. • The commonplace notion is that poachers hunt for gorillas but this is not the case. Around BINP, villagers have the highest regard for gorillas. Even in the past, hunters would only kill gorillas accidentally, and in self-defense. 1 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) is located in southwestern Uganda and is habitat to more than half the world’s population of Mountain Gorillas (320). Since its establishment as a national park since 1992 it has been managed by the Ugandan Wildlife Authority (UWA) with the support of international conservation agencies such as MPI-EVA, and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to habituate certain groups of Mountain Gorillas for tourism and research purposes. (http:// www.bwindiforestnationalpark.com) 2 Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) is one of the governing bodies that regulate wildlife conservation in Uganda. The organization manages ten national parks, twelve wildlife reserves, and fourteen wildlife sanctuaries. 3 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of humanity’s footprint on the environment. It is the world’s largest conservation organization with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects.

Spring 2017 Rotterdam Study Abroad - Animal Intelligence by Yan Ma (GSD) and Stefan Sauter (GSD) • During the spring semester, Dr. Robbin’s research at BINP was studied bibliographically to understand the effects of habituation to human appearances on mountain gorillas for to conservation efforts, in response to the need of protection and self-sustaining ecotourism. • Habituation of mountain gorillas has created this category to describe wildlife that is neither wild nor tame. • Through this wildlife management technique, valuable scientific findings and socioeconomic development of village communities in the surroundings of the park has been made possible. • Simultaneously, it has also brought forth unexpected economic damages to local communities due to crop-raiding by “problem animals” and to endangered gorilla populations due to deadly transmission of human diseases. Next Steps: Find about the explorer who discovered Mountain Gorillas in 1902 who killed one to take to the Museum of Natural History in New York repented for it later in his life.

b. Tourism Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Tour Guide Dennis (find last name) (RCGTDA1) and Dr. Martha Robbins (MPI-EVA2 ) • Quote by TG Dennis: “For many village people, gorillas were considered useless. The forest, at that time was a reserve and people were just lumbering, collecting food… until Tompkins (verify with Martha if it was Douglas Tompkins) came.” • Gorilla Lodges such as the Gorilla Mist Camp channel the influx of foreign tourists into the national park for gorilla tracking. • The lodges cater to Western fantasies of untouched nature and endemic megafauna, made evident through the display of various caricature sculptures of gorillas in the park surroundings. • Quote by Gorilla Tracking Tour Guide (Find name):”The Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is very important for the economy of Uganda. (1) The hills of BINP direct the forest rivers into water catching basins. (2) It provides employment and business training. (3) It is a source of foreign income whereby, Uganda can provide social services (medical services, electrification, and improvement of the road network) to its people.” • A community owned campsite employing eleven people earned US$70,628 in 2004 (http://wwf. panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/species_programme/species_people/ our_solutions/binp_uganda/), however, finding ways to distribute foreign income fairly across the community remains one of the key objectives of the Ruhijah Community Gorilla Tourism Development Association. • Through Habituation, tour guides can 100% guarantee that they will see gorillas on their visit.

1 Ruhijah Community Gorilla Tourism Development Association (RCGTDA) is an organization made up of community members, which offers long nature walks and village walks along the surrounding hills, to meet the inhabitants in their homestead, see the nursery school, the traditional healer and the blacksmith, meeting the storyteller. Destination Jungle supports the Ruhjija Association to help sensitizing the people about respecting the forest environment, opportunities for new incomes from eco-tourism through guiding and it links gorilla conservation to social benefits. 2 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA) is a Leipzig based firm whose aim is to investigate the history of humankind from an interdisciplinary perspective with the help of comparative analyses of genes, cultures, cognitive abilities, languages and social systems of past and present human populations as well as those of primates closely related to human beings. Following an interview in March, 2017 at the institute with Dr. Martha Robbins and her research associate Nicole Seiler in Leipzig to inquire about social learning in Mountain Gorillas, we joined Dr. Robbins at the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda to document the institute’s involvement in this site. (http://www.eva.mpg. de/index.html)

