Ursalem Yatra Vivaranam by samji samuel

Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-c-Ww (aebm-fØ nse e£-Ws - am-Ø BZy bm{Xm-hn-hc - W - w)

am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv (aebmfw)

Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-c-Ww (bm{Xm-hn-hcWw)

am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv

tkm^nbm _pIvkv tIm´bw

]T\w Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ {]q^v hmb\

: ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬ : Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv : tPmbvkv tXm´-b° v mSv

H∂mw ]Xn∏v c≠mw ]Xn∏v {]Ya tkm^nbm ]Xn∏v {]Ya sh_v FUo-j≥

: : : :



: Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv

tIm∏nIƒ {]km[I¿

: 1000 : tkm^nbm _pIvkv, BkmZv sebv≥, tIm´bw ˛ 686 001 : tkm^nbm {]n‚ v lukv, tIm´bw

Un.‰n.]n. & {]n‚nwKv

1895 I¿°-SIw (Pqsse ˛ HmK-Ãv) 1895 \hw-_¿ 2002 G{]n¬ 2005 HIvtSm-_¿

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-cW - w am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ae¶-c, \ncWw apX-emb ]≈n-If - psS \n. h. Zn. {io.

Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ NmØp-cpØn aØmbnbpsSbpw adn-bm-Ω-bp-sSbpw Cf-b-]p-{X-\mbn 1848 Pq¨ 15 \v P\n®p.

am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠p

1895 ¬ hnip≤ ÿe-ßsf kµ¿in®

1857 sk]v‰w-_¿ 26 \v tImdqtbm Bbn. 1865 ¬ Iio-im-bpw tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏mbpw. 1872 G{]n¬ 7 \v dºm≥. 1876 Unkw-_¿ 10 \v ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbmbn hmgn-®p. \ncWw, Xpºa¨, sIm√w `{Zmk-\-ß-fpsS sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm.

hnh-cØ n\p Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈

Ubdn CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p

1895 ¬ Du¿t«-an-te°v Xo¿∞m-S\w \S-Øn (1895 P\p-hcn 28 \v Xn¶-fmgvN bm{X Xncn-®v Pq¨ 6 \v ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn). Du¿t«-w Xo¿∞m-S\sØ°p-dn®v Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw cNn®v 1895 Pqssebn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

(1895) 1902 \hw-_¿ 3 \v Xn¶-fmgvN shfp-∏n\v Hcp- a-Wn°v Imew sNbvXp. 1902 \hw_¿ 4 \v sNm∆mgvN ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S°n.

MAR THOMAS PRESS KOTTAYAM

(1895 se H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ Ih¿ t]Pv)

kmaqly ]cnjv°¿Øm-hv, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-I≥, ZfnXv hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hntam-N-I≥, A\p-Kr-loX {]`m-j-I≥, AP-]m-e-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ Xnf-°-am¿∂ hy‡nXzw. 1947 \hw-_¿ 2 \v ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k` Ct±-lsØ ]cnip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw' F∂ hnti-j-W-tØmsS 1996 ¬ ]{X-{]h¿Ø-I-\mb t]mƒ aW-en¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. Id‚ v _pIvkv hnX-cWw sNbvX B "iXm_vZn ]Xn∏v' kwhm-Z-ßƒ°pw \ncq-]-W-ßƒ°pw thZn-sbm-cp-°n.

hmMvapJw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m\w ]cnip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ {KotKmdn-tbmkv (1848- ˛ 1902) Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ P\n®p. Xncp-h-√mbv°p kao]w ]cp-ae skan-\mcn tI{µ-am°n ae-¶-c-k`sb \bn®p. tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ln-I -˛ -kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ˛ -a-X- cw-K-ß-fn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n∂ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p At±l-Øn-t‚Xv. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°pw Koh-dpKokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv t\XrXzw \¬In. kaq-l-Øn¬ ASn-®-a¿Øs∏´ ZfnXv hn`m-K-Øns‚ ka-{K-amb apt∂-‰-Øn-\mbn hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n. kmaq-lnI B≤ym-flnI cwKØv Ne-\m-fl-I-amb ]e {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ°pw At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. tIc-f-N-cn{X-Ønepw ae-bm-fKZy-Ønepw Db¿∂ ÿm\w e`n-t°≠ hy‡n- X z- w ]cp- a e Xncp- t a\n°p≠v . ae- b m- f - Ø nse e£- W - s amØ BZysØ k©mckmln-Xy- IrXnbmb "Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw' aebmf -km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°v A\-iz-c-amb ÿm\w Dd∏n°p∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse KZy-amXr-I-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu IrXn Hcp A£bJ\n-bm-Ip-∂p. `mjm Kth-j-I\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\p-amb tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈nbmWv Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-aqeyw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv. ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-Ww, {]`m-jWw, CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ, kzImcy IØpIƒ F∂nh t{ImUo-I-cn®v tUm. Nµ-\-∏≈n 1980 ¬ ]hn-{X-c-N-\-Iƒ F∂ {KŸw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. "Du¿t«w- bm{Xm hnh-c-W'Øn\v k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep≈ al-\ob ÿm\w Db¿Øn-°m-´p-hm≥ tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏-≈n°p Ign™p. ]t£ A°m-Z-anIv Xe-Øn¬ t]mepw Imcy-amb Ne-\-sam∂pw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ {iaßƒ°v km[n-®n-√. tUm. kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sns\ t]mse-bp≈ GXm\pw t]scm-gnsI kmlnXy ˛ Kth-jI ˛ \ncq-]-I-hrµw Cu IrXnsb I≠n√ F∂p \Sn-®p. "I≠-h¿' Xs∂ hmbn®p t\m°p-hm≥ an\-s°-SmsX A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ FgpXn. Cu ]cn-Xÿ n-Xn-bn-emWv Cu IrXnsb "ae-bm-fØ - n¬ A®-Sn® BZysØ

1895 -˛¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv kz¥w t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® IrXn-bmWv Du¿t«w- bm{Xm hnh-c-Ww. AXn\p B h¿jw Xs∂ c≠mw ]Xn∏v D≠mbn. 1902 -˛\v tijw hnhn[ {]km-[-I¿ \nc-h[n {]mhniyw Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cßs\ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ ]Xn-∏p-I-fnse `mj-bn¬, {]km-[-Icpw {] p-Imcpw \nc-h[n am‰-ßƒ Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw hcp-Øn. CØ-c-Øn¬ `mjm tZmjw kw`-hn® Hcp ]Xn-∏n¬ \n∂mWv (am-tc´v tXmakv dºm≥ 1952 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv) tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-Ww ae-bmf KZy-Øn\p ka¿∏n-®-Xv. tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n Ah-ew-_-am-°nb ]Xn-∏n-ep-≈Xn-t\-°mƒ \nc-h[n sX‰p-Iƒ At±lw kam-l-cn® ]Xn-∏nepw h∂p. Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ A≤ym-b- hn-`-P-\tam D]-io¿j-I-ßtfm C√. Jfin-I-Ifmbn Xncn-®p≈ {]Xn-]m-Z-\-amWv ]cpae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb\m kuI-cy-Øns‚ t]cn¬ tUm. kmap- h ¬ Nµ- \ - ∏ ≈n Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn- h - c - W Øn\v A≤ymb-ßfpw D]-io¿j-I-ßfpw \¬In. Cu ]Xn-∏mWv a[pc Ima-cmPv k¿∆-Ie - m-im-eb - nepw tIm´bw alm-flm-Km‘n k¿∆-Ie - m-im-eb - nepw Fw.F. bv°v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-am-bXv. ]e Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS t]cn¬ Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®tXmsS ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv A®-Sn®p {]kn-≤o-Icn® Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-cWØns‚ aqe-IrXn ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ hnkvar-Xam-bn. Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWØns‚ iXm_vZnbmb-t∏mƒ (1996) ]pkvX-IØns‚ t]cn\p t]mepw am‰w h∂p; "]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Du¿t«w bm{Xmhn-h-cWw.' AXpw FUn-‰-dpsS t]c-nemWv Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-ambn \mep- ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂-Xv! ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°v th≠{X {]m[m\yw C∂pw e`y-am-bn-´n-√. F¥n\v, k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ t]mepw ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta\n-bpsS Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿iw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-´n-√. ]cp- a - e - Xn- c p- t a- \ n- b psS Pohn- X hpw kw`m- h - \ - I fpw tIc- f - Ø ns‚ kmaqlnI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ae-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hnh-c-W-Øns‚ ÿm\w ]p\¿\n¿Æbw sNøphm\p≈ {ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬, C∂v e`y-amb Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWØnse `mj-sb°p-dn®p Rm≥ D∂-bn® Nne kwi-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ aqe-IrXn Is≠Sp°p-hm-\p≈ {iaw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ aqe-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

IrXn At\z-jn®v hnhn[ {KŸ-∏p-c-Ifpw skan-\m-cn-Ifpw Rßƒ Ib-dnbn-d-ßn. HSp-hn¬ C¥ybnse G‰hpw Aaq-ey kpdn-bm\n {KŸ-∏p-c-bmb ]mºm°pSbnse tIm\m´p \n∂pw, 1895 ¬ tIm´bw am¿tØm-akv {] n¬ A®-Sn® Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWØns‚ aqe-IrXn ^m. tUm. tPm¨kv G{_-lmw tIm\m´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS k`m-N-cn{X Kth-j-I-\mb Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv Is≠Øn. aqe-Ir-Xnbv°v hni-Z-amb ASn-°p-dn-∏p-I-tfmsS At±lw AXns‚ ]I¿∏v tkm^nbm _pIvkn\p ssIam-dn. Cu Ipdn-∏pIƒ Xømdm-°p-∂-Xn\v h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-∏p-g-bpsS hne-tb-dnb klmbhpw At±-l-Øn\v e`y-am-bn-´p≠v. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkv°m-cnI ]›m-Ø-e-sØbpw cN\m Ime-L-´-sØbpw ASn-ÿm-\am°n Cu IrXn°v Hcp ]T\w Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm´n¬ BWv. ka-{K-amb Hcp ]T\w F∂ \ne-bn-e√ Hcp \ho\ ]p\¿ hmb\m coXn-bn-emWv teJ\w {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿ \mep t]tcmSp-ap≈ AssI-X-h-amb \µn ae-bmf `mj-bpsS t]cn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

D≈-S°w hmMvapJw Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m\w

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ aqe-Ir-Xn-bnset∏mse Cu ]Xn-∏nepw A≤ym-b-hn-`-P-\tam D]-io¿j-I-ßtfm C√. hmN-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse hm°pIƒ XΩn-ep≈ AI-ehpw a‰pw aqe-Ir-Xn-bnset∏mse Xs∂ Cu ]Xn∏nepw \ne-\n¿Øphm≥ ]c-am-h[n {ian-®n-´p≠v. aqe-IrXn-bnte-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ {KŸ-Im-cs‚ t]cv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv Koh¿Kokv F∂v Cu ]p\x{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Ønepw sImSpØncn°p∂p. {]Ya ]Xn-∏nse ip≤-]-{Xhpw AtX-]Sn Cu ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse ae-bmf A°-ßƒ kuI-cym¿∞w Cw•ojv A°-ß-fn-te°v am‰n-bn-´p-≠v. "bp. F. C. bnse ]cp-ae∏≈n' F∂dnbs∏-Sp∂ jm¿P ]≈n-bnse sk‚ v {KntKm-dn-tbmkv bqØv aqhvsa‚ v ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Nca iXm_vZn-bn¬ hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn®p \S-∏m-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu Nca iXm-_vZn-bn¬ kmlnXy-tem-I-Øn-\v \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw henb kw`-mh-\bm-bn-cn°pw Cu IrXn F∂p a\- n-em°n CXn¬ ]¶m-fnØw hln-°phm≥ Ah¿ k∑-\ p ImWn-®-p. jm¿Pm bqØv aqhvsa‚ v {]h¿Ø-I¿°pw t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ _. ^m. tPm¨ Um\ntb¬ s]cn- ß - \ m- S n\pw ""tkm^nbm _pIvkn''s‚ kvt\lhpw IS-∏mSpw Adn-bn-°p-∂p. Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWØns‚ kmln-Xy-aqeyw hni-I-e\w sNøphm\pw IqSp-X¬ Kth-jW ]T\w \S-Øp-hm-\p-ambn Ct∏mƒ Cu {KŸw aqe-cq-]-Øn¬ Xs∂ e`y-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tkm^nbm _pIvkv ae-bmf KZykmln-Xy-Øn\v Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w ka¿∏n-°p∂p. tIm´bw 30 G{]n¬ 2002

tPmbvkv tXm´-b° v mSv (Imcy-Z¿in, tkm^nbm _pIvkv)

tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°mSv 5 aqe-cq]w Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-c-Ww 1895 se aqe-IrXn am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv Koh¿Kokv 10 A\p-_-‘-w Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-c-Ww: Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv 58 ae-bmf KZy-Øn¬ hnip-≤n-bpsS kpK‘w ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬ 71

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-cW - w hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ {][m\ Ncn{X

(1895 se H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ {]Ya t]Pv. ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´v sse{_-dn. \º¿ 188)

kw`hßƒ \S∂ ÿehpw ZmhoZ apX-emb alm-cm-Pm-°∑ - m-cpsS cmP[m-\nbpw temI-c-£I-\mb tbip- anin-lm-bpsS Imev]m-Z-ß-fmepw AXn-ib - {]-hr-Øn-If - mepw temI-Øn≥ ]m]-ßsf \o°n-If-bp∂ Znhy- n-bmepw ip≤o-Ic - n-bv°s - ∏-´X - p-amb Du¿t«w2 ]Íp™m-Sn≥1 Poh-_e Whpw AXn¬ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ hne-tb-dnb amWn-°ß - f - m-Ip∂ I¿Ømhn≥ I_¿ apX-emb ]cn-ip≤ ÿe-ßfpw kµ¿in®p A\p-{K-lß - sf {]m]n-°-W-sa∂p hf-sc-°m-e-ambn \Ωn¬ B{Klw P\n-®n-cp-∂p. Du¿t«anse \n. h. Zn. {io.3 am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmk Koh-dp-Kok4 _mhm5 apX-emb ]e ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Fgp-Øp-Iƒ Cu B{K-lsØ h¿≤n∏n®pwh∂n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw wcw6Aò-jSv k - m-≤y-Øn\p {]Xn_-‘ß - fmbn ]e Imc-W-ßfpw XpSsc XpSsc t\cn-ń-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah[n Ipdn®p hcp-tºmƒ ]cn-ip-≤] - n-Xm-hmb 3˛masØ ]t{Xmk C·m-tXymk ]m{Xnb-¿°o-kp-_mhm7- Xncp-a\ nse tZl-hn-tbm-Ks - Ø-°p-dn®p Inńb hyk\-Ic - a - mb h¿Ø-am\w \ΩpsS ]c-am-{K-lsØ Ipsd- Im-et- Ø°p £bn∏n-®p- I-f-™p. F∂mepw acWw hr≤-∑msc F∂-t]mse bphm-°tfbpw ]nSn-Iq-Sp∂ Hcp Zb-bn-√mØ {Iqc-\m-sW-∂p≈ Hm¿Ω \ΩpsS ]pd-∏m-Sns\ s]s´∂p t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°b - m¬ GXp {]Im-chpw 1895˛se 8 IjvSm-\p-`h BgvNb - n¬ hnip-≤- ÿ-eØp FØ-Ws - a∂p \n›-bn-®p \n. h. Zn. {io. am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymk sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿I-tfbpw9 ktlm-Zc∑m-cm-b -sijw taev]-´-°m-scbpw10 hnhcw Fgp-Øp-aqew {Kln-∏n-°bpw ae-¶c-bp≈11 ]≈n-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A`q-X-]q¿hamb Cu bm{Xbv°p Ahiyw At]-£n-X-amb Hcp-°-Øn\p kabw aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. F¶nepw D≠m-bn-cp∂ Aev]Im-eØ - n-\n-Sb - n¬ dm∂n, ssae-{]m, Ipº-g, am°mw-Ip∂p, Hma-√q¿, hmgap-´w, Nµ-\∏ - ≈ - n, ssI∏-´q¿, Xpº-a¨, IÆ≥tImSp, IS-º\ - m-Sp, I - √S, Imbw-Ipfw, amth-en-°c - ]pXn-bI - m-hp, Sn. ]pØ≥]≈n, tXm\bv° - mSp, Xncp-h√ - m, I√q-∏m-d, I√q-t»-cn, \ncWw, hf-™h - ´- w, shfnb-\m-Sp, ta{]m

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

]pØ≥]-≈n, \oew-t]-cq¿, Ipdn-®n, ]pXp-s∏≈n, tIm´bw, apf-¥p-cpØn, I≠-\m-Sp, Icn-ßm{i, Xr∏q-Wn{X, sIm®n, {imbn,12 ]g-™n, Nmet»cn, Cu ]≈n-I-fn¬ \mw Xs∂ k©-cn-°bpw aW¿Im-Sp, ]md-ºp-g, ao\-Sw, tXm´-bv°mSp, At©cn, ]pXp-ti-cn, \me-∂m-°¬, Nn-tßm\w, ]≈w, ]m°n¬, Ipa-cI - w, hmK-Øm\w, I√p-¶{X, Be-∏p-g, (sIm-√mSp)13 sNß-fw Cu]≈n-If - n¬ \ΩpsSs]ueqkp sdºm-®\pw,14 tIme-t©cn, IS-a-ddw, ag-h-∂p¿, cmaw-K-ew, amΩ-e-ticn, s\®q¿, ]nd-hw, apf-°p-fw, hS-Ic, ]me-°pg, amdm-ń¬, dm°m-Sp, Imc-°p-∂w, tImX-aw-Ke - Øp henb]-≈n, Sn. sNdnb]≈n, tNe-mS- p, a™{], A¶-am-en, AI-∏d - ºp, ]o®m\n-°mSp, s]mbv°m-´p-ti-cn, Ip∂-°p-cp-Sn, ]pddp-am-\q¿, Cu ]≈n-If - n¬ \ΩpsS injy≥ IS-ºn- \n´ ]pØ≥ ]p-cb - v°¬ KohdpKokIØ-\mcpw km[- \ - ß - t fmSpIqsS 15 k©- c n- ° bpw F√m- h cpw i‡nbv ° pw `‡nbv°pw X°-t]mse hgn-]mSp apX-em-bXp Xcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. taev]d™ ]≈n-Isf IqSmsX sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈ addp]≈n-°mcpw I¬]\A-\p-k-cn®p hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw ssIapØpw16 sIm≠p-h∂p Xcn-Isbm sImSp-Ø-bbv-°sbm sNbvXp. Cßs\ samØ-Øn¬ \ΩpsS bm{XNn-ehpw Ip¿∫m\ hgn-]m-SphIbpw Dƒ∏sS Aøm-bn-c-Øn¬ ]cw cq]m \ΩpsS kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw aq∂p amk-°m-eØ - n-\p-≈n¬ ]ncn-™p-In-ń. atddmtcm kwK-XnIƒ°p {Zhy-ti-Jcw sNbvhm≥ I≠p-hc - p∂ {]bm-kß - t- fmSp CXns\ A\p-cq-]n-®m¬ hnip-≤-ÿ-e-ß-fn-t∑¬ \ΩpsS kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p≈ Akm-am\y `‡n {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]cpaeknΩ\mcn ]≈n-bpsS ]Wn Ipdhp Xo¿∂n-√¶nepw17 Cu ]c-tZ-ibm-{Xbv°p apºp AXn¬ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√W-sa∂p Hcp henb B{Klw \ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1895 ˛ aIcw 15˛mw\p \n. h. Zn. {io. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymk sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿I-tfm-Sp-IqSn ]cp-ae ]≈n \mw IqZmisNbvXp.18 ASpØ Znhkw ]cp-ae\n∂p \mw ]pds∏´p hgn-bv°p≈ ]≈n-I-fn¬ k©-cn®p tIm´bw hgn-bmbn aIcw 26˛m\p apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ FØn. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymk sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Isf I≠p. Ahn-Sp∂pHcp-an®p kao-]a - p≈ Nne]≈n-If - n¬ Npddn Ipw`w 4˛m\p sIm®n-bn¬{]th-in®p. CusIm√w Du¿t«-an¬ ioXw AXn ITn-\-am-I-bm¬ \√ DSp-∏p-Iƒ Icp-Xn-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw ]mkvt]m¿´ AXym-h-iyam-W∂pw Du¿t«-anse _mhm-bpsS Hcp Iev]\ Inń-b-Xn\m¬ ioX-cm-Py-tØ°p Bh-iy-s∏´ GXm\pw DSp-∏p-Iƒ ChnsSh®p tiJ-cn-®Xp IqSmsX ]mkvt]m¿´p hmßp-hm≥ s_mºmbn¬ s]menddn°¬ Un∏m¿´p-sa≠nse Kh¿sΩ≠p kn{I-s´-cn°p sImSp-∏m≥

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Xøm- d m- ° n- b n- c p∂ l¿Pnsb km£n®p _mdnkv X ¿ ankv X ¿ tKmh¿kmbv]19 Ah¿I-fpsS Hcp k¿ń-∏n-s°ddpw hmßn-®p. henb Xncp- a - \ - p- s Im≠p 20 \ΩpsS bm{Xbv ° p hfsc klm- b - ß ƒ sNbvIbpw _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ kln-°bpw sNbvXp. {Zhy-tiJ-csØ ]pjvSns∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ahn-S∂p hfsc {ia-ßƒ sNbvXXp IqSmsX th≠ Btem-N\ - I - ƒ ]d-™p-Xc - n-Ibpw21 hgn-bm-{X-bn¬ ]Ww aXn-bm-ImsX h∂m¬ DS≥ Iºn A - S- n-®m¬ th≠-St- Ømfw ]Ww Ab-®p-Xc - m-sa∂p Dd-∏mb hmKvZ-ØØm¬ \sΩ AXy¥w ss[¿ø-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m-cmb tijw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m-cn¬ am¿ AØm\m-tkymksa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm22 Ah¿Iƒ {Zhy klm-b-Ømepw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmk sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm23 A-h¿Iƒ kvt\l-]p-c- cw hnetb-dnb Btem-N-\-Iƒ AS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-I-fmepw \sΩ ss[¿ø-s∏Sp-Øn. Cßs\ 1895 Ipw`-amkw 9˛m\p hymgmgvN24 At\ym\y hnem-]tØmSpw kvt\l-Npw-_-\-ß-tfmSpwIqSn sIm®n-bn¬ h®p henb Xncpa-\- nse ASp-°¬ \n∂pw bm{X ]ncn-™p. Cu ka-bØp Rßƒ c≠mfpI-fptSbpw IqSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \ΩpsS P\-ßf - p-sSbpw hyk\w ]d-™p- [-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ X°-X-√m-bn-cp-∂p. \mw ae-bm-fØp Ah-km\w {]th-in® ]≈n Nme-t»-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ipw`w 18m\p Chn-sS- \n∂p ]pd-s∏-´p ]´m-ºo¬ Xoh≠n Ibdn.25 \tΩmSp IqSn s]utemk sdºm-®≥, aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kok IØ-\m¿, sX°≥]-d-hq¿ tXm∏n¬ eqt°m-kp-tIm-dn, Xpº-a¨ Icnßm-ń¬ kv°dnbm IØ-\m¿, IS-º\ - n´ ]pØ≥]p-cb - ° v ¬ Koh-dp-Kok IØ-\m¿, F∂o A©p Bfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Chsc IqSmsX ioa°m-c≥ …o_m-si-Ωm-®-s\bpw ]cp-ae tXm∏n¬ ]oen-t∏mk F∂ sIm®-s\bpw apºn¬Iqń s_mºm-bn°p Ab-®n-´p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.26 k¿h-i‡\mbssZh-Øns≥d Icp-Wb - n¬ am{Xw B{i-bn-®pw-sIm≠p Rßƒ bm{X Bcw-`n-®p. a{Zmk Xoh≠n ]mY-bn¬ De-h-t°m´p27 tÃjy-\n¬h®p Ip∂wIp-f-ß-c-°m-c-mb GXm\pw ]me-°m´p hym]m-cn-Iƒ hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ ksaXw \sΩ FXn-tc-ddp. hgn-as≤ykpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS28 HcpkwL°mgvN \ΩpsSa\- n¬ Akm-am\y kt¥mjhpw Bizm-khpw P\n∏n-®p. A\-¥cw a{Zmkp h≠n-bn¬ \n-∂p- s_m-ºm-bn-°p≈ s{Kdd C≠y≥ s]\n≥k-e¿ sdbn¬sh h≠n-bn¬ {]th-in-®p.29 sdbn-®q¿ tÃjy-\n¬h®p30 Rß-fpsS kmam-\ß - f - n¬ Iqen Xo¿Øp Gev]n®h t]msI Rß-fpsS ssIh-ia - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂h Hmscm Bhiyßƒ°mbn

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Agn®p ]esI´p-I-fmbn sIń-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A[nI kmam-\-ßƒ D≠∂p Xoh-≠n-°m¿ sXddmbn [cn®p IqSp-X¬ Iqen HSp-°W - s - a∂p \n¿∫-‘n-®p. sIńs≥d FÆØn¬ A√msX Xq°-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ C√-∂p≈ Rß-fpsS kam-[m\w Ah¿ ssI-s°m-≠n-√. h≠n ]pd-s∏Sp∂ kabw ASp-Øp-t]m-Ibpw X¿°n®p Xocp-am-\n-∏m-\n-cp-∂m¬ bm{X apS-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-as√m F∂p-h®p Ah¿ ]d™S-tØmfw Iqen IqSpX¬ sImSp-t°≠n h∂p. ]´mºn apX¬ B¿t°mWwhsc31 hgn hS-°p-In-g-°mbpw AhnSw apX¬ s_mºmhsc hS°p ]Sn-™m-dmbpw BIp-∂p. s_mºm-bn h≠n a{Zmkh≠n-tb-°mƒ -thKX IqSp-∂Xpw ASp-Ø-SpØ tÃjy≥ C√mØ-Xn-\m¬ CSbv°p A[nIw Xma-kw C-√m-ØXpw apdn-Iƒ hnkvXm-cap-≈Xpw BIp-∂p. IrjvWm apX-emb \Zn-Ifpw CS-bv°nsS henb ]me-ßfpw ]e Xpc-¶ß - f - pw Cu hgn-bn¬ D≠p. hfsc `wKnbpw ck-hpap≈ wcw Img-vN-IƒI≠p Ipw`w 21m\p s_mºmbn32 ssltÃjy-\n¬ FØn. s_mºm-bn¬ Hcp-hoSp i´w sI´p-hm≥ …o_m siΩm-®s\ apºn¬Iqń Ab-®n-cp-∂p. Xoh≠n tÃjy-\n¬ Abmfpw \mhpw, a≥kq¿, F∂p c≠p aqk¬°mcpw33 Rßsf FXn-tcev]m≥ lmP-cp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ \mhpw Ct∏mƒ N¿®anjy-t\m-Sp -tN¿∂ Hcp D]-tZ-in-bm-sW-¶nepw P\-\Ø - m¬ Hcp kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp-∂p.34 35 a≥kq¿ I¬Zm-b° - m-c\pw I∏-en¬ ]Wn-°m-c\ - p-as - {X. s_mºm-bnse 36 A¿Ω-\m-b-]-≈n-bn¬ Rßƒ°p Xma-kn-∏m≥Hcpÿew tNmZn-®n´p A\p-hZ- n-°m™-Xn-\m¬ Hcp sh≈-°m-cs≥d Ae-¶c - n-°s - ∏´ Hcpapdn …o_m siΩm-®≥ Iqen°p hmßn-®n-cp-∂p. 21˛mw\p apX¬ ao\w 5˛mw\p hsc37 Rßƒ Cu `h-\-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. s_mºm-bn¬ Rßƒ°p hnNm-cn-®n-cp∂Xn¬ A[nIw Xmakw t\cn´-Xn-\m¬ ]´W-Øns≥d F√m- `m-K-ß-tfbpw k©-cn®p Im◊m≥ kabw [mcmfwInń. ImgvNbv°pC{Xbpw at\m-l-chpw hen-∏-hp-amb Hcp]´Ww Rß-fpsS bm{X-bn¬ Fßpw I≠n-√. Xpd-apJw C≥Uymbn¬ {]Y-a-KW-\o-b-am-Ip-∂p. ]´Ww kap-{Z-Øn-tem´p \o≠p-In-S-°p∂XpsIm≠p aq∂p-`m-Khpw Npddn-bn-cn-°p∂ Bg-ta-dnb Dƒ-°-S-en¬ GXpka-bhpw I∏-ep-Iƒ InS-°p-∂-Xn\p G\w D≠p. CXp am{X-hpa√m hS-°p-`m-KØpI∏-ep-Iƒ I-bddn Ic-tbm-Sp-tN¿Øpw kap-{ZØns≥d sImSp-¶m-ddns≥d D]-{Zhw X´m-sXbpw \wIqcw C´p In-S∏ - m≥ X°-hÆw hnkvXm-c-ap≈ ]e Ipf-ß-fmbn Xncn®p _e-amb Nnd-Ifm¬ ad-bv°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Nnd-If - psS Ccphißfnepw h≠n-Iƒ HmSp-hm≥X° tdm´p-Iƒ D≠p. Ipf-Øn-tem´p I∏¬Ib-ddp-hm≥

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

]pgIfpw Ah-bn¬ Ccnºp -]m-e-ßfpwD≠p. I∏¬ Ibddp-Isbm Cd°p-Isbm sNbvhm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ b{¥-ßf - m¬ ]me-ßƒ \o°mhp-∂X - m-W. I∏-ente°p tIhew HcptImh-Wn- hgn Ic-bn¬\n∂p Cdßp-hm≥ X°-hÆw Ah Ic-tbmSp A{X tN¿∂p-In-S° - p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ tImh-Wn-Iq-SmsX Hcp Hdd ]eI h - ® - mepw Ic-bn¬\n∂p I∏-en-te°p {]th-in-°mw. I∏-ep-Iƒ Nc°p-I-bddn XmWpInS-°p-tºmƒ Icbpw I∏-ens≥dX´pw ka-\n-c∏ - mbn hcp-∂X - m-Ib - m¬ At∏mƒ tImh-Wnbpw ]e-Ibpw IqSmsX Ic-bv°p-\n∂p I∏-en-te°p Cdßmhp-∂-Xm-W. CuIpf-ßfpw Dƒ°-S-ep-Ifpw cmhpw]Iepw F√m-Zn-h-khpw At\Iw I∏-ep-I-fm¬ \nd-™n-cn-°pw. cm{Xn Ch-bnse hnf-°p-IƒsIm≠p IS¬apgp-h≥ {]Im-in-°p-∂p. Ch-bpsS ]ma-c-ßfpw NnΩn-\n-Ifpw Zqcbv°p-I≠m¬ inJ-c-ßƒ tOZn® hr£-ß-fm¬ \n_n-Uamb Hcphenbh\sam F∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipw. ]´Ww apgp-h≥ {_“m-fi-amb sIń-S-ß-fm¬ \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ]´-W-Øn\p]pd-sabp≈ {Kmaßfn¬ A√msX D≈n¬ Hdd\ne `h-\ßƒ Im◊m≥ {]bm-ka - m-W. hoSp-Iƒ an°-hmdpw 4. 5. 6. \ne-Iƒ D≈h-bm-W. Ggp-\n-e-bp-≈hbpw C√∂n-√. ]Wn-Iƒ{]mtbW Icn-I-√psIm≠m-W. an° `h-\ß - ƒ°pw \ne-If - psS FÆ-{]-Imcw hcm-¥I - fpw D≠p. Ah-bpsS {Imkn-Iƒ Ccn-ºp-sIm≠p Xo¿Øp X¶sam Nmbsam C´-Xm-W. ta®n-ep-Iƒ an°-hmdpw a´p-∏m-hm-W. henb sIń-S-ß-tfbpw Ae-¶m-c-ap≈ ]Wn-I-tfbpw I≠n-ń-√mØ \ΩpsS \m´p-Im¿°p ChI≠m¬ t\m°n-\nev°p-hms\ tXm∂p-I-sbm≈p. an°sIń-Sßƒ°pw apI-fn¬ Iqºp-Iƒ, {Imkn-Iƒ, ]q°ƒ, Ipcn-ip-Iƒ apX-emb Nn{X-∏-Wn-Ifpw aWn-am-fn-I-Ifpw D≠p. -sI-ń-S-ßƒ Ht∂m-sSm∂p tN¿∂p- \nc-bmbn \nev°p-∂Xp Im◊m-\p≈`wKn Ah¿Æ-\ob-amIp∂p. GXp`h-\hpw Xncn-®d - n-hm≥ X°-hÆw ]pdsa Ah-bpsS t]¿ X¶m-£c- Ø n¬ FgpXn- h - ® n- ´ p- ≠ p. CusIń- S - ß ƒ am¿_nƒXqWp- I ƒ, am¿_nƒØd-Iƒ hne-tb-dnb ho´p-km-am-\ß - ƒ CXym-Zn-If - m¬\nd-™ncn-°p-∂p. As∏msem slmdd¬, ssltÃ-jy≥, sP\-d¬tlm-k] v n-dd¬, hnIvtSm-dnbm Km¿U≥ apX-em-bh A¤p-XI - c - a - mb ]Wn-Iƒ BIp∂p. Km¿U≥ F∂p-]d-™Xp ImgvN_w-¢m-hp-Xs - ∂. CXp ZmhoZpkmkq≥38 N{Ih¿Øn-\n°p kΩm-\n-®-Xm-W. Cu ImgvN ÿeØp ]£n- arKmZn-Iƒ Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cs - Ø t- ]m-se-bn√-¶nepw sIń-SØ - ns≥d amlmflyw Aev]-a-√. N{I-h¿Øn-\n-bp-tSbpw `¿Øm-hn-s≥dbpw ZmhoZpkmkqs≥dbpw Nn{X-ßƒ am¿∫nƒ I√n¬ sImØn ChnsS h®n-´p≠p. Cu ImgvN_w¢m-hn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ kmam-\ß - f - n¬ \n\ph, Akq-dnbm F∂ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂p hcp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]e {]mNo\hn{K-l-ßsfm

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Ah-bpsS {]Xn-a-I-sfm D≠p. ssltÃjy≥ F∂Xp {][m\ Xoh-≠n- tÃjy≥BIp-∂p. Nn{X-∏Wn-Iƒ°p F∂-am-{X-a√, hen-∏-Ønepw CsXmcp {]kn≤sIńSw BIp∂p. CXns≥d ap≥h-i-Øp≈ HcpsIń-S-Øn¬ ]Xn-\mdp ss{S≥ Hsc ka-b-Øp- \n-ev]m-≥X° hnkvXm-c-ap-≠. ZmhoZkmkqs≥d hIbmbn ]´p-\q¬ \qev°bpw ]´p s\bv-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp b{¥imebp≠p. ]™n-s\bnØp b{¥-im-e-Iƒ ]e-Xps≠-¶nepw ]´p-\q¬ B∏ok CsXm∂pam{X-sa-bp-≈p. jm∏p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw addpw ]d-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®m¬ ÿew aXn-bm-Ib - n-√. sXcp-hp-Iƒ hnkvXm-ca - p-≈h - b - m-W. ]´-WØ - ns≥dGXp-`m-KØpw GXp ka-bØpw Npcp-ßnb Nne-hp-tΩ¬ k©-cn-∏m≥ "{Smw' Fs∂m-cp -hI IpXn-c-h-≠n-Iƒ [mcmfw D≠p. Cu h≠nIƒ HmSn-°p-∂Xp Ccnºp s - d-bn-en¬IqSn-bm-Ib - m¬ 30-˛w 40-˛w 50˛w Bfp-Iƒ°p Ib-dm-hp∂ henb h≠n-Iƒ°p c≠pwaq∂pw IpXn-c-Ifn¬ A[nIw Bh-iy-an√. ]mY-If - n¬as≤y {Smw h≠n-Iƒ°p \men¬ Ipd-bmsX sdbn-ep-Iƒ D≈Xpw Ah-bv°p-]p-dsa addp IpXnch≠n-Iƒ HmSn-∏m≥hnkvXm-c-ap-≈Xpw IqSmsX ]mZ-Nm-cn-I-fpsS39 Bh-iy-Øn-\p CXn-\p-]p-dsa Ccp-h-i-ß-fnepwIcn-¶¬Ø-f-ßƒ D≠p. CXp-sIm≠p tdmńs≥d hoXn Duln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Ws√m. `h-\-ß-fn¬ kv\m\-]m-\m-Zn-Iƒ°p Ipg¬hgn ip≤-Pew hcp∂p. {][m\ÿe-ßf - nse hnf-°p-IƒF√mw hnZyp-i‡ - n-bm¬ {]Im-in-°s - ∏Sp-∂-h-bm-W. IºnB∏o-kp-Iƒ A\-h-[nD≠p. {][m\ jm∏p-Ifn¬ IqSnbpw Iºnbnń-´p-≠p. ChnsShkn-°p-∂h - ¿ an°-hmdpw lnµp-°f - pw apk¬am-∑mcpw ]m¿kn-Ifpw BIp∂p. {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw bqZ-∑mcpw C√∂n√. A¿-Ω-\mb {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p Hcp]≈nbpw ]´-°m-c\pw Ds≠-¶nepw A©p h - o-´p-Imsc D≈p.40 ]´-°m-c\p [mcmfw iºfw In´phm≥ X°-ap-X¬ ]≈n-bv°p-≠p. kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°p41 ]≈nbpw ]´°mcpw C√- ¶ nepw aqk¬°mcpw _Kv Z m- Z p- I m- c p- a mbn At\Iw bmt°m_m- b °mcpw 42 I¬Zm- b - ° mcpw ChnsS I®- h - S - Ø n\pw thebv°pw h∂p-]m¿°p-∂p-≠p. \ΩpsS Hcp ]≈nbpw ]´-°m-c\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂m¬ {ItaW Hcp \√ CS-hI-bm-bn-Xo-cp-∂-Xn\p kwi-ban√. Rß-fn¬ Nne¿ Chn-SsØ HcpsslN¿® Cw•oj ]≈n t]mbnI≠p.43 AXn¬ \ΩpsS kpdn-bm-\n ]-≈n-I-fn-se-t∏mse aq∂p s{XmsWm-kp-Ifpw44 Ipcn-ip-Ifpw sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Ifpw am¿_nƒI√psIm≠p≈ At\I _nw_- ß fpw D≠p. ssl°- e m- b n¬ 45 Hcp _nsjm∏ns‚ I_dpw AXn∑osX ÿm\h-kv{X-`q-j-W-sØm-Sp- IqSn am¿_nƒI√n¬ _nsjm-∏ns‚ Hcp cq]-hpw hbv°s - ∏-ń-cn°p-∂p.46 Cu