Spring 2017 Rotterdam Study Abroad - Animal Intelligence by Yan Ma (GSD) and Stefan Sauter (GSD) • Ape-tourism is an ‘easy-sell’ to almost anyone (politicians, donors, conservationists) as it is an emotionally appealing, high-profile activity which can generate substantial revenue ($600 per tracking permit), and as one that appears to nicely bridge the gap between conservation and economic and social development objectives. • Gorilla tourism was set up in Rwanda through habituation (against Dian Fossey1’s will) in the late 1970s at the Virgunga mastiff. The same procedure was followed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda. There are five current gorilla tourism programs, all located within a small region of the Western Rift Valley in Central Africa. • Mountain gorillas and tourism are inextricably linked. Arguably, neither has a future without the other. Reconciling the demand for tourist dollars with the needs of the gorillas is a delicate balancing act. As a result, there is a growing number of mountain gorillas being habituated due to the conservation effort and the taking off of ecotourism during the 1980s. Approximately 48% of the Bwindi population is habituated, which is modeled after the 73% in the Virunga Massif.

1 Dian Fossey (1932 – 1985) was an American zoologist, primatologist, and anthropologist who undertook an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the mountain forests of Rwanda, initially encouraged to work there by anthropologist Louis Leakey. Fossey strongly opposed wildlife tourism, as gorillas are very susceptible to human anthroponotic diseases like influenza for which they have no immunity. Fossey reported several cases in which gorillas died because of diseases spread by tourists. She also viewed tourism as an interference into their natural wild behavior.

c. Socioeconomic Development i. Population Growth: What Africa will look like in 2100 Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Tour Guide Dennis (find last name) (RCGTDA) and Dr. Martha Robbins (MPI-EVA) • Average of 5 children per household. • Taboo about contraception and HIV prevention. How many children you have is part of a sense of identity. An account by Dr. Robbins reveals that a husband considers getting a vasectomy and not tell his wife. • In Uganda and Kenya, reproduction is encouraged by the government under the argument that they need a large workforce. • In Rwanda, the message is that 2 or 3 kids is enough because lack of space. • Quote from Ugandan driver James (find last name): “You can suffer a lot if you have many children.” • Message in Park Information Sign: AIDS KILLS. ABSTAIN, BE FAITHFUL, OR USE A CONDOM Spring 2017 Rotterdam Study Abroad - Animal Intelligence by Yan Ma (GSD) and Stefan Sauter (GSD) • Due to human population increases in Sub-Saharan Africa, many species have experienced massive contractions of their populations and geographic ranges. The Bwindi park is surrounded by one of the highest rural population densities (more than 300 people per km²) worldwide.

UN POPULATION MAP

ii. Water: Scarcity and Iniciatives Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Tour Guide Dennis (find last name) (RCGTDA) and Dr. Martha Robbins (MPI-EVA) • Swarovski1 is involved in a big water initiative (limited to one side of the National Park). • Quote by Dennis: “The main thing that is helping in this community is the school tanks.” • Reduced rainfall has affected potato harvest yields for the last 3 years, which in a good year could produce surplus seeds that can be sold in Rwandan markets for additional income. At present, with the current drought many Ugandan farmers are leasing their land to Rwandans (who use fertilizers) and instead, feeding their families with a maize flower food supplement “posho”(verify) which they can purchase with the rental fees. • Crop raiding by baboons and gorillas has a significant impact on the household economy and thus, vigilant tents are set up to monitor animals.

1 Swarovski is an Austrian producer of crystal headquartered in Wattens, Austria. The company is split into three major industry areas: the Swarovski Crystal Business, that primarily produces crystal jewelry and accessories; Swarovski Optik, which produces optical instruments of high precision such as telescopes and binoculars; Tyrolit, a leading manufacturer of grinding, sawing, drilling, and dressing tools, as well as a supplier of tools and machines.

iii. Education: Lack of proper facilities, learning materials and educators Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak, Education Coordinator Emily (find last name), Tour Guide Dennis (find last name) (RCGTDA) and Dr. Martha Robbins (MPI-EVA) • Quote by Dr. Martha Robbins: “I would say children’s books are almost none existent. People can’t afford it.” • Through the UWA and a Ugandan artist/illustrator, a children’s publication for conservation can be downloaded and printed from the UWA website. • Observation from School visit and conversation with Emily: Texts books are shared and can only be used in the class room. With the collaboration of NGO’s and research institutes (such as Max Planck) some donations of textbooks and water tanks are channeled through schools supported by monthly programs for conservation education. • To become teachers, students must go through a training college for 2 years.

iv. Land Ownership: Refugees and Chinese Settlers Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Cat Hobaiter (PhD Student of Psychology & Neuroscience at University of St. Andrews) • Misindi (verify) District and Joima (verify), and adjacent to each other in Uganda, but Misindi receives more influx of refugees from the north. • In two very similar villages, with very similar demographics and levels of socioeconomic poverty the situation is either that every square inch is used for farming versus flower gardens and painted houses which reveals more connection to the land. • Unless you pay for the whole house in one go, nobody has a mortgage because it’s completely impractical when you have an informal economy. How do you solve not just providing housing at a suitable cost level but the whole structure that goes with that?

d. Mythologies Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak, Stefan Sauter, Dr. Martha Robbins (MPI-EVA), Cat Hobaiter (PhD Student of Psychology & Neuroscience at University of St. Andrews), Dennis (Tour Guide and Ruhijah Community Gorilla Tourism Development Association Leader), Geoffrey, and village storytellers • The general mythology towards gorillas in the village is that they were considered bad luck. • Quote from Dennis: “If hunters that were in Bwindi and they met gorillas, that that was bad luck so they would turn around immediately.” • Quote from village storyteller: “We were told that they were fierce, but they were nice. They don’t immediately attack you. Perhaps, if you try to attack them, they attack you. It was fierce but gentle.” • Quote from village storyteller: “If people had a plot of land, and gorillas tried to pass through that land, it means bad luck. So, if a gorilla passed through your land, you would leave it for some time. Even now.” • Quote from Geoffrey: “Whenever we would encounter gorillas in hunting, that would be a bad omen. Gorillas in the local language around, are called “engage (verify)”, the word means, “go bad”. When food has gone bad, we call “okugaja (verify)”. The smell of gorillas, resembles the smell of bad food.” • Quote from Cat: “The extreme violence theory is that, both male-male violence and sexual violence (in chimpanzees) might be something that was created by human impact and human presence… When you put down a ton of bananas and sugar cane in a field, you make it very rich resource for everybody to compete over and what they saw was the systematic eradication of one group of chimps on another group of chimps in order to incorporate that area into their territory. Human presence almost certainly has an impact on chimp behavior, but lethal aggression is a natural part of chimp behavior.” • Quote from male PhD Researcher: “Primatology is a women’s field.” Spring 2017 Rotterdam Study Abroad - Animal Intelligence by Yan Ma (GSD) and Stefan Sauter (GSD) • Human proximity has modified migration, foraging, avoidance, and reproductive patterns of wild animals that interrupt the human stereotypes of King Kong versus Gentle Giants. • Comparative psychology and neuroscience have proved that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures also possess these substrates, and thus having cognitive abilities to qualify as intelligent. • The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that social learning is more efficient than individual learning, and animals (including humans) appear to rely on it preferentially, which transmits diverse sets of learned skills among the population. • An incident of a dominant silverback being hit by lightning led to group fission. Unexpectedly, there were female choosing for the middle aged better groomer to follow over the young and strong silverback.