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

]≈n-bpsS aZp-_-lm-bpsS hfhp GI-tZiw ]cp-ae ]≈n-bpsS hf-hpt]m-se-bm-W.47 Ipw`w 26-m\p Rmb-dmgvN \mw A¿Ω-\mb ]≈n-bn¬ t]mbn. AhnsS A∂p Ip¿∫m\ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. P\-Øns≥d Npcp°w \nanØw Nne BgvN-bn¬ Ip¿∫m\ C√∂p ]´-°m-c≥ ]d-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]≈n-bpsS amXrI kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bp-tS-Xp-X-s∂. \ap°p Xma-kn-∏m≥ …o_msiΩm-®≥ ÿew tNmZn-®t- ∏mƒ A\p-hZn-°m-™Xp ]e h©-I∑ - mcpw h∂p Xma-kn®p Bt£-]n-®p-t]mI ]Xn-hp-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ hnk-Ω-Xn-®Xm-W∂pw Bƒ Adn-™-s∏mƒ hfsc a\-kvXm-]-s∏-Sp∂p F∂pw ]d™p B ]´-°m-c≥ \tΩmSp am∏p -tNm-Zn-®p. ao\w 5˛m\p RmbdmgvN Rß-fpsS_w¢mhn¬Xs∂ Hcpÿew Hcp-°n \mw Ip¿∫m\ sNm√pIbpw IqsS-bp-≈-h¿ Ipº-km-cn®p48 Ip¿∫m\ ssIs°m-≈pIbpw sNbvXp. C\n Rß-fpsS Xmak tlXp ]d-b-s´. \mw s_mºm-bn¬FØnbXp Ipw`w 21m\p sNm∆mgvN Bbn-cp-∂p. ap≥t]¿]-d™ \mhp-ans≥d B⁄-m{]-Imcw aqi Fs∂mcp blq-Z≥ As∂Zn-hk - wXs∂ \ΩpssS apºm-sI-h∂p I∏¬ i´w-sI-´p-Ibpw Bh-iy-s∏´ kzmX{¥yw I∏-en¬ Int´-≠-Xn\p I∏n-Øms\ kΩ-Xn-∏n-°bpw sNsø≠ Npa-Xe GddpsIm≠p-s]m-bn. _p[-\mgvN k‘y°p A_vZ¬ dl-Ωm≥ F∂ Hcp al-Ω-Zp-Im-c≥ h∂p I∏¬ N´w-sI-´p-hm≥ Zmho-Z-km-kq≥ Btem-Nn®n-´p-≈Xp Abm-tfm-Sm-W∂p ]d-™p. c≠m-fp-Ifpw Rßƒ°p A]cn-Nn-X∑ - m-cm-Ib - m¬ kmkq-t\mSp Btem-Nn®p ÿnc-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂pd®p. ASpØ Znhkw kmkqs≥d B∏o-kn¬t]m-bn. Ah¿ Rßsf hfsc _lp-am-\n-°bpw th≠klm-b-ßƒ sNøm-sa∂p hmKvZØw Xcn-Ib - pw-sN-bvXp. Ah-cpsS Btem-N\ - {- ]-Imcw A_vZ¬dl-Ωm-t\mSpIqSn \ΩpsS Bfp-Is - fbpw Ab-®p l - m-Ik v _n F∂ Xo°∏ense°p49 hmeok Iº\n apJm-¥ncw F´p Sn°ddphm-ßn-®p. apºn¬ Iq°p-Iº\n apJm-¥ncw N´w sI´n-bn-cp∂ I∏-en-t\-°mƒ CXp Iqen-k-lm-bhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw D≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw bm{Xbv°p hfsc Xmakw t\cn´- X n- \ m¬ s_mºm- b n¬ A[n- I Nnehpw Du¿t«- a n¬ ka- b Øp FØpsam F∂p `- b - hpw D≠mbn. Cßs\ I∏¬amdn-bXp ]pXnb I∏en¬ A[nIw kzmX{¥yw D≈-Xp-sIm≠pw ]mkvt]m¿´ In´m-\p≈ Xmakw sIm≠p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mkvt]m¿´p hmßp-hm≥ aev]m-s\bpw …o_m- si-Ωm-in-s\bpw Kh¿sΩ≠p kn{I-s´-cn-bpsS ]°¬ Ab®p. kn{I-s´cn Chsc Akmam\yw _lp-am-\n° am{X-a√ Hcp Dddkvt\-ln-X≥ F∂-t]mse

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

hnt\mZßƒ ]d-II - qsS D≠m-bn. sakvX¿ tKmh¿ kmbv]ns≥d k¿ń∏n-s°-ddn¬ Rß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsS P\-\-ÿew hnh-cn-®n-ń-√m™Xp-sIm≠p a{Zmk Kh¿sΩ-≠n¬ At]-£n®p hmtß-≠-XmsW∂pw …o_msiΩm-®≥ {_nńjv IpSn-bm≥50 A√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]mkvt]m¿´p Xosc I - n-´p-∂X - √ - ∂pw As±lw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´X - n¬ hfsc hyk-\-ap≠mbn. Rß-fpsS bm{X-bpsS QSp-Xnhn-hcw {Kln-®-s∏mƒ dkn-sU-≠n-s≥dsbm51 Znhm-\n-Pn-bp-sSsbm HcpIºn kn{I-sćn°p t\cn´p hcpØn-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ ]mkvt]m¿´p Xcm-sa∂p kΩ-Xn®p. Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ {_nó-j -cm-Pyw-s]mse F√m-bn-S-ß-fnepw Iºn C√m-Xn-cn°p∂ ÿnXn°p taev]-d™ DtZym-K-ÿ∑m¿ k¿°oń¬t]m-bn-cp∂m¬ ka-bØp adp-]Sn In´p-∂Xp Akm-≤y-sa∂p am{X-a√m Rßfn¬ F√m-hc - p-sSbpw P\-\ÿ ew Ah¿°p Adn™p-Iq-Sm-ØX - n-\m¬ DS≥ adp-]Sn Ab-®p-Xc - p-hm≥ CS-bn-√∂pw henb sa{Xm-®≥ apJm-¥ncw Ch-cpsS k¿ń-∏n-s°-ddp-h-cp-Øm-sa∂p h®mepw Ime-Xm-akw D≠mIp-sa∂pw {Kln-∏n-®s∏mƒ sakvX¿tKmh-dns≥d adp-]S- n- In-ń-bmepw aXnsb∂p kn{I-s´-cnk-ΩX - n-®X-\p-kc - n®p tKmh¿ kmbv]n\p IºnA-Sn®p. …o_m-si-Ωm-®\p Xp¿°n-cmPysØ Hcm-fns≥d k¿ń-∏n-s°ddp thWsa∂p ]d™p Xp¿°n sIm≥kepw ]mkvt]m¿´ Xcp-hm≥ \ntj-[n®p. Cßs\ siΩm-®s - \sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Im¿øw kwi-bÿ n-Xn-bn-em-bn. siΩmip kztZ-iØ - n\p t]mIp-∂b - mƒ BI-sIm≠p ]mkvs]m¿´ C√¶nepw hntcm-[-an-√∂p ]ecpw {]tXyIw kn{I-sćnbpw Xp¿°n sIm≥kepw ]d™p F¶nepw siΩm-in\p `b-am-bn-cp-∂p. 25˛m\p k-‘y-hsc ImØn-cp-∂n´pw sakvX¿ tKmhdns≥d adp-]Sn In´m-gnIbm¬ tIm´bw t]jv°m¿°p-IqsS52 RßƒIºn-A-Sn-®p. tIm´-bØ - p-h®p \mw t]jv°msc I≠-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-s∏´p Iºn ASn®m¬ adp-]Sn Ab-°m-sa∂p A`n-ap-Ja - mbn \tΩm-Sp-]d - ™ n-cp-∂X - ns\ A\p-k-cn-®m-W A-t±-l-Øn\p IºnASn-®-Xp. F∂m¬ CXn-\n-S-bn¬ t]jv°m¿ cmPm-cmam-cm-b¿ Ah¿Iƒ Ah-[n°p t]mbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Im¿øw hnNm-cn-®n-cp∂ ]ndhn s]cp-amƒ]n≈ Ah¿Iƒ tIhew RßfpsS At]-£sb am{Xw {]am-Wn®p kn{I-s´-cn°p adp-]-Sn-sIm-Sp-∏m≥ CS-bn√∂p hyk-\I - c - a - mb Hcp adp-]S- n-bmW Rßƒ°p Ab-®p-X∂ - Xp. F¶nepw AXn-\p- ap-ºmbn sakvX¿ tKmh-dns≥d Iºn Rßƒ°pw kn{I-t´-cn°pw h∂n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Rß-fpsS Bh-iy-Øn\p kam-[m\w D≠mbn. ASp-Ø-\mƒ It®-cn- H-gn-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ 28-˛mw \p -]o-skmSp-°n®p53 Bdp-t]¿°p ]mkvt]m¿´p-hm-ßn. …o_m-si-Ωm-®s\ \ΩpsS Zzn`m-jn-bmbpw ]oen-t∏m-kns\ `rXy-\m-bn´pw \ΩpsS]mkvs]m¿ń¬ hnh-cn-®n-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠p siΩm-ins≥d bm{X-b° v p-≈X-S - hpw Hcphn[w-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Xo¿∂p. CXp-sIm≠pw aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Rß-fp-sS-bm{X Xp¿°n-cmPyØn-se°p Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xp¿°n sIm≥k-ens≥d ]okm54 Bhiy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]okm- F-∂p-h-®m¬ sIm≥k¬]m-kv-s]m¿´p-Isf ]cnsim-[n®p km£n-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂m-W. {_n´oj ]mkvs - ]m¿´p H∂n\p Hcp cq]mbpw sIm≥k-ens‚ ]okm-bn-°p 3 -cq-]m 6 -A-W 6 -ss]bpw ]okp sImSpØp. ao\w 1˛mw\p ]okmbpw e`n-®p. A\-¥cw bm{X-bpsS XnSp-°a - mbn. Rßƒ G¿s∏´ I - ∏ - ¬ Im¿sKm (I-®-hS) I∏¬Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ X^m¬ I∏¬ t]mse55 kab ¢n]vXw CXn-\n-√m-bn-cp∂p. C∂p t]mIpw \msf-t]mIpw F∂p]d-™p 7˛mw\p-hsc Xma-kn-®p. Ch¿°p Bƒ G¿s∏Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-°p∂ hIbv°p Z√m-e∑m¿°p NneI-Ωo-jy≥ ]Xn-hp-≈X - p- sIm-≠mW taev]d-™-Xp -t]mse aqibpw A_vZ¬d-l-Ωm\pw XΩn¬ Z√m¬56 ÿm\Øn\p X¿°-ap-≠m-b-Xp. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Um‡¿ Rß-fpsS tZl-]-cnsim-[\ sNøp-sa∂pw AXn\p ]okp-s≠-∂pw]-d™p Bƒ°p-Hcpcq]mho-Xw 8 -cq]m A_v-Z¬ dl-Ωm≥ hmßn®psIm≠p-s]m-bn. I∏¬ ]pds∏-´-k-abw Um‡¿ Rßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°bp-≠mbn. F¶nepw ]okp km£m¬ Abmƒ°p sNs√-≠sXm Z√m¬ A]-l-cn-®sXm F∂p kwi-bns°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 7˛m\p I∏¬ \o°p-sa∂p Dd-∏mbn Z√mepw Iº-\n-°mcpw ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®p Rßƒ kmam-\-ß-tfmSp IqSn Xpdap-JØp FØn I∏nØms\ I≠s∏mƒ I∏¬ ASpØ Znhkw am{Xsa \o°-sØm≈p F∂p tI´p Ipsd°qsS Rßƒ°p CNvim-`w-Ka - p-≠mbn. Cu Aÿn-c-X-sb-°p-dn®p aqk¬°m-c≥ \mhpw A_vZ¬d-l-Ωm\pw XΩn¬ iIm-chpw Ie-iepw D≠mbn ]c-kv]cw H∂pw c≠pw {]lcWw \S-∂-s∏mƒ \mw hfsc _p≤n-ap´n kam-[m-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. \mhpw Ct∏mƒ Cw•oj-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂p-\-S-°p∂p F¶nepw Ah-\n-ep≈ kqdn-bm-c‡w Rßsf hfsc kvt\ln-®p. hm°p-hy-Xym-khpw RßfpsS CNvim-`w-Kh - pw-sIm≠p Ah≥ Z√m-en-s\mSp Ie-i¬Iq-Sn-bX - mW. F∂m¬ A_vZ¬d-l-Ωm\pw ]c-am¿∞-am-bn-´s{X {]hr-Øn-®Xp. I∏en¬ Nc°p Ibddn Xocm-™-Xn-\m¬ Ah[n amddn-h®p F∂-√msX Cu Im¿-ø-Øn¬ Ah≥ Hcp NXnhpw sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. GXm-bmepw C\n XncnsI s]mIp-∂n-√∂pd®p I∏n-Øms\ Adnbn®p Rßƒ°mbn Hcp-apdn I∏-en¬ Hcp-°n-®p 7˛m\p -X-s∂-R-ßƒ I∏-en¬ {]sh-in®p. ao\w8˛m\p A©-c-a-Wn°p I∏¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xphsc \mhpw, aqi, a≥kq¿ apX-em-b-h¿ H°bpw Rßsf h∂p-ImWpIbpw Bh-iy-ßsf As\z-jn®p Xcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. I∏¬ ]pd-s∏-´t∏mƒ Pe-{]-f-b-Øn¬\n∂-ps\m-ln-s≥dbpwIpUpw-_-Øn-s≥dbpw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Ahÿ Rßƒ°p Hm¿Ω-h-∂p. s]ńbn¬ F´m-fl°sf {]f-bØn¬\n∂p c£n® I¿Ømhp Cu I∏-en¬ D≈ Rßƒ F´m-flm°sf kap{Z-Øns≥d hmbn¬\n∂p c£n-°p-hm≥ th≠n Rßƒ - mcpw ]m]n-If - p-amb Rß-fpsS hyk\-]q¿hw {]m¿∞n-®p.57 _e-lo-\∑ {]m¿∞-\-Isf sNhn-s°m≠p t£a-sØmsS Rßsf kIeA]-I-Sßfn¬\n∂p c£n® I¿Øm-hn\p F∂p-sa-t∂°pw al-Xz-ap-≠m-Is - ´. I∏¬ ]pd-s∏-ń-´p 12mw\p -hsc bmsXmcp kpJ-t°Spw D≠m-bn-√. I∏¬ icnbmbpw Cf°w IqSm-sXbpw HmSns°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Rßƒ Hcp `h-\-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. I∏-en¬ I™nsh-b° v p-hm≥ {]bm-ks - a∂p hnNm-cn®p Bh-iy-s∏-´S- s - Ømfw Acn-tiJcn®p sIm≠p-s]m-cm-™Xp t`mj-Xz-ambn F∂p tXm∂n. D≈ AcnsIm≠p Hcp t\cw am{Xw tNmdp-h® - p-Æp-Ibpw tijw ka-bß - ƒ tXbne, sdmń, _nkv°p-Ø,58 sdm≈wapX-em-b-h-sIm≠p Ign-®p-Iq-´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tNmdpw Idnbpw ]mIwsN-bvhm≥ c≠p Ccnº-Sp∏pw Bh-iys∏´ hndIpw hmeokp Iº\n i´w-sI-ń-X-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. th≠-StØmfw sh≈w FSp-Øp-sIm-≈p-hm≥ I∏nØm\pw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp Ac-I√pIqsS Rßƒ hne-bv°p- hmßn®n´p≠mbncp∂-Xn-\m¬ `£W ]mN-I-Øn¬ Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-bn-√. hen-b-t\m-ºns\ ewLn-∏m\pw CS-h-∂n-√.59 Cßs\ I∏¬bm{X hfsc kpJ-Ic-amb Hcp- kw-K-Xn-sb∂p Rßƒhniz-kn-®n-cn-°p-sºmƒ 12mw\p -RmbdmgvN ImeØp Hcp Nmd¬ ag D≠m-bn. I∏¬ Hmf-Øm¬ s]mßp-hm\pw Xmgp-hm\pw Hmfw-shń I∏-en¬ sh≈w Ib-dp-hm\pw XpS-ßn. (sh≈w tIdn-bmepw AXp ]pd-sØ°p HgpIn t]mIp-hm≥ Hmhp-Ifpw Zzmc-ßfpw D≠p) As∏mƒ Rßƒ F√m-h¿°pw `bw-sIm≠p Xebv°p aµw ]nSn®p. sdºm\pw eqs°m-kptIm-dnbpw HgnsI F√m-hcpw H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw {]mhiyw O¿±n-®p. B Znhkw I™n-hb - v]\pw IpSn-∏m\pw Ign™n√. A¿≤-cm{Xn-ap-X¬ kap-{Z-Ønse Cf°w ian®pXpS-ßn-bs - XmSpIqSn Rßƒ°pw Bizm-k-ap-≠m-bn. 14mw\p -ap-X¬ Imddpw Hmfhpw ho≠pw D≠mbn. F¶nepw I∏-ens≥d Ka-\Ø - n\p A\p-Iq-ea - m-bn-´m-bncp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cf°w D≠m-bn√. CsX-hsc Ad-_n-I-S¬hgn Ic ImWmsX HSn-bn-cp∂ I∏¬ 15mw\p D-®- I-gn-™s - ∏mƒ Fbn-U≥ Dƒ°S-en¬ {]th-in-®p. 16mw\p -A-d-_n-bm-bpsS sXs°-Xo-cØp Cw•o-j-ImcpsS hI-bmb GU≥ F∂ ÿew ImW-s∏-´p. I∏¬ ChnsS ASpØn-√. Ic-tbmSp H´p-k-ao-]n-®-s∏mƒ C∂ I∏¬ C∂Zn-hkw GU≥ IS∂p F∂ kqb- k n- s e°pw Cw•m- ≠ n- s e°pw Iºn ASn- ° phm≥th≠n I∏-en¬ \n∂p Hcp sImSn Db¿Øn. GU≥ IS-sem-cØp GXm\pw ]¿∆X-\n-c-Ifpw as≤y Hcp ssaXm-\hpw Hcp ae-bn¬ Hcp

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

shfn-®-am-fn-Ibpw60 am{Xw Rßƒ I≠p. ChnSw apX¬ Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ t\c-sØmfw Rß-fpsS hS°p`mKØp Ad-_nbm Xoc-Øp≈ Nne Db¿∂ ]¿h-X-ßsf I≠p-I-≠-s{X-t]m-bXp. ]ns∂ Ipsd aWn-°q¿ hsc IcIm◊m\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p-cm-{Xn 10˛ a - W - n°p Ad-_n-bm-bpsS sXs°-tImWpw A_n-kn-\n-bm-bpsS61 ]Sn-™msd tImWpwX-Ωn¬ ASp-Øp-In-S° - p∂ _m_¬as≠_v F∂ CSp-°p-IS- ¬ Ign-™p. Cu CSp°p Nne-s∏mƒ I∏¬°m¿°p hfsc A]-ISw hc-Ø° - X - m-Ib - m¬ ""IÆp-\o-cns‚ hmXn¬'' F∂¿∞-ap≈ _m_¬ a-s≠_v62 F∂p hnfn°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ChnsS sX°p-hi - Øp c≠p hnf-°p-ac - ß - ƒ D≠. Chbv°p sX°p-]-Sn-™mdp amdn thsdmcphnf-°p-a-chpw AI-e-Øn¬ I≠p. ChnSw-hsc s_mºmbn¬ \n∂p≈ BK-a\w t\sc ]Sn-™m-dm-bn-´mbn-cp-∂p. ChnSw apX¬ {ItaW hS-s°m´p Xncn-bp-I-bm-W. Cß-s\HmSn-®p 17mw\p -Pms_¬kv-Km¿63 F∂ Hcp Zzo]p ImW-s∏-´p. CXp tIhew ]md-°q-´s - a-∂√ - msX H∂pw ]d-hm-\n-√. Nne hr£-ßƒ RßfpsS \·X IÆp-Iƒ°p ]p√p-Iƒ F∂-t]m-se- tXm-∂n. Chn-sSbpw GU-\n-epw-h®p I∏¬°m¿ Ipg¬I-ÆmSn sIm≠p-h∂p Zqc-Im-gvNI - ƒ ImWn®pX∂p. A\-¥cw D®-Ig- n-™t- ∏mƒ I∏¬°m¿ ]{¥≠p At∏mkvtXm-e-∑m¿ F∂p-]-d-bp∂ sNdnb Zzo]p-Iƒ Im◊m-dmbn. Chbv°p ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ ]d-bp∂ t]¿ Ia-dm≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ64 F∂m-bn-cn-°m-sa∂p C©n-\o¿65 ]d-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Chbpw ]{¥≠p ]md-°q´-ßƒ am{X-amW. CXp-Iƒ F√mw _ms_¬ as≠_v F∂p-]-d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Zp¿L-S-ÿ-eØp-≈hbpw At\Iw I∏¬°msc Bgw ImWn-®-hbpw BI-bm¬ I∏¬ ]md-ta¬ ASn-°m-Xn-cn-∏m≥ I∏n-Øms‚ Zr„n- A-[nIw Chn-sSh-®p-≠m-bn. Cßs\ sN¶-S-en¬ Rßƒ {]th-in-®p. C\n RßfpsSHm´w t\sc hS-t°m-´m-Ip-∂p. 17-˛m\p ImeØp 8 a-Wn-ap-X¬ 2˛ aWn-hsc kap{Zw Akm-am\yw tIm]n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ I∏-en\p hfsc Cf-°a - p-≠m-bn. Nne-t∏mƒ I∏-ens‚ ta¬X-ń¬ ap´p\o¿ sh≈w hsc Xń-°-b- dn-b n-´p-≠ m-b n-cp- ∂p. I∏¬bm-{X-b n¬A]-c n-N n-X -∑ m-c mb Rßƒ°p-am-{X-a-√, addp-]-e¿°pw Cukµ¿`-Øn¬ `bw-Xń. RßfpsS B{i-bwap-gp-h≥ ssZh-Øn¬ h®p.66 Ad-_n-°-S-en¬h®-≠m-bXmbn ap≥]-d™ Cf-°t- Ø-°mƒ CXpITn-\a - m-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw F´p]Øp Znh-ksØ ]cn-N-bw-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°mw, Cu{]mhiyw Rß-fn¬ B¿°pw O¿±nbpw Xe-Xncn-®nepw D≠m-bn√. AXp-IqsS D≠m-sb-¶n¬ IY Ign-t™s\. apºn-esØ Cf-°Ø - n¬ O¿±n-°m-Xn-cp∂ sdºm\pw eqt°m-kp-tIm-dnbpw Cu {]mhiyw hfsc hyk-\n-°b - p-≠mbn. F¶nepw I∏n-Øm≥, C©n-\o-¿, Ãothm¿U, No^v Hmh¿ko-b¿, F∂o {][m\ DtZym-Kÿ - ∑ - m¿ Rß-fpsS ta¬ Akm-am\y Zb-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Rßsf hfsc Biz-kn-∏n-°bpw sNbvXp. Rßƒ°p ]I¬ Ccn-∏m≥ Aa-ct- Øm-SS- pØp Db¿∂ Hcp ÿeØp I∏¬∏m-sIm≠p Hcp-ta-e] v pcsIń Hcp°n-X-cn-Ibpw cm{Xn-bnepw ag-bp-≈-s∏mgpw k©-cn-∏m≥ \Sp`m-KØp sh≈w-X-ń-°-b-dmØ Hcp\√ ÿew Xøm-dm°n Xcn-I-bpwsN-bvXn-cp∂p. I∏n-Øm≥ Rß-fpsSASp-°¬ kZmh∂p Rß-fpsS t£am-Zn-Isf As\z-jn°bpw Cf-°k - a - b - Øp Rßsf ss[¿ø-s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNbvI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. I∏-en¬ GXp-`m-KØpw k©-cn∏m\pw Bhiyw-t]m-se-sh≈w FSp-Øp-sIm-≈p-hm\pw Rßƒ°p kzmX{¥ywD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥ ]d™ Cf°w c≠p aWn°p AS-ßn. 18mw\p bpw HcpCf°w D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ cm{Xn-bn¬ ]ecpw Dd-ßn-bn-ń-√. 19˛mw\p -Rm-bdmgvN B{^n-°m-bpsS Ings° Xoc-Øp≈ s_¿\ok67 F∂ XpdapJw IS∂p F∂ I∏n-Øm≥ {]kvXm-hn-®p. 20˛mw \p -cm-{Xn- sU-Uvse v Fs∂mcp ]md-°q´wI≠p. CXpw At\Iw I∏-ep-Isf \in-∏n® Hcp Zp¿L-S-ÿ-e-am-W∂p I∏-ev°m¿ ]d-I-bp-≠m-bn. 21mw\p -ap-X¬ kqbkn¬ FØp-∂Xp-hsc CPn-]vXns≥d Ing-s°-Xo-c-Øp≈ ]¿∆-X-\n-cIƒ XpSsc I≠n-cp-∂p. A - h an°hmdpw Ievae - I - ƒ BW. ImSpw ]p√pw Im◊m-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. CS-bv°n-S NneXmgvh-c-IfpwD≠. A∂p cm{Xn ]{¥≠p aWn°p kqbk Dƒ°-Se - n¬ {]th-in-®p. ko\m D]-Zzo-]ns≥d68 Ing-°p-hi - Ø - p≈ A°m_m F∂ Dƒ°-Se - ns≥d hmbpw Chn-sS-bmW. -tbm¿±\m≥\-Zn- ho-gp∂ Nmhp-I-S-en¬\n∂p Cu A°m_m Dƒ°-Sense°p Hcp ssIhgn thń-Xp-d-°p-∂-Xn\p s«sΩm≥ cmPmhp D’mln-®-{]-Imcw ]mc-º¿-ø- hm¿Ø-bp-≠∂p I∏n-Øm≥ Rß-sfmSp ]d™p. 22˛mw \p _ - p-[\ - mgvN A©p-aWn°p ko\mbn ]¿h-X\ - n-cI - ƒ ImWs∏-´p. ssZhw tamibv°p \ymb-{]-amWw Iev]n-®p-sIm-SpØ ]¿hXw CXm-W∂p ]d™p Ch-bn¬ Db-c-ap≈ Hcp ]¿hXw I∏-ev°m¿ - ƒ F√mw I¬ae-Iƒ BW. Rßƒ°p ImWn-®p-X∂ - p.69 wcw ]¿h-Xß hr£-ßƒ Im◊m-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p cm{Xn Ggp aWn°p kqbk tXm´p-ap-JØp FØn \wIqcw C´p.70 ]Øp-aW - n-hsc ChnsSXma-kn®p. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ kqb-kn¬\n∂p Um‡¿h∂p F√m-h-scbpw ]cn-sim[n®p. I∏¬I-º\ - n-°m-cpsS GP≠ph∂p I∏n-Øm-\p-ambn kw`m-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw tXmń¬ I∏-ens‚ D]tbm-K-Øn-\mbn hnZyp-i-‡n-bm¬ {]Im-in-∏n-°p∂ Hcp{_“m-fia - mbhnf-s°m-Sp-IqSn AXns\{]hr-Øn∏n-°p∂ aq∂m-fp-Iƒ I∏-en¬ {]th-in-°bpw sNbvXp. CXp tIhew Hcp hnf-°√ - , Hcphenbb{¥-sa-∂p-thWw]d-hm≥. Hcp ssaen¬ A[nIw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

AIse ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p-hm≥ X°-hÆw hnf-°n\p {]Imiw D≠p. hnf°p {]Im-in-®-s∏mƒ ]´-W-Øn¬71 D≈ ]e `h-\-ßfpw I∏-en¬ Ccp∂ Rßƒ°p shSn-∏mbn ImWm-dm-bn. tXmSns≥d InS-∏p- sX-°phS°pw Rß-fpsS bm{X hS-t°m´pw BW. tXmSn\p GI-tZiw 80 tIm¬ hoXn-bpw 90 -\m-gnI \ofhpw ImWpw. C{Xbpw hnkvXmcw Ccp∂mepw Hcp-I∏ - ¬ FXnsc h∂m¬ AXpI-S∂pt]mIp-∂X - p-hsc atddXp ASpØp InS-°pI]XnhmIp-∂p. tXmńs‚ Ccp-I-cbpw t\m´wFØmØ-hÆw hncn-∏p-\n-ew-t]m-se-bp≈ hnf-hn-√mØ aW¬`q-an-bm-Ip-∂p. ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØp Zqsc Nne -{Km-a-ßfpw hr£-ßfpwD≠p. tXm´-cnIn¬ Nne-Ip-Sn-ep-Ifpw tÃjy-\p-Ifpw am{Xw Ahn-Sh - nsS D≠p. tXmń¬ Aßp-anßpw Nnes_m-bn-I-fpw (-s]m-ßp-X-Sn-Iƒ) hnf-°pa-c-ßfpw ÿm]n-®n-´p≠p. Ccp-Ic - bv°pw tXm≠n-Ib - ddn-bn-cn-°p∂ aW¬Nnd ags]-bvXm¬ Hen-®n-d-ßp-hm≥ X°-Xm-Ip-∂p. `mKy-h-im¬ BtZ-iØp ag A]q¿h-am-Ip-∂p. Ct∏mgpw Ahn-S-hnsS the-°m¿ \n∂p aW¬ tXm≠n hnÿm-cs - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sdbn¬hgn aW¬ sIm≠p-s]mbn Nne sNdnb Dƒ°m-b-ep-I-fn¬ CSp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p. kqb-kn¬\n-∂p -t]m¿´-km-bn-Un-se°pw72 addpw Xoh-≠nbpw Iºnbpw Cń-´p≠p. 23 mw\p -hym-gmgvN ]I¬ \mep aWn°p I∏¬ t]m¿´-km-bn-Un¬ FØn. ]´Ww sNdp-sX-¶nepw shSn-∏p-≈Xpw `wKn-bp-≈Xpw BIp-∂p. 3˛w 4˛w \ne-bp≈ sIń-Sß - ƒ ]e-Xp-≠p. `qan-°p-Iosg Hcp-\ne Dƒs∏sS Hº-Xp\n-e-bp≈ Hcp slmdd¬ ChnsS I≠p. lmIvk-_nXo-I-∏-enep≈ Rß-fpsSbm{X ChnsS Ah-km-\n-®p. Rßƒ I-∏-ev°m-scmSp bm{X ]d™p kmam-\ß - ƒ klnXw t]m¿´-kmbnUn¬ Cdßn. BZysa Ikvddws-lu-kn¬ (N-hp-°) {]sh-in®p. Ah¿ Rß-fpsS kmam-\ßsf Hmscms∂mscm-∂mbn Agn®p ]cn-sim-[n®p. ]mkvs]m¿´pw AhnsS hmßn. ChnsS \n∂p GI-tZiw ap°m¬ \mgnI AIse CKp]vXm-b-°m-cpsS73 Hcp ]≈nbpw apdnbpw D≠p. cm{Xn-Xs∂ Rßƒ AhnsS t]mbnXm-a-kn-®p. CKp-]vXm-b-°m¿ Be-°-k{¥ym ]m{Xnb °okp-_mhm-bpsS A[n-Im-cØ - n≥Iogp-≈h - cpw hnizm-kh - n-]c - oXw C√mØ-hcpw kpdn-bm-\n-°m-scmSp sFIy-X-bn¬ Ccn-°p-hcpw BIp∂p.74 s]m¿´-km-bn-Unse CKp-]vXm-b-]≈n ]pØ\pw ]Wn-°p-d-Xo-cmØXpw BIp-∂p. Cs∏mgpw ]Wn-\-S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. CXp]Wn-bn-°p-∂Xp Du¿s«-anse am¿ _sk-en-tbmk F∂ CKp-]vXm-b-sa-{Xm-s∏m-eo-ØmbpsS D’m-l-Øm¬ BIp-∂p. [\-hm-∑mcpw Zcn-{Z-∑mcpw Dƒs∏sS 30 -ho-´p-Im¿ CXn¬ tN¿∂\-S-°p-∂p. {][m-\nbpsS t]¿ _¿sku A^≠n75 F∂mWp. Ct∏m-gsØ ]´-°m-c≥ \_m-sdm-°m-c≥ ]s{Xmk

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

]m{Zn-bmW. Ch¿ Rßsf hfsc ks¥m-j-sØmSpw _lp-am-\sØmSpw IqSn ssIs°m≠p. hf-sc-`-‡n-bp≈ HcpIq´w F∂p Ch-sc°p-dn®p ]d-hm≥ \mw H´pw kwi-bn-°p-∂n-√. 24˛mw \p 40˛mw sh-≈nbmgvN76 wcw ]´-°m-c≥ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√p-Ibpw Nne¿ ssIs°m-≈pIbpw sNbvXp. P\-Øn\p Ah¿ Ip¿∫m-\-sIm-SpØXp tbmPn-∏n®p H∂m-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p.77 wcw Zn-hkw Rß-fpsS ]mkvs]m¿´ aS°nIn´p∂-Xn\p Bf-b® - X - n¬ {_n´o-js - Im≥k-ens≥d ]°¬ Ab-®n-cn-°p-∂Xn-\m¬ AhnsS \n∂p hmßn-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw …o_m-siΩm-®\p Hcp]mkvs]m¿´ {]sXy-Iwth-Ws - a∂pw CKp-]vXm-b° - m-cn¬ Hcp-alm≥ km£n-®m¬ sImSp-°m-sa∂pw adp-]-SnA-dn-bn-®p. {_n´o-j-sIm≥kens≥dapºmsI RßƒF√m-hcpw lmP-cmbn H∏n´p sImSp-°-W-sa∂mWs{X N´w. AXn≥{]-Imcw H∏n-´p-sIm-Sp-Øp 25mw\p -]mkvs]m¿´ aS-°n-hm-ßn-®p. 6˛ -cq]m ]okp- sIm-SpØp siΩm-®-s≥dt]¿°pw Hcp ]mkvs]m¿´ hmßn-®p. \n¿∫-‘-Øm¬ As√-¶nepw ChnsS Hcp ssd´¿° A©p {]m¶p78 (\mepcq]m) kΩm\w sImSp-Øp. 25mw \p hN-\n-∏p-s]-cp-\mƒ79 Bbn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ cmhnse \mw Ip¿∫m\-sNm√n. CKp- ] v X m- b - ° m- c n¬ 20 - t ]- c n¬ Ipd- b msX \sΩmSp Ip¿∫m\ ssIs°m≠p. Ah-cpsS Ip¿∫m-\-s]m-se-Xs∂ `‡n-]q¿hw- As{X ssIs°m-≠-Xp. wcw ]≈n-bn¬ h®p thsdmcp hntijw D≠mbn. \ΩpsS ssIapØphm≥ Bfp-Iƒ A[nIwIqSn-bs - ∏mƒ Ipsd-t]¿ apØn-btijw \ap°p D]-{Z-h-am-sb-°p-sa∂p iwIn®p Ahn-SsØ ]´-°m-c≥ addp-≈-hsc hne°n shsdmcpka-bØp lmP-cm-Ip-hm≥ B⁄m-]n-®p. GI-tZ-iw 50 hb- p-{]mbw ImWp∂ Hcphr≤ kv{Xo wcw h - n-scm-[sØ Iq´m-°msXh∂p \ΩpsS ssI]nSn®p F´p]Øp apØn Ad-_n-bn¬ Fs¥m iImcn-°p-∂-Xp-tI´p. hnhcw tNmZn®-s∏mƒ ssIapØp hnscm-[n® ]´-°mc-s\mSp ""I¿Ømhp \ns∂ ASn-°s´ Fs‚ ]nXm-hns≥d ssI apØphm≥ \o hntcm-[n-®ns√'' F∂p Ahƒ hyk-\] - q¿hw ]´-°m-cs\ iImcn-°b - m-bn-cp∂p F∂Adn™p. wcw Iq´¿ \ΩpsS kXy-ks - lm-Zc-∑m¿ BIp-∂p. CKp-]vXm-b° - msc IqSmsX bhp-\m-b° - mcpw80 tdmΩm-°mcpw81 Cw•o82 jImcpw wcw]´W-Øn¬ D≠. A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cmb Nne hym]m-cnIfpw Ds≠-¶nepw Ah¿°p]-≈n-bn√. Acnap-X-emb kmam-\-ßƒ Bhiyw-s]mse hmßn-∏m≥ wcw ]´-W-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ s_mº-bn¬\n∂pw Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ Acnbpw ]n∂oSp I∏-ev°m-scmSp c≠p cq]mbv°p hmßn-bXpw Nne-hm-bn-s∏m-bX - p-sIm≠p D≠m-bn-cp∂