Part 2 [ COUNTRYSIDE ESCAPADES / OASIS ] Kigali and Gisenyi, Rwanda a. Countryside Politics Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Observations by Dr. Niklas Maak, and Stefan Sauter during transfer and at the Lake Kivu Serena Hotel1 bar/lobby and the Century Park Hotel and Residences2 • Paul Kagame’s electoral campaign is a large operation witnessed strongly in countryside villages in Rwanda. • Extract from “Until 2034: Rwanda’s eternal president, Paul Kagame” (The Economist): Kagame won praise for transforming Rwanda into one of the world’s fastest growing economies. He has curbed street-level corruption, attracted foreign investment and reduced the county’s poverty levels. He has notched up growth rates of 8% a year since 2000. A shiny $300 million convention center in the capital Kigali epitomizes Kagame’s economic vision for Rwanda. He wants to transform the country into the Singapore of Africa and some economists now talk of the Rwandan miracle. • Kigali Conference Centre, a dome-like construction hope to become a Rwandan landmark for conference tourism. (https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2000132161/rwanda-sconvention-centre-to-become-iconic-landmark) • Extract from “Until 2034: Rwanda’s eternal president, Paul Kagame” (The Economist): In 2015, his party ushered through a constitutional change which could, in theory allow him to remain as president until 2034. And while the 59-year-old leader presides over a seemingly peaceful country, the West seems content. • Paul Collier (Professor of Economics, Oxford University): “Sometimes autocracy works to deliver rapid reductions in mass poverty. Sometime democracy does. Countries are very different. One thing we’ve learned for sure is that democracy is not the universal fix”. • First page of Accelerator magazine sponsored by development board: RWANDA IS OPEN FOR BUSINESS.

1 The Serena Hotel in Lake Kivu (Gisenyi), the sixth largest lake in Africa, is coastal retreat dedicated to luxury tourism. During our stay, the guests we encountered in the lobby and the pool ranged from Chinese engineers, Polish beer makers, Russian methane gas companies, and wealthy Rwandans. This weekend destination serves once again as an indeterminate oasis for international intervention in local affairs. This time, developers and logisticians bargain behind the scenes for the next shiny spatial product or extraction contract. 2 Century Park Hotel and Residences is a Chinese “residential cocoon nestled in one of Kigali’s greenest areas and are neighbored by a lake and a golf course. Tucked away in the pristine and calm hills of Nyarutarama, Kigali’s most esteemed neighbourhood the Century Park Hotel and Residences is 20 minutes from the Central Business District, 15 minutes from Kigali International Airport and 5 minutes from the Kigali Convention Centre. The location is as convenient as it is immaculate.” (Extract from promotional brochure)

b. Energy and Infrastructure Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Observations by Dr. Niklas Maak, and Stefan Sauter during transfer and Lake Kivu Serena Hotel bar/lobby and the Century Park Hotel and Residences • Horizon Construction is Rwanda’s leading local construction company • Lake Kivu’s Great Gas Gamble- KivuWatt, is the country’s first attempt at large-scale gas extraction. (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/536656/lake-kivus-great-gas-gamble/) • Vale-operated (Brazilian company) Moatize coal mine in Mozambique is the fourth biggest coal mine in the world. Export coal via rail to Beira, a Mozambican port. • KITE, a nonprofit Ghanaian organization, to bring artificial light to villages that have no electricity. (Josephine +254 726921527) (https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/lighting-up-thedarkness/) • Urbanism without lights (Yumiko) c. Transport Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Cat Hobaiter (PhD Student of Psychology & Neuroscience at University of St. Andrews) • Quote from Cat: “There’s no motivation. I mean, there were certainly a couple of airlines now that do it but it’s almost more expensive to do it than to go through Amsterdam or something like that. Africa is so large that perhaps, East and West Africa are not a natural trading partner.” • Yapi Merkezi (Turkish Railway Construction Company): Tanzanian Railway to Rwanda: 300 km between Dar es Salaam and Mogoro • Mota-Engil (Portuguese infrastructure Constructure conglomerate)