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

a\-kvXm]w Chn-sS-h®p Xo¿∂p. CKp-]X v m-b° - m-cpsS ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp ]≈n-°q-Shpw d^m-sb¬ keo_ -si-Ωmip83 Fs∂mcp D]-tZ-„mhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]´-°m-c≥ \sΩ Abm-fpsS `h-\Øp sIm≠p-s]mbn kev°-cn-®p. 25˛mw\p -i-\nbm-gvN k‘ybv°p t]m¿´-km-bn-Un¬\n∂p Rß-ƒI∏¬Ib-dn. CKp-]vXm-b°m-cn¬ Nne¿ Rßfp-sS-IqsS h∂p Rßsf I∏-en¬Ib-ddp-Ibpw Sn°ddpkmam-\-ßƒ apX-em-bh hmßnX-cn-Ibpw sNbvXXp IqSmsX Rß-sf{]Xn-b-s√-¶nepw Nne¿ Rß-tfm-Sp-IqsS Du¿t«-an\p t]mcnIbpw sNbvXp. \mw 2˛mw ¢ - m-kn-te°pw addp-≈h - ¿ 3mw ¢mkn-se-°p-ambn-´mW Sn°-ddp-hm-ßn-®-Xp. F¶nepw I∏-ense Hcp{][m-\n-bpsS a¿ømZbmepw I∏-en¬ Hcp-Iq-´p-bm-{X-°m-c\mbn-cp∂ lm_o_v Fs∂mcp bhp-\m-b°m-cs‚ ip]m¿inbmepw sdºm-s\bpw aev]ms\bpw …o_m- si-Ωm-®-t\bpw \ΩpsS apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-∏m≥ A\p-hZn®p. ChnsS \n∂p≈ Rß-fpsS bm{X a≤y-X-c-Wnbm84 kap-{ZØn¬IqSn Ing-t°m-´m-Ip-∂p. 26-˛m\p -Hm-im-\-Rm-b-dmgvN85]I¬ ]Xns\m-∂p-aW - n-°p- tbm∏m86 Xpd-ap-JØp I∏¬ASpØp. I∏en¬\n-∂p≈ t\m´-Øn¬ tbm∏m-]´- Ww hfsc Ae-¶m-ca - mb sIń-Sß - f - m¬ \nd-™h-sb∂p tXm∂n. ]´-W-Øns≥d InS-∏ns≥d kz`m-h-Øn\p IS-temcw apX¬ ae-hsc-bp≈ sIń-Sß - ƒ H∂mbn ImWm-hp-∂X - n-\m¬ Cßs\ tXm∂n-t∏m-b-Xm-Ip-∂p. Ic-°n-dßnb-t∏mƒ hnNm-cn-®StØmfw Ae¶mcw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. eØo≥Im¿, bhp-\m-b° - m¿, CKp-]vXm-b° - m¿ apXem-bh - c - psS ]≈n-Iƒ Zb-dm-Iƒ XpI¬sIm-√\ - mb insams‚hoSp87 apXemb ÿe-ßƒ I∏-en¬ \n∂p I≠-X-√msX Ic-°n-d-ßnb tijw Im◊m≥ CS-bm-bn√. AXn-\p≈ ImcWw Fs¥-∂m¬:-˛ I∏¬ tbm∏m-bn¬ \wIqcw CSp-∂-Xn\p apsº Rß-fpsS Hcp-Iq-´pbm-{X-°m-c≥ Rß-fpsSASp-°¬h∂p tbm∏m-bn¬ Ah\ph-fsc henb h≈-ßƒ Ds≠∂pw bmsXm-c-]-I-Shpw IqSmsX Rß-tfbpw kmam-\-ß-tfbpw Ic-°n-d-°m-sa∂pw ]d-™n-cp-∂p. Cu Xpd-ap-JØp Ic-°n-dß - p-∂X - n¬ hfsc A]-ISw hc-Ø° Hcp Xpd-ap-Ja - m-W∂p ]ecn¬ \n∂pw Rßƒ tIń-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ RßƒH∂pwXo¿® -]-d-bmsX ap≥t]¿]-d™ kvt\ln-X≥ lm_o-_ns‚ ASp-°¬ Chs\ ]d-™b-®p. lm_o_pw `m¿-øbpw Du¿t«-an∂p t]mIp∂ ]pWy-bm-{X-°m-cmbn-cp∂p. Ch¿ hfsc A¥- n¬ Ccn-°p-∂h - cpw Zbm-ep-°fpw Bbn-cp∂-Xp-Iq-SmsX hnip-≤] - ´- W - w-hsc Rß-fpsS Im¿-øß - ƒ F√mw As\zjn- ® p- s Im- ≈ m- s a∂p hm°p- X - ∂ n´pw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m- e s{X Cu a\pjys\ Atßm-´-b-®-Xp. lm_o_v Chs‚ At]-£sb

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

A\phZn°p∂-Xn\p Ipsd- kw-ib - n® tijw \n¿∫‘w aqew HSp-hn¬ kΩ-Xn-®p. \wIqcw CSp-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ tbm∏m-bn¬\n∂p h≈ßƒ h∂p XpSßn. Ah-bn¬ H∂p Rßsf Ic-bv°n-d-°m-sa∂p Icm¿sNbvX a\p-jys≥d ktlm-Zc - s≥d h≈ambn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ kmam\-ßƒFSpØp h≈-Øn¬ Ibddp-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ thsdmcp h≈°m-c≥h∂p Ah≥ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\m-W∂pw Rßƒ sN√p-sºmƒ Ic-°nd-°p-hm≥ Du¿t«-anse _mhm Ahs\ N´w-sI-ń-bn-´p-s≠∂pw ]d™p add-h-cp-ambn kmam-\-ßƒ°p ]nSn XpS-ßn. Rßƒ°p `mj Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp a\- n-em-I-bn-√. …o_m-si-Ωm®≥ ]d-™-Xn¬ Abmsf Ah¿ A\p-k-cn-°-bp-an-√m-Xm-bn. kmam-\ßƒ Bcpw sXmS-cp-sX∂p ]d-™n´p Iq´m-°msX Iøn¬ Inń-b-h¿ Hmscm-km-am-\ß - ƒ Atßm-´pwCtßm´pw sIm≠p-t]mbn. h≈-°m-cn¬ Hmscm-`m-KØp F´pw-]Øpw Bfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ kmam-\ß - ƒ sIm≠p-t]mIp-∂-h¿ Bcm-sW-∂p-t]mepw Rßƒ°p Adn-™p-IqSm. I∏-en¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿ F√mw Ah-c-h-cpsS kmam-\-ß-tfm-Sp-IqsS Ic-°n-d-ßp-hm≥ {ian-°p∂ ka-b-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Rß-fpsS klmb-Øn\p Bcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. lm_o-_p-h∂p Rßƒ°p-th≠n hfsc ]d-™n´pw BcmW Iq´m-°p-∂Xp. I∏n-Øms\ As\z-jn-®t∏mƒ At±-lw-I-c°n-dßn t]mb-Xmbn Adn-™p. Hmtcm tImh-Wn°¬ ]e-h≈ - ßƒhoXw D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Rß-fpsS kmam-\ß - ƒ GXp-h-≈-ß-fn¬ F∂p-t]mepw Adn-hm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂p. Rß-fpsS sN°p-ap-X-emb88 ]Ww AS-ßn-bn-cp∂ ssIs∏-ń- t]mepw ssIhn´pt]mbn. Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ Rß-fpsShyk\w F¥p-am-{X-sa∂p Duln°m-sas√m. kmam-\-ßƒ°p ASn-]nSn Iq´p-Ibpw _e-hm≥ Ic-ÿ-am°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ h≈-°m-c≥ Bscs∂m Ielw Bsc√mw XΩn¬ Fs∂m H∂pw Xs∂ Rßƒ°p a\- n-em-bn-√. ISin89 kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c≥ F∂p ]d-™-h≥h∂p kmam-\-ßƒ F√mw Ahs≥dh≈-Øn¬ Ds≠∂pw Rßƒ Ib-dn-bm¬ am{Xw-aXnsb∂pw ]d-™-Xp- tI´p Ahs‚ h≈-Øn¬ sN∂p t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ kIe kmam-\ß - fpw AXn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Ipsd Bizmkw Rßƒ°p-≠mbn F¶nepw DSs\ apºn-e-tØ-Xn¬ A[nIw hyk-\Øn\p Imc-Ww-P-\n-®p. Fs¥-∂m¬ h≈-Øn¬ {]th-in-®-t∏mƒ Kohdp-Ko-kp aev]m-t\bpw eqt°mkp tImdn-tbbpw Im◊m-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. h≈-ßfnepw I∏-enepw F∂√m kIe apdn-Ifnepw ad-∏p-cb - nepwIqsS t\m°n-bn´pw Chsc Im◊m-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. IS-en¬ t]mbn-cn-°m-sa-∂√msX as‰-¥mW Cu ka-bØp Duln-t°-≠Xp. GXm-bmepw Icbv°p sN∂pXn-c°n I≠ns√-¶n¬ Hcn-°¬IqSn I∏-en¬ aS-ßn-h∂p

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

t\m°msa-∂ p-h®p h≈w-\o-°n- ® p. Rßƒ Ic- b v° -Sp-Ø -t∏mƒ aev]m\pw tImdnbpw Ic-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chsc I≠p-In-´n-b-s∏mƒ hf-sc-kt- ¥m-ja - p-≠mbn F¶nepw ]d-bm-sX-t]m-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn®p Ahcp-sS-ta¬ \ap°p hfsc tIm]w Pzen®p. Ah¿ ]d™ kam-[m\w tIƒt°-≠Xp Xs∂. h≈-°m¿ XΩn¬ kmam-\-ßƒ°p ]nSn®p I≠-h-sc√mw sIm≠pt]m-Ip-∂Xp I≠-t∏mƒ Ch¿hy-k\ - n®p kmam-\ß - ƒ Ib-ddp∂ h≈ß-sf-¶nepw I≠n-cn-°m-sa∂p hnNm-cn®p Hcp tImh-Wn-°¬ Ch¿ sN∂p t\m°n\nev°p-tºmƒ thsdmcp h≈-°m-c≥ Ah-cpsS h≈Øn¬ {]th-in-°W-sa∂p Ch-tcm-St]-£n-®p. Rß-fpsS kmam-\ß - ƒ Ibddnb h≈-Øn¬ am{Xsa Rßƒ {]th-in-°-bp≈p F∂p Ch¿ DØcw]d-™-t∏mƒ kmam-\-ßƒ Bh-≈-Øn¬ Ds≠∂p Ah¿ adp]Sn ]d-™p. AXns≥d hmkvXhw Adn-hm≥ Ch¿ tImhWn Cdßn t\m°nb-t∏mƒ kmam-\ß - ƒH∂pw C√∂p-Im-Wp-Ib - m¬ Ah¿ ho≠pw I∏en-te°v {]th-in-°p-hm≥ `mhn® kabw Ah-cpsS kΩXw IqSmsX B h≈-°m¿ Ahsc tImcn-sb-SpØp h≈-Øn¬C´p Icbv°p sIm≠ph-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p. Chsc _e-Øm¬ h≈-Øn¬ Ibddn ]pd-s∏-´t- ∏mƒ Fs‚ ]nXmhp Igp-XI - s - f-°p-dn-®p≈ hnNmcw hn´p Fs∂-°p-dn®p hyk\n-°p-sa∂p siuen-\p-≠mb hnNmcw90 Ch¿°pw D≠mbn. Rßsf {Kln-∏n-°p-hm≥ D®-Øn¬ hnfn-°p-Ibpw \ne-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpF∂pw tIƒ°m-gn-I-bm¬ Ic-°n-d-ßn-bm¬ DS≥ I∏-en-te°p Xncn®p hc-Ws - a∂p \n›-bn®p {ian-°b - m-bn-cp-∂p-F∂pw Ch¿]d™p. Cuh≈°m¿ ChscCßs\ _eØm¬sIm≠p-t]m-b-Xns‚ Dt±iw Cd-°pIqen In´p-sa-∂p≈ B{Klwam{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ic-bv°n-dßn AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Cw•o-j-dn-bm-hp∂ Nne DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-sc-I≠p kwKXn {Kln-∏n-®t- ∏mƒ Ah¿ h≈-°msc imkn-°bpw IqenIq-SmsX aev]m≥ ap-X¬t]sc ho≠pw I∏-en¬ B°-W-sa∂p \n¿∫-‘n-°bpw h≈°m¿kΩ-Xn®p ]pds∏Sp-hm≥ `mhn-°bpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Bbn-cp∂p Rßƒ Chsc I≠-Xp. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c≥ F∂p-]-d™p RßsfIc-°n-d-°n-b-h\pw km£m¬ D]m- b nbpw Hcp apk¬am\pw Bbn- c p- ∂ p. Rßsf FXntcev]m-\mbn c≠p-Zn-hk - w-apºp Du¿t«-an-se-_mhm Hcpsdºms\ tbm∏m-bn-te°p Ab-®n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Rß-fpsS hc-hn-s\-°p-dn®p At±l-Øn¬\n∂p In´nb Adn-hn≥{]Imcw Ch≥ Rßsf £Wn®p Ft∂bp≈p. tbm∏mIS¬ ]Xn-hp-hn´p Cu elf kabw hfsc im¥-am-bncp∂Xp Hcp henb Bizm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-SsØ k{º-Zmbw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Adn™ncps∂-¶n¬ kmam-\ß - ƒ IÆn¬I-≠h - ¿ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mb-Xn¬ Rßƒ°p hyk-\n-∏m≥ Bh-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. F¥-∂m¬ BcpsIm≠p- t ]m- b mepw H∂pw- tam- j Ww t]mI- b n√. GXph≈hpw XpdapJØp Nhp°-ÿ-eØp ASpØp kmam-\-ßƒ AhnsSCd-°nh®p ]cn-tim-[n®p DS-aÿ - s\ Gev]n-°W - s - a∂p \n¿∫-‘a - p-≈X - n-\m¬ h≈-°m¿°p H∂pw {]hr-Øn-∏m≥ ]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´-km-bn-Unse-t∏mse Chn-sSbpw _t¥m-hkvXpw91 ]cn-tim-[-\bpw hfsc IWni-am-Ip-∂p. bhp-\m-b-°m-c≥ lm_o-_n-s‚ {XmWnbpw ip]m¿inbpw ssI°q-en-bpw-sIm≠p ChnsS Rß-fpsS kmam-\-ßsf {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Agn®p -tim[-\sN-bvhms\m Rß-fpsS ]mkvt]m¿´p ]cntim-[n-∏ms\m Bh-iy-s∏-ń√. Du¿t«w-hsc lm_o_v Rß-fpsS kIeIm¿-ø-ßfpw As\z-jn-®p. Ch≥ Hcphniz-ÿ-\m-bn-Øs∂ Rßƒ°p ImWs∏-´p. tbm∏m-Xp-d-ap-JØp I∏-en¬h-®p-≠mb hyk-\w-t]m-se-Xs∂ Icbv°p-h®pw Hcphyk-\-Øn\p slXp-hp-≠m-bn. Nhp° ÿeØp \n∂pw kmam-\ß - ƒ FSpØp Xoh≠n tÃjy-\nte°p sIm≠p-t]mIphm≥ h∂ Npa-´p-Im¿ ]e-hg- n-bmbpw ]e-ka - b - Ø - mbpw Chsb FSpØpsIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®p. Ch-cpsS t]m°pw `mhhpw I≠n´p Rßƒ°p Chsc-°p-dn®p hnizm-ka - n√m-Xmbn. F∂m¬ Ahscm ]q¿Æhn-iz-ÿ-∑m¿ F∂t]mse `mhn-®p. Ch¿ ]e-h-gn-bmbn t]mIp-∂-Xn\m¬ Rß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ Hmscm Npa-´p-Im-cs≥d ]n∂mse t]mtI≠n-h-∂p. F∂n´pw F√m-h-tcbpw ]n¥p-S-cp-hm≥ Rß-fpsS kwJy- a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cukw`-h-ß-fm¬ Rßƒ apºn¬Iqń IcpXn-bn-cp-∂X - pt]mse ]´-Wa - m-Is´ XpI¬sIm√-\mb iotams≥d `h-\am-Is´ Z¿in∏m≥ Ign-™n-√. Xoh≠n ]pd-s∏-´Xp A∂p-]-I¬ c≠paWn-°m-bn-cp∂p. hgn-t\sc Ing-t°m-´m-Ip-∂p. A©-c- a-Wn°p Du¿t«w tÃjy-\n¬ Rßƒ FØn. tbm∏map-X¬ Ipsd CS Xo≥\m-cI - w, sNdp\m-cIw, ap¥ncn Ch-If - psS tXm´-ßfpw hfschnkvXm-chpw ê-hØ - pap≈ Hcp ssaXm-\hpw I≠p. jmtdm≥ka-`q-an-bm-W-∂mW92 CXn-s\°p-dn®p InńbA-dn-hp. ChnsS bhw, tImXºp CuIrjn-Iƒ [mcmfw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hgn-ta¬ D≈ ÿe-ß-sf-°p-dn®p …o_m-si-Ωm-®\n¬ \n∂p In´m-hp∂ Aev]w Adn-h√ - msX hnh-ca - m-bh - k - vXpX a\- nem-°p-hm≥ Bcpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ka-`q-an-I-gn-™m¬ ]e Xmgvh-cIfpw ]¿h-X-\n-c-Ifpw D≠p. Xmgvh-c-I-fn¬H∂p thZ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Abm-tem≥ Xmgvhcbpw93 ]¿h-X-ßƒ sblq-Zm-bnse ]¿h-X-ßfpw Bbn-cn-°mw. hnip≤ ]´-W-tØmSp ASp-°p-t¥mdpw ]¿h-X-ßƒ IqSn°q-Sn-h-∂p. Ah-an-°-hmdpw Ingp-°mw-Xq-°hpw IpΩm-b-I-√p-I-fm¬

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

\nd™-hbpw NneXp ]mgp-`q-an-Ifpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Nne-Xns≥d Cd-°ß - fn¬ sskØp (H-en-hp) hr£-ßfpw ASn-hm-c-ß-fn¬ ap¥n-cn-tØm-´ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Rß-fpsS bm{Xm-k-abw hr£-ß-fpsS ^e-Ime-a-√m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ap¥n-cn-tXm-´-ß-fpsS `wKn Im◊m≥ Ign-™n-√. Nne hr-£-ßƒ Xnfn¿Øpw NneXp ]pjv]n®pw NneXp Cf-¶m-I-tfm-SpIqSnbpw Ccp-∂p. {][m\ hr£w sskØmW. AXpw \ΩpsS tIc-fØnse hr£-ßƒt]mse A{X hen-∏-am-Ip-∂-h-b-√. sZ¢m-hr£w tbm∏m-bn¬ D≠p. Du¿t«-an¬ XoØm, XqØm, eqkm, lmdq_m apXemb Nne hr£ßƒ sskØp-Iƒ t]mse C√-¶nepw A]q¿ha-√. ]¿∆- X - ß ƒ Imgv N bv ° p ]mgp`q- a n- I ƒ F∂p - t Xm- ∂ n- b mepw X°ImeØp tImX-ºp-≠m-Ip-a-s{X. tbm∏m-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hgn-bn¬ NnesNdnb {Kma-ßƒ Ds≠-¶nepw 20 apX¬ 40 hsc `h-\-ß-fn¬ A[nIw H∂n-epwC-√. Ah Zcn-{Z-∑m-cpsS `h-\-ßƒ F∂p-tXm-∂p∂p. F√mw a´p-∏mhp ]Wn-If - mW. hgn-bn¬ Kpl-Iƒ hfsc Im◊m-\p-≠p. Ah-bn¬H∂p At\I\mgnI hnkvXm-ca - p-≈X - m-sW∂p ]d-™p t- I-´p. Xoh≠n hfsc hfhpw Gdd-an-d° - hpw D≈ hgn-bn¬Iq-Sn-bm-Ib - m¬ Hm´w kmh-[m-\hpw A©m-dp s{S-bn\n¬ A[nIw Iq´n-tN¿°-s∏-SmØXpw BIp-∂p. Du¿t«-anse Xoh≠n-tÃ-jy≥ ]´W-Øn\p]pdØp GI-tZiw Hcp \mgnI sX°p]Sn-™m-dm-Ip-∂p. Rßƒ tbm∏m-bn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ kabw ]t{Xmk A^≠n Fs∂mcp kpdn-bm-\n-°mc≥ ap≥i´wsI´-\p-k-cn®p Du¿t«-anse _mhmbv°p Iºn ASn-®n-´p≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Du¿t«w tÃjy-\n¬ Rßƒ FØn-bt- ∏mƒ sdºm∑m¿, siΩm-i-∑m¿, At∑-\n-Iƒ94 Dƒs∏´ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS Hcp henbkwLw IpXn-c -h-≠n-I-tfm-Sp- IqSn Rßsf FXn-tc-ev]m≥ tÃjy\n¬ lmP-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬]ecpw BΩo-Z, a¿t±≥, Xpd_vZo≥95 apX-embÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnip≤ I_-dp¶¬ hµn-∏m≥ h∂n-cp∂ `‡-∑m¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. h≠n-bn¬h®p sbu\m-b° - m-c≥ lm_o-_n-t\mSp bm{X-]d™p. B a\p-jy≥ ASp-ØZ- n-hkw Rßsf Im◊m≥ hcm-sa∂p ]d-™n-cp∂p F¶nepw ]n∂oSp hcn-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. Rßƒ F√m-hcpw h≠n-Ifn¬ {]thin-®p kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS kwL-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]´-W-Øns≥d ]Sn-™msd tIm´-hm-Xn-en¬ h∂p. ChnsS\n∂p Im¬\S-bmbn ]pd-s∏-´p sktlym≥ amfnI F∂p-IqSn hnfn-°s∏Sp∂ a¿t°m-kns≥d `h\-am-Ip∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS Zbdm-bn¬96 FØn-b-t∏mƒ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmk _mhmh∂p Rßsf FXn- t cddp \sΩ Npw_n- ° bpw \sΩbpw IqsS- b p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

sdºms\bpw ]´-°m-scbpw IkhpIm-∏I - ƒ97 [cn-∏n-®pw AhnsS D≠mbn-cp∂ sshZo-IK - W - ß - ƒF√mw sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Iƒ ]nSn®pw kwKo-Xß - ƒ ]mSns°m≠p ]≈nb-I-tØ°p {]thin-∏n-°-bpw-sN-bvXp. ]Xnhpt]msebp≈ epØ-\nbm98 Ign-™t- ijw _mhm Rß-fpsS hc-hn-s\°-pdn®p Npc-p°-Øn¬ IrXm¿∞-kq-N-I-amb Hcp{]kwKw ]d-™p. A\¥cw ]≈n-bI - Ø - p≈ Hcp hnip-≤ÿ - ew Rßsf ImWn-®t- ijw Ae-¶m-cs - Øm-Sp-IqSn Zb-dm-bpsS ta¬\n-eb - n¬D≈ IqSn-°m-gvNa - p-dn-bnte°p Rßsf sIm≠p-t]m-Ibpw ChnsS h®pw _mhm HcpNpcp-ßnb {]kw-K-tØm-Sp-IqSn F√m-h-scbpw A\p-{K-ln-°bpw tZim-Nm-c-{]-Im-cap≈ kvt\l-]m-\o-b-ß-fm¬ Rßsf k¬°-cn-°bpw sNbvXp. 27-˛mw\p ap-X¬ I„m-\p-`h BgvNbm-bn-cp-∂Xp sIm≠p hnip≤ I_dnSw apX-emb Iyw¥-mbnse99 ÿe-ßƒ A√msX thsdÿe-ßsf Im◊m≥ D’m-ln-®n-√. a¿t°m-kns≥d `h-\s - a-∂p-]d - b - p-∂Xp ]q¿hIm-ew-ap-Xse kpdn-bm\n-°m-cpsS ssIhiw Ccn-°p-∂p. CXp GI-tZiw ]´-W-a-≤y-Øn¬ Aev]w sX°p]Sn™mdp amdn Dt±-iw 50 -tIm¬\of-hpw, 40 tIm¬ hoXn-bpap≈ Hcp-henb sIń-Sa - m-Ip-∂p. H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw \ne-IƒD≈ sh◊m-S-∏-Wn-bm-Ip-∂p. apgp-h\pw Icn-¶-√p-t]mse _e-ap≈ Hcp-hI sh≈-°√ - n-\m¬ ]Wn-bs - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Cu I√p an\p-°n-bm¬ am¿_nƒ t]mse tXm∂n-°pw. Du¿t«-anse sIń-S-ßƒ an°-hmdpw Cu Xcw I√p-IƒsIm≠p ]Wn-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Zb-dm-bpsS sX°pw-h-S°pw `mK-ß-fn-ep≈ c≠-psI-´p-Iƒ Ing-°papX¬ ]Sn-™m´p ap°m¬`m-Khpw aq∂p \ne-bm-Ip-∂p. \Sp-hn¬ hnesß aq∂p\ne-bp≈ HcpsIń-\m¬ Cu c≠p sI´pIsfbpw XΩn¬ sbmPn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hne-ß-bp≈sIńs≥d ]Sn-™msd`mK-Øp≈ tijw sIń-S-ßƒ c≠p \nebpw Ing-°p-h-i-Øp-≈h Hdd \nebpw BIp∂p. sX°p-hi - Øp Ing°p ]Sn-™m-dp≈ henb sIń-SØ - ns≥d a≤y-`m-Ka - mW sktlym≥amfn-Is - b∂p hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ a¿t°m-kns≥d `h-\w. CXpCt∏mƒ Hdd-\n-e-bn¬ ]≈n-bmbn D]tbmKn®phcp∂ Hcp hen-ba - p-dn-bm-Ip-∂p. \Ω-psS I¿Ømhp sblq-Zs - ]-kl - msb BN-cn®p {InkvXob s]k-lm-bm-Ip∂ ip≤: Ip¿∫m-\sb ÿm]n-®Xpw100 ip≤ «ol-∑m-cp-sS-ta¬ Xo\m-ºns≥d kmZr-i-Øn¬ ]md-¢oØm101 Cd-ßnbXpw Db¿∏n-s≥d-sijw Xm≥ «ol-∑m¿°p ImW-s∏-´Xpw102 am¿ bmt°m-_p-«olm BZywIp¿∫m-\-sNm√n-bXpw103 _‘-\Ø - n¬\n∂p amem-Im-bm¬ hnS-s∏-´-sijw ip≤:]s{Xmk h∂p{]shin-®Xpw104 I\ymkv{Xn AΩsb ⁄m\- k v\m- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b - X p- a mbn 105

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

c£bv°SpØ As\Iw AXn-ib{]hr-Øn-Iƒ \S∂ ip≤-ÿew CXmIp-∂p. Cu]≈n ssZh-am-Xm-hns≥d \ma-Øn¬ hnfn-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.106 sh≈nhnf°p-Iƒ apX-em-bh - I - f - mepw IvsZmivIp-Zn-im-sbm-Sp-IqSn107 X¶th-eb - mepw Ae-¶c - n-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. aZp-_l - m-bpsS hS-s°-Ac - n-In¬ Hcp ]g-b-I-tkc ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp am¿bm-t°m-_p-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\sa-∂mW hniz-kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xp.108 Itkc hfsc]g°hpw ImgvNbv°p A{X-`w-Kn-bn-√m-ØXpw BIp-∂p. F¶nepw A∏-kvtXm-ein-„s - a-∂p≈ `‡n-sIm≠p ]pdsa ]pXp-Xmbn ]eAe-¶m-c∏ - W - n-Ifpw X¶-th-e-Ifpw AtXm-Sp-tN¿Øp `wKn-bm-°o-´p-≠p. a¿s°m-kns≥d `h\w CuZ-b-dm-bn¬109 BsW-∂p-≈-Xn-s\-∏‰n A\y-a-X-°m-cmb {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw X¿°n-°p-∂n-√. aZp-_l - m-bpsS Ing°p `mKØp IvsZm-iv°p-Zn-im-bpsS aosX ss]Xemb tbip-hn-s≥dbpw Xs‚ amXm-hn-s≥dbpw Hcp Nn{Xw ]kv°n110 Iqń h®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp eqt°mk Gh≥tK-enkvXm-bm¬ Fgp-Xs - ∏-´111 sX-∂mW ]mc-º¿ø-ambn hniz-kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xp. Nn{Xw ImgvNbv°p hfsc ]g°w tXm∂n-°p-∂p. ]kv°n-ta¬ ]pXnb X¶-∏W - n-Ifpw Ae¶m-c-ßfpwhfscsNbvXn´p-≠p. ssl°-em-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ sXs° `nØn-tbmSp sN¿∂p Hcp s{XmsWmkpw Aew-Ir-Xa - mb Hcp IvsZmiv°pZn-imbpw D≠p. s{XmsWm-kns≥d apIƒ`mKw sh≈-I√n¬ D≈ amtamZokm-°-√m-Ip-∂p.112 CXns≥d Ipgn Nn{X-th-e-Isfm-Sp-Iq-Snb sh≈n∏eI-sIm≠p aqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXp ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s\bpw emk-dns\bpw Ahs≥d kslm-Z-cn-am-scbpw addp]e ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-scbpw ⁄m\kv\m\-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√m-Ip-∂p. Cu s{XmtWm-knepw Ip¿∫m\sNm√pI ]Xn-hp-≠p. Agn-°I - ØpsXs°`nØn-bn¬ As\Iw ]cn-ip-≤∑ - m-cpsS Aÿn-Ifpw I¿Øm-hns≥d hnip≤ Ipcn-ins‚ Xpsemw eLp-hmb Hcw-ihpw {]sXyIw {]sXyIw tase-gp-sØm-Sp- IqsS kq£n-°s - ∏-ń-cn°p∂p. \ΩpsS {]sXyI At]-£-bm¬ Ah-bn¬ NneXp _mhm \ap°p X∂p.113 ssl°-em-bpsSIogp Bgw Ipd-™-sX-¶nepw hnkvXm-c-ap-≈Xpw ssZh-am-Xm-hns≥d t]¿hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp∂Xp-amb Hcp InW¿ D≠p. CXp IqSmsX Zb-dm-bpsS addp-ap-dn-If - psS Iogmbn shsd aq∂p InW-dp-Ifpw D≠p. Ch-bnsesh≈w Dd-hs - h-≈a - √ - . a´p-∏m-hp-Iƒ shSn-∏mbnkq£n°bpw Ah-bn¬ hogp∂ ag-sh≈w Ipg¬hgn-bmbn Cu InW-dp-If - n¬ hcn-IbpwsNøp-∂p. InWdp-Iƒ°p IXIpw]q´pw D≠p. Du¿t«an¬ an° ÿe-ßf - nepw sh≈w kq£n°p∂Xp C{]Im-ca - m-Ip-∂p. Dd-hI - fpw Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ C√-∂n-√. ]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™msd `mKØp XmgsØ

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

\nebn¬ D≈Hcpapdn-bn¬ am¿ s_l-\m≥ kl-Zm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Hcp s{XmsWm-kp-≠p. Chn-sSbpw Ip¿∫m\sNm√pI ]Xn-hm-W. CuZbdm-bn¬ F√m \ne-I-fnepwIqSn \mev]-Xp-ap-dn-I-sfmfw D≠p. IjvSm-\p`h BgvNb - n¬ a¿±o≥, Xqd-_vZo≥, BΩo-Z, aqk¬ apX-embn 20 apX¬ 30 hsc Znh-kß - f - psS hgn-Zq-ca - p≈ ÿe-ßf - n¬\n∂p hcp∂ kpdn-bm\n-°m¿F√mw Xma-kn-°p-∂Xp Cu Zb-dm-bn¬ BIp-∂p. Cu sIm√w Zqc-sZ-i° - m-cmbn \qdn¬]cw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ h∂n-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Xqd_vZo-\n¬ \n∂pw Ign-™p-s]mb ae-¶csa{Xm-≥ am¿Iqdn-semk - mbn sdºm≥115 Bslm F∂pw sbmbm°ow_m-hm-bpsS114 Nm¿®-°m-c\ Z¿Ω-skm-°n¬\n∂p dºm≥ aevs° F∂pw c≠p dºm∑m¿ h∂n-´p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Zb-dm-sbmSp H´p-sN¿∂p ]Sn-™m-dp`mKØpZb-dm-h-I-bmbn Hcp sIńSw D≈Xp Cs∏mƒ Bkv]{Xn°p hmS-Ibv°p sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. Zbdm hI-bmbn tIm´bv°p]pdØp c≠p ap¥n-cn t- Xm-´ß - fpw hen-bXpw sNdn-b-Xp-ambn A©psIń-S-ßfpwD≠p. H∂p kmam\yw hen-∏hpw `wKnbpw D≈-Xp- X-s∂. AXp AsΩ-dn°m116 sIm≥k¬ B≠n¬ 90 ]h≥ hmS-Ibv°p FSpØp Xma-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. sijw sIń-S-ßfpw Iqen°p sImSp-Øn-cn-°b - m-W. hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw s\¿®-Ifpw IqSmsX Zbdm-bn-°p≈ ÿnc-hc - hp sIńS-ßf - psS Iqenbpw ap¥n-cnsØm-´ß - f - psS ]mhp-am-Ip-∂p. Cu c≠p C\-ßf - n¬ B≠n¬ 250 s{]©p-]h - \ - n¬ IpdbmsX apX-se-Sp-∏p-≠p. Hcps{]©p-]-h\p 109 {Iqipw Cw•oj ]h\p 137 {Iqip-amW ChnSsØ hne. Zbdm]≈n°p Ik-hp-Im-∏I - ƒ, Imkm, ]oem-km,117 [q]-°p-ddn, sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-°m-ep-Iƒ apX-embn s]m∂pw sh≈nbpw sIm≠p≈ ]≈n-km-am-\ß - ƒ hf-sc-bp-≠p. HcpIk-hp-ioeapSn118Rß-fpsS IÆn\p hfsc sIuXp-Ia - m-bn-cp∂p F∂p _mhmI≠s∏m-ƒ At±lw AXpFSpØp \ap°p kΩm-\-am-bn-X-∂p. Zb-dm-hI kΩm\w hmßp-∂Xp bp‡-a-√∂p hnNm-cn®p hne hmsß-W-sa∂p \mw hfsc kn≤m-¥n-®n´pw _mhmkΩ-Xn-®n-√. addp-≈-h-cn¬\n∂pw AXns≥d Ds±-i-hne tNmZn-®-dn-™p, B kwJy _mhmsb Gev]n-°phm≥ A_vZ≈m dºm≥hiw \mw t]m∂-s∏mƒ sImSp-Øp. Cu Zb-dm-bn¬ ÿnc-hm-kn-I-fmbn Cs∏mƒ am¿ {KosKm-dn-sbmkv Koh-dp-Knkp -_m-hmbpw \mep dºm∑mcpw Hcp i¿_mb119 dºm\pw Bdp siΩm-i-∑mcpw the-°m-cmbn aq∂p ]pc-p-j-∑mcpw hr≤-I-fmbn c≠p kv{XoI-fp-ap≠p. Ch-sc-√m-hcpw Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂p D]-Po-hn-°p∂p. Chsc IqSmsX iº-fsØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcpapk¬am≥ in]m-bn-bp-≠p. _mhmsbm \msam Zb-dm-bn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-\-S-∏m≥ Cd-ßn-bm¬