Part 3 [ INFRASTRUCTURE + TECH + SEXUAL ORIENTATION/GENDER IDENTITY ] Nairobi, Kenya a. SGR Railway Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak, Lorna Kibet (Journalist at The Standard Newspaper1), and Vincent Achuka (Journalist at The Standard Newspaper) • Conversation with Lorna on Phase II of the SGR Railway2: “The Tribunal had given the go ahead for the railway line to pass through the National Park but there were issues with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the NGOs focusing on wildlife leading to a tribunal hearing which stopped the go ahead to construct the railway line. The process is going through a new phase, to evaluate what are the issues about it in passing the Nairobi National Park3.” • After some discussion, KWS the agreed it can pass through the national park if some measures were put in place. These include specific machinery and animal pathways. • Conversation with Vincent on Phase I of the SGR railway: Doubt in technical ability of Kenyan professionals compared to Chinese contractors. What Kenyans participate in is mainly in carrying materials and fixing work. There are no courses in railway construction within Kenyan universities. • Quote by Vincent: “The issue is forcing guys to do things the Chinese way. I think if you have to learn Chinese, even the guys who are running the trains, the Kenyans have to learn Chinese. Even the girls selling the ticket and the hostesses. It’s pretty weird. I don’t see the reason why they should be forced to learn Chinese.” • Quote by Vincent: “If you look at it from a geopolitical perspective, and people have written about this, the Chinese are kind of, trying to establish themselves. People might think its neocolonialism… I don’t know about that. So they want to exert their presence and part of it, is forcing people to learn Mandarin. I think there are three Universities that have Chinese centers.” • The benefit of the railway line on rural villages, (if any) was when the railway was being built due to the influx of 20,000 or 30,000 workers migrants that could boost the local community during construction. Now that the railway is built the towns will suffer as there will less cargo trucks to service along the way. • Quote by Vincent: “The government is trying to kind of, force this thing because the cost of transporting reduce to a maximum of 50,000 Shillings from 100,000 Shillings.” • There are around 18 or 20 animal corridors along the line • Quote by Vincent: “The main challenge will be in the second phase of the train passing through Nairobi National Park.” • Kenya’s Asian community has been officially recognized as the country’s 44th tribe. (http:// www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p059pppg?ocid=socialflow_facebook) • Manifest Destiny of Chinese agrarians who find in Africa a land of untapped opportunity (China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants Are Building a New Empire in Africa by Howard W. French) • Jack Ma (CEO of the Alibaba Group, a Chinese online business consortium) lectured at the University of Nairobi (in a Chinese donated building) speaking about leadership and innovation

1 The Standard is one of the largest newspapers in Kenya with a 30% market share. It is the oldest newspaper in the

country and is owned by The Standard Group, which also runs the Kenya Television Network (KTN), Radio Maisha, the County Weekly (a bi-weekly county-focused newspaper) and Standard Digital World which is its online platform. 2 Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) is a standard gauge railway opened in May, 2017 that connects the port city of Mombasa to Kenya’s capital city Nairobi. The railway replaces the parallel metre-gauge railway that was originally built by the British in the 19th century. Under the East African Railway Master Plan, the Mombasa–Nairobi SGR will link up with other standard gauge railways that are being built in East Africa. Construction is already under way on Phase II of the Kenya SGR, which will extend the railway to the Uganda border by 2021. The prime contractor on the railway was the China Road and Bridge Corporation. The project is estimated to cost US$3.6 billion, with 90% supplied by a loan from the Exim Bank of China and 10% coming from the Kenyan government. The China Communications Construction Company Limited will be operating the railway for the first five years. 3 Nairobi National Park is a national park in Kenya. Established in 1946, the national park was Kenya’s first.It is located approximately 7 kilometres south of the centre of Nairobi, with an electric fence separating the park’s wildlife from the metropolis. Nairobi’s skyscrapers can be seen from the park. The proximity of urban and natural environments has caused conflicts between the animals and local people and threatens animals’ migration routes.