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Cuin]mbn Ac-bn¬ hmfp-sI-ńbpw HcpXcw hn√m[cn®pw sh≈nsIńb Hcp A[n-Imc hSn-sIm≠ \neØp D®-Øn¬ CSn®pw apºn¬ \S-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. _mhmbv°p Cs∏mƒ 70 hb p {]mb-ap-≠p. tZlw timjn® Bƒ BW. hfsc skuay-\pw `‡\pw P\-kΩ - X - \pw Xs∂. C{Xbpw {]mb-am-bn´pw IjvSm-\p-`h BgvNb - n¬ bmsXm∂pw `£n-°msX k‘y hsc D]-h-kn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Du¿t«-an-¬ D≈ addp PmXn-°mcmb sshZo-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]c-sZ-i- ptImbva {]Xn-\n-[n-If - p-sSbpw120 CS-bn¬ _mhm Hcpam\y\pw kΩ-X\ ambn tim`n-°p∂p. Cu alm-∑m¿ Hs°bpw Zb-dm-bn¬h∂p _mhmsb ImWp-Ibpw _mhm Ahsc ImWp-Ibpw ]Xn-hp-≠p. dºm-∑m-cn¬ {][m\n 70˛\p ta¬ {]mb-ap≈ A_vZ≈m sdºm-≥ B-Ip-∂p. 1032-˛mam≠nS°p ae-bm-fØ - p-h∂ Du¿s«-ans≥d am¿ {KosKm-dn-sbmk A_vZ¬\q¿ _mhm-bpsS121 IqsS Cu\mń¬h∂ Bfm-I-sIm≠p Cu sdºm-®s\ I≠-dn-bp∂ hr≤-∑m¿ ae-bmf kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cn¬ [mcmfw D≠m-bn-cn°-Ww. A∂pae-bm-fØ - p-\n∂p]ncn-™p-In-ńb hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw kqdn-bm122 bn¬ \n∂p ]ncn® hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw sIm≠p Zb-dm-bn¬ NnesIń-Sßƒ ]Wn-bn-°bpw ]≈n-bn¬ NneX¶-∏W - n-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn´p-≠p. ae-bm-fsØbpw kqdn-bm-bnsebpw ]ncn-hp-sIm≠p C∂m-cm¬C∂Im-eØp C∂Xp ]Wn-bn-°-s∏´p F∂p sh≈-°-√n¬ sImØn sIńS-ß-fpsS `nØn-I-fnepw s{XmsWm-kn-s∑epw h®n-´p-≠p. Zb-dm-bnse ÿnc-hm-kn-If - mb sijw sdºm-∑m¿ As{]w, skml-sZm, K{_n-sb¬ F∂n-hcpw i¿∫mbdºm≥ _¿sku-Ωm-bp-am-Ip-∂p. siΩm-i-∑m¿, bmt°m_, Ckvlm-°, K{_n-tb¬, anIm-sb¬, _¿sku-Ωm, siaHm≥ Ch¿ BIp∂p. skmlsZm dºm\pw K{_n-sb¬ dºm\pw _¿skuΩm siΩmipw sia-Hm≥ siΩmipw [¿Ω-si-Jc - ] - n-cn-hn-\mbn ans{k≥ Iqip apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-se°p s]mbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Chsc Im◊m≥ Rßƒ°p Ign-™n-√. Be-°p-k-{¥nb knwlm-k-\hpw As¥ymJym knwlm-k-\hpwXΩn¬ ]q¿Ækvs\l-Ønepw hnizmk hn]-coXw IqSm-sXbpw Ccn-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ c≠p-Iq-ćpw ]c-kv]cw [¿Ω si-Jcw ]ncn-°bpw sImSp-°bpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ kl-P-am-W.123 thZw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-s]mse Du¿s«w ]¿hX-ß-fm¬ Npdds∏ń-cn°p∂p.124 sIm´-bv°p-]p-dØ - p≈ sIń-Sß - ƒ ]pXp-Xmbn ]Wn-bs - ∏-´h - bm-Ib - m¬ sIm´-b° v p-≈nse sIń-Sß - s - f-°mƒ `wKnbpw hen-∏h - p-ap≠. ]pd-Øp≈ sXcp-hp-Iƒ hnkvXm-c-ap-≈Xpw h≠n-k-©m-c-ap-≈Xp amIp∂p. s\sc-adn®p sIm´-bv°p-≈n¬hgn-Iƒ CSp°pw Ib-dd-an-d-°ambn Iev]-S-Iƒ h®n-´p-≈Xpw BIp-∂-Xn-\m¬ h≠n-Hm´w Xosc-bn-√. Cuh-gnI-sf√mw sh≈-°-√p-I-fm¬ Xfncw CS-s∏ńcn-°-p∂p. Nne

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Isºm-fß - ƒ apgp-h≥ sh◊m-Sa - mbn hf-®n-cn-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ Xpc-¶ß - ƒ s]mse sXm∂n°pw. shfn-®-Øn-\mbn apI-fn¬ Zzmc-ßƒ h®n-´p-≠. Xpc-¶ß - ƒ s]mebp≈ sXcp-hp-If - n¬ Ccp-]p-dh - p-ap≈ jm∏p-Iƒ `nØnbn¬ Xpc-∂p-≠m-°nb Af-Iƒ F∂-s]mse tXm∂pw. tIm´bv°p GI-tZiw aq∂p\mgnI Npdd-f-hp- Im-Wpw. CXp- h-fsc I\-ap-≈X - pw 10˛ 12˛ t- Im¬ Db-ca - p-≈Xpw hen-bI - √ - p-If - m¬ ]Wn-bs - ∏´Xpw BIp-∂p. Nne `mK-ßƒ ]pXp-∏W - n-bm-W¶ - nepw ]gb tIm´-bpsS in„-ßƒ Nne ÿe-ßf - nep-≠p. tIm´-bn¬\n∂pw \mep-`m-Ks - Ø°pw Hmscm tIm´-hm-Xn¬ D≠p. ]Sn-™m-tdXp tbm∏m hmXn¬ F∂pw Ingt°-Xp -F-kvX-∏m-t\mk hmXn¬ F∂pw sXt°Xp kotbm≥ hmXn¬ F∂pw hS-t°Xp _mt_¬ BΩqZv As√-¶n¬ Z¿Ω-tkm°v hmXn¬ F∂pw ]d-bs∏-Sp-∂p.125 ]e-tKm-]p-c-ßƒ D≈-Xn¬ tbm∏m hmXen t\mSp ASp-Øp-≈X - n\p Zmho-Zns≥d tKm]pcw F∂p t]¿]-dI - bpw ZmhoZn-\m¬ ]Wn-bs - ∏-´s - X∂p hniz-kn-°bpw sNøp-∂p. CXn-s∑¬ Rßƒ Ibdn. hfsc _ehpw Db-chpw D≈ Hcp ]gb ]Wn-bm-Ip-∂p. Npddpw InS-ßp-Ifpw Im◊m-\p≠p. CXp Cs∏mƒ Xp¿°n]´m-fØ - ns≥d Bbp[-im-e-bm-Ip∂p. hoc-¶n-Iƒ CXns≥d Db-c-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠p. tIm´-bv°p-≈n-ep≈ sIń-Sß - fpw sXcp-hp-Ifpw ]pd-sa-bp≈ ]pXnb ]Wn-I-sfmfw ImgvNbv°p `wKnbpw Ae-¶m-chpw D≈-h-b-s√-¶nepw hnip≤ I_¿ ÿm]n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p∂ sIymw¥m - ] - ≈ nbpw t«sΩms≥d126 Bebw Ccp-∂-ÿ-eØp Cs∏mƒ D≈ apl-Ω-Zo-b]≈nbpw AsXmSp kao-]n-®n-cn-°p∂ AIvkm127 F∂ sIń-Shpw sbu\mb-°m¿ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ A¿Ω-\m-b° - m¿ eØo≥Im¿ CKp-]X v mb-°m¿ Cu {InkvXob-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ]≈n-Iƒ Zb-dm-Iƒ apX-em-bhbpw bqZ-]≈ - nbpw hen-∏Ø - nepw `wKn-bnepw Ae-¶m-cØ - nepw Gddhpw {]iw-k\ - o-bß - f - m-Ib - m¬ Ch tIm´-bv°I - Ø - p≈ sIńS-ßf - psS \yq\X-Isf aqSn-°-f-bp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. Ch-bn¬ I¿Øm-hns≥d ip≤ I_¿ Ccn-°p∂ sIymw¥m F∂ sIńSw128 Cs∏m-gsØ tIm´-bv°-IØp ip≤ a¿s°m-kns≥d Zbdmbv°phS°p`mK-Øm-Ip-∂p. Du¿s«-an-ep≈ kIesIńSß-sf-°mƒ CXp hen-∏hpw Gddw Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw Xs∂. F√m{Inkv-Xym-\nimJIfpw CXns\ `‡n-]q¿hw_lp-am-\n-®p-h-cp-∂p. CXn-se-°p≈ {]th-i\w sX°p-hi - Øp\n∂p≈ Hcp{][m-\h - m-Xn-en¬Iq-Sn-bm-Ip-∂p. sbu\mb-°m¿°pw A¿Ω-\m-b° - m¿°pw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw eØo≥ Im¿°pw CKp-]vXm-b-°m¿°pw ]≈n-Ifpw apdn-Ifpw CXn-\p-≈n¬ D≠.129 hnip-≤-I-_-dn-Sw, sKmKp¬sØm,130 sle-\n-cm⁄n hnip≤

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Ipcn-ins\ Is≠-SpØ ÿew131 apX-em-b-h-sb√mw CXn-\p-≈n¬ BIp∂p. ap≥]-d™ {- ]-[m\ hmXen¬ Xp¿°n]-´mfw Fs∏mfpw Imhep-≈Xpw Xms°m¬ Ah-cpsS ssIh-ihpw BIp-∂p.132 F∂mepw B¿°pw Fs∏mgpw CXn¬{]-sh-in®p Bcm-[\ Ign-∏m≥ X°-hmdp kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬ Fs∏mgpw Xpd-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu henb hmXen\p apºn¬ Hcp apddhpw D≠p. Chn-sSbpw Fs∏mgpw ]´m-f° - m-cpsS Imh¬ D≠p. At\Iw sIń-S-ßƒ Hcn-°¬ Hcm-fm¬ ]Wn-b-s∏-´-h-sb-∂s]mse H∂n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ Cu sIń-S-ßƒ°p H´p°p sIymw¥m (Db¿∏) F∂mW t]¿ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp. F¶nepw B\maw {][m-\ambn {]sbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp CXn¬ ]Sn-™mdp ASpØp a≤y-`m-KØp h - fsc Db-c-Øn¬ D≈ hrØ-Iq-Sm-c-amb henb IqSm-c-Øn-\m-Ip-∂p. AsX sIymw¥m-bnse ]e sIń-Sß - f - n¬h®p AXyp-Øa - a - mbncn°p-∂Xpw CXpXs∂. CXns≥d D≈p 100 -tIm-en¬ta¬ Npdd-fhpw 70 -tImen¬ ta¬ Db-chpw ImWpw. CXnse hf-hp-hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw X¶-th-eI - fpw Ae-¶m-cßfpw I≠m¬ kz¿§-tem-Isam F∂p kwi-bn-®p-t]m-Ipw. `‡-∑m-cmbn-cp∂ Hmscm alm-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cm¬ ]e- Im-e-ß-fn¬ sNø-s∏´ theI-fp-sSbpw Ae-¶m-cß - f - p-sSbpw {]Yn-ab - mW ChnsS Im◊m-\p≈ hntij-ßƒ. ip≤ kz¿Æhpw sh≈n-bpw-tIm-≠p-Xs∂ D≠m-°-s∏´ hnf°p-Iƒ AWn-bW - n-bmbn Xq°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah kz¿Æ XpS-ep-Ifnepw sh≈n XpS-ep-I-fnepw Xqßn{]-Im-in-°p-∂Xpw I≠m¬ IÆp a©p-sa-∂-√msX H∂pw ]d-hm-\n-√. CXn¬ cmhpw ]Iepw IØn-s°m≠n-cn-°p∂ At\Iw sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-If - p-sSbpw hnf-°p-If - p-sSbpw {]Imiw kq¿-øs\ tXmev]n-°psam F∂p tXm∂n-t∏mIpw. IqSm-c-Øns≥d ta¬`mKØp≈ a≤yw Hcp henb ho®p-he-bpsS hrØw IÆm-SnsIm≠p aqS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]pd-Øp-\n∂p kq¿-øs≥d civanbpw AIsa-\n∂p At\-Im-bncw Zo]-ß-fpsS {]Im-ihpw Cu IÆm-Sn-bn¬ ASn-°p-sºmƒ D≈ `wKn Ah¿Æ-\o-b-am-Ip-∂p. Cu IqSmcw F√m{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw s]mXp-s∏´ Hcp sIńS-am-Ip-∂p.133 CsXm-SptN¿∂p \mep-h-i-sØm-´p-amW Hmscm kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ]≈n-Iƒ \nev°p-∂Xp. t\sc Ing-°phiw sbu\mb-°m-cpsS Ae-¶m-c-ta-dnb ]-≈nbpw hS°p eØo≥Imcp-sSbpw ]Sn-™mdp kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sSbpw sX°p-h-i-Øp≈ sIńS-Øns≥d c≠mw-\n-e-bn¬ A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cpsSbpw ]≈n-Iƒ BIp-∂p. Hmscm Iq´-cpsS ]≈n-I-sfmSp ASp-Øptaepw Xmg-bp-ambn apdn-Ifpw D≠p. {][m\ sIymw¥m F∂ ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ hrØ IqSm-c-Øns≥d \Sphn¬ Ing-°p-]Sn-™m-dmbn GI-tZ-iw 14 -tIm¬ \of-hpw 4 tIm¬ hoXnbpw AI-sabpw ]pd-sabpw Ae-¶m- chpw D≈ Hcp sNdnb sIńSw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

D≠p. CXpw kmZm-t\-chpw hnf-°p-I-fmepw sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-I-fmepw {]Imin-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Cu sIńSw c≠p apdn-If - mbn Xncn-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. ]Sn-™msd sNdn-b-ap-dn-bn¬ hS-°-cn-In¬ Ing°p ]Sn-™m-dm-bn-´mW hnip≤ I_¿ Ccn-°p-∂X - p. I_-dn≥apdnIƒ am¿∫nƒI-√p-sIm≠p aqSs∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-hcpw I¿Øm-hns\ hnfn-°bpw {]m¿∞n-°bpw sNøp-∂Xp Cu ÿe-Øm-Ip-∂p. CXn-se°p {]sh-in-°p-hm≥ Ings° apdn-bn¬\n∂ HcpsNdn-b-hm-Xnepw Ings°apdn°p sIymw¥mIqSm-cØn¬ \n∂p {]th-in-°p-hm≥ Ing-°p-h-iØp HcphmXnepw D≠p. Cu Ings°apdn-bn¬ Hcp sh≈-°-√p-≈Xp I¿Øm-hns≥d I_-dn≥ hmXp°¬ h®n-cp-∂Xpw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿ Ccp-∂-Xp-amb BI√m-Ip-∂p.134 Cu apdn-Iƒ c≠pw am¿∫nƒ I√p-sIm≠p ]Wn-bs - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. sIymw¥mbn¬ CKp-]vXm-b-°m¿° ]≈n-sb∂ ]d-b-s∏-Sm-hp∂ Hcp {]tXy-IsIńSw C√-¶nepw hrØ-Iq-Sm-c-Øn¬ hnip≤ I_-dn≥ap-dn-bpsS ]Sn™msd `nØn-sbmSptN¿Øp IvsZmivIp-Znim F∂]Wn-Is - fm-Sp-IqSnb Hcp s{XmsWmkp am{Xw D≠p. sIymw¥m-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-h-i-Øp≈ ]≈nbpw AsXmSp tN¿∂p taepw Xmgbpw D≈ apdn-Ifpw kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb \ΩpsS hIbpw Cs∏mgpw \ΩpsS ssIhiw Ccn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p.135 Ipd-®p-Im-ewapºp Ipsd-\m-sf°p Cu ÿew A¿Ω-\m-b° - m¿°p ip{iqj sNbvhm≥ hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Ah-Im-iw-]-d™p AXp Ah-cp-sS-Xm-W∂p hmZn°p-∂p-≠-¶nepw hyh-lmcw kpdnbm-\n-°m¿°p A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-°p∂Xp-am-{X-a√ Cs∏mgpw \ΩpsS ssIh-ihpw BIp∂p.136 Cu ]≈nbpsS sXs° `nØn-ta¬ D≈ Hcp hmXn¬ Xpd-∂m¬ HcpKplbpw AXn¬ c≠p I√d-Ifpw H∂p-c≠p Ipgn-Ifpw ImWmw. I√-dI - f - n¬ H∂p \os°m-Zo-aq-kn-s≥dbpw atddXp Adn-aX - n-bm-°m-c≥sbusk∏n-s≥dbpw I_-dp-Iƒ BIp∂p.137 {][m\ sIymw¥m-bn-te°p≈ sXs° hen-b hmXn¬IS∂p AI-tØ°p {]th-in-°p∂ ÿeØp Hcp sh≈-°√p≠p. AXp I¿Øm-hns\ Ipcn-in¬\n-∂n-d-°n-h®p Ipfn-∏n® I√mIp∂p. I¿Øm-hns\ Ipfn-∏n® kabw I\ymkv{Xo AΩ Ic-™p-sIm≠ncp∂ ÿew CXn\p ]Sn-™mdp hi-Øm-Ip-∂p. I¿Øm-hns\ Ipcnin¬ Xq°nb tKmKp¬sØm -]≈n A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cpsS ap≥]-d™ ]≈n-bpsS t\sc Ing-°p-h-i-Øm-Ip-∂p. CXpsIymw-¥m-bpsS Xd-\n-c∏n¬\n∂p F´p-]Øp tIm¬ Db¿∂m-Ip-∂p. CXn¬ hS°pIng-s°AcnIn¬ D≈ s{Xm-sWm-kns≥dIogp Hcpam¿∫nƒI√pw AXns≥d \Sphn¬ Iotgm´p Hcp Zzmchpw D≠p. I¿Øm-hns≥d Ipcn-ip-\m-ńb I√pw AXns≥d Zzmchpw Cu am¿∫nfn¬ t\sc Iogm-Ip∂p. Bhnip≤ ÿeØns≥d _lp-am-\Ø - n\p-th≠n am¿∫nƒsIm≠p aqSn-h® - n-cn°p

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

∂XmW. Ipcn-ip-\m-ńb Zzmcw sh≈n-A-S-∏p-sIm≠p AS-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu AS∏p Xpd∂p Iøn-´p-t\m°p-∂X - n\pw hnscm-[a - n√. CXn\p sX°phiØp Ipcn-ip-ac - W - k - a - b - Øp A¤p-Xa - mbn]nf¿∂ ]mdbpw AXns≥d hnShpw Im◊m-\p≠p.138 CXpw _lp-am-\-Øn-\mbn hnS-hp≈ Hcp am¿∫nƒ I√n-\mepw hnShp ]nØ-f-X-In-Sn-\mepw aqS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. XInSp \o°n-t\m-°n-bm¬ km£m¬ ]md ]nf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂Xp [mcmfw ImWmw. Cu ]md-bpsS ASn-bn¬ Hcp I√-Smhp ]≈n-bp≠p. AXn¬ Cdßn taev]´p t\m°n-bm¬ Cu ]md-bpsS ASn-hsc FØn-bn-cn-°p∂Xp kv]„-ambn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-W. Cu I√Smhp ]≈n-bnse s{XmsWm-kns≥d Ings° `nØn-bm-Ip∂ ]md-bn¬ BZm-ans≥d Xe-tbmSp h®n-cp∂p F∂pw aev°nkvsZ°p AhnsS A∏hpw ho™pw sIm≠p _en I - g - n-®n-cp∂p139 F∂pw a\pjy h¿§-Øns≥d c£-bv°mbn I¿Øm-hns≥d hnem-hn¬\n∂p Hgp-Inb c‡w ]md-]n-f¿∂ hnS-hn¬IqSn Hgp-In a\p-jy-PmXnbpsS ]nXm-hmb BZm-ans≥dinc- n¬ hoWp F∂pw {]mNo\ {InkvXob ]mc-º¿byw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]nf¿∂ ]md-ta¬ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ taev]-d™ am¿∫nƒ I√n\p sX°p-h-iØp Hcp s{XmsWmkpw AXn-s∑¬ am¿_fn¬ sImØn-bp≠m-°nb ssZh-am-Xm-hns≥d Hcpcq]hpw D≠p. Cu cq]w hne-tb-dnb cXv\-ß-fm¬ Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. CXn\pw sX°p ssZh-am-Xmhns≥d \ma-Øn¬ Hcp s{XmsWm-kp-≠p. Ipcn-ip-ac - W - Ø - p-¶¬ amXmhpw tbml-∂m≥ Gh≥sK-en-ÿmbpw140 \n∂n-cp-∂Xp Cu ÿe-Øm-bncp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. sbu\mb-]-≈n-bpsS Ing-°p-h-iØp sIymw¥m-bpsS Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p F´p-]Øp tIm¬ XmW sle\n cm⁄n-bp-sS-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏Sp∂ ]≈nbpw AXn\p sX°p Ing-°m-bn 8. 10. -tIm¬ XmgvN-bn¬ ip≤- I p- c nip Is≠Ønb Kpl F∂p ]d- b - s ∏- S p∂ ]≈nbpw \nev°p∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ s{XmsWm-kn-t∑¬ slse\n ip≤ Ipcnip ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p \nev°p∂ Hcp cq]w am¿_n-fn¬ sImØn h®n-´p-≠p. Db¿∏ns≥dtijw I¿Ømhp adn-bw-a-KvZ-sse-Ømbv°p ImW-s∏´ ÿew141 {][m\ sIymw¥mbv°pw eØo≥]-≈nbv°pw CS-bn¬ BIp∂p. eØo≥ ]≈n-bn¬D≈ Hcp s{XmsWm-kns≥d Hcp`mKØp HcpI¬Xq-Wp-≠p. CXp I„m-\p-`-h-_p-[-\m-gvN-am-{Xsa Xpd-°-s∏-Sp-Ibp≈p. AS-®n-cn-°p-sºmgpw Hcp Zzmc-Øn¬ IqSn ImWm-hp-∂-Xpw B Zzm- c - Ø n¬ Hcp- t Im¬ Cń- c n- ∏ p- ≈ Xpw BIp- ∂ p. I¿Øm- h ns\ sIńbXq¨ F∂p CXn-s\-°p-dn®p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. iXm[n-]-\mb

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

sem©ot\mkns\ inc-tO-Z\w sNbvX ÿew, I¿Øm-hns≥d hkv{Xw Nnń-bn´ÿ-ewapX-embn142 ]eXpw Ipdn-°p∂ apdn-Iƒ bhp-\mb ]≈n°pw eØo≥]-≈n°pw CS-bn¬-B-Ip∂p. Ch-bn¬ Hmscm s{XmtWmkpw D≠p. Cu ]d™ sIń-S-ß-sf√mw sIymw¥m F∂ s]mXp-t∏-cn¬ Dƒs∏´ {_“mfi sIń-S-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-bm-Ip-∂p. hnip≤ I_dpw tKmKp¬Ømbpw Ct∏mƒ bhp-\m-b° - m¿, A¿Ω-\m-b°m¿, kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿, eØo≥Im¿, CKp-]vXm-b-°m¿ Cu kaq-lßƒ°p I¿Ωw Ign-∏m≥ XpeyAh-Im-ia - p≈ s]mXp-ÿe - ß - ƒ BIp143 144 ∂p. amtdm-\m-b° - m¿°pw s\kvtXm¿Im¿°pw sIymw¥m-bn¬ Nne Ah-Im-i-ßfpw ÿe-ßfpw ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Ah¿°pw Cw•o-j-Im¿°pw Hcp kw_-‘hpw Ah-Im-i-hp-an√. Cw•oj-Im¿°p kotbm-\nepw addpw Nne an-jy≥]-≈n-Ifpw kvIqfp-If - p-ap≠p. sIymw¥m-bn°p ]pdsØ¶nepw A[nIw AI-e-a-√msX sbu\mb°m¿°pw eØo≥Im¿°pw CKp-]vXm-b° - m¿°pw A¿Ω\m-b° - m¿°pw henb ]≈n-Ifpw Zb-dm-Ifpw thsdbpw D≠p. CKp-]vXm-b-°m-cpsS Zb-dm-bpsS ap≥h-iØp Hcp sskØp-hr£w Im◊m-\p-≈Xp A{_lmw Ckvl - m-°ns\ _en-Ig - n-∏m≥ `mhn-®t- ∏mƒ B´p-sIm-dd≥ _‘n-°s - ∏-´X - mbnI≠ Bhr-£a - m-W∂p ]d-bp-∂p. 145 Ct∏mƒIm-◊m-\p-≈Xp B hr£-sa∂√ Hcp ]gb hr£-Øns≥d aqń¬ Infn¿Øp-h∂ hen-bXpw sNdn-bX - p-amb ]ehr£-ßf - psS tiJc-am-bn-´s{XCt∏mƒ ImWp-∂Xp. CXns≥d inJ-c-ß-fn¬ NneXp \mw HSn-s®-Sp-Øp. t«tΩms≥d tZhm-ebw ]´-W-Øns≥d sX°p Ings° tImWn¬ tamdnbm ae-ta¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿeØp Ct∏mƒ Hcp henb aXn¬sI´pw D≈n¬ al-ΩZp ]≈nbpw \nev°p-∂p. Ing°pw sX-°pap≈ aXn¬ tIm´ Xs∂-bm-Ip-∂p. Ing-t°m-´p-_m-t_¬Zvl-dnsbm (Ft∂-°p-ap≈ hmXn¬) F∂p]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcphen-b -hm-Xn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂Xp Ct∏mƒ sIń AS-®n-cn-°p∂p.146 I¿Ømhp Igp-Xt- a¬ hml\-tadn ssZhm-e-b-Øn-te°p Fgp-s∂-≈n-bXp Cu hmXn¬ hgn-bm-bncp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.147 C{km-tb-ens≥d {][m\ ssZhm-cm-[-\ÿehpw I¿Øm-hns\ ImgvNh - ® - Xpw Xm≥ ]e-t∏mgpw Ccp∂p ]Tn-∏n®-Xp-amb B tZhm-ebw Ccp∂ÿeØp Ct∏mƒ \nev°p∂ al-Ω-Zp]≈n F´p ]´-Øn¬ hnti-j-ambn Xo¿°-s∏´ Hcp sh◊m-S-sI-ń-S-amIp∂p.148 Hmscm ]´Øn-\p 30 ˛ 40 tIm¬\ofwImWpw. CXns≥d Dƒ`mKw c≠p-]¥n XqWp-I-fm¬ hrØ-am-bn -Xn-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ c≠pDƒ`m-Kßfpw AXn-\p-≈p 60 t- Im-en¬ Ipd-bmsX Db-ca - p≈ HcphrØ-Iq-Smchpw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

BIp∂p. CXn-\p-≈n¬ Xd-\n-c∏ - n¬\n∂p GI-tZiw Igp-tØmfw Db-cØn¬ Hcphenb ]md-bp-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p al-ΩZp kz¿§m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Cu ]mdbpw taevt]m´p Db¿∂pF∂pw K{_n-tb¬ aep°p149 -]n-Sn-®p-\n¿Øn hf-sc-Im-e-tØmfw \new-sXm-SmsX \n∂pF∂pw ]n∂oSp Iosg `nØn-sIń Dd-∏n-®-XmW∂pw al-Ω-Zp-Im¿ Hcp hymP-∏-ga ]dI ]Xn-hp-≈Xp \tΩmSpw ]d™p.150 K{_ntb¬ ]nSn-®t∏mƒ ]Xn™-sX-∂p-]d-bp∂ ssIhnc-ep-I-fpsS AS-bm-fhpw CXnt∑¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠p. Cu ]md-bp-sS-Iogp HcpKpl-bp-≈Xp \n_nam-cpsS151 {]m¿∞-\-ÿ-e-am-bn-cp∂p t]mepw. Kpl-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ hmXn¬ AS-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp InW¿ D≠p. C{km-tb¬ _en-I-gn-®Xp Cu]md-ta¬ Bbn-cp∂p F∂pw arK-ßf - psS c‡w Hen®p Cu InWddnte°p hoWn-cp-∂p-F∂pw al-ΩZ- p-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Cu ]≈n-bpsSsX°p CuaXn¬sI-ń¬Xs∂ tIm´-tbmSptN¿Øp AIvkm-]≈n152 F∂p-]db-s∏-Sp∂Hcp henb sIńSw D≠p. anin-lm-bpsS Imev]mZw ]Xn™ ]md, HmΩmdp153 Du¿t«-an-te°p {]th-in-®-t∏mƒ BZywCcp∂p {]m¿∞n®ÿew apX-em-bh Rßsf ImWn-®p. A\-¥cw CXn-\pIogp≈ Hcp apdn-bn-te°pw AhnsS \n∂p I¬Øq¨ \nc-If - m¬ \nd™ Hcp henb ]mXm-f-ap-dn-bn-te°pw Ah¿Rßsf sIm≠p-t]mbn ImWn®p. XqWp-I-fpsSNph-ń¬ Hmscm Zzmcw D≈Xp Ipcn-ip-bp-≤°m¿154 IpXn-c-Isf sIń-b-Xm-W∂p]d-bp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ ap∂q-dn¬Ipdbm-sX-XqWp-Iƒ D≠p. apºp aqhm-bncw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p t- ]mepw. CXn\p hS°p-`m-KØp sh≈w kq£n-°p∂ InW-dp-Iƒ hfsc D≠∂pw ]mXmfapdn t«tΩm≥Xs∂ ]Wn-bn-®-Xm-W∂pw ]d-®n¬-D≠p. CXp-Iq-SmsX aXn-eI - Øp hS-°S- pØp Ings° tIm´tbmSptN¿∂p HcpsNdnb sIńSw D≈Xp t«tΩms≥d Ccn-∏n-S-am-bn-cp∂pF∂pw kp`m-jn-X-ßƒ155 FgpXnbvXp Chn-sS-h-®m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw]d-bp-∂p. kotbm≥ hmXn¬ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sXs° tIm´hmX-en-t\mS-SpØp sX°p-h-iØp Iøm-∏m-bpsS hoSp156 F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xp A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cpsS ssIh-i-an-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS Hcp ]≈nbpw Nne dºm-∑m-cpsS Xma-khpw ChnsSD≠. I¿Øm-hns\ Imcm-{K-l-Øn¬ C´-ÿew Chn-sS-bm-Ip-∂p. A¿Ω-\m-b-°m¿, CKp-]vXm-b-°m¿, kpdnbm-\n-°m¿ F∂n-h-cpsS ivaim-\-ÿ-e-ßƒ CXn\p ]Sn-™m-dm-Ip-∂p. AXn-\∏ - pdw bhp-\m-b° - m-cpsS ivaim-\a - m-Ip-∂p. Iøm-∏m-bpsS hoń¬ A¿Ω-\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-cpsS157 hfsc I_-dp-Iƒ D≠p. Ah an°Xpw am¿_nƒI-√p-I-fm¬ Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Iøm-∏mbpsShoSn\p Aev]w-sX-°mW Zmho-Zns≥d I√-d. ChnsS c≠p-\n-eb - n¬ Hcp-sI-ń-Sw-D≠. ssIh-iw-apk¬am-∑m¿°m-W. A-h¿ {]m¿∞\

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

ÿeambn D]tbm-Kn-®p-hc - p-∂p. Zmho-Zns≥d I√d (I-_¿) A©p-tIm¬ \ofw I - m-Wp-∂Xpw apIƒ Dcp-≠Xp-am-Ip-∂p. s«mtΩms≥d ssZhm-eb - ÿesØ apl-Ω-Zp-]-≈nbpw Zmho-Zns≥d I_dpw ImWp-∂-Xn\p Rßƒ°p Hcp]h≥ Nne-hp-≠m-bn. addp≈ ÿe-ßƒ ImWp-∂X - n\p C∂Xp sImSp- ° - W - s a- ∂ n√. a\- p- t ]mse hgn- ] mSpw hmXn¬ Imh¬°m¿°p Npcp-ßnb kΩm-\hpw sImSp-Øs - X-D≈p. t«tΩms≥d tZhm-eb - Ø - ns≥d hSs° aXn¬sI-ń\p ]pdØp ]oem-tØm-kns≥d158 hoSn\p hS-°p-In-g°p Hcp Ipfw D≠. CXmW A¤p-X-Ic-amb tcmKim¥n \SØn h∂n-cp∂ s_X-ssk-Zm-Ip-fw.159 Ct∏mƒ CXp eØo≥ Im-cpsS ssIh-ia - s - {X. Rßƒ CXn¬ Cdßn sh≈w IpSn-°bpw apJw Igp-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Ipf-Øn\p GI-tZ-iw 15. t- Im¬ Ipgn-ImWpw. CXn-te°p Cd-ßp-∂Xp c≠m-fp-Iƒ°p Hcp-an®p I„n®p Cd-ßp-hm≥ X°-hÆw CSp-°mbn hf®pw Nmbn®pw shń-°p-gn®p Zzmc-ßƒ t]msebp≈ am¿t§W ssI∏-S-I-fn¬ IqSn-bm-Ip-∂p. sagp-Ip-Xncn IØn®p ]nSn-®pw-sIm≠p Cd-ßn-bn-√-¶n¬ D≈n¬ {]Imiw ImWp-I-bn-√. IpfØn\p aosXbpw Npddnepw IpØn-h-f-hp-I-fmbn ]g-°-ap≈ ]e-]-WnIƒ D≠p. Ipf-Øns≥d BZym-hÿAdn-hm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-hÆw apgph≥ sXfn-°msX InS-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒsh≈w InS-°p∂ ÿeØp FØp-hm≥ X°-hÆw Hcp-hgn D≠m-°n-bn-´p-s≠∂p am{Xsa D≈p. CtXm-S-SpØp Ing°p hiØp eØo≥Im¿°p Hcp ]≈n-bp-≈Xp Xp¿°n kp¬Øm≥ \mt∏m-en-bm\p160 Zm\-ambn sImSp-Ø-Xm-W-s{X. Cu]≈n-bp-sS aZ-p_-lmbv°p Iogp Hcp Kpl-bp≠p. AXp I\ym-kv{Xoa-dn-bØ - ns≥d amXm-]n-Xm-°∑ - m-cmb l∂m-bp-sSbpw bqbm-°n-ans≥dbpw hmk-ÿew Bbn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn°p∂ [\-hm-s≥dbpw emk-dn-s≥dbpw D]a161 km£m¬ Hcp kw`-ham-W∂p ]e alm-∑mcpw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-ń-´p-≈X - n\p A\p-cq-]a - mbn B[\hms≥d ]Sn-hm-Xnepw Zcn-{Z-\mb emk¿ Ccp-∂-I√pw ]´-W-Øns≥d D≈n¬ thsdmcp-ÿ-eØp Rßƒ°p ImWn-®p-X-∂p. Ings° tIm´-hm-Xn-en\p kvtX∏m-t\m-kns≥d hmXn-se∂p t]¿]dbp∂{]Imcw apsº {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠-s√m. CXn\p]Sn-™mdpw t«tΩms≥d Be-bÿ - e - Ø - ns≥d hS-s°-aX - n-en\p ]pdØp ]Sn-™mdpam-dnbpw D≈ Hcp ÿew ]oem-tØm-kns≥d`h\w F∂p hnfn-°-s∏Sp∂p. B \mSp-hmgn \ΩpsS c£-Is\ hnkvX-cn-®-t∏mƒ I¿Ømhp \n∂ ÿehpw RßƒI-≠p. Cu sIńSw Ct∏mƒ Xp¿°n ]´m-fØns≥d ]mf-b-am-Ip-∂p. temI-kr-„m-hns\ hnkvX-cn-®-ÿew temIØnte°pw Iiva-e∑m-cmb ]´m-fØns≥d ]mf-b-am°n Xo¿Øn-cn-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