b. Countryside Poltics Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Observations on field by Dr. Niklas Maak and Stefan Sauter • The early opening of the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) was an important priority for President Uhuru Kenyatta’s electoral campaign. The President brands himself as the “digital president” (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21544245) • Proximity To Power is an exhibition (at the Goethe Institut1) that looks at the Kenyan voting patterns and how Kenyans have repeatedly let the ruling class chaperone them into ethnic enclaves with politicians cutting deals on the account of their ethnic populace. (https://www.goethe.de/ins/ke/ en/ver.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&event_id=21014525)

c. Afro-tech (Mobius Motors + Ghana Satellite + East African Data Center) Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and XXXXXXXXXXXXX • Mobius Motors2 by Kenyans for Kenyans. President Uhuru Kenyatta drives one of the second models. In October 2014, Mobius launched the Mobius II which retailed at KES 950,000 (US$10,600). This price made it the lowest priced new vehicle in Kenya. • Ghana has successfully launched its first satellite into space GhanaSat-1, which was developed by students at All Nations University in Koforidua with the support of Space X and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and launched by the Kennedy Space Center. (http:// www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40538471) • East Africa Data Center (https://eastafricadatacentre.com/)

1 Goethe-Institut is a non-profit German cultural association operational worldwide with 159 institutes, promoting the study of the German language abroad and encouraging international cultural exchange and relations. Dr. Niklas Maak met with the Director of Goethe-Institut Kenya Dr. Nina Wichmann to discuss the institute’s cultural agenda in the country. 2 Mobius Motors is an automaker based in Nairobi, Kenya that designs, manufactures and sells highly durable, highly affordable vehicles in Kenya for Africa’s mass market. Mobius is reimagining the car; designing their vehicles around common road terrain, transport usage and consumer income profiles across the region.

d. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Invisible Stories from Kenya’s Queer Community Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Dr. Nina Wichmann (Director of Goethe-Institut Kenya) • • • • • •

Abien Arts Center Villa Rosa (Obama’s Hotel) Hannah O’Leary (Sotheby’s African Art) Circle Art Agency Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Artists: Anne Kansime, Daliso Chaponda, Daniel Ndambuki, Wanchengi Mutu, Michael Soi, Paul Onditi, James Muriuku, Peterson Kamwathi, Ato Malinda, El Anatsui, Meschac Gaba, Leonce Raphael Agbodjelou, Peju Alatise, Anjelique Kidjo

e. Railroad Town Case Study (Voi) (Pending transcript) Summer 2017 East Africa Field Study – Conversation by Dr. Niklas Maak and Adnan Mwakulomba (Director of University of Nairobi Department of Architecture and Building Science1)

1 University of Nairobi Department of Architecture and Building Science was founded in 1956, the Department of Architecture was at first the only Department of the Faculty of Architecture. Professor R. Buckminster Fuller, then a Research Professor in the Department of Design Research and Development of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Southern Illinois, visited the College for two days, 18th and 19th February 1964, on a world itinerary of visits and lectures to Schools of Design and Architecture.

4. Glossary

Contagion: Disease transmission by direct or indirect contact Deterrent: To turn aside, discourage, or prevent from acting Gorilla lodges: Accommodation services in the surroundings of national parks for middle and upper-class tourists who visit the area for gorilla tracking. In their majority, these typical African safari camps are privately operated and locally owned.

5. ADDITIONAL NOTES

Infrastructure • • • • • •

Logistics hub to be developed in Gulu Uganda to serve South Sudan and Congo Real estate development in Kenya contact (George gmwangi@nomic.co.ke) Eg Architects, Bowman Architects, Zwicky Largest tower in Nairobi Avic Tower (By Chinese) EKLON construction Safaricom (Main urban internet provider)

Extraction • Gabon: Chinese interest in supporting park. 10 years scanning for oil (dynamite sounding). Built roat to town of 3000 people (literally road to nowhere) • Wulfrum Mine Climate Change • Just Dig It earth cooling project (Kenya) justdigit.com Food Azania Food Company (Grains) Tech • Babyl.rw (Medical Consultations Online) • Flutterwave (Payments) Animals Animals in park (galago, elephants, djaker, chimps, golden cat, jackls, serviles, black and white colobus) Jordi Galbany (Scanning Gorilla bones for deep history – jordigalbany@gmail.com) Rosa Garriga (Jane Goodall Spain) Pending Information Mayor of Voi Professor of University of Nairobi Kenya Railways Contact China Communications Office