°p∂Xp Fs¥m Hcp ssZh-hn-Nm-cW - b - m-W∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip-∂p. tIm´bpsS Ing°pw sX°pw ]Sn-™mdpw `mK-ßƒ henb Ncn-hp-Iƒ BIp∂p. Ings° Xmgvhc btlm-im-∏mØp Xmgvhc - F - ∂pw162 sXt°Xp lnt∂m≥ Xmgvhc - F - ∂pw ]Sn-™m-tdXp Kotlm≥Xm-gvhc F∂pw hnfn°-s∏-Sp-∂p. btlm-im-∏m-Øns≥d Hcp`mK-ØmW Int{Zm≥ tXmSp163 InS-°p-∂-Xp. \ΩpsS I¿Ømhp Ipcp-Ss≥d IÆn¬ Ifn-aÆp tX®p \o t]mbn Igp-IpI F∂p ]d™164 iotem-lm-sa∂ Ipfw lnt∂mw Xmgvhc-bn¬ BIp∂p. Rßƒ Cu Ipf-Ønepw Cd-ßn s - h≈w tImcn IpSn-°bpw apJw Igp-Ip-IbpwsNbvXp. CXns≥d Bghpw CXn-te°p Cd-ßp∂ hgnbpw an°-hmdpw s_X-sskZm Ipfw t]mse-bm-Ip-∂p. kvtX∏m-t\mkp tIm´ hmXn¬ IS∂p Ing-t°m´p btlm-im-∏mØp Xmgvhc - b - n-te-°p≈ Cd-°Ø - n¬ hgn-bpsS heØp `mKØp c≠p`mKhpw A{XDb¿®-bn-√mØ ]md-I-fm¬ Npdds∏´ HcpÿewD≠p. kl-tZ∑m-cpsS BZyPmX-\mb am¿ kvtX∏m-t\m-kns\Is√-dn-™Xp ChnsS h®m-bn-cp-∂p.165 Gdp-Im-cpsShkv{X-ßsf kq£n-®p-sIm≠p siu¬166 \n∂ ÿew Chn-sS s - X°pIng-°pam-dnbm-Ip-∂p. Cu Xmgvhc - b - n¬\n∂p Henhp-]¿h-XØ - n-te°p Itc-dp∂ hgn-bpsS hS-°p-`m-KØ - p≈ HcpI√Sm-hn¬ As{X ]cn-ip≤ I\ymkv{Xo AΩ-bpsS Xncp-i-cocw AS-°nbXp. CXp-C-t∏mƒ Hcphenb ]≈n-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-te°p Cdßp-hm≥ 48 -I-ev]S-ƒ Ds≠∂p ]d-bpsºmƒ \ne-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p≈ XmgvN GI-tZiw Duln-°m-as - √m. GXm\pw Iev]S- I - ƒ Cd-ßp-tºmƒ Ing-°c - n-In¬ bqbm-°n-an-s≥dbpw l∂m-bp-sSbpw I_-dp-Ifpw Ipsd-IqsS Cd-ßp-tºmƒ ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØp \oXn-am-\mb sbutk∏ns≥d I_dpw ImWmw.167 ASn-bn¬ ]≈n-bpsS Ings° Acn-In¬ sbu\mb-°m¿°p X\n®p Hcp s{XmsWm-kp≠p. AXn\p]Sn-™m-dp-amdn ssZh-am-Xm-hns≥d I_dpw AXn-\p-ta-embn Hcp sNdnb hfhpwD≠p. B hf-thm-SptN¿Øp ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØp bhp-\m-b-°m¿°pw A¿Ω-\m-b-°m¿°pw IqSn Hcp s{XmsWmkpw hS-°p -`m-KØp kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb \ap°p X\n®p Hcps{Xm-sWmkpw D≠p.- F√m_p[-\m-gN v bpw ChnsS Ip¿∫m\ sNm√pI ]Xn-hp-≠p.168 hen-bt- \mºp hoSn-h∂ H∂m-asØ _p[-\mgvN CuÿeØp Ip¿∫m-\-sNm-√n-bXp \mam-bn-cp-∂p.169 CKp-]vXm-b-°mcpsS s{XmsWmkp ]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d-Sp-Øm-Ip-∂p-. -b-hp-\mb-°m¿ cmhn-sebpw A\-¥cw addp-≈-a-X-°m¿ Hcp-k-a-bØpw Ip¿∫m\ sNm√pI ]Xn-hm-Ip-∂p. Cu]≈nbpw ]cn-ip-≤-am-Xm-hns≥d I_dpw hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS t]¿ sKZvkotΩm≥]≈n F∂m-Ip-∂p. Cu]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™mdp Hcp sskØphr£-tXm´w D≠p. -\mw Ip¿∫m\ Ign™p Cu tXm´-Øn-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

ep≈-Xn¬ Hcp sskØp-hr-£-Øn≥Io-gncp∂p `£Ww Ign-®-sijw sskØp-]¿h-X-Ønse ip≤-ÿ-e-ßsf Z¿in-∏m≥t]mbn. sKZvko-sΩm≥ ]≈nbv°p sX°p-In-g°p Dt±iw F´p-]Øp Zfip AIse Cs∏mƒ ]≈n-bm°n Xo¿Øn-cn-°p∂ HcpKpl-bp≠p. \ΩpsS c£-I≥ sKZvko-tΩm≥ tXm´-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n-∏m≥ s]mb-s∏mƒ ]s{Xmkpw bms°m_pw sbml-∂m\pw Ccp-∂Xp Cu Kpl-bn¬ Bbncp-∂p.170 CXp Cs∏mƒ eØo≥Im-cpsS ssIhiw BIp-∂p-. I¿Ømhp {]m¿∞n® ÿew (sK-Zvko-tΩm≥tXm´w) CXn-\S- pØp hgn°p sX°ph-iØpw sskØp-]¿h-X-Øns≥d ]Sn-™msd Ncn-hnepw BIp-∂p. Cs∏mƒ Cu tXm´-Øn¬ i¿ssh\m, sskØp apX-em-bhr£-ßƒ IqSmsX hfsc ]qs®-Sn-Iƒ \´p-h-f¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXpw eØo≥ ImcpsS ssIh-i-amW. IjvSm-\p-`-h-B-gvN-bn¬ I¿Ømhpk-ln-®Xpw {]hr-Øn-®X - p-ambn tXm´-Øn¬ h®p ]nSn-®X - p-apX¬ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®Xphsc-bp≈ kw`-h-ß-fn¬ Hmscm∂p Nn{X-ambn sImØnb am¿_nƒ XqWp-Iƒ ChnsS ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. I¿Ømhp BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ Rß-fpsS _mhm171 F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ Cº-I-c-amb {]m¿∞\ Xs≥d injy-∑msc ]Tn-∏n-®Xp CXn\p Ing-°p-h-i-Øp≈ Hcp ]md-bn-t∑¬ Ccp∂psIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B]md Cs∏mgpw Im◊m-\p-≠p. CXn\p Aev]wIng-°p-amdn Hcp {]©pa-ZmΩ Ipsd-ÿew hnebv°p hmßn®p Hcphenb sIńSw ]Wn-bn®p AXns≥d `nØn-If - n¬ 30 ˛¬ Ipd-bmsX `mj-If - n¬ I¿Øm-hns≥d {]m¿∞\ _lp Nn{X-ambn Hmscm am¿_nƒ I-√n¬ sImØn®p h®n-´p-≠p.172 -C-Xn¬ H∂ns≥d Xe-hm-N-I-Øn¬ kwkvIrXw Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp I≠p kq£n®p-s\m-°n-b-s∏mƒ I¿Øm-hns≥d {]m¿∞\ Cw•oj A£-c-Øn¬ ae-bmf hmN-I-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp I≠p. I¿Ømhp tXm´-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n-∏m≥s]m-bs - ∏mƒ «ol-∑m¿ Ccp∂ ÿew, kvtX∏m-s\m-kns\ Is√-dn-™t- ∏mƒ hmgvØs - ∏´ I\ymkv{Xn AΩ Ic-™pw-sIm≠p \n∂ÿew, I¿Ømhp Igp-X-∏p-dØp {]shin® ÿew apX-embn shsdbpw ]e-hn-si-j-ßƒ Hm¿∏n-°p∂ ÿeßƒ sskØp ae-bpsS ]Sn-™msd Ncn-hn¬ sKZ-ko-sΩm≥ sXm´Øn\p kao-]-ambn Rßƒ°p ImWn-®p-X-∂p. sskØp ae-bn¬ sskØp, eqkm, lmdq_m apX-emb hr£-ßƒ[mcm-f-am-bn-ń√¶nepw Im◊m-\p≠p. ]¿h-X-Øns≥d D®-Øn¬ HcpsNdnb sIń-Shpw aXn¬s°´pw D≈-Xn\p kqem°m (kz¿§m-scm-lW - w) F∂mW t]¿]dbp-∂-Xp. Cu sIń-S-Øns≥d Dƒ`m-KØp HcpsNdnb-]m-d-bp-≈-Xn¬ \n∂p I¿Ømhp kz¿§m-scm-lWw sNbvXpF∂p hniz-kn®p hcp-∂p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

CXn-s∑¬ Im¬Np-h-Sns≥d icn-bmb amXr-I-bn¬ A√-¶nepw sNdnb Ipgn-s]mse ]mSp-Im◊m\p≠p. AXn\p I¿Øm-hns≥d Im¬Np-hSp F∂p s]¿]-d-™p-h-cp-∂p. CusIń-S-Øns≥dXmt°m¬ apk¬am-∑mcpsS ssIh-ia - m-Ip-∂p. sIń-SØ - n\p ]pdØp Ing-°p-hi - Øp aXn-semSpsN¿∂p bhp-\m-b° - m¿°pw A¿Ω-\m-b°m¿°pw CKp-]vXm-b° - m¿°pw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw Hmscm s{XmsWm-kp-≠p. {]Xn-h¿jw kz¿§m-scml-W-\mƒ Cu ÿeØp Ip¿∫m-\-sNm-√pI ]Xn-hp-≠p. eØo≥Im¿ sNm√p-∂Xp sIń-S-Øn-\-IØp tai-bn´pw addp-≈-h¿ ]pd-Øp≈ s{XmsWm-kp-I-fn-s∑¬ IqSmcw ASn®pw BIp-∂p. CXn\p Aev]w sX°p Ing°p amdn djym-°m-cpsS173 Hcp hen-b]≈nbpw aWnamfnIbpw D≠p. Rßƒ wcw aWn-am-fn-I-bpsS apI-fn¬ Ibdn AhnsS \n∂p tbm¿±\m≥ \Znbpw sbdnslm ]´Whpw KnebmZv ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Ifpw Nmhp-I-Sepw addpw t\m°n I≠p. tbm¿±-\m≥ sbdps«an¬\n∂p 15. ssa¬ Ing-°m-Ip∂p. hgn Aev]w Zp¿L-Shpw I≈-∑m-cpsS D]-{Z-hhpw D≈-Xp-sIm≠p Ahn-sS°p t]mI-Ws - a-∂p-≠mbn-cp∂ Dt±-iw _mhm-bpsS hntcm-[-Øm¬ Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. sskØp-a-e-sbmSp ASpØ hS°p`mKØp Keo-enbm ]¿h-X-sa∂p t]cn¬ Hcp ae-bp≠p. I¿Ømhp Db¿sØ-gp-s\-dd-tijw «o-l∑ - m¿°pap-ºmbn Ken-en-bm-bnse°p t]mIp-sa∂p Iev]n-®Xp174 hS-°p≈ km£m¬ Ken-en-bm-tZ-i-a√m Du¿t«-an\p kao-]-ap≈ wcw Ken-enbm ae-bn-se-°m-W∂p ]d-bp∂p. Chn-sSbpw Nne ]≈n-Ifpw sIń-Sß - fpw D≠p. sskØp-ae - b - n¬ ap≥]d™h IqSmsX djym-°m-cpsS hI-bmbn hnti-j-ta-dnb ]≈n-Ifpw Zb-dm-Ifpw D≠p. sskØp-ae - s - bmSptN¿∂p sX°p-In-g°p Hcp sNdn-ba - e - b - p≠p. wcw c≠p ae-Iƒ°pw as≤y-bp≈ ÿe-amW s_kv]msK F∂ {Kmaw. wcw sNdnb ae-bpsS Ings° ASn-hm-cØp s_Xm-\nbm {Kmaw Ccn°p∂p. s_kv]m-K-bn¬ eØo≥Im¿° HcpsIńSw D≠p. s_Xm-\nbm-bn¬ Cs∏mƒ 30 -ap-k¬am≥ hoSp-Iƒ am{Xw ImWpw. Ch¿ Zcn-{Z∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂p. hnip≤ ]´-W-Øn¬\n∂p Chn-sS°p c≠p-a-bnen¬ A[nIwC√. wcw {Kma-Øn¬ Ing-°p-]S- n-™m-dm-bn-´p-≈- h-gn-bpsS sXs°A-cn-In¬As{X emk-dns\ Dbn¿∏n® ih-°-√d Ccn-°p-∂-Xp.175 CXp ]Øp]-{¥-≠p-tIm¬ Bg-ap≈ Hcp Kpl-bm-Ip-∂p. CXn¬ Rßƒ Cdßn-I-≠Xp sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-I-fpsS {]Im-i-Øm¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. am¿Øm bpsSbpw adn-bØ - n-s≥dbpw `h\w176 CXn\p kao]w sX°p-hi - Ø - m-bncp∂p. BÿeØp apºn¬ Hcp]≈n- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp \in-®p-s]mbncn°p-∂p. Cs∏mƒ ASn-Ø-dbpw `nØn-I-fpsS Nne `mK-ßfpw am{Xw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Im◊m\p≠p. wcwÿew apk¬am-∑m-cpsS ssIhiwCcn-°p-∂p. am¿Øm I¿Øm-hns\ FXn-tcdd ÿeØp bhp-\m-b-°m-cpsS Hcp ]≈n-bp-≠p. sKZ-kosΩm≥ tXm´-Øns≥d sX°-Sp-Øp≈ ÿew Cs∏mƒ sblqZ-∑m-cpsS ivaim-\a - m-Ip-∂p. CXn\p ]Sn-™m-dp≈ Xmgvhc-bn¬ aq∂mep I¬Øq-Wp-Iƒ D≈-h-bn¬ H∂p A_-im-sem-ans≥d XqWp177 F∂ ]d™p-h-cp-∂p. lvI¬Zvsam178 F∂ c‡-\new blq-Z-iva-im-\-ÿ-eØns≥d sX°p- ] - S n™m- d Sp- Ø m- I p- ∂ p. ]´- W - Ø ns≥d hSs° tIm´bv°p ]pdØp Hcp Kpl Rßƒ I≠p. CXp Hcphenb ]mdbpsS D≈n¬ sImØn D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Hcp hmXn-en¬IqSn am{Xw D≈n-se°p IS-°m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂mepw AIØp{]th-in-°p-sºmƒ H∂n¬\n∂p H∂n-te°p {]th-in-°m-hp∂ Ccp-]-tXmfw Kpl-Ifpw Hmtcm-∂n¬ c≠p-aq∂p I_-dn-S-°p-gn-Ifpw D≈-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. Ch-bpsS hmXn-ep-Iƒ F√mw IXIp sXmSp-°p-hm≥X° kvXnXn-bn¬ D≠m-°s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Chbv°p samØ-ambn cmPm-°-fpsS I_-dp-Iƒ F∂p t]¿ ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. blq-Zm-bnse cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ivaim-\-ÿ-e-ßƒ Bbn-cn-°mw. Cßs\ hnip≤ ]´W-Øn\p AI-sabpw ]pd-sabpw kao-]h - pw D≈ {][m-\ÿ e - ß - s - fbpw sIń-Sß - s - fbpw Rßƒ°p-Im-◊m≥ Ign-™p. wcw F√m ÿe-ß-sfbpw k©-cn®p ImWp-∂-Xn\p _mhm-bpsSbpw sdºm-®∑ - m-cp-sSbpw klmbw Rßƒ°p hfsc D≠m-bn. Ch¿ Rßfp-sS-IqsS F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw k©-cn-°bpw kI-ehpw Rßƒ°p ImWn®pXcn-Ibpw Rß-sf-{]Xn hfsc _p≤n-ap-´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\-¥cw I¿Øm-hns≥d P\-\ÿ - e - a - mb t_Xetlw ]´-WØ - n\p Rßƒ t]mbn. CXp Du¿s«-an¬\n∂p sX°p GI-tZiw A©-p\mgnI AI-se - bp≈ Hcp ]´-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. c≠p ]´-Wß - ƒ°pw as≤y hgn-bc - nIn¬ sbu-\m-b° - m-cpsS hI-bmbn Gen-bm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ hnfn-°s - ∏Sp∂ Hcp Zbdm I≠p. CsXmSp H´p-A-SpØp hgn-b-cnsI sIu-°vt_mbpsS (\-£{- X-ßf - p-sS) F∂p hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Hcp InW¿ D≠p. avKqsi∑m¿179 inip-hmb sbip-hns\ hµn-∏m≥ s]mbs∏mƒ \£{Xw ad-bs∏- ´ - t ijw ho≠pw ImW- s ∏- ´ Xp wcw ÿe- Ø p- h - ® m- I sIm≠p Cßs\ t]¿ D≠m-b-XmW∂p ]d-™p-h-cp-∂p. ChnsS\n∂p Hcp\mgnI sX°p hgnbcnsI dmsl-ens≥d180 I_¿ I≠p. CXn≥aosX HcpsNdnb sIń-Shpw HcphrØ-Iq-Sm-chpw D≈Xpw Ah blq-Z∑ - m-cpsS ssIh-ihpw BIp-∂p. CXp-Ip-Sn-]m¿∏n-√mØ Hcp aew{]sZ-ia - m-Ip-∂p. wcw sIńSw Xpd∂p ImWn-∏m≥ AhnsS Bcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

s_Xeslw ]´Ww sX°p-hS-°mbn InS-°p∂ Hcp ae-sa¬ ÿm]n°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ]´W-Øns≥d hSs°Acn-In¬ hgn-°pIn-g° - p-hi - Øp Hcp InWdpw kao-]-ambn HcpsNdnb sIń-ShpwD≠p. ê-kvXym-°mcpsS ]mfbw InS-°p-sºmƒ ZmhoZ IpSn-∏m≥ B{K-ln-®Xpw Ahs≥d cm£-k∑ - m¿ s]mbn sIm≠p-h∂ - Xpw A\-¥cw Ah≥ ]m\w sNømsX I¿Øm-hns≥d apºmsI hogvØn-b-Xp-amb Pew wcw InW-ddn-se-Xm-bncp∂p. CXp ASn-hn-ÿm-ca - p-≈Xpw hmbv NqSn-bX - p-am-Ip-∂p.181 ]pXp-Xmbn D≠m-°s - ∏-´X - pƒs∏sS Ct∏mƒ wcw InW-dn\p c≠p-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ D≠p. wcw Iq]-sØmSp an°-hmdpw ASpØp Ing-°p-`m-KØp `qan-°p-≈n¬ Hcp ]gb ]≈n D≈-Xmbn Cs∏mƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xma-kn-bmsX AXp Xpc∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Imh-e° v m¿ ]dI-bp-≠mbn. Zmho-Zns≥d ]nXm-hmb wcwimbn-bpsS `h\w CsXm-SSpØp sX°p]Sn-™mdp hi-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ s_Xe-sl-anse F√m ÿe-ßf - nepw h®p {][m-\a - m-bXp I¿Øm-hns≥d P\-\ÿ - e - a - mIp-∂p-hs - √m. AXp ]´-WØ - ns≥d sX°pIngs° tImWn¬ BIp-∂p. AhnsS sbu\m-b° - m-cpsS hI-bmbn Hcp henb ]≈n-bp-≠p. Cu ]≈nbpsS XqWp-I-fn-s∑¬ Ahn-S-hnsS c‡w ]pc-ń-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn I≠p ImcWw sNmZn-®Xn¬ bp≤-Im-eØp i{Xp-°-fn¬ apdn-sh-ev°-s∏-´-h¿ km£n-°mbn XqWp-I-fn¬ c‡w ]pc-ń-b-XmW∂p Ah¿ ]d-™p. wcw ]≈n-bpsS Ing-°p-hi - Øp HcpKplbpw AXn¬ Hcps{XmsWmkpw D≠p. I¿Ømhp P\n-®Xp wcw ÿe-Øm-Ip-∂p. wcw s{XmsWm-kn-s∑¬ sbu\m-b-°mcpw A¿Ω-\m-b-°mcpw Ip¿∫m\ sNm√p-∂p≠p. CsXm-SS-pØp sX°p]Sn™mdp shsdmcp Kplbpw AXn¬ Hcp s{XmsWmkpw D≈Xp I¿Øm-hns\ Xs≥d P\-\-tijw InS-Ønb ]p¬°q-Sm-Ip-∂p. CXp eØo≥ImcpsS ssIh-ia - n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu c≠p ÿe-ßfpw hfsc Ae-¶c - n°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. wcw Kpl-If - psS hS-°p-hi - Øp apI-fn¬ A¿Ω\m-b° - m¿°pw CKp-]vXmb-°m¿°pw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw s{XmsWm-kpIƒ D≠. hN-\n∏p s]cp-\m-fnepw P\-\s - ∏-cp-\m-fnepw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ ChnsS Ip¿∫m\ sNm√pI kl-P-am-Ip∂p. eØo≥Im¿°pw sbu\mb-°m¿°pw A¿Ω-\m-b-°m¿°pw ChnsS ]≈n-Ifpw Zb-dm-Ifpw D≠. eØo≥ ]≈n-bpsS sXs° Acn-In¬ ASnbv°p anin-lm-bv°p-sh≠n Ipe-tbdd inip-°sf182 C´ ÿew F∂p ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ Hcp Kpl- D≠p. CXn\p sX°p≈ thsdmcp Kpl ssZh-Zq-X≥ \oX-nam-\mb sbusk∏n\p ImW-s∏´p ss]Xen-s\bpw Ahs≥d amXm-hn-s\bpw Iqń-s°m≠ ans{k-an-se°p \n HmSn Hfn° F∂]d™ ÿe-am-Ip-∂p.183 CXn-\SpØp ]Sn™mdp-hi - Øp c≠p-aq∂p Kpl-Iƒ D≈-Xn¬ H∂p sbusk_n-sbm-kns≥d184 I_¿ BW-s{X. I\ym-kv{Xn-AΩ ss]X-en-s\bpw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

sIm≠p ans{k-an-se°p ]pd-s∏´ sijw ChnsS \n∂p Ac \mgnI AIse Im◊m-\p≈ thsdmcp Kpl-bn¬ BZyw {]sh-in®p Hfn®ncp∂p F∂pw AhnsS \n∂p ans{k-an-se°p t]mbn F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. {]k-hn®kv{XoIƒ°p ape-∏m¬ C√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ wcw ÿesØ°p hgn]m-Sp-t\cp-Ibpw Chn-sS-\n∂p _p¿°v-km185- hmßn `£n-°bpw klP-am-Ip∂p. -_p¿°vkm-bn¬ Ipd®p Rßƒ°p X∂-b-®p. s_X-eslw ae-bpsS Ings° Ncn-hn¬ \n∂p sXs°m´p t\m°nbm¬ AIse Im◊m-\p≈ Hcp Db¿∂ ae-bpsS sXs° ASn-hmcw ZmhoZ tKmen-bm-Yns\ sIm∂ Gemw Xmgvh-c-bm-Ip∂p186 F∂ RßfpsSIq´p-Im¿]d™p. I¿Øm-hns≥d P\\ ka-bØp CS-b∑m¿ BSpIsf kq£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xpw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsSkwLw Cdßn Dbc-ßf - n¬ ssZh-Øn∂p kvXpXn `qan-bn¬ kam-[m\w a\p-jy¿°p k{]oXn F∂p ]mSn-bX - p-amb ÿew Rßƒ \n∂n-cp∂ ae-bpsS Ings° ssaXm\Øp Cs∏mƒ D≈ s_X-km-shm¿187 F∂{Kma-am-Ip∂p. Chn-sSbpw Hcp Kplbpw ]≈nbpw sbu\m-b-°m¿°p-≠p. s_X-eslw ]´-WØns≥d D≈n¬ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw Hcp sI´nSw D≠p. AXn¬ Hcp amfn-I-apdn kmam\yw \√Xpw tij-ap-≈]-Wn-Iƒ hfsc]g-°hpw BIp∂p. \m\q-dp-]-h≥ hnebv°p Cu sI´nSw c≠p sIm√-ßƒ°p apºp hnebv°p hmßn-®-Xm-Ip-∂p. Cs∏mƒhmS-I-bv°p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn°p∂p. \mw ChnsS Ipsd-t\cw Ccp∂p Biz-kn-®p. s_X-eslw Cs∏mƒ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Hcp ]´-W-am-Ip-∂p. apk¬am∑m¿ AhnsS C√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ A[nIhpw sbu\m-b-°m-cm-Ip∂p. A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cpw eØo≥Imcpw A{XsØmfp- a n- s √- ¶ nepw [mcmfw D≠p. kpdn- b m- \ n- ° mcpw ap∏sXm \mev]sXm D≠p. Ah¿ I®-hS- ß - ƒ°mbn h∂pXma-kn-°p-∂h - ¿ F∂188 √msX ]q¿h-Ip-Sn-Iƒ BW∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Du¿s«-an¬ {InkvXym-\n-If - psS _lpXzw sbu\m-b° - m¿ BIp-∂p. ]n∂sØ henb {InkvXym\nkwLw eØo≥Im¿ As{X. A - ¿Ω-\m-b°mcpw CKp-]vXm-b-°mcpw Npcp°w D≠. -kp-dn-bm-\n-°m¿ hfsc Npcp°-am-Ip-∂p. apk¬am-∑m¿ [mcmfw D≠. blqZ-∑m-cpsS IpSn-tbddw sbdp-s«-an¬ Cs∏mƒ hfscD≠m-Ip-∂p-≠.189 Ah-cn¬ Nne [\-hm∑m¿ Ds≠-¶nepw `n£-°m-cmb blqZ-∑m-cpsS kwJy Aev]-a-√. hnip≤: ]´-W-Ønepw t_X-e-tl-anepw \mw I≠ {][m-\-ImgvN ÿe-ß-fpsS hnhcw ]d-™p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. C\n ]d-hm≥t]m-Ip∂Xp ssZhip-{iq-j-I-sf-°p-dn-®m-Ip-∂p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

ao\w 26m\p Hmim-\-ap-X¬190 saSw 18m\p _p[-\m-gvN-hsc hnip-≤ÿeØp RßƒXm-ak - n-®p. \ΩpsS P\-Øn\p sh≠n \mapw \sΩmSpIq-Sn-bp≈ sshZo-I-∑mcpw ip≤-Ip¿∫m-\-Ifpw {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw AWbv°bpw AW∏n°bpw sNbvXp. -\-ΩpsS P\Øns≥d hgn]m-Sp-Iƒ F√mw _mhmsb Gev]n-°bpw A\p-{K-l-ß-fpsS alm-k-ap-{Z-amb I¿Ømhp Ah-cpsSs\¿®-I-sfbpw hgn-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw ssIs°m≠p kIe A]-I-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ahsc ImØp-sIm-≈p-hm≥sh-≠n \mw {]sXyIw {]m¿∞n°bpw sNbvXp. \ΩpsS Zbdm ]≈n-bnepw sIymw¥m ]≈nbnepw sKZ-ko-sΩm≥ ]≈n-bnepw Cu {][m\Znh-k-ß-fn¬ D≈ Ip¿∫m\ apX-emb an° ip{iq-jI - fpw Cu B≠n¬ \S-Øn-®Xp _elo-\-\mb \sΩ-s°m-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mapw \ΩpsS Iq´p-bm-{X-°m-cmb dºm\pw ]´-°mcpw sIymw¥m-bnepw Zb-dm-bnepw ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s≥dbpw am¿_-l\mw kl-Zm-bp-sSbpw s{XmsWm-kp-If - nepw amdn-amdn Ip¿∫m\sNm-√n. Cu `mKy-Øn\p Rßsf tbmKy-∑m-cm-°n-bI - ¿Øm-hn\p F∂psa-t∂°pw al-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-s´. - p-X¬ s]k-lm-hs - c-bp≈192 \a-kv°mcw lmim-bpsS191 Xn¶-fm-gvNa apX-emb ip{iq-jI - ƒ \S-Øn-bXp Zb-dm ] - ≈ - n-bn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. s]klmbv°p \mw Zb-dm-]-≈n-bn¬ sNm√p-Ibpw _mhm Imep-I-gp-I¬ - n-bn¬ sNm√n{Iaw193 Ign-°bpw sNbvXp. As∂-Zn-hkw sIymw¥m-]≈ bXp dºm-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. Imep-Ig- p-I¬ ip{iq-jbv°p apºp _mhm Bh-iy-s∏-´-h¿°p I¥o-em-bpsS194 {IawI-gn-°bpw Rßƒ F√m-h¿°pw Ah-km\w _mhmbv°pw sskØp ]qip-IbpwsNbvXp.195 ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgvN \a-kv°m-chpw kvIo∏q-km-bpsS196 {Iaw apgp-h\pw Zbdm ]≈n-bn¬ h®p \nh¿Øn-®-ti-jw, Ccp-]-Øp-c-≠cbv°p197 apºmbn F√m-hcpw sIymw¥m-]≈n-bn¬ IqSn Ahn-sSbpw Hcp Npcpßnb {Iaw-I-gn-®p. {][m\ sIymw¥m-bv°-I-Øp≈ CuZnh-ksØ {]Z£W{Iaw BZyw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°pw ]n∂mse CKp-]vXm-b°m¿°pw A\-¥cw A¿Ω-\m-b-°m¿°pw Ah-km\w bhp-\mb°m¿°pwBIp-∂p. sIymw¥m-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Rßƒ Hcpßn Cdßn hnip-≤-I-_-dn-s≥d hS-°p-h-i-Øp-IqsS {]Z£Ww ]pds∏´p hS-°p-`m-K-Øp-sN∂p KmKp¬Øm-bn¬I-tc-dn. XIvkmbpsS198 an°-`m-Khpw Chn-sS-h-®p-I-gn-®p. Ah-km\w ""sluZv amemsl''199 sNm√n Ipcn-ip-b¿Øn-btijw AhnsS\n∂n-dßn I¿Ømhns\ Ipfn-∏n® I√p-¶¬h∂p Ipcn-in-t∑¬ ]\n-\ocpw kpK-‘-h¿§ßfpw C´p200 AXnte-°p≈ Gh≥tK-enhm-b-\bpw Ign®p AhnsS \n∂p ]pd-s∏´p ip≤ I_-dn¬ {]th-in-®p. AS-°-Øns≥d {Iaw I_dp-¶¬ Ign-®p. Chn-sS-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´p sX°p-h-i-Øp-IqSn ]Sn-™m-dp-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

sN∂p \Ωp-sS-]-≈n-bn¬ {]sh-in®p AS°w sNbvXp. ZpxJ-i\ - n-bmgvN \a-kv°mcw apX-embXp Zb-dm-bn¬ Ign-®pw-sIm≠p Ccp-]Ø - pc-≠c - bv°p201 apºp Rßƒ F√m-hcpw sIymw¥m-bn¬ IqSn. Cu Znhkw sIymw¥m-bnse {]Z-£W - {- Iaw BZyw bhp-\m-b° - m¿°pw ]n∂m-se-kp-dn-bm-\n-°m¿, A¿Ω-\m-b-°m¿, CKp-]vXm-b-°m¿ Ch¿ F√m-h¿°pwIqSn Hcp-an®pw BIp-∂p. {]Z-£-W-Øns≥d Ae-¶mc-sa√mw CuZnhkw BIp-∂p. Ac-bn¬ hmfpw Iøn¬ tXm°pw[cn®p Xp¿°n]-´mfw {][m\ Iyw¥m-bv°I - Øp hnip≤ I_-dn≥ apdn°p Npddpw c≠p-\n-cb - mbn AWn-bn´p \n∂n-cp∂p. sX°p hi-Øp≈ apddØpw AhnsS \n∂p Iyw¥m-bn-te-°p≈ {]thi-\w-hs - cbpw ]´mfw c≠p-\n-cb - mbn \nev]p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sIń-Sß - f - psS F√m- \n-e-Ifpw apdn-Ifpw \nc-\n-c-bm-bp≈ hcm-¥-Ifpw Iyw¥m-bnse F√m ]≈n-Ifpw {][m-\I - yw-¥m-bpsS Dƒ`m-Khpw F√m-hI {InkvXym\n-I-fmb `‡-∑m-sc-s°m≠p \nd-™n-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥ Xobn-d-ßp-hm\p≈202 B{K-l-tØmSpw ks¥m-j-sØm-Spw-IqSn P\-ß-fn¬ B¿∏pw kwKo-Xhpw ssIsIm´pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ka-bØp bhp-\m-b] - m-{Xnb¿°okpw203 sa{Xm-∑mcpw \qtdmfw dºm-∑mcpw ]´-°mcpw hnti-j-Xc-amb `qj-Wß - t- fm-Sp-IqSn {]Z-£W - Ø - n\pBcw-`n-®p. Rßƒ CukabØp Iyw¥m-bnse \ΩpsS ]≈n-bpsS taesØ apdn-bpsS Ings° hen-b-hm-Xp-°¬ CsXm-°bpw Im◊m≥X° HcpÿeØp Ccp-∂ncp∂p. {]Z-£Ww Bcw`n®-t∏mƒ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw B¿∏pw ]m´pw kvXpXnbpw ssIsIm´pw \n∂p. c≠-Wn-bmbn\n∂n-cp∂ ]´m-f° - m-cpsS \Sp-hn¬Iq-Sn-bmW {]Z-£Ww sNbvXXp. ip≤-I_ - d - n\paq∂p{]mhiyw {]Z-£Ww sNbvX - t- ijw bhp-\mb]m{Xn-b¿ - °ok hnip-≤I - _ - dn≥ apdnbn¬{]-th-in-®p. At∏mƒ sXm´p kIe P\-Øn-s≥dbpw ImØncn∏p hfsc `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]pØ≥ Xobv°m-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p. HmscmkwL°m¿°p ]pØ≥ Xo hmßn sImSp-°p-hm≥ A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cp-sSbpw CKp-]vXm-b-°m-cp-sSbpw kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sSbpw Hmscm {]Xn-]p-cp-j∑m¿IqsS hnip≤ I_-dn≥ apdn-bpsS Ings° apdn-bn¬ {]th-in-®p. I_¿ Ccn-°p-∂ sIńSw c≠papdn-If - mbn Xncn-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂pw AXn¬ ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn-bn¬ I_¿ ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-F∂pw c≠pap-dn-Iƒ°pw CS-bn¬ HcphmXn¬ Ds≠∂pw CXn\p apºn¬ sIńS-sØ-°p-dn®p h¿Æn® ÿeØp ]d-™n-´p-≠-s√m. km£m¬ I_¿ Ccn-°p∂ ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn-bn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am{Xw {]th-in-°pw. {]Xn]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Ings°apdn-bn¬ \nev°p∂pF¶nepw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k sNøp∂ kIe {Inb-Ifpw Ch¿°pw ImW-m-hp-∂-XmW. AXmXp

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

kwL°m-cpsS {]Xn-]p-cp-j\ - mbn Bsc-sb-¶nepw Ab-°m-hp-∂X - m-W. Cuøm≠p kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS{]Xn]pcp-j\mbn {]th-in-®Xp apºn¬ t]¿]-d™ n-´p≈ hr≤-\mb A_vZ≈ - m-dº - m-®≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. {]Xn-]pcpj-∑m¿ Nne-ip-{iq-jI - ƒ sNbvhm-\p-≈X - m-Ib - m¬ Ad-_n-`mj Adn-bmambncp∂p F¶n¬ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS {]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mbn Rß-fn¬ Hcmsf \nb-an-°p-∂X - n\p \ΩpsS _mhm k∂-≤\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. Rß-fpsS `mjm-]-cn-⁄m-\-°p-d-hp-sIm≠pw H∂n¬ A[nIw {]Xn-]p-cp-js\ {]thin-∏n-°p-hm≥ A\p-hm-Zhpw Iogp\S∏pw C√m-ØX - p-sIm≠pw A\yaX {]Xn-]p-cp-j-∑m¿°p kpdn-bm\n Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw am{Xw ae-bm-fØ - p-\n∂pw sN∂n-cp∂ Rß-fn¬ B¿°pw {]Xn-]p-cp-jÿm\w hln-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°ok AI-Øp-{]-th-in®p GI-tZiw Hcp \mgn-I-bn¬ IpdbmsX kabw Ign-™-t∏mƒ IØp∂ Hcp sI´p sNdnb sagp-IpXn-cn-Iƒ I_-dns≥d D≈n¬ \n∂pw Hcp-Zzm-cØ - n¬IqSn hS-t°m´p bhp\m-b° - m-cpsS kwL-Øn-te°p sImSp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xp I≠p. sagp-Ip-Xncn hmßn-b-hs\ Xq°nFSp-Øpw-sIm≠p ]e¿IqSn hSs° sIńte°p HmSn-t∏m-bn. AtXmSp-IqsSXs∂ addp≈ kwL-°m¿°pw Hmtcm- sI´p IØp∂ Xncn-Iƒ sImSp-°s - ∏-´p. hmßn-s°m≠p t]mIp-hm≥ {]tXyIwN-´w-sIń Bƒ \nb-an-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Ah-ch - ¿ Ah-cpsS kwLØn-te°p sIm≠p-h-∂p. A_vZ≈m dºm-®-t\mSp ]pØ≥Xo hmßn \ΩpsS Iq´-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-h-∂Xp sbutk∏p Fs∂mcp bphmhm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-\n¬ \n∂p F√m-hcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Iøn¬ Ccp∂ HmscmsI´p sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Iƒ hmgvhn-∂mbn IØn®p. Rßfpw apºn¬ Iqń sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Iƒ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ AXn-t∑¬ IØn®phmßn. ]pØ≥Xo-tb-°p-dn®p hnip≤ I_-dn¬\n∂p Xms\ D≠m-Ip∂ Hcp A¤p-X-sa-∂mW Ing-°≥ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ204 F√m-hcpw `‡n-]q¿hw hniz-kn®p hcp-∂-Xp. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p am{X-a√m al-Ω-Zp-Im¿°pw Cu Im¿-øØ - n¬ Ahn-izm-khpw kwi-bhpw C√. apsºmcp-Imew \n¿≤\-∑m-cmb {InkvXym-\n-Isf Iyw¥m-bn¬ {]th-in-∏n-°msX [\-hm-∑mcpw {]`p-°∑ - m-cpw-am{Xw D≈n¬{]th-in®p km[p-°sf shfn°p \n¿Øn-bXn-\m¬ Ah¿\n∂n-cp∂ shfn-bn-se-°p≈ ]q´-s∏-ń-cp∂ hmXn-ens≥d Hcp I¬ØqWp \Spsh ]nf¿∂p A·n ]pd-tØ°p BZyw ]pd-s∏-SpIbpw AIØp \n∂n-cp∂ {]am-Wn-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-\n∂p ]pØ≥Xo-bhmßn-°bpw sNbvXpF∂p Hcp Ncn{Xw D≠p. ]nf¿∂-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ I¬ØqWpw ]nf¿∏pw RßƒI-≠p. CXp Iyw¥m-bn¬\n∂p sXt°m´p≈ {][m-\-hm-X-ens≥d ]Sn-™msd `nØn-bpsS Hcp XqWm-Ip-∂p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

]nf¿∏p I≠m¬ Hcp A¤p-X-ambn tXm∂pw. ]pØ≥Xo {]m]n-®-tijw A¿Ω-\m-b-°mcpw CKp-]vXm-b-°mcpw kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpw-IqSn apºp-]n-ºmbn Hsc-k-a-bØp Hcp{]Z-£Ww Ign®p. AXpw Xp¿°n]´m-fØ - ns≥d \nc-Iƒ°p as≤y IqsSbpw hfsc Ae-¶m-c-am-bn´pw Bbn-cp-∂p. AXmXp PmXn-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsSsImSnIƒ, Ipcn-ip-Iƒ, sh≈n-°-h¿ C´ Gh≥tK-en-Iƒ apX-emb At\-IXcw kmam-\-ß-tfmSpw ]´-°m¿ F√m-hcpw Ikhp Im∏bpw inc- n¬ Hcp Xcw apSnbpw [cn®pw taev]-´-°m¿ ÿm\-`q-j-W-ßƒ Awi-hSn …o_m-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsShI HcpImkmbpw ]oemkmbpw Awi-h-Snbpw kz¿Æw-]q-in®p Du¿t«-an¬ \mw ImgvNh-®n-cp∂-Xn-\m¬ {]Z-£W - k - a - bw ]nSn-®n-cp-∂Xp CuhSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bhp-\mb-°mcpw, A¿Ω\m-b-°mcpw Dƒs∏´ CX-c -a-X-°m-cpsS IÏ-fn¬ Cu hSn hfsc sIuXp-I-ap-≈Xpw hne-tb-dn-bXpw Bbn-cp-∂p. F√m Iqćpw sh≈nbpw s]m∂pwsIm≠p≈ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ {]Z-£-W-k-abw ]nSn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ H∂pw ae-bm-f-Øp≈ Ipcn-ip-I-tfmSp kmay-a√m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-fsØ ]Wn-bn¬ HcpIpcnipIqsS Cu Iq´-Øn¬ ]nSn-∏m≥ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ ae-bmf kpdn-bm-\n-°m-scbpw Cu tZisØ ]Wn-hm-k-\-sbbpwIpdn®p A\ev]w _lp-am-\hpw ]pIgvNbpw A\yaX-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-tbs\ F∂p Rßƒ°p tXm∂n. Rß-ƒ Hcp IpcnipIqsS sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ CS-h-cm-™Xp Hm¿Øp B kabw \ap°p a\-kvXm]w D≠m-bn. AXp \mw Hm¿°m-gnI-b-√. Hcp Ipcnip ]pXp-Xmbn Xo¿∏n®p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ kabw C√m-™-Xn-\mepw h√ ]≈n-bn-sebpw Ipcnip hnebv°p hmßn®psIm≠ps]m-Ip-∂Xp Ffp-∏-a-√m-™-Xn-\mepw CS-bm-bn-√s∂ D≈p. Cu {]Z-£Ww Ign™tijw aq∂pimJ-°mcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ]≈nbn¬ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. \ΩpsS]≈n-bn¬ A∂p sNm√n-bXp \ΩpsS s]ueqk dºm-®≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. Db¿∏p-s]-cp-\m-fn¬ ]mXn-cm-{Xn°p apºmbn Zbdm ]≈n-bn¬ Db¿ ∏ns≥d Hcp sNdnb {Iaw Ign-®pw-sIm≠p Rß-ƒF√m-hcpwsIyw¥mbn¬ t]mbn \a-kv°m-chpw Db¿∏ns≥d {Iahpw Ip¿∫m-\bpwIgn-®p. Cu Znhkw bhp-\m-b-°m-cpsS {]Z-£Ww \ΩpsS \a-kv°m-c-k-a-bØm-bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS Ip¿∫m-\- I-gn™tijw A¿Ω-\m-b° - mcpw CKp]vXm-b° - mcpw kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpw Hcp-an®p apºp-]p-dI - mbn Hcp {]Z-£Ww - mb Xn¶-fmgvN _mhm Zbdm ]≈n-bn¬ sNm√n Ign®p.205 ASpØ Znh-ka Icn-ßm-ń¬ kv°dnbm IØ-\m¿°p tImdn-ÿm\w206 sImSp-Øp. Db¿∏ s]cp-\m-fns≥d tijw _mhmbpw Rßfpw Hcpan®p bhp\mb-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

]m-{Xn-b¿°o-k, A¿Ω\m-b-]m{Xn-b¿°ok, eØo≥]m{Xn-b¿°ok,* CKp-]vXm-b-sa-{Xm≥, amtdm-\m-b-sa-{Xm≥, ]c-tZ-i-tImbva {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifmb sIm≥k-e∑ - m¿207 apX-em-bh - sc sN∂p-Im-Wp-Ibpw Ah-cp-sSbpw djy¿, Iqim-b° - m¿,208 apX-em-bh - c - p-sSbpw ]≈n-Ifpw Zb-dm-Ifpw Z¿in°bpw sNbvXp. Ch¿ Rßsf kt¥m-j] - q¿∆w _lp-am-\n-°bpw B tZim-Nm-c{- ]-Imcw Im∏n, ssh≥ ]e-lm-cß - ƒ apX-em-bh X∂p Rßsf kev°c - n-°bpw sNbvXp. bhp-\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw A¿Ω-\mb ]m{Xnb¿°okpw sa{Xm-∑msc Ab®pw CKp-]vXmb sa{Xm\pw amtdm-\mb sa{Xm\pw sIm≥k-e∑ - mcpw Ah-ch - ¿X-s∂bpw \ΩpsS Zb-dm-bn¬h∂p Rßsf ImWp-Ibpw Rß-fm¬ _lp-am-\] - q¿hw BZcn°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Du¿t«-ans≥d CKp-]vXm-b-sa-{Xm≥ _tk-en-tbmk F∂p ÿm\-t∏-cp≈ Hcp alm hr≤-\m-Ip-∂p. Ct±lw {]mbm-[n-Iy-Ømepw £oW-Ømepw ÿnc-hm-k-ÿ-e-amb tbm∏m-bn¬\n∂p t]mcmsX Be°-k-{¥n-bm-bnse209 Cuhm-\n-tbm-kp- sa-{Xms\ Du¿t«-an-te°p Bƒt∏-cm-bn Ab-®n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Rßƒ t]mbn I - m-Wp-Ibpw Rßsf h∂pImWp-Ibpw sNbvXXp Ct±-la - m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct±lw c≠p {]mhiyw Rßsf h∂p I≠p. a¿±o≥ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-se-t∏mse Du¿t«-an¬ ioX-an-√-¶nepw ae-bm-f-tØmSp Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ henb ioX-cm-Py-am-Ip-∂p. Rßƒ AhnsS Xma-kn-®Xp henbioX-Imew Ah-km-\n-®- kabambn-cp-∂p. Rßfn¬ H∂p-c≠ - mƒ°p Nne Nn√d kpJt°-Sp-≠mbn F∂√msX ssZh-Ir-]b - m¬ B¿°pw henb kpJt°Sp D≠m-bn-√. D≠mb kpJ-lo-\-Xbpw I∏¬bm{X-bn¬ kw`-hn® `£-W-tZmj ^e-sa-∂√msX Du¿t«-anse tZim-h-ÿ-bpsS ^e-sa∂p hnNm-cn-∏m≥ ]mSn-√. Du¿t«-ans≥d am¿ {KosKm-dn-tbm-kp-_mhm hfsc skuay\pw Xmgvaio-e\pw BIp∂p F¶nepw hfsc A`n-am-\hpw ]pd-sa-bp≈ A\y-aX - °m-cp-sSbpw k¿°m¿ DtZymKkvX∑ - m-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ hfsc aXn∏pw D≈ Hcp BƒBIp-∂p. Ah¿ F√m-hcpw _mhmsb hfsc BZ-chmbn hnNm-cn-®p -h-cp-∂p. Cßs\ {][m\ Znh-k-ß-fnse ssZh-ip-{iq-j-Ifpw hnip-≤ -ÿ-eß-fpsS Z¿i-\hpw Ign-®- tijw ae-bm-f-tØ-°p≈ aS° bm{Xbv°p Rßƒ Hcp-ßn. _mhmbpw Rßfpw At\ym\yw ]ncn-hm≥ bm{X-

bdp-it- e-anse bhp-\mb ({Ko°v)- ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kv: Gerasimos II (1891 - 1897). bdp-it- e-anse A¿Ω\mb (A¿ta\n-b≥-) ]m{Xn-b¿°okv: Harootiun Vehabedian (1889 - 1910). "Patriarch of the Apostolic Throne of St. James'' F∂mWv Ct±-lØ - ns‚ HutZym-KnI ÿm\-t∏-c.v bdp-it- e-anse eØo≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv: Luigi Piavi o. f. m. (1889 - 1905).

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

]d™t∏mƒ kt¥m-j_ - m-jv]ß - s - fm-Sp-IqSn IrX-⁄Xm kqN-Ia - mb Hcp {]kwKw]d™p _mhm Rßsf sIń-∏n-Sn®p Ic-Ibpw F√m-htcbpw A\p-{K-ln-°bpwsNbvXp. {]kw-K-Øn¬ _mhm C{]-Imcw ]d™p: ae-bm-fØp kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS HcphenbkwLw D-s≠∂p tIƒhn-b√ - msX Bscbpw Hcn-°epw Du¿t«-an¬ I≠n-ń-√m-ØX - n-\m¬ A¿Ω\mb°m¿, bhp-\m-b° - m¿ apX-em-bh - ¿ Cu h¿Ø-am-\sØ hymPkw-km-c-ambn hnNm-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ \nß-fpsS hchp Du¿s«-an¬ ÿnc-hm-kn-If - mb Rßƒ°p am{X-a√ \ΩpsS kap-Zm-bØ - n\pH´p°p hfsc {]iw-k-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sa{Xm≥, dºm≥, tImdn, Iio-im, siΩmip, Asfl\n210 F∂o \m\m-ÿm-\n-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ Cu ]pWybm{X-bm¬ bm{X-°m¿°p F{X-tØmfw Adn-hnepw hnizm-kØnepw `‡n-bnepw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bn-´ps≠m AXn¬ A[nIw _lp-am\w Rßƒ°pw D≠m-bn-´p≠p. \nßƒ sIm≠p-h∂p \ap°p Zm\-ambn X∂ncn-°p∂ hSn apX-emb kmam\-ßƒ {]Z-£-W -k-abw ]nSn-®-s∏mƒ AXp km£m¬ s]m∂m-W-∂mW A\y-a-X-°m¿ F√mw [cn-®n-cn-°p∂-Xp. \nß-ƒ \nanØw Rßƒ°p Ah-cpsS IÏ-fn¬ hfsc _lpam\w D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂n-{]-Im-chpw addpw ]d™ tijw RßfpsS th¿]n-cn-hn-s\-°p-dn®p Ic-Ibpw hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ sImSp-Ø-b® aebm-fsØ kIe P\-ß-tfbpw _mhm A\p-{K-ln-°bpw I¿Ømhp Ahsc A\p-{K-ln-°p-hm-\mbn Ah¿°-psh≠n {]sXyIw As∏mgpw {]m¿∞n-°bpw sNbvXp. sh≈n-sa¬ s]m∂p]qinb Hcp Imkmbpw ]oem-kmbpw Hcp Awi-h-Snbpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ X∂-b-®n-cp∂ s]m∂pw sh≈nbpwsIm≠p≈ ]e Nn√d kmam-\-ßfpw hgn-]m-Sp-hI ]W-ambn´p _mhmsb Gev]n-®Xpw Zb-dm-bn-ep≈ dºm-∑m¿, siΩm-i-∑m¿, she-°m¿apX-em-b-h¿°p kΩm\w sImSp-ØXpw Dƒ∏sS GI-tZiw c≠m-bncw cq]m-sbmfw \mw sImSp-Øp. CXp IqSmsX Hmscm ]≈n-Ifn¬ {]tXyIw {]sXyIw s\¿®-Iƒ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠p. CukwJy-bn¬ 1700 cq]m-sbmfw ae-bm-f-Øp≈ \ΩpsS P\ßƒ hnip-≤I-_-dp-¶se°p hgn-]m-Smbn X∂-b-®-Xm-Ip-∂p. cq]m ]h-\mbn amdn-s°m-≠p s]mIbpw Du¿s«-an¬ sN∂sijw Ahn-SsØ ]e- \m-W-b-ß-fmbn Nne-hp-sN-bvIbpw sNbvXXp-sIm≠ Rß-fpsS bm{X-®n-ehp, hgn-]mSp sImSp-ØXp apX-emb ]e C\-ßsf cq]-mbm°n icn-bmb kwJy {]sXyIw {]sXyIw ]d-bp-∂Xp Ffp-∏-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ F√m C\-ßfnepw Ds±-i-ambn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. \mWbhyXym-khpw AXmXp ÿeØp \mW-b-ß-fpsS amdd-Øn¬ D≠mb t`Zhpw sIm≠p≈ AskuI¿øw-aqew Hmscm C\-Øn-ep≈ Nne-hp-Isf {]sXyIw {]sXyIw ImWn®p CsXmSp-IqSn Hcp-I-W°p {]kn≤s∏-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

SpØ-W-sa∂p \ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ B{Klw km[n-°m-™-Xm-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ saS-amkw 12˛mw\p _p[-\mgvN ImeØ F´p aWn°p Rßƒ Du¿s«-an¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-´p. Xoh≠nsÃjy≥ hsc _mhm Rß-sfm-Sp-IqsS h∂p. A_vZ≈m dºm-®\pw bms°m_p siΩmipw sbm∏m- h - s c- h ∂p Rßsf I∏- e n¬ Ib- d dnb sijw am{Xsa t]msbm≈p. Rßƒ Du¿s«w h≠n-sÃ-jy-\n¬ \nev°p-sºmƒ AhnsS\n∂p ]Sn-™mdp Hcp Ip∂n-s∑¬ Hcp sI´nSwI≠p. sNmZn-®-s∏mƒ hr≤-\mb sia-Hms≥d I_-dm-W∂pw211 Cs∏mƒ bhp-\m-b-°m-cpsS Hcp ZbdmDs≠∂pw ]d-™-dn-™p. D®bv°p apºp Rßƒ sbm∏m-bn¬ FØn. Du¿s«anse CKp-]X v mb sa{Xm-≥ am¿ _sk-en-sbm-kn-s\mSp Hcp-an®p As±-l-Øns≥d Zb-dmbn¬ Xmakn-®p. Cu saev]´- ° - m-c≥ alm-hr-≤\pw £oW\pw km[phpw kpio-e\ - p-am-Ip-∂p. Cu Zbdm sbm∏m-]´- W - Ø - n\p ]pd-Øm-Ip-∂p. am¿ ]s{Xmk «olm-bm¬ Db¿∏n® Xv_osXm F∂ kv{XobpsShoSp212 ChnsS-\n∂p GI-sZiw Hcp\mgnI sX°p-In-g°p \m´p-]p-dØ - m-bn-cp∂p. B ÿeØp Cs∏mƒ djy-cpsS Hcp ]≈nbpw Zb-dmbpw D≠v. As∏mkvsXme≥ hf-sc-°mew Xma-kn-°bpw ]pd-Pm-Xn-I-fn-se-°p≈ kphnsi-j-sh-ebv° sIm¿sÆ-en-sbm-kns≥d Bfp-I-fm¬ £Wn-°-s∏-SpIbpw sNbvX XpI¬s°m-√\ - mb ina-Hms≥d hoSp IS¬-Xo-cØ - m-Ip∂p. BZy-ho-Sns≥d Nne`m-K-ßƒ Cs∏mgpw D≠v. CXns≥d X¬°m-essIhiw apk¬am∑m¿°m-Ip-∂p. bhp-\m-b° - mcpsSbpw eØo≥ImcpsSbpw Zb-dm-Iƒ CXn\p kao]w Xs∂. Rßƒ 13-˛m\p hymgmgvN D® Ign™p sbm∏m-bn¬\n∂p I∏-en¬ {]sh-in-®p. Sn°-ddp-hm-ßpI apX-emb ]e-k-lm-b-ßƒ ap≥ s]¿ ]d™n-´p≈ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c≥ ]s{Xmk A^≠n Rßƒ°p sNbvXpX∂p. Cu {]mhiyw sbm∏m-ka - p{Zw AXns≥d kl-Pa - mb {Ia{]-Imcw sIm]n-®n-cp-∂p. ]¿h-Xw- s]m-e-bp≈ Xnc-Iƒ h≈sØ saevs]m-´pb¿Øn Xmsgm´p CSp-sºmƒ h≈w XmWp-s]m-Ip-sa∂pw Rßƒ sXdn®p- s]m-Ip-sa∂pw sXm∂ns∏m-bn. Rßƒ As\ym\yw Hmscm ssI ]nSn®pw asdd ssI h≈-Øns≥d ]Sn-sa¬ ]nSn®pw Hcp-hn[w Dd-∏n-®ncp∂s∂ D≈p. Hmf-ß-fpsS Ie-i¬sIm≠ Rßƒ°p h≈-Øn¬ \n∂p Fgp-s\ddp I∏-ens≥d sImh-Wn-sa¬ Ib-dp-hm≥ Ign-™n-√. h≈-°m-cn¬ c≠p-\m-ep-s]¿ sImh-Wn-sa¬ NmSn-°b - d - n-\n∂pwsIm≠ Rß-fn¬ Hmscm-cp-Ø-cpsS ssI°p ]nSn-®p-s]m°n I∏-en¬ Ib-ddn. Ah-cpsS kma¿∞yhpw ]cn-N-b-hp-w D’m-lhpw I≠n´p ]d™p s_m[n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X n¬ A[nIw {]Xn- ^ ew RßƒsImSp- Ø p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

\mepaWn°p I∏¬ ]pd-s∏-´p. 14-˛m\p sh≈n-bmgvN Ggp-aW - n°p s]m¿´km-bn-Un¬FØn. apºn-esØ {Ia-{]-Imcw Ic-bv°n-dßn CKp-]vXm-b]-≈n-bn¬s]mbn Xmakn-®p. B]≈n-°m¿ CØ-h-Wbpw Rßƒ°p sh≠ klm-bhpw _lp-am-\hpw sNbvXp. ChnsS ]mkvs]m¿´p ]cnsim-[\ apsº-{]-Imcw ]n∂bpw D≠m-bn. s_mºm-bn-°p≈ I∏¬ Xømdn-√m-™-Xn-\m¬ ]Xn-s\´mw XobXn hsc Rßƒ ChnsS Xma-kn-®p. 16-˛mw\p Rmb-dmgvN \mw B ]≈n-bn¬ Ip¿∫m-\-sNm-√p-Ibpw {]kwKn-°bpw sNbvXp. X¿÷-a-sN-bvXXp …o_m-si-Ωm-®≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. Cuømƒ Rß-sfmSp-IqSn D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ X¿P-abv°p D - ] - I - c - n®Xp IqSmsX ]e kvt\ln-X-∑m-cp-ambn ]cn-N-b-Øn\pw ÿe-k-µ¿i-\ßƒ°pw hfsc Ffp-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 18-˛m\p sNm∆mgvN kn¶-∏qcp F∂ sabn¬ I∏en¬ Rßƒ s_mºm-bn°p ]pd-s∏-´p. apºn¬ HmSn-®n-cp∂ Hcp I∏¬ kqb-ksXmń¬ Dd-®n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Rß-fpsS I∏¬ A∂p-cm{Xn ]Øp-aW - n°p tXmń¬Hcp`mKØp ASpØp InS-s°≠nh∂p. Dd®-I-∏¬ adp-\mƒ ]Øp-aWn°pam{Xw CfInHmSn-b-s∏mƒ Rß-fpsS I∏epw ]pd-s∏-´p. D®-Xncn-™-s∏mƒ B I∏¬ ho≠pw Dd-®-Xn-\m¬ Rß-fpsSHm´w ]ns∂bpw XS- s - ∏-´p. ]ns∂ \mep-aW - n-tbm-Sp-IqsS ho≠pw Cf-In 19m\p cm{Xn ]Øp-a-Wn°p kqb-kn¬ ASp-Øp. ChnsS I∏-en¬ \n∂p Nc°n-d° - p-hm\pw Ib-ddp-hm\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ adp-\mƒ ]Øp-aW - nhsc Xma-kn-®p. 24-˛m\p G-bn-U-\n¬213 ASp-Øs∏mƒ Hcp I∏¬ ]md-sa¬apń DS™p-In-S° - p-∂Xp I≠p A\ev]w hyk\wtXm∂n. DS-™I - ∏ - e - ns≥d c≠p ]ma-c-]pOwam{Xw Im◊m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS Nne IdØ Ipń-Iƒ Ic-bn¬\n∂pw sNdp-h≈ - ß - f - n¬h∂p IS-en¬ NmSn I∏-en\p Npddpw \o¥n \S-°p-Ibpw I∏¬°m¿ sh≈Øn-se°p Imip Fdn-bp-sºmƒ Ch¿ AsXm-Sp-IqSn apßn-]n-Sn-°bpw sNøp∂ Hcp ImgvN hfsc t\c-sºm-°m-bn-cp-∂p. Rßfpw Ipsd Imip Fdn™psIm-Sp-Øp. Nne Ipń-Iƒ I∏-en¬ Ib-dn-h∂p Imip Fdn™psIm-Sp-°W - s - a∂p As]-£n-®X - \ - p-kc - n®p Fdn-™s - ∏mƒ sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂p Gsg-´p-sIm¬ Db-c-ap≈ I∏-ens≥d Xń¬\n∂p Ah¿ NmSnapßn -]n-Sn®p. Cu Xpd-ap-JØpw Nc-°n-d-°p-hm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ adp-\mƒ ]Øp- a-Wn°p ]pd-s∏´p CS-hw 1m\p -Xn-¶-fmgvN cmhnse s_mºmbn Xpd-ap-JØp ASp-Øp. ]I¬ ]Øp-aW - n-sbm-Sp-IqsS Rßƒ Ic-bv°n-dßn ap≥ Xma-kn-®h - o-ń¬ Xma-kn-®pw-sIm≠p tIm´-bs - Ø°p Iºn ASn-®p. A∂p-Xs∂ Xoh-≠n Ib-d-W-sa∂p \n›-bn®p ZmhoZp

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

kmkqs≥d `h-\Øp Bf-b®p bm{X ]d-bn-®s - ∏mƒ, \mapw IqsSbp≈hcpw GXm\pw]Ww A]-lc - n®pwsIm≠ A\y-cm-Py-sØ°p IS-∂n-cn°p∂p F∂p Bscm l¿÷n t_m[n-∏n®p Rßsf ]nSn-∏m≥ {_nójsIm-®n-bn¬\n∂pw Xncp-\¬th-en-bn¬\n∂pw hmd≠p ]pd-s∏-ń-´ps≠∂p tIƒhn-bp-≈-Xmbn Ipµw-Ip-f-ß-sc-\n∂pw Hcp FgpØp sN∂ncp-∂X - ns\ Ch¿ ImWn-®p-X∂ - p. ae-bm-fØp Cu hn[w Zp„-∑m¿ D≠msbm Fs∂m¿Øp \mw hyk-\n®pF¶nepw kXy-hm-\mb ssZhØn\p kXy-a-dn-bm-sas√m Ft∂m¿Øp ss[¿-ø-s∏´p A∂p-Xs∂ Xoh≠n Ib-dn. F∂m¬ hmd-≠p-Im¿øw tI´Xp sXddmbn [cn®p Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-bncp∂p F∂p]n∂oSpa\- n-em-bn. Fs¥-∂m¬ \mw ]´w-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≈ sKmh-°m-c≥ tkmhm-dok ]m{Zn-bpsS214 ta¬ hnhm-lm-Œn\p hnscm-[ambn IeymWw sNøn®p Fs∂m-cp-tIkp Xncp-\¬sh-en-bn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ B sIkn¬ sXfn-hmbn \mw B ]m{Zn°p sImSp-Øn´p≈ ]´-°-S-emk Abmƒ lmP-cm-°n-bXp hmkvX-hsam F∂-dn-hm≥ Xncp-\¬sh-en-bnse t]meokp kq{]≠p Fgp-XntNm-Zn-®n-cp-∂-Xns\ sXddmbn [cn®p Cßs\ Hcp Inwh-Z¥n ]pd-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ CS-hw 5˛mw\p -sh-≈n-bmgvN215 ]I¬ 12 1/2 -a-Wn°p sjm¿Æq¿ tÃjy-\n¬ Rß-ƒ Cd-ßn. ChnsS \sΩ FXn-sc-ev°phm-\mbn Ipµw-Ip-f-ß-sc-\n∂pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Ipcn-bXpw ]\-bv°¬ Cń-am-Øphpw hen-b-sa-{Xm-®s≥d216 Iev]\ {]Imcw lmP-cp-≠m-bncp∂p. \mw ]c-sZ-ib - m-{X-ka - bw Ipµw-Ip-fß-c° - m¿ hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw Zm\ßfpw \ΩpsS dºm-®≥ apJm-¥ncw ]ncn-®-b-bv°bpw \ΩpsS Cu bm{Xsb ip`-Ic - a - m-°p-hm≥ hfsc {ian-°bpw sNbvXX - p-s]mse \ΩpsS Xncn®p-h-c-hnepw \sΩ _lp-am-\n-°p-hm≥ Ah-cpsS c≠p {]Xn-]p-cpj-∑m¿ lmP-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sjm¿Æq¿ \n∂p≈ ]pd-∏m-Sn\p th≠ N´wsI´p-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn\p \ap°p H´pw {]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂n√. henb-sa-{Xm-®≥ Cu ka-bhpw ]g-™n-]-≈n-bn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp-∂Xmbn Adn-™-Xn-\m¬ \mw t\cn´p ]g-™n-bn-se-°p-s]mbn XΩn¬ I≠p As\ym\yw Benw-K-\w-sN-bvXp. A\-¥cw Ipµw-Ip-f-ß-c-°mcpsS FXn-sc-evs]m-Sp-IqSn ]g-™n-bn¬\n∂p Nmh-°m-´p-FØn t_m´pI-bdn N°-c° - S- h - n¬217 h∂-s∏mƒ hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿°m¿ apºn¬ ChnsS h®p \sΩ bm{X-bm-°n-b-Xp-s]mse Cs∏mgpw Chn-sSh∂p Ah-cpsS ks¥m-j-sØ-A-dn-bn-®p. Chn-sS-\n∂p sIm®n-bnepw \ΩpsS kztZ-iamb apf- ¥ p- c p- Ø n, I≠- \ mSp Cu ]≈n- I fnepw Ahn- s S- \ n∂p tIm´bØpw FØn- b - s ijw, \ΩpsS Bÿm- \ - a mb ]cp- a se

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

FØnbncn°p∂p. Cu ]n≥bm-{X-bn¬ apf-¥p-cp-Øn, I≠-\m-Sp, tIm´bw, \ncWw Cu ]≈n-°m¿ Asbm-Ky-\mb \ap-°p-sNbvX _lp-am-\ß - sf \mw hnh-cn-°p-∂n-√.

Nne-hpsN-bvXmepw C{X XojvWX - s - b-dn-bXpw C{X ÿnc-ap-≈X - p-amb Hcp hnizm-khpw A\pXm]hpw ]m]-t_m-[hpw {]m]n-°msam F∂ kwib-am-W.

ae-bm-f-Øp-Im-cm¬ Akm-[m-c-W-bmbnhnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp]csZi-bm{X \ap°p bmsXmcp kpJ-s°Spw IqSmsX efn-X-am-°n-X∂ k¿hi-‡s\ Cu Ah-kc - Ø - n¬ \mwho≠pw A`n-\µ - n-°p-∂p. Xs≥d Ir] F∂p-sa-s∂°pw \Ωp-sS-taepw \ΩpsS F√m P\-ß-fp-sS-taepw D≠m-Is - ´. hnip≤ ÿe-ßf - n¬ \n∂p≈ hmgvhp-Ifpw \ΩpsS P\-ßfpsS ta¬ D≠m-Is´. BΩo≥.

kXy-ssZ-hsØ tkhn-°p-∂-Xn\p C∂ -ÿ-esa Bhp F∂n-√.219 Bflm-hnepw kXy-Ønepw \mw tkhn-°-Ww. F∂mepw Bflm-hns≥dbpw kXy-Øns≥d ]q¿ÆX {]m]n-°p-hm≥ ImgvN Gddhpw D]sbm-K-ap-≈-Xm-I-sIm≠p \ΩpsS P\-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿ F√mw wcw hnip≤ ÿe-ßsf kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ \∂mbncn-°p-sa∂p \mw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw KpW-sZm-jn-°bpw sNøp-∂p.

IS-in, Cu ]c-sZi bm{X-sIm≠p Bflo-I-ambn \ap°p D≠m-bn´p≈ Nne KpW-ßsf°qsS ]d-bp-∂p.

ssZh-ambI¿Ømhp ImW-s∏-Sp-hm≥ hln-bmØ Xs≥d heØp ssI \o´n \ΩpsS P\-ßsf F√mw A\p-{K-ln-°bpw Ahsc Xs≥d I„m-\p-`-h-Øn-s≥dbpw Ipcn-ip-a-c-W-Øn-s≥dbpw Iq´m-bva-°m-cmbn Xo¿°bpw sNøp-am-dm-I-s´.220

IÆn\p sNhnsb-°mƒ A[nIw {KlWi‡n-bp-≠∂ - p≈Xp k¿∆k-Ω-X-am-Ip-∂p. tI´p hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ I≠p-hn-iz-kn-°p-∂Xn¬ A[nIw Dd-∏p-≠-s√m. \ΩpsS c£-Im-cs≥d I„m-\p-`-h-ßsfbpw D]sZ-i-ß-sfbpw ac-W-sØbpw addpw Ipdn®p thZ-]p-kvX-IØn¬\n∂p \ap°p Inń-bn-cn-°p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ B kw`-h-ßƒ \S∂ ÿe-ß-sfbpw AhnsS Cs∏mgpw \ne-\n-ev°p∂ AS-bm-f-ß-sfbpw ImWp-sºmƒ F{X a\- n¬ Dd-bv°p-sa∂pw F{XXojvWX - b - p-≠m-Ipsa∂pw A\p-`h - n-s®-¶nse Adn-bq. ]nXm-hns\ hµn-°p-∂Xp wcw ae-bnep-a√ sbdp-s«-an-ep-a√ Bflm-hnepw kXy-Ønepw hµn-°-W-sa∂p \ΩpsS I¿Ømh iΩ-dn-bm-°m-cØn kv{XosbmSp Iev]n-®X - p-s]mse218 {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ssZhsØ Fhn-sSbpw tkhn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-W. F∂mepw \mw Aev]h - nizm-kn-Ifpw ]m]n-Ifpw BIp-∂X - n\m¬ sNhnsIm≠p {Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xn¬ A[nIw IÆp-sIm≠p {Kln-°p-sºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ hnizmkÿnc-Xbpw a\- ns≥d `‡nbpw sb-dps«w bm{Xbn¬\n∂p D¤-hn-°p-∂p-≠∂p \mw cpNn-®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. I¿Øm-hns≥d ip≤ I_-dn≥ apºmsI Rßƒ ap´p-IpØn {]m¿∞n®s∏mƒ Rßƒ Hmscm-cp-Øc - n¬ D≠mb a\- n-f° - hpw ]m]-hn-Nm-chpw A\p-Xm-]hpw `‡nbpw Rß-fpsS Bbn n¬ Hcn-°epw D≠m-bn-ń√mØ XojvW-X-bn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. lm! As∏mƒ Rß-fpsS a\ p ssZh-sØmSp Hń-tN¿∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. I¿Øm-hns≥d Ipcn-ipac-Whpw I„m-\p-`hpw Xs≥d ]c-a-th-Z-\-Ifpw Rßƒ IÆp-sIm≠p I≠-Xp-s]mse tXm∂n. Rß-fpsS lrZbw Dcp-In. Xs∂m-Sp≈ {]m¿∞\bpw [ym\hpw \n¿Øn Fgp-s\-ev°p-hm≥ Rßƒ°p a\- n-√∂ - m-bn. ip≤ I_-dn≥ap-∂n¬Xs∂ cmhp-]-I¬ InS∂p {]m¿∞n-s®-¶nsem F∂ Rßƒ°p tXm∂n. lm! Aøm-bncw A√ Aº-Xn-\m-bncw cq]m

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

* aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Cu ip≤-]{Xw Ih¿ c≠mw t]Pn-emWv. ** aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬. *** tkm^nbm ]Xn-∏n¬)

1 Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-c-Ww: Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ Fw. Ipcy≥ tXmakv 1.

2. 3. 4.

6. 7.

(

kqN\ ˛ wcw ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ {]sbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ amk-ßfpw Xob-Xn-Ifpw kpdn-bm\n ]©mw-K{- ]Im-ca- p-≈X - m-Ip-∂p.

6 8 26 5 6 4 36 8 12 22 11 17 19 20 29 35 35 36 45 54 sNßfw Ipµw-Ipfw wcw ]≈n-Iƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ hbv]m\pw Ings°tImWpw hnip≤ÿeßƒ apIƒ am¿∫-fns‚ wcw ]nf¿∏-]m-d-bpsS kw{]oXn \ΩpsS sNßfw wcw ]≈n-Iƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ hbv]\pw ]Sn-™msd tImWpw Hcp hnip≤ ÿew apdn-Iƒ am¿∫-fn¬ wcw ]md-bpsS k{]oXn \mw 5 14 21 19 8 15 8 22 12 27 3 15 20 21 40 52 54 '' 73 91

kp_≤w A_≤w ]pdw** hcn**

ip≤-]{Xw*

]pdw***

hcn***

A\p- _ ‘w

10.

Cu hmNIw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm-\n -{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS cm{Xn \a-kvIm-c-Ønse ta¬s∏´ Dbcßfn¬......... F∂p XpSßp∂ {]m¿∞\-bn¬ D≈-XmWv. {KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ aev]m≥ ae-bmf kzm[o-\-Øns‚bpw, {]m¿∞\m ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-s‚bpw kzm[o-\-amWv Cu hmNIw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. tbdp-itew. \nXm¥ hµy Znhy {io F∂-Xns‚ Npcp-s°-gpØ.v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS ]qP-I-hn-ti-j-Ww. sbdp-iteanse At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k`bpsS taev]-´-°m-c≥. tdmam km{am-Py-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ pentarchy k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ct±l-Øn\p A©mw ]m{Xnb¿°okví F∂ ÿm\-ap≠.v Cu ÿm\nbpsS ÿm\-\m-aa - mWv {KotKm-dn-tbmkv. {KŸ-I¿Øm-hn\v Cu t]cmWv taev]-´-ÿm-\m`n-tjI ka-bØv ÿm\-\m-a-ambn \¬In-b-Xv. (= ]nXm-hv) kpdn-bm\n ]Zw. taev]-´-°m-scbpw tKm{X-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Cu t]-cn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ kwt_m-[-\- sN-bvXp-h-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ kndn-b-bn¬ \n∂pw (a≤y-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-iØp \n∂pw) h∂n-cp∂ taev]´-°msc apºv C{]-Imcw hnfn-®ncp∂p. ae-bm-fn-If - mb GXm\pw ta¬]´°msc am{Xta 1912 \p apºv Cßs\ hnfn®n-cp-∂p-≈p. "Cu'í F∂ A£cw (]-gb ae-bm-fw). At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okmbn-cp∂ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]t{Xmkv XrXn-b≥. 1875-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. 1876 Unkw-_¿ 10 \v hS°≥ ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ -sh®v {KŸ-I¿Øm-hn\p taev]-´-ÿm\w \¬In. 1894 ¬ Imew sNbvXp. Xp¿°n-bnse Ip¿°p-am -Z-b-dm-bn¬ I_-d-S°n. Hmim\ Rmb-dm-gvN-ap-X¬ Dbn¿∏p- Rm-b-dm-gvN- h-sc-bp≈ F´p-Zn-hkw. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ sbdp-i-te-an-te-bv°p≈ cmP-Io-b -{]-th-i-\-amb Hmim\, A¥y- A-Ømgw (s]-k-l), hnNm-cW, ]oUm-\p`hw, Ipcnip-a-c-Ww, I_-d-S°w, Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏v (Cu-Ã¿) F∂n-h-bmWv Cu BgvN-bn¬ A\p-kva-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. am¿®v 21 t\m AXn-\ptijtam hcp∂ ]u¿Æ-an-bpsS ]nt‰ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv CuÃ¿. am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv V, ]pen-t°m-´n¬ (1833˛ 1909). ae-¶-csa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm. A∂p ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-¬ D-≠m-bn-cp∂ apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm\n-tbm-kv, IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv, A¬hm-dokv am¿

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17.

18.

19.

20. 21.

22.

23.

24. 25.

bqen-tbmkv F∂o taev]-´-°m¿. tIc-f-Øn\v, \{km-Wn-Iƒ ]pcm-X-\-ambn ]d-™p-h-cp∂ t]c.v ae_m¿ F∂ hm°n\pw CtX A¿∞-amWv (_m¿, Icí F∂¿∞-ap≈ Ad_nhm-°m-Wv). = sNdmbn. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ "N' F∂ A£-c-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ "{i' F∂msW-gp-XpI. Icn-ßm-{i, Icn-ßm-®n-d-bm-Wv. sIm√mSv sk‚ vt]mƒkv ]≈n. \mÍw Be-∏p-g-∏≈n F∂mWv apºv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm≥ ˛ kl-bm-{X-nI≥. Iev]\ (Bull) F∂-Xns‚ ]g-b -a-e-bmfw. taev]-´-°m¿°p sImSp-°p-∂- Z-£n-W. taev]-´-°m-cpsS he-XpssI A\p-{K-l-Øn-\mbn Npw_n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssIapØv F∂mWv ]d-bp∂-Xv. {KŸ-Im-cs‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ At±lw Xs∂ ap≥ssI FSpØv am¿ ]t{Xm-kv, ]ueqkv «ol-∑m-cpsS \maØn¬ ]≈n-]Wn ]q¿Øo-I-cn®p hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. aIcw 15 \v hnØp-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ s]cp-∂mfmWv. A∂v (1895 P\p-hcn 27) Xm¬°m-enI IqZm-i- am-{X-amWv \SØn-b-Xv. ]cp-a-e-∏≈n-bpsS kºq¿W IqZmi 1912 HmKÃv 19 \v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv A_vZ¬ avinlm ZznXo-b-\mWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. sIm®n-bnse, {]i-kvX-\mb {_nójv A`n-`m-j-I≥. 1889 se tdmb¬ tIm¿´p -hn-[n-bn-e-h-km-\n® ae-¶-c-k-`m-tIkn¬ hnL-SnX \ho-I-cW hn`mKw A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Znh∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥, -a-e-¶c sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm. taev]-´-ÿm\w G¬°p-hm≥th≠n 1865 ¬ S¿°n-bnse BaoZv -Ub¿ _°¿) hsc- bm-{X-sNbvX At±-l-Øn\p AXn-\p≈ ]cn-⁄m\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkymkv, tIm´bw CS-hI sa{Xmt∏m-eoØ. 1876 Unkw-_¿ 3 \v hS-°≥]-d-hq¿ -]-≈n-bn¬sh®v ta¬∏´ÿm\w. 1907 \hw- _ ¿ 2 \v - I mew sNbv X p. Bep- h m Xr°p∂Øp skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n. apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm\n-tbmkv, I≠-\mSv CS-hI sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm. 1877 sabv 17 \v Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v ta¬∏´ÿm\w. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15- \v ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn (am¿ _-tk-entbmkv ]ueqkv {]Y-a≥). 1913 sabv 2 \v Imew sNbvXp. ]mºm-°pS sNdnb]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n. 1895 s^{_p-hcn 21. Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-W-Ønse Xob-Xn-Iƒ kpdnbm\n IW-°n-em-Wv. A∂p ae-¶c - b - n¬ G‰hpw hS-°p≈ ]≈n Nmen-t»-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p (]me°mSv Pn√). sIm®n- ˛- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPy-ß-fn¬ sdbn¬ KXm-KXw Bcw-`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ kao-]-ÿ-amb apJy sdbn¬th tÃj≥-

60 26.

27. 28.

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw ae_m-dn¬ ]´m-ºnbmbn-cp∂p. kl-bm-{Xn-I¿: 1. apf-¥p-cpØn sIm®p-]d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm≥: 1850 ¬ -P-\n-®p. 1908 sabv 31 \v -tb-dp-i-te-an¬ sh®v am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂- t]-cn¬ taev]-´-°m-c-\m-bn.1917 Unkw-_¿ 14 \v Imew sNbvXp. tIm´bw ]mW-ºSn ]≈nbn¬ I_-d-S-°n. 2. {KŸ-Im-cs‚ injy≥. a√-∏≈n kztZin 1858˛¬ P\n-®p. 1891-˛¬ ae-¶c aev]m≥. 1908˛¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]n≥Kman-bmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. 1908 sabv 31 \v tbdp-i-te-an¬ sh®v am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv Bdm-a-\mbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. 1909˛¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm. 1934 s^{_p-hcn 23-˛\p Imew sNbvXp. tIm´bw ]gbskan\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n. 2002 s^{_p-h-cn-bnse ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m kp∂l-tZmkv Ct±-lsØ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am\w FSp-Øp. 3. sX°≥ ]-d-hq¿ kztZin. 6˛11-˛1023 ME ¬ P\n-®p. 1933 I∂n-bn¬ siΩm-i≥. 1041 Xpem-am-k-Øn¬ IØ-\m¿. sX°≥ ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-hnIm-cnbpw ae-¶c -am-t\-PnwKv IΩ‰n AwKhpw. 10-˛12˛1876 ¬ tIm¿-˛-F∏n-kvtIm-∏. 6˛7-˛1081 ME acn-®p. 4. Xpº-a¨ ]≈n hnIm-cn. 1896 Pq¨ 11 \v A¥-cn®p. Xpº-a¨ ]≈nbn¬ I_-d-S-°n. 5. IS-Ω-\n´ kztZ-in. Xpº-a¨ `{Zm-k-\-Ønse {]apJ sshZn-I≥. 6. Xp¿°n-bnse Ub¿_-°¿ kztZin. 1881 ¬ iotam≥ AØm-\mtkym-kns‚ IqsS siΩm-i-\mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. 1908 ¬ Cdm°nse aqk-en¬ sh®v HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bm-bn tIc-f-Øn¬ Xncn-s®Øn. 1930 am¿®v 19-˛\p Imew sNbvXp. B¿Øm‰v Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pØ≥ ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n. 7. ]cp-a-e -tXm-∏n¬ ]oen-t∏m-kv. {KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ hmey-°m-c≥. He-h-t°m-Sv. Ct∏mƒ ]me-°mSv PwKvj≥. tIc-f-Ønse ]q¿hnI ss{IkvX-h-cpsS bYm¿Y-\maw \{km-Wn-Iƒ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ]q¿hnI ss{IkvX-h-scbpw t]m¿´p-Kokp Ime-L-´Ønse aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p≠mb ]pXp-{In-kvXym-\n-I-sfbpw th¿Xn-cn-®dntb-≠p∂Xv `c-W-]-c-amb Bh-iy-ambn amdn-b-Xn-\m¬ U®p-Im¿ Ahsc Bcm-[\m- `m-j-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kpdn-bm\n-°m¿ F∂pw eØo≥Im¿ F∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®p. ]n∂oSv B t]cv Dd®p. A∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw t_mwt_bv°v t\cn´v Xoh≠n D≠m-bn-cp∂-Xmbn tcJ-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. sd-bn-®q¿ tÃj≥ C∂sØ I¿Æm-SI kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hS-°p-`m-KØmWv. a{Zm-kn\p kao-]-ap≈ B¿t°m-W-Øp-\n∂mWv a{Zm-kv, tImgn-t°mSv, t_mws_, I¬°´ sdbn¬ ]mX-Iƒ A∂p ]ncn-™n-cp-∂-Xv. t_mws_ (apw-ss_). aqk¬ Cdm-°nse Hcp {]apJ ]´-W-am-Wv. BwKvfn-°≥ s{]m´-Ã‚p k`sb BWv ChnsS ]cn-Nn-X-amb N¿®v

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

35.

36.

37. 38.

39. 40. 41. 42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

anjy≥ skmssk-‰n-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS kpdn-bm-\n-°mc≥ kndnb (a≤y ]uckvXy tZiw) kztZ-in-X-s∂-bmWvv. t]¿jy≥ k`mwK-ßfpw (s\kvtXmdn-b≥), Ah-cn¬ \n∂v ]n∂oSv tdmam-k`-bn¬ tN¿-∂-hcpw Dƒs∏-´-hscbmWv I¬Zm-b-°m¿ F∂p ]d-bp∂Xv. A¿ao\n-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`. ae-¶c k`tbmSv ]cn-]q¿Æ kwk¿§-ap≈ H∂m-Wv. \q‰m≠pI-fmbn {]apJ A¥¿tZ-iob hym]mcn-I-fmb A¿ta\nb-°m¿°v C¥ybn¬ apwss_, tIm¬s°mØ, sNss∂ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ tZhm-e-b-ß-fp-≠v. 1895 am¿®v 5 apX¬ 17 hsc. ZmhnZv kmkq≥. t_mws_-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°nb Hcp blq-Z- h¿ØI {]amWn. 1875 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ At¥ym-Jym-bpsS ]t{Xmkv {XnXob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kplr-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{X-n-b¿°o-kp-am-bp≈ IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Ct±lw hgn-bmWv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-hgn {KŸIm-c-\pw ae-¶-c -\{km-Wn-Iƒ°pw ]cn-Nn-X-\m-bn. Im¬\S-°m¿. ap≥Ip-dn∏v 36 ImWpI. a≤y-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-isØ At¥ym-Jy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-°m¿. A°m-eØv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ t_mws_-bn¬ IpSn-tb‰w Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. At¥ym-Jy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`mwK-ßƒ. G.- Un. 451 se I¬°Zp- \ ym- kp- ∂ - l - t Zm- k ns\ XpS¿∂v tdmam- k m- { am- P y- Ø nse ss{IkvXhk` -c-≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. I¬°-tZm\y hnizm-k-{]-amWw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ cmP-Io-b-]n≥_-e-tØmsS AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-hsc Iog-S-°n-Øp-S-ßn. am¿ bm-t°m-_v _p¿Zm\ F∂ Hcp ta¬∏-´-°mcs‚ A£o-W-]-cn-{i-a-amWv I¬°-tZm-\ym-hn-cp-≤-cmb At¥ym-Jy≥ k`mw-K-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øn-b-Xv. AXn-\m¬ cmP-Io-b-I-£n-°m¿ Ahsc bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿ F∂p-]-cn-lm-k-ambn hnfn-®p. ]n∂oSv B t]cv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn. Bw•n-°≥ k`-bn¬ sslN¿®v F∂pw temN¿®v F∂pw c≠p-hn-`mK-ap≠v. sslN¿®p-Im¿ rituals \p {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. temN¿®p-Im¿ adn®pw. tIc-f-Ønse CMS anj-\-dn-am¿ temN¿®p-Im¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-I-fnse _en-]oTw (Altar). ae-¶-c- \-{km-Wn-Isf s{]m´-Ã‚-m-°phm≥ ]cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ CMS anj-\-dn-am¿°v t{XmtWm-kns‚ Ae-¶m-cßfpw a‰v A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw ]pO-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cw•njv k`bn¬ Ch-sbm-s°bpw Ds≠∂v A\p-hm-N-Isc t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv \ho-I-c-W-°m-tcmSv t]mcm-Sn- h-∂n-cp∂ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv CXv {]tXyIw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]≈n-bpsS G‰hpw henb `mKw. Cu hm°ns‚ A¿∞w ]≈n F∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv a-Zv_lm Hgn-sIbp≈ `mKw F∂m-Wv. ae-¶-c-\-{km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ A∂v s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-hmZw sImSp-ºn-cn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]p-cm-X\ k`-IfpsS IqZ-m-i-

47. 48. i. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

56. 57.

58. 59.

60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw Ifpw BNm-c-co-Xn-Ifpw sX‰m-sW∂v Bw•n-°≥ anjn-\-dn-am¿ {]N-cn∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AXns\ i‡-am-bn- F-Xn¿Øn-cp∂ {KŸ-Im-c≥ Ah-cpsS Xs∂ ]≈n-bn¬ Ah¿ FXn¿°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ D≠∂p Nq≠n°m´pI-bm-Wv. B¿®v. 1997 ¬ s]mfn®pam‰n-b- ]cp-ae ]≈nbnse aZv_-lm. = Confession. sshZn-Is‚ ASp-°¬ ]m]-ßƒ G‰p]d-bp∂ IqZmBhn-°-∏¬. {]P. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw sIm®n-bn-epw A∂v {_nójv dkn-U‚ v D≠m-bncp-∂p. C∂sØ Unkv{SnIvSv Ie-IvS¿°v Xp-ey-\mb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse DtZymKÿ≥. ôkv. hnk. \n›n-X-k-a-b-{Iaw A\p-k-cn®v \n›n-X- dq-ń¬ t]mIp∂ bm{X-°∏¬. X]m¬ Dcp-∏-Sn-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Cu t]cv e`n®-Xv. Z√mƒ (t{_m°¿). t\mlbpw aq∂p a°fpw Ah-cpsS `mcy-am-cp-a-S°w F´p-t]¿. ChnsS bm{X-°mcpw F´p-t]-cm-Wv. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°v Dev]Øn 7:13 ImWpI. _nkv°‰v. B h¿jw (1895) CuÃ¿hsc 50 Znhkw \ofp∂ henb t\mºv Bcw-`n-®-Xv s^{_p-hcn 25 (kpdn-bm-\n-°-W-°n\v Ipw`w 13-) \mWv. B h¿jw ]uckvXy ˛ ]m›mXy k`-Iƒ°v CuÃ¿ Htc Znh-k-ambn-cp-∂p ˛ G{]n¬ 14. Light house. FtXym]y. 1993 ¬ Fdn-{Sn-b-m cmPyw cq]o-I-cn-®-tXmsS FtXym-]y°p IS¬Øocw \jvS-am-bn. Ad-_n-°-Sepw sN¶-Sepw tbmPn-°p∂ Cu ÿew C∂pw Babel Mandebí F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv sba≥ Ad_v dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ `mK-am-Wv. sN¶-S-ense Kamaran Zzo]p-Iƒ. F≥Pn-\n-b¿. Cu IS¬t£m-`-Øns‚ ka-bØv IS¬bm-{Xn-I-cpsS a≤y-ÿ-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ am¿ -G-en-bm- {]-hm-N-Is‚ a≤y-ÿX bmNn-°p-Ibpw A]-ISw IqSmsX c£-s]-´m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Hcp ]≈n ÿm]n-°m-sa∂p t\cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AX-\p-k-cn®v aS-ßn-sb-Øn-btijw tIm´bw hpUvem‚ v tXm∏n¬ ]WnX ]≈n am¿ Gen-bm -{]hm-N-Is‚ \ma-Øn¬ 1896 ¬ IqZmi sNbvXp. CXmWv C∂v ]uckvXyIm-tXm-en-°m-bpsS Bÿm\ tZhm-e-bamb am¿- Genbm- I-Øo-{U¬.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

CXv CuPn-]vXnse dmkv_-\mkv ap\-ºm-IWw. ko\mbv D]-Zzo-]v. kqbkv, AIz_m F∂o Dƒ°-S-ep-Iƒ°pw saUn‰-td\n-b≥ IS-en\pw at≤y InS-°p∂ CuPn-]vXns‚ `mKw. ko\mbv ]¿∆Xw (]p-d-∏mSv 19: 3˛25). 1869 ¬ kqbkv I\m¬ KXm-K-X-Øn\p Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. kqbkv ]´-Ww. kqbkv I\m-ens‚ sN¶-S¬ Ihm-Sw. t]m¿´v skbvZv. kqbkv I\m-ens‚ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Ihm-Sw. CuPn-]vXnse tIm]v‰nIv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`. Cu k`bv°v ae-¶-c, At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-I-fp-ambn ]q¿W -kw-k¿Kap≠v. A^≠n Hcp t]c-√. ae-bm-f-Ønse Ah¿Iƒí F∂-Xn\p Xpey-amb Hcp {]tbm-K-amWv. hen-b -t\m-ºnse Hmim-\-bv°p -ap-ºp≈ sh≈n-bmgvN. ]uc-kvXy-k`m -]m-c-º-cy-{]Imcw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ A∏-ho-™p-Iƒ tbmPn-∏n®v H∂m-bn-´mWv hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p \¬Ip-∂-Xv. CXv sX‰msW∂pw, Ch c≠mbn \¬I-W-sa-∂p-am-Wv s{]m-´-Ã‚ k`-I-fpsS hmZw. B ImeØv s{]m´-Ã‚ v hnizmkw kzoI-cn® ae-¶c-k`-bnse \ho-I-c-W-°m¿ Cu coXn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h≥{]-N-cWw \S-Øn-bncp-∂p. AXn-\m-emWv {KŸ-Im-c≥ Cu hnhcw {]tXyIw FSp-Øp-ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. {^m¶v ˛ Hcp {^©v \mWbw. kpdn-bm\n IW-°n¬ ao\w 25 (]pXn-b -I-W-°n¬ am¿®v 25). ssZham-Xm-hn-t\mSv K{_ntb¬ amemJm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ P\-\-hm¿Ø Adn-bn-®-Xns‚ Hm¿a-s]-cp-\mƒ. CXv ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgvN AS°w GXp Znhkw h∂mepw hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°-Ww. {Ko°p-Im¿ ({Ko°v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`mw-K-ßƒ) C‰-en-°m¿ (tdm-a≥ ItØm-en°m k`mw-K-ßƒ). {_n´o-jpIm¿ (Bw•n-°≥ k`mw-K-ßƒ). siΩm-i≥ (Deacon). a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn, saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS¬. Hmim\ ˛ tbip-{InkvXp Igp-X-∏p-d-tØdn bdp-i-te-an¬ {]th-in-®Xns‚ A\p-kva-c-W-Zn-\-amWv Hmim-\. Pm^ ˛ bn{km-tb-ense {][m\ Xpd-ap-Jw. C∂v bn{km-tb-ense Cc´ \K-c-amb sS¬Ahohv ˛ Pm^bpsS `mKw. tbm∏m ]´-W-Øn¬ ]t{Xmkv «olmsb kzoI-cn® Bƒ (At∏m. {]h. 9:43). A°m-eØv tXmakv Ip°v Iº-\n-bpsS {Smh-tegvkv sN°p-Iƒ C¥ybn¬ \n∂p≈ hntZ-i-bm-{X-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p. = Ah-km-\w. iu¬ ˛ bn{km-tb-ense H∂m-asØ cmPm-hv. {]k-‡-`m-K-Øn\v 1 iapth¬ 9: 1˛5 ImWpI. _¥-hkv.

92.

imtcm¨ ka-`qan ˛ tbm∏m-ap-X¬ I¿tΩ¬ ae -hsc hym]n®p InS-°p∂ ^e-k-ar-≤-amb ka-X-ew. Aøm-tem≥ Xmgvhc (tbm-iphm 10:12). At∑-\n˛ sshZnIc√mØ hnizm-kn-Iƒ. hnizmkw F∂¿Y-ap≈ sslavs\ F∂ kpdn-bm\n ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Cu hm°p-≠m-bXv. Cu ÿe-ßƒ S¿°n, Cdm°v, kndnbm AXn¿Øn-bn-em-Wv. = B{i-aw. kpdn-bm\n ]Zw Im∏. Bcm-[-\-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X≥ [cn-°p∂ h¿tÆm-Pz-e-amb ]pdwhkv{Xw. tIc-f-Øn¬ sshZnI I¿Ω-ßƒ°p am{Xta CXp [cn-°q.F-∂m¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bn¬ ta¬∏-´-°msc kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Im∏ [cn-∏n°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠v. epØ-\nb (Litany) ˛ Hcp {]m¿∞\. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ta¬∏-´-°m¿ Hcp ]≈n-bn-te°v BZyw {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ ssZh-am-Xm-hv, ]cn-ip-≤∑m¿ Ch-cpsS epØ-\n-bm-Iƒ \S-Ønb tijta a‰p Imcy-ßƒ sNøq. Cu kpdn-bm\n hm°n\v Dbn¿∏v F∂m-W¿∞w. tbdp-it- e-an¬ I¿Ømhns‚ I_-dnS tZhm-e-bsØ Iyw¥-m]≈n F∂mWv kpdn-bm\n ]mcº-cy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. tbip-{InkvXp ]g-b\ - n-ba - sØ BN-cn-°p-Ibpw ]pXp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A{]-Imcw blq-Z-∑m-cpsS s]k-lmbv°p ]Icw hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]n®p. eqt°mkv 22: 14-˛22. = ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv. kpdn-bm\n ]Zw {]k‡-`m-K-Øn\v (At∏m. {]h. 2:1˛13). tbml-∂m≥ 20: 19-˛23. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-{]-Imcw sbcp-i-te-anse H∂masØ F∏n- k v t Im- ∏ m- b mb am¿ bmt°m- _ mWv BZyw hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®X - v (\n-cWw {KŸ-hcn, tkm^nbm _pIvkv, tIm´bw, ]pdw 132). At∏m. {]h. 12:12. am¿ tbml-∂m≥ «olm I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans\ ⁄m\-kv\m-\-s∏-Sp-Ønsb∂v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cyw (\n-cWw {KŸ-hcn, tkm^nbm _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, ]pdw 132). BZy-Ime ]≈n-I-fpsSsb√mw a≤yÿ hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. = ip≤-Xb - psS ip≤-ÿew. kp-dn-bm\n ]Zw. km[m-cW - b - mbn t{XmtWmkn\p Np‰pw acw sIm≠p-≠m-°p∂ Nn{Xm-e-¶rX IqSm-c-Øn-\mWv Cu t]¿ ]d-bpI. tbcp-i-te-ans‚ H∂m-asØ ta¬∏-´-°m-c≥ I¿Øm-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c\mb hn: bmt°m_v ivfolm-bm-sW-∂mWv hnizm-kw. sbdp-i-te-anse ]m{Xn-b¿°okpam¿ hn. bmt°m-_ns‚ knwlm-k-\-ÿ-cm-Wv. sbcpi-te-an¬ C∂v aq∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-≠v ({Ko°v Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv, A¿ta-\n-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv, eØo≥ ItØm-en-°). C∂v sbcp-ite-anse kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sa{Xm\v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿm\an√. At¥ym-Jy-bnse {Ko°v ItØm-en°m ]m{Xn-b¿°nkv Ah-cpsS Ae-Ivkm-{¥n-bm-bn-sebpw sbcp-it- e-an-sebpw IqSn ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmWv.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.

78. 79.

80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91.

93. 94. 95. 96. 97.

98.

99.

100.

101. 102. 103.

104. 105.

106. 107.

108.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

109. tbip{Inkv X p- h ns‚ a\p- j ym- h - X mc ImeØv Gd- d - h p- a - [ nIw_‘s∏´ hk-Xn-bmWv skln-tbm≥ amfnI (The Upper Room). kndnb ≥ k`-bpsS ]mc-ºcy {]Imcw CXmWv C∂sØ hn. a¿t°m-kns‚ Zbd. F∂m¬ C∂v skln-tbm≥ amfn-I-bmbn tbdp-i-se-an¬ {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv as‰mcp sIń-S-am-Wv. CXn\p ]n∂n¬ cmjv{So-bhpw hmWn-Py-]-c-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 110. s{^bnw sNbvX. 111. kphn-tij I¿Øm-hmb hn. eqt°mk,v sshZy\pw Nn{X-Im-c-\p-am-bncp-∂p-sh∂v ]mc-ºcy hnizm-kw. Ct±lw cNn® hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Hcp Nn{X-sØ-∏‰n {]_-e-amb sFXnly-ap-≠v. CXn\p ]e Ah-Imi hmZ-ß-fp-ap≠v. 112. ⁄m\-kv\m\w \S-Øm-\p≈ I¬sØmń (am-tΩm-Zok = ⁄m\kv\m\w ˛ kpdnbm\n ]Zw). 113. C{]-Imcw sIm≠p-h∂ Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Ifn¬ NneXv At±lw ae-¶c a¬]m≥ tIm\m´v amØ≥ tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm∏mbv°v \¬In. Ah hn. Koh¿Kokv kl-Zm, aqdm-bpsS F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmb am¿ tkmJ (km‚m-t¢mkv), am¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm, am¿ ivaqtb¬ F∂n-h-cpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏p- I fpw ssZh- a m- X m- h ns‚ ape- ∏ m¬ hoW- a - Æ v , kv ] ¿\m°v F∂nhbpam-bn-cp-∂p. ]mºm-°pS henb ]≈n-bpsS ap≥]nse Ipcni-Sn-bn¬ Ch ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. 114. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv (1846 ˛ 1874), kndn-b≥ sa{Xm≥, ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ÿm\- Ø n\p Ah- I m- i hmZw D∂bn- ® n- c p∂p. F¶nepw tImSXn hn[n FXn-cm-b-Xn-\m¬ B ÿm\w e`n-®n-√. 115. = k\ym-kn. sshZn-I-cmb k\ym-kn-Iƒ°mWv Cu t]cv kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. 116. Ata-cn°. 117. Imk, ]oemk = hn. Ip¿∫m- \ bv°v ho™pw A∏hpw shbv°p∂ ]m{X-ßƒ. 118. kpdnbm\n sa{Xm∑m¿ Im∏-bnSp-tºmƒ Xe-bn¬ [cn-°p∂ Awihkv{Xw. 119. sshZnI ]´w C√mØ k\ymkn. 120. Aw_mkn-U¿. 121. G.Un. 1856 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]ncnhn-\mbn h∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Hcp kpdn-bm\n enJnXw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse dm°m´v ]≈nbnep-≠v. 1857 ¬ aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. 122. C∂sØ kndnbm cmPyw am{X-a√ hnh-£nXw. A∂v a≤y ]uckvXy tZiØv kpdnbm\n k`mw-K-ß-fp≈ {]tZiw apgp-h≥ kqNn-Xw. 123. CuPn]vX,v FtXym]y. CuPn-]vXnse tIm]vSn-Iv, FtXym-]y≥, ae¶c, kndn-b≥, A¿ao-\n-b≥ F∂nh Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`mK-W-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bpw ]ckv]cw ]q¿Æ kwk¿§-Øn¬ (hn. Ip¿∫m\ _‘-Øn¬) D≈hbp-am-Wv. 124. tIm-´-bm¬ Np‰-s∏ńcn-°p∂ \K-cw-t]mse Du¿t«w ]Wn-b-s∏-ń-cn-

125.

126.

127. 128.

t 129.

130. 131.

132.

133.

134.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw °p∂p (kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n- kv{XoI-fpsS ih-kw-kvImcw ˛ \memw {Iaw). CXv kp-dn-bm\n ]vintØm ss__nfn¬ k¶o¿Ø\w 121: 3 BWv. CXn-\p- k-am-\-ambn ss__nƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS ae-bmfw ss__n-fn¬ D≈ hmIyw, XΩn¬ CW-°nb \K-c-ambn ]Wn-Xn-cn°p∂ \K-c-amb sbdp-i-teta.... F∂m-Wv (122: 3). 42 G°¿ hnkvXr-Xnbp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]gb Pdp-ktew \K-c-Øn\p H≥]Xp tK‰p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂h bYm-{Iaw Pm^m tK‰v, eb¨kv tK‰v, kntbm≥ tK‰v, Zam-kvIkv tK‰v F∂n-h-bm-Wv. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS GI tZhm-e-b-amWv bdp-i-te-an¬ item-tam≥ cmPmhv (_n.-kn. 962-˛922) ]Wn Ign-∏n® tZhm-e-bw. CXv tltdm-tZkv cmPmhv (_n.kn. 37˛04 G.Un.) ]pXp°n∏WnXp G.-Un. 70˛¬ tdmam N{Ih¿Øn ssS‰kv tbdp-itew tZhm-ebw XI¿Øp. tZhm-eb aXn-ens‚ Hcp sNdnb `mKw am{Xw tijn-®p. AXmWv C∂-v hnem] aXn¬ F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A¬ AIvk. item-tams‚ sIm´mcw Ccp∂ ÿe-Øp≈ ap…ow tZhm-e-bw. G.-Un. 709-˛715 Ime-ØmWv CXv BZyw ]Wn-X-Xv. = Dbn¿∏v. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ I_-dn-Shpw a‰pw ÿnXn sNøp∂ tZhmebw. ]m›m-Xy¿ CXns\ Xncp-°-_-dn-S-tZ-hm-ebw (Church of Holy Sepalchre) F∂pw ]uc-kvXy¿ CXns\ ]p\-cp∞m\ tZhm-ebsa∂pw (Church of the Resurrectim) hn-fn-°p-∂p. Ccp Iq´cpw XΩn-ep≈ h Z imkv{X hyXym-k-amWv Cu c≠p t]cp-I-fp-tSbpw ]n∂n¬. ss{IkvXh kaq-l-Øn\v G‰hpw Bcm-[y-amb Cu tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ssIh-im-h-Im-i-Øn-\mbn \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw ]nSn-hen \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Ahkm\w 1757-˛¬ Xp¿°n kp¬Øm≥ D≠m-°nb DS-ºSn {]Im-c-amWv C∂v Cu ]≈n-bpsS ssIh-im-h-Imiw. Ãm‰kvtIm (Status Quo) F∂mWv Cu DS-ºSn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu DS-º-Sn-bn¬ AXr-]vXcmb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ CXp am‰m-\p≈ {iaw C∂pw XpS-cp-IbmWv. = Xe-tbm-Sn-Sw. Cu t]cp≈ Ip∂n-emWv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ {Iqin®Xv. G.-Un. 313 ˛¬ tdmam N{I-h¿Øn-bmb tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥ {InkvXp-aXw tdmam km-{a-mPy-Øns‚ HutZym-Kn-I -a-X-am-°n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v amXmhmb sle\n cm⁄nsb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Ipcnip Is≠-Sp-°phm≥ bdp-i-te-an-te°v \ntbm-Kn-®p. G.-Un. 320 ˛¬ Ah¿ CXp Is≠Sp-Øp F∂mWv ]mc-ºcyw. G.-Un. 638-˛¬ bdp-itew Iog-S-°nb Jeo^ Ham¿ I_-dn-S-∏-≈n-bn¬ {]th-in-®n-√. At±lw ]≈n-bpsS Xmt°m¬ kq£n-∏m-\p≈ AhImiw Hcp ap…ow IpSpw-_-Øn\p \¬In. C∂pw Ah¿°mWv B Ah-Imiw. {][m\ ]≈n {Ko°v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bp-tS-Xm-sW-¶nepw Iyw¥m -]-≈n-bnse I_-dnSw ÿnXnsNøp∂ `mKw F√m hn`m-K-ß-fp-tS-Xpam-Wv. hn. aØmbn 28: 2˛3.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

135. At¥ym-Jy≥ kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bptSXv. 136. ap≥Ip-dn∏v 129 ImWp-I. Ah-Imi X¿°-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-∂p. 137. Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw tN¿∂mWv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ I_-d-S-°n-b-Xv. (tbml-∂m≥ 19: 38-˛42). 138. hn. aØmbn 27:52. 139. a¬°nktZ°v imtemw cmPmhpw AXyp-∂-X-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ ]ptcmln- X - \ p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. imtemw sbcp- i tew Xs∂- b m- s W∂v Nne ss__nƒ ]fin-X¿. 140. = kp-hn-tij I¿Ømhv. 141. hn. tbml-∂m≥ 20:11-˛17. 142. hn. tbml-∂m≥ 19:23. 143. tdma≥ ItØm- e n°m k`- b n¬ tN¿∂ amtdm- s s\‰v kpdn- b m\n k`°m¿. 144. ]uckvXy I¬Zmb kpdn-bm\n (t]¿jy≥) k`. 145. Dev]Øn 22:13. 146. tKmƒU≥ tK‰v AYhm kz¿Æ-hm-Xn¬. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ c≠masØ hchv Cu sKbv‰v hgn-bm-sW∂v ]c-º-cm-KX hnizm-kw. avinlm Cu tK‰n¬°qSn h∂v km{amPyw ÿm]n®v Xß-fpsS \jvS-{]-Xm]w hos≠-Sp-°p-sa∂v blq-Z¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. CXv C∂pw AS-®n-´n-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. 147. Hmim\ {]th-i\w (hn. aØmbn 21: 1˛11). 148. tUmw Hm^v Zn tdm°v. item-tams‚ tZhm-ebw Ccp∂ ÿeØv G.Un. 636 ˛¬ Hcp sNdnb ap…nw tZhm-ebw ÿm]n-®p. G.-Un. 691˛¬ Dam-bnZv Jeo^m A_vZpƒ amenJv C_n≥ am¿hm≥ AXp ]pXp-°n∏-Wn-Xp. Ipcnip bp≤-Im-eØv CsXmcp {InkvXy≥ ]≈n-bm-bn. ho≠pw ap…ow tZhm-e-b-am-bn. 149. K{_n-tb¬ ame-mJ. 150. C…mw aX-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m\ Xo¿∞m-S\ tI{µßfnsem-∂-mWn-Xv. apl-ΩZv \_n kz¿§-Øn-te°v Ib-dp-Ibpw Cd-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXXv ChnsS \n∂m-sW-∂mWv hnizm-kw. 151. = {]hm-N-I¿. 152. A¬ AIvkm. 153. G. Un 638-˛¬ sbcp-itew ]nSn-®-S-°nb Jeo^m Ham¿ Cukm \n_ntbm-Sp≈ BZ-c-hp-aqew Iyw¥m ]≈n-bn¬ {]th-in-®n-√. ]Icw ]≈nbpsS apºn¬ ]c-h-Xm\n hncn®v \a-kvI-cn-®p. Cu ÿe-ØmWv C∂v Ham-dns‚ ]≈n ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. Xm≥ {]th-in-®m¬ ]pdsI a‰v ap…o-ßfpw AhnsS {]th-in-°p-sa∂pw AXv {InkvXym-\n-IfpsS G‰hpw henb ]pWy-ÿew Iem] `qan-bm°n am‰p-sa∂pw At±lw `b-s∏-´p. 154. ap…ow `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw sbcp-i-te-an-s\bpw hnip≤ ÿe-ß-sfbpw tamNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßƒ \S-Ønb bp≤ ]c-º-c-bmWv Ipcnip bp≤ßƒ.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

155. kZriy hmIy-ßƒ, ss__nfnse Hcp {KŸw, alm-⁄m-\n-bm-bncp∂ item-tam≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. 156. Iøm-^m bn{km-tb-ens‚ alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tbip-{In-kvXphns\ h[n-°m-\p≈ KqUm-tem-N-\-bnse Hcp apJy-AwKw. 157. sbdp-i-te-anse A¿ao-\n-b≥ ]m{Sn-bm¿t°‰v G.-Un 5˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®p. A{_lmw (638-˛669) BWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ BZy ]m{Xnb¿°o-kv. 158. s]m¥n-tbmkv ]oem-tØm-kv. tbip-{InkvXphn\v h[-in-£- hn-[n® sbdp-i-te-anse tdmam Kh¿W¿. 159. hn. tbml-∂m≥ 5:2. 160. s\t∏m-fn-b≥ t_mW-∏m¿´v(1769-˛1821), {^©v N{I-h¿Øn (1804-˛1814). 161. hn. eqt°mkv 16: 19-˛31. 162. sbmslm-im^Øv = hn[n-bpsS Xmgvhc (tbm-th¬ 3: 14). lnt∂mw Xmgvhc (tbm-iphm 15: 8). 163. Int{Zm≥ tXmSv sbdp-i-te-ans‚ Ing-°p-`m-K-Øm-Wv. h¿j-Im-eØv am{Xta CXn¬ sh≈-ap-≈p. 164. hn. tbml-∂m≥ 9: 1˛7. 165. At∏m. {]h. 7˛mw A≤ymbw ImWp-I. -C-t±-l-amWv {InkvXp-k-`-bnse BZy c‡-km£n. 166. ]n∂oSv hn. ]ueqkv At∏mkvtXme≥. 167. hn. butk-^v. hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-an\v hnhm-l-\n-›bw sNø-s∏-´n-cp∂ hy‡n. 168. kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ _p[-\mgvN hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns\ {]tXyIw A\p-kva-cn-°p∂ Znh-k-am-Wv. 169. tlmhmtdm _p[-\mgvN. kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-{]-Imcw tbdpi-te-anse H∂m-asØ F∏n-kvtIm-∏-bmb hn. bmt°m_v BZy-ambn hn. Ip¿_m\ AW-®Xv Cu Znh-ka - m-Wv (\ncWw {KŸ-hc - n, tkm^nbm _pIvkv, ]pdw 132). 170. hn. aØmbn 26: 36-˛46. 171. kz¿K- ÿ - \ mb Rß- f psS ]nXmth F∂mcw- ` n- ° p∂ I¿Ør{]m¿∞\. 172. Cu ÿew Hen-hp-a-e-bn-em-Wv. C∂pw kwkvIrXw F∂ -t]-cn¬ Cw•ojv A£-c-ß-fn¬ ae-bmfw ChnsS ImWmw. 173. Cu ]≈n 1888-˛¬ djy≥ N{I-h¿Øn Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Xs‚ amXmhns‚ kvac-W-bv°mbn ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xm-Wv. 174. hn. a¿t°mkv 16: 7. 175. hn. tbml-∂m≥ 11-˛mw A≤ymbw. 176. ap≥Ip-dn∏v 175 ImWpI. emk-dns‚ ktlm-Z-cn-am-cm-bn-cp∂ am¿Øbpw adn-bbpw. 177. A_vimtemw Zmho-Zn-s‚ ]p{X-\m-Wv. ]nXm-hn-t\mSv FXn¿ØXns\ XpS¿∂v h[n-°-s∏´p. 178. (= c‡- \ n- e w) tbip- { In- k v X p- h ns\ H‰ns°m- S p- Ø - X n\p e`n®

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

179.

180. 181.

182.

183. 184.

185. 186. 187. 188. 189.

190. 191. 192.

193.

{]Xn-^-e-amb 30 sh≈n-°miv ]≈n-bn¬ hen-s®-dn™v {InkvXpinjy\mbncp-∂- bqZm Bfl-l-Xy -sN-bvXp. AXv c‡-Øns‚ hne-bm-bn-cp∂-Xn-\m¬ `fim-c-Øn-en-Sp-∂Xv hnln-X-a-√ F∂p \n›-bn® ]ptcmln-X¿, ]pd-Pm-Xn-Iƒ°v ivaim\-`q-an-hm-ßm≥ B ]Ww hn\n-tbmKn®p. B ÿe-amWv ]n∂oSv A°¬Zma F∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv. = ⁄m\n-Iƒ. ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-°m-cmb aq∂p ⁄m\n-Iƒ tbip{InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-k-a-bØpZn® \£{Xw I≠v At±-lsØ hµn∏m≥ FØn-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cpsS FÆ-sØ-∏‰n GIm-`n-{]m-b-an-√. tKm{X-]n-Xm-hmb bmt°m-_ns‚ CjvS-`mcy. 1 Zn\-hr-Øm-¥w 11: 17-˛19. C{km-tb-ense coXnb\p-k-cn®v apIƒ`mKw CSp-ßnb InW-dm-Wn-Xv. "NqSnb' F∂ hm°v "CSp-ßnb' F∂ A¿∞Øn-em-Wn-hnsS {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-cW - Ø - ns‚ ]n¬°me ]Xn-∏p-I-fnsem∂n¬ (1902 \p tijw) Cu hm°v "aqSnb' F∂m°n am‰n-bn-´p-≈Xv Ct∏mgpw Bh¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p (Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-c-WØns‚ (Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´-bw) 1996, 1999 ]Xn∏p-Iƒ ImWp-I (1996 se ]Xn∏v t]Pv 76, 1999 se ]Xn∏v t]Pv 98). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Is≠-Øm-\m-hm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ c≠p hb- n¬ Xmsgbp≈ Ip´n-I-sf-sb√mw h[n-°m≥ tltdm-Zmhv cmPmhv DØ-c-hn-´p. A{]- I mcw h[n- ° - s ∏´ Ip´n- I ƒ ]cn- i p≤ \njv I - f - ¶ ¿ (tlmfn C∂sk‚ vkv) F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hn. aØmbn 2:13. G. -Un. 386-˛¬ ]fin-X-\mb hn. Ptdmw tdman¬ \n∂v ChnsS FØn. Cu Kpl- b n¬ ]m¿Øp- s Im- ≠ mWv ss__n- f ns‚ {]i- k v X - a mb hpƒsK‰v F∂ eØo≥ ]cn-`mj \S-Øn-b-Xv. At±-l-Øn-s\-bmWv bqtk-_n-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. = hmgvhv. ChnsS t\¿® `£-Ww F∂¿∞w. 1 iap-th¬ 17-˛mw A≤ym-bw. hn. eqt°mkv 2: 12-˛13. ]gb IpSpw-_-°m¿. c≠p kl-{km-_vZ-Ønse {]hm-k-Øn-\p-tijw 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]mZw apX¬ temI-saßpw NnX-dn-°n-S-∂ncp∂ blq-Z¿ tbdp-ite-ante°v aSßm≥ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v 1897-˛-emWv kotbm-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1895 G{]n¬ 7. = I-jvSm-\p` BgvN. Hmim\ Rmb¿ apX¬ ZpxJ-i-\n-bm-gvN-h-sc-bp≈ hmcw. s]klm (Passover) blq-Z-∑m-cpsS s]cp-\m-fm-Wv. Xs‚ ac-W-Øn\p sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ s]klm s]cp-\m-fn¬ tbip-{InkvXp hn. Ip¿∫m-\ ÿm-]n®p F∂-Xn-\m¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Cu s]cp-∂mƒ AXn{]-[m-\-am-Wv. s]klm s]cp-\m-fn¬ tbip-{InkvXp injy-∑m-cpsS Imep-Iƒ IgpIn-b-Xns\ A\p-kva-cn-°p∂ ip{iqj.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

194. tcmK-i-a-\m¿∞w \S-Øp∂ ip{iq-j. CXn¬ sskØv {]tXy-I- {I-a{]-Imcw hmgvØn tcmK-im-¥n-°mbn ]qip-∂p. 195. = Hen-sh-Æ. ChnsS I¥o-em -ip{iqjbn¬ hmgvØnb Hen-shÆ. 196. = …o_m hµ-\-hv. kpdn-bm-\n-]Zw 197. Hcp Znh-ksØ 60 \mgn-I-bmbn IW-°m-°p∂ ]g-b-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kabw. 3.00 PM. kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Cu ka-bØv Hcp bma-{]m¿∞-\-bp-≠v. 198. = {Iaw. kpdn-bm\n ]Zw. 199. "ZqX¿ tkhn-t∏ms\' F∂ …o_m BtLmjw. 200. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ I_-d-S-°-k-a-bØv A\p-jvTn® \S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgvN …o_m hµ-\-hn\v A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. Acn-a-Xym°m-c≥ tPmk^pw \nt°m-Zo-tamkpw I¿Øm-hns\ kpK‘h¿Kw ]qin I_-d-S-°n (hn. tbml. 19: 32-˛42). 201. 3.00 P. M. 202. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ I_-d-nSØn¬ CuÃ¿ cm{Xn-bn¬ Xo X\n-sb-IØp-sa-∂mWv ]mc-ºcyhnizm-kw. CXmWv ]pØ≥ Xo F∂v Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ChnsS hnh-cn°p∂ NSßp-Iƒ C∂p-ap-≠v. 203. sbdp-i-te-anse {Ko°v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv - Gerasimos II (1891 - 1897). 204. ss_k‚-bn≥, Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ 205. Cu aq∂p k`-Ifpw XΩn¬ hn. Ip¿_m-\ -_‘w D≈-h-bmWv. 206. tIm¿˛F∏nkvtIm∏m ÿm\w. ae-¶-c-bn¬ hnhm-lnX ]´-°m-c\v e`n°m-hp∂ G‰hpw Db¿∂ ÿm\w. tImdn F∂v Npcp-°-t∏-cv. 207. Aw_m-kn-U¿am¿. 208. FtXym-]y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`mw-K-ßƒ. 209. CuPn-]vXnse Ae-Ivkm≥-{Unb. 210. sa{Xm≥ ˛ {KŸ-I¿Øm-hv, dºm≥˛ sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]utemkv dºm≥, tImdn˛ tXm∏n¬ eqt°mkv tIm¿˛F∏n-kvtIm-∏, I»o-im˛ ae-¶c aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿, Icn-ßm-ń¬ kvIdnbm IØ\m¿, ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m¿, siΩm»≥ ˛…o_m siΩm-i≥, Atfl\n ˛ hmey-°m-c≥ ôen-t∏mkv. 211. Ct±-l-Øn\v tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ t\cn´p IWp-∂-Xp-hsc acn-°n√ F∂p hcw- e-`n-®n-cp∂p F∂v sF-Xnlyw. 212. At∏m. {]h. 9:36. 213. sba-\nse Xpd-apJ ]´-W-amb CuU≥. 214. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Z-Øn¬ tKmh, awK-em-]p-cw, {_lv-a-hm¿, {_nójv sIm®n, Xriv\m-∏-≈n, {ioe¶ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse At\-Imbncw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ tNcp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah-cn¬s∏´ Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mWv tkmhm-dokv ]m{Zn. 215. 1895 sabv 17. 216. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv (1833- ˛ 1909). 217. sNdmbn. 218. hn. tbml-∂m≥ 4: 7˛29. 219. ap≥Ip-dn∏v 218 ImWp-I. 220. CXv ae-¶-c-bnse taev]-´-°m¿ km[m-cW Iev]-\-I-fpsSbpw {]kw-Kß-fpsSbpw Ah-km\w P\sØ A\p-{K-ln-°p∂ hN-\-ß-fm-Wv.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

2 ae-bmf KZy-Øn¬ hnip-≤n-bpsS kpK‘w ^m. tPm¨ tXmakv Icn-ßm-´n¬ ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°v i‡-amb Bcw`w Ipdn®Xv 19 ˛mw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. ae-bm-f -K-Zy-Øns‚ BZy-cq-]-ßƒ ImWp-∂Xv Ipe-tiJc cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS (875 ˛ 1225) A[n-Im-c-]{X-ßƒ, inem-en-Jn-Xßƒ, im-k-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-em-Wv. {]mNo\ {KŸ-ßfmb `mjm IuSeobw, ZqX-hm-Iyw F∂n-h-bnepw BZy-Ime ae-bm-f- K-Zy-Øns‚ hf¿® ImWp-∂p. aWn-{]-hmfw, \ºym¿, X-angv IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-eq-sSbpw KZy]-Zy -k-Ωn-{i-amb `mj-bn-eq-sS-bp-amWv ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cnWm-a-ßƒ \S-∂-Xv.

anj-\dn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hc-hv hmsamgn `mjbv°v KZy-cq]w {]_-e-am-Ip-∂Xv ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-amcpsS Ime-L´w apXem-Wv. AXn\p apºp-≈- K-Zy-Øn\v Poh-ssN-X\yw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p. sslµ-h- kzm-[o-\hpw Zm¿i-\n-I-Xbpw \nd-™p-\n∂ aebmfKZyw km[m-cW P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AI-∂p\n∂p. Cu kmlN-cyØnemWv anj-\dn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hc-hv. anj-\-dn -a-e-bmfw km[-mc-W-°mcpsS `mjbmbn-cp-∂p. Bi-b-ßƒ efn-X-ambn hn\n-abw sNøp-hm≥ hyhlm-c -`m-jbpw \mS≥ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. CXv ae-bm-f -K-ZyØn\v ]pØ≥ ssNX-\yhpw alØzhpw ]I¿∂p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

19-˛mw \q‰m-≠mWv. ss__nƒ BZy-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX Imbw-Ipfw ôen-t∏mkv dºm≥ (1807) apX¬ "Du¿t«w bm{XmhnhcWw' Fgp-Xnb ]cp-ae Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv (1895) hscbp-≈-h¿ Pohn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Cu \q‰m≠v ae-bmf KZy-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn- D≠m-°n. ae-bmf KZy kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°v ]m›mXy anjWdnam¿ am{X-amWv {]tNm-Z-I¿ F∂ \ne-]m-SmWv `qcn-]£w kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ anj-Wdn kzm[o-\-an-√mØ Hcp ae-bmf KZy-km-lnXy kc-Wn ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Cu `mjm-co-Xn-bpw AXns‚ {]tbm-‡m-°fmb tIc-fØnse ]q¿∆nI ss{IkvX-h-cmb \{kmWn-Ifpw `mjm-km-lnXy Ncn-{X-Imc-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bnseØnbn-ń-√. aev]m≥ ae-bmfw F∂p t]cn´p hnfn-°mhp∂, kpdn-bm\n kzm[o-\-ap≈, Cu ae-bmf KZycoXn-bpsS BZy-Ime amXr-I-Iƒ Imbw-Ipfw ôen-t∏mkv dºms‚ ( ˛1812) IrXn-I-fnepw, ]cpae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkns‚ (1848 ˛ 1902) cN-\-I-fnepw Z¿in°mw. anj- \ - d n- a m¿ ss__nƒ ae- b m- f Ønte°v hyh- ÿ m- ] n- X - a mbn hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p apsº tIc-f-Ønse aev]m≥ ]mT-im-e-I-fn¬ (a-ev]m≥ `h-\-ßƒ) ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\ßƒ `mKn-I-ambn \ne-\n-∂ncp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv \ncWw {KŸ-h-cn-bnse (1708 ˛ 1829) ss__nƒ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ. aev]m≥ ]mT-im-e-I-fn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ `mKnI ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ aev]m≥ ae-bmfw (a-ev]m≥ KZyw) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p. aev]m∑m-cpsS (Kp-cp-°-∑m¿) ASp-°¬ ]T\w \S-Ønb injy-∑m¿ ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ IqSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb KZy-ssi-en-bm-Wn-Xv.

ae-bmf KZy amXr-I-Iƒ

kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-Isfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ i‡amb `mjm-K-Zy-Øn\v P∑w \evIp-hm≥ anj-\-dn-am¿°v km[n-®p. AXn\m¬ anj-\dn-am-cpsS KZyw B[p-\nI ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ {]Ya amXrI-Ifm-bn. sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xm-wIq-dn¬ ssaeSn tI{µ-am°n "e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk-‰n'-bpw (1795 +), a≤y-tIc-f-Øn¬ tIm´bw tI{µ-am°n "N¿®v anj≥ skmssk-‰n'-bpw (1806 +), DØ-c -tI-c-f-Øn¬ Xe-t»cn C√n-°p∂v tI{µ-am°n "_mk¬ anj\pw' (1839 +) B[p-\nI ae-bmf KZy-hn-I-k-\Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. \nL-≠p, hymI-c-Ww, A®Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w, hnh¿Ø-\w, \ncq-]-Ww, t\mh¬, imkv{X-km-lnXyw, {]`m-j-Ww F∂ota-J-e-I-fn¬ anj-\-dn-am¿ {i≤n-®pXp-S-ßnb-tXmsS ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hyh-ÿm]n-X-amb `mjm-L-S\ Bhn¿`-hn-®p.

]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkn\v ae-bmf KZy Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {]tXyIw ÿm\-ap-≠v. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-Ww, \nc-h[n teJ-\-ßƒ, kzIm-cy -IØpIƒ, CS-b-te-J-\ßƒ, D]-\ym-k-ßƒ, {]`m-j-W-ßƒ F∂nh ae-bmf KZysØ ]cn-t]mjn-∏n®p. Ch hnhn-[-ß-fmb KZy kmlnXy cq]-ß-fm-Wv. hn⁄m-\-]-chpw thZ-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb Iev]-\-I-fn¬ D]-\ym-k-Øns‚ e£-W-am-Wp-≈Xv. ae-bmf KZy-ssien-bn¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ cN-\-Iƒ°v Akm[m-c-Wamb hnip≤nbp≠v. B ]hn-{X-amb cN-\-Ifn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Ønse ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw. kzX{¥hpw DZm-Ø-hp-amb ae-bmf KZy-ssi-en-bm-Wn-Xn¬ \nd™p\n¬°p-∂Xv. ]m›mXy hnZym-`ymkw t\SmØ ]cp-ae am¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ cN-\-IfpsS ssien kzX-{¥-amb ae-bmf KZy-co-Xn-bm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-KZyØns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ anj\dn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂ A\-h[n IrXnIƒ D≠v. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂ltZmkn-s‚ (1599) Imt\m-\-Iƒ apX¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw (1895) hsc-bp≈ aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-I-fmWv anj-\-dn -ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Imew. anj-\dn KZy-Øns‚ al-Ømb bpKw AYhm kph¿Æ Ime-L´w

Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p e`n® {]Nm-cw, anj-\-dn-am-cpsS \nkvX-{µamb {]bXv \ - Ø m¬ ae- b m- f - ` m- j bv ° p e`n® hymI- c - W w, \nL- ≠ p, `mjmimkv{Xw, ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ, t\mh-¬, ]{X-{]h¿Ø\w XpSßnbh ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ hf¿∂p h∂ Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ "cN\Iƒ' D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ ae-bm-f-KZyw ]q¿Æ-hn-Im-kØn-te°v Db-cp-∂-tX-bp-≈p. kwkvIrX-Øn-s‚bpw Cw•o-jn-s‚bpw kzm[o\hpw ae-bmf X\n-abv°mbp≈ At\z-j-Whpw Hcp-t]mse \ne-\n∂ ImeL-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXn-\m¬ cN-\-I-fn¬ hnhn[ `mj-IfpsS kzm[o\w ]tcm-£-am-bn-´p-≠v. AXv hne-£-W-ambn Icp-Xp-hm≥ IgnbpIbn√. Xan-gv, kwkvIrX `mjm _‘-Øns‚ Bg-amb kzm[o\w Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-hc-W-Øntem ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a‰v cN-\-I-fntem C√. kpdn-bm\n ]Z-ß-ƒ cN-\-I-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS ImWp-∂p-≠v. Ah B ImeL-´-Øn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ ]Z-k-aq-l-ß-fm-Wv. ss__nƒ kwkvImcw aebm-f-Øn¬ FØn-bXv kpdn-bm-\n, Cw•ojv ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ hgn-bm-Wv. Bcm[-\-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-emWv kpdn-bm\n ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ i‡ns∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬ Cw•o-jv, tIcf-Øn¬ hf¿∂p hnI-kn-®p. AXn-\m¬ ss{IkvX-hcpsS BZy-Im-e- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ kpdn-bm-\n, Cw•ojv ]Z-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w ImWmw. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hf¿∂p hnIkn® kwkvIrX ]Z kar-≤hpw ae-bmf ]Z- k-ar-≤-hp-amb c≠v `mjm i‡n-Isf ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]{X kmln-Xy-Øns‚ km∂n-[yamWv. ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ KZy-c-N-\-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ ]®-ae-bmf {]ÿm-\hpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ ssien-Ifpw hf¿® {]m]n®p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-W-Øn-ep-≈Xv hyh-lmc `mjbp-sSbpw ]{X-`m-j-bp-sSbpw ka-\zn-X-cq-]-am-Wv. CXv tIc-f-Øns‚ at≤ymØc `mK-ß-fn¬ {]Nmcw t\Snb efnX `mjm coXn-bpsS KZy-am-Xr-I-bmWv. Hcp ]{X-`m-j-bpsS ssien-bn¬ kqbkv I\m-en-s\-∏‰n ]cp-ae Xncpta\n Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-W-Øn-¬ BI¿j-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p: "tXm´ns‚ Ccp-I-cbpw t\m´wFØm-Ø-hÆw hncn-∏p-\n-ew-t]m-se-bp≈ hnfhn-√mØ aW¬`q-an-bm-Ip-∂p. ]Sn-™m-dp-hi - Øp Zqsc Nne {- Km-aß - fpw hr£ßfpwD≠p. tXm´-cn-In¬ Nne-Ip-Sn-ep-Ifpw tÃjy-\p-Ifpw am{Xw Ahn-ShnsS D≠p. tXm´n¬ Aßp-anßpw Nnes_m-bn-I-fpw (-s]m-ßp-X-Sn-Iƒ) hnf°pa-c-ßfpw ÿm]n-®n-´p≠p' (t]Pv 22). bm{X-bnse Zriy-ßƒ Hcp ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ kq£va-X-tbmsS ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Poh`mj-bm°n Xo¿°p-∂p. C{Xbpw kpµ-c-amb ssien A°mesØ ]e- Ir-Xn-I-fnepw ImWp-∂n√. CXnse hnh-c-W-ßƒ Hcp A\p-`qXn-bm-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n {i≤n®p.

ae-bmf KZy-Øn¬ hnip-≤n-bpsS kpK‘w Hcp \q‰m-≠n\v apºv tIc-f-Øn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ efn-X-amb {Kmay-hyhlmc `mj-bmWv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbptS-Xv. A∂sØ lrZyhpw kzoIm-cyhp-amb Cu KZy ssien-bn¬ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµcyw {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p≠v. Bi-b-ßƒ kwth-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v efn-X-amb `mj A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n a\- n-em-°n. Bi-b-ßƒ lrZy-ambn {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hkvXp-X-Iƒ kq£va-X-tbmsS A]-{K-Yn®v efnX hmIy-ß-fn¬ {Iao-Icn°p-∂-Xn\pw Ign™p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

KZy-Øns‚ cq]-in-ev]-Øn\v ae-bmfØns‚ {]m[m-\y-tØmSv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°v hfsc B`n-apJyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKmdn-tbm-kns‚ KZy-ssi-en-bn¬ kpdn-bm\n, kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ßƒ Ign-bp-∂{X Xnc-kv°c - n-®n-´p-≠v. sXfn-®hpw emfn-Xy-hp-ap≈ ae-bmf ]Zm-he - n-Iƒ kzmwioI-cn-®p≈ KZy-c-N\m imkv{X-amWv ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Bhn-jv°cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse hnip-≤≥ ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Øn¬ A\-h[n {InkvXob ssh-Zn-I-cpsS tkh\- ß ƒ kvacn- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v. ae- b mf kmln- X y- Ø nse hnip- ≤ - \ mb FgpØpImc\pw, kmaqly ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hp-amb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°v KZykmln-Xy-Ønepw, kmwkvImcnI Ncn-{X-Ønepw henb ÿm\-ap-≠v. aebmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ÿm\w e`n® {InkvXob sshZn-I-cmb Nmhd Ipcymt°mkv A®≥ (1805- ˛ 1871), B¿®pUo°≥ DΩ≥ (1830- ˛ 1904), B¿®pUo°≥ tImin (1825 -˛ 1899), dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ (1819 -˛ 1870), \n[n-bn-cn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ (1842 -˛ 1902), kvX∂n …mthmkv IØ-\m¿ (1836 -˛ 1909) F∂n-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Nnc{]XnjvT t\tS≠ hy‡nXzhpw {]Xn-`bpw ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kn\pw D≠v (1848- ˛ 1902). I≠-Øn¬ h¿§okv am∏nf cNn® "F{_m-b-°pń' \mSIw (1892), H. N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ t\mh¬ "CµpteJ' (1891), tPmkv aqfn-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb t\mh¬ "kpIp-amcn' (1897), I´-°-b-Øn¬ sNdn-bm≥ am∏n-f-bpsS "bqZ Pothizcn' (1893), Hen-th¿ hnP-bw (1895), BZysØ \mS-I-amb DΩ≥ ôen-t∏mkns‚ "Bƒam-dm´w' (1886), ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy kmlnXy Ncn-{X-amb ]n. tKmhnµ]n≈- b psS ae- b mf `mjmNcn{Xw (1881) 27, BZy- t \m- h - e mb ]pt√enIp©p (1882), Sn. Fw. A∏p s\Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS "Ip¥-eX' (1887), kn. hn. cma≥]n≈-bpsS "am¿Ømfih¿Ω (1891), cma≥Ipń tat\ms‚ ]cnlmk t\mh-emb "]d-tßmSn ]cn-Wbw' (1892), tIcf \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kmaq-lnI BNm-c-ßsf Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ BZy t\mhemb sIm®p-sXmΩ≥ At∏m-Øn-°c - n-bpsS "]cnjv°mc]mXn' (1891). aebm-fØ - nse BZysØ Ncn{X]pkvXIw Abva\w ]n. tPmWns‚ (1825- ˛ 1893), "C¥ym Ncn{Xw' (1860) F∂nh ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ "Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W'Øns‚ (1895) Ime-L-´-Øn-ep≈ {][m\ {KŸ-ß-fm-Wv. B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hfsc Ipd®p IrXn-Itf ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈p. ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkn\v ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ÿm\w e`n- ° m≥ "Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn- h - c - W hpw' "`‡- h - N \w' F∂ {]`mjWIrXnbpw am{Xw aXn. F∂m¬ At±lw F{Xtbm eLp-te-J-\-ßfpw, D]-\ym-k-ßfpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]eXpw C\nbpw Is≠Ønbn-ń-√. aebmf KZykmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ÿm\w kap-∂-X-amWv. ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ BZy-Ime amXr-I-Iƒ At\z-jn-°p-tºmƒ "Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-Whpw' {]tXyIw ÿm\w A¿ln-°p∂p. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p∂ H. N¥p-ta-t\m-s‚bpw (1847˛1889) tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b- tImbnXºp-cm-s‚bpw (1845-˛1914), ka-ImenI-\mWv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n (1848-˛1902). B Ime-L-´-Ønse {]K¬`-cmb

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ ImWp∂ khn-ti-j-amb ssieo {]tbm-K-ßƒ Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb {]tbmK-ßƒ, ssien-Iƒ, ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ F∂nh {]tXyIw ]T\w A¿ln-°p-∂p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Du¿t«-an-te°v 1895 P\p-hcn 28 \v Xn¶-fmgvN ]pd-s∏´v sabv 13 -˛\v t_mws_bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-bXp hsc-bp≈ bm{X-bpsS A\p-`-h-ßfpw hnh-c-W-ßfpw efnXkpµ-c-amb `mj-bn¬ "Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cW'Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°p-∂p.

II ae-bmf KZykmln-Xy-Ønse \qX\ {]ÿm-\ß - f - n¬ G‰hpw ]g-°ap≈XmWv k©m-c-km-ln-Xyw. kml-kn-I-Xbpw At\z-jW hy{K-Xbpw ka-\zbn-°p-tºmƒ k©mcw Hcp Ie-bm-bn-Øo-cpw. bm{X-bnse At\z-j-W-ßfpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw Bfl-\n-jvTamb kuµcyinev]-am°n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv k©mckmln-Xyw.

k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ k©m-c-km-lnXyw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1785˛emWv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZyw Fgp-Xnb bm{Xmhnh-cWw 1778˛1786 ImeØv ]mtd-am°¬ tXmΩm IØ-\m¿ (1736˛1799) \S-Ønb tdmam-bm-{X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ h¿Ø-am-\-]p-kvX-I-am-Wv. h¿Ø-am\]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-bXv 13 h¿jw- sIm≠m-Wv. 1773 apX¬ 1785 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´sØ aX-˛-km-aqly Ncn-{X-ßfpsS ]›m-Ø-eamWv h¿Ø-am-\-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv (h¿Øam\]pkvX-Iw BZy-ambn A®-Sn-°p-∂Xv 1936 ¬ am{X-am-Wv). CXn¬ k©mc kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµcyw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. CXv `mjm-]-c-ambpw Ncn-{X]-c-ambpw {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂p. h¿Ø-am\]pkvX-I-Øn\p tijw aebm-f-Øn¬ D≠mb k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Xo¿∞bm{Xm-hn-hcWßfmWv {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime k©m-c-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw Xo¿∞-bm{XIsf°pdn-®m-Wv. tbip-hns‚ P\-\hpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw sIm≠v [\y-amb Du¿t«-an-tebv°v \S-Ønb \nc-h[n bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m ≠ns‚ A¥yw hsc sNdp-Xpw hep-Xp-amb 40 ¬ ]cw Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hnh-c-W-ßƒ ae-bm-f- kmlnXyØn¬ e`y-am-bn-´p-≠v.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-Ww ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-as‚ (1833˛1909) Hm¿t«w bm{X (Hcp ]c-tZi bm{X-bpsS IY ˛ 1865), t]m¿®p-K¬ kztZ-inbmb tbml-∂m≥ k\ym-kn-bpsS hnh¿Ø\ IrXn-bmb Hm¿t«w Xncpbm{X (1880), ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw (1895) F∂n-h-bmWv BZy-Ime Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ F∂mWv hnhn[ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ tbdp-i-te-an-te-°√ AaoZn-te°mWv (U-b¿ _-°¿) k©mcw \S-Øn-bXv. B bm{X-bpsS kvac-W-Iƒ Fw. ]n. h¿°n Fgp-Xnb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn-emWv tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂-Xv. Xncp-h-√mbv°p kao-]-ap≈ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ \n∂pw Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KntKmdn-tbm-kn-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp Xo¿∞-bm{Xm kwLw hnip≤ \K-c-amb

Du¿t«w bm{X Ign™v PqWn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb DS≥ Xs∂ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw Fgp-XnØo¿Øp. GXm≠v Hcp amkw sIm≠v C-Xns‚ cN\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. 1895 Pqsse e°w CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bn¬ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-hcWw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]ckyw sNbvXn-´p≠v. XpS¿∂v c≠v amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ {]n‚p sNbvX 1000 tIm∏n-Iƒ Xo¿∂p. 1895 \hw-_-dn¬ Xs∂ Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-cWØns‚ c≠mw ]Xn∏v A®-Sn-®p. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Ønse BZy-kw-`-hamWv Hcp {KŸ-Øn\v c≠v ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXpw Hcp kmln-Xy{K-ŸØn\v. A\p{K-loX {]`m-j-I≥, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, kmaq-ly-]-cnjvI¿Ømhv F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ Xnf-°-am¿∂ hy‡nXzw ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKmdn-tbm-kn\p D≠m-bn-cp∂Xn-\m¬ Du¿t«w bm{Xm hnh-cWw hfsc {i≤n°-s∏´p. Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ e`y-am-bn´v 107 h¿jßƒ Ign-bp-s∂-¶nepw Cu IrXn-bpsS kmln-Xy-aqeyw hni-I-e\w sNbvXn´n√. ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-sØ-∏‰n ka-{K-amb ]T\w CXp-hsc kmlnXyNcn-{X-Øn¬ D≠mbn´n-√. Hcp e£-W-bp‡ k©mc IrXn°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ k¿∆ khn-ti-jX-Ifpw Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-WØn\p-≠v. CXnse {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ {it≤-b-as{X.

1. Bflmwiw \nd™ Ah-X-cW ssien ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ bm{Xmhn-h-c-W-Ønse Ah-X-cW ssien-bn¬ Bflmwiw \nd-™n-´p-≠v. bm{X-Ifpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw Hcp-an®v tIm¿Øn-W°n sshIm-cn-IX \nd™ hnh-c-W-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂p. Du¿t«an¬ tbip-hns‚ I_-dn¬ ap´p-Ip-Ønbt∏mƒ D≠mb `mh-Xo{hX hnh-cn°p∂ coXn {i≤n°q: "I¿Øm-hns≥d ip≤ I_-dn≥ apºmsI Rßƒ ap´p-IpØn {]m¿∞n®s∏mƒ Rßƒ Hmscm-cp-Ø-cn¬ D≠mb a\- n-f-°hpw ]m]-hn-Nm-chpw A\pXm-]hpw `‡nbpw Rß-fpsS Bbn n¬ Hcn-°epw D≠m-bn-ń-√mØ XojvWX-bn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. lm! As∏mƒ Rß-fpsS a\ p ssZh-sØmSp HńtN¿∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. I¿Øm-hns≥d Ipcn-ip-ac-Whpw I„m-\p-`hpw Xs≥d ]c-a-th-Z-\-Ifpw Rßƒ IÆp-sIm≠p I≠-Xp-s]mse tXm∂n' (t]Pv 55). ssZhtØmSp Hń-t®-cpI, IÆp-sIm≠v I≠-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n F∂nh Bflm-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnh-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Du¿t«-an¬ I≠ ImgvN-Iƒ- A-t±lw Hcp A\p-`-h-am-°n-Øo¿Øp. h¿Æ-\-I-fnepw hnh-c-W-ß-fnepw AXn-

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

`mhp-IXzw D≠m-ImsX ss\k¿§n-I-amb coXn-bmWv ]n≥XpS-cp-∂Xv.

2. Akm-[m-c-W- A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS BI¿jIXzw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Akm-[m-cW A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p≈ kma¿∞yw D≠m-I-Ww. bm{X-bn¬ F√m-hcpw ImWp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ kq£vaambpw Bflo-bambpw ho£ns®¶nte Akm-[m-cW A\p-`-h-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ign-bq. Ah BI¿j-I-amb `mj-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°ptºmƒ kuµcyw \nd-bp-∂p. bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ°v Poh≥ \¬In k©mc kmln-Xy-am°nØo¿°p-∂Xv Ah-bnse kmlnXy kuµ-cyhpw Akm-[mc-W-Zr-iy-ß-fpsS kq£va hnh-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv. bm{X-bn¬ I≠ ImgvN-Ifpw A]q¿∆- A\p-`-h-ßfpw Xs‚ k`-bnse AwK-ßfpw Dƒs°m≠v hnip≤ Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-Iƒ BIWw F∂v ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n B{K-ln-®n-cp∂p. Hmtcm tZ-i-Øpap≈ CXn-lmk ˛ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn tIm¿Øn-W-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv {]tXyIw {i≤n-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp kwkvIm-ctØbpw PohnXtØbpw ]I¿Øp-tºmƒ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ°v k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ {]tXyIw ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ Akm-[m-c-Wamb A\p-`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw IY-I-fp-tSbpw BI¿j-IXzw {]Imiw ]c-Øp∂p.

3. k©m-cm-\p-`-h-ßƒ lrZy-ambn kwthZn-°p∂p k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]k-∂X bm{Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS kwth-Z\-amWv. ss\k¿§n-I-amb ImgvN-Ifpw hnh-c-Wßfpw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXv IqSpX¬ lrZy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-tºmƒ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv thZ-]p-kvXI hnh-c-Wß-fpsS ]›mØew IqSn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ t_m[-]q¿∆w {ian-°p-∂p≠v. ss__nƒ kw`-h-ß-fpsS A\p-kva-cWw hmb-\-°m-cn¬ krjvSn-°p∂Xn-\m¬ hmb\ IqSp-X¬ Bghpw [ym\m-fl-Ihpw BIp-∂p. ]cp-a-e am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-hc - W - Ø - n¬ kq£vaX - bpw IrXyXbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ [mcmfw kµ¿`-ß-fp-≠v: 1. ]´Ww apgp-h≥ {_“m-fi-amb sIń-S-ß-fm¬ \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p (t]Pv 14). 2. Nne hr£-ßƒ Rß-fpsS \·X IÆp-Iƒ°p ]p√p-Iƒ F∂-t]m-se- tXm-∂n (t]Pv 20). 3. `qan-°p-Iosg Hcp-\ne Dƒs∏sS HºXp\n-e-bp≈ Hcp slmdd¬ ChnsS I≠p (t]Pv 22). 4. Rß-fpsS bm{Xmk-abw hr£-ßf - psS ê-Im-ea - √ - m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ ap¥n-cn-tXm-´ß - f - psS `wKn Im◊m≥ Ign-™n-√ (t]Pv 28). 5. CuZb-dm-bn¬ F√m \ne-I-fnepwIqSn \mev]-Xp-ap-dn-I-sfmfw D≠p (t]Pv 31). 6. Ipcn-ip-\m-ńb Zzmcw sh≈n-A-S∏p-sIm≠p AS-®n-cn-°p-∂p (t]Pv 36). 7. Rßƒ As\ym\yw Hmscm ssI ]nSn®pw asdd ssI h≈-Øns≥d ]Sn-sa¬ ]nSn®pw Hcp-hn[w Dd-∏n-®ncp∂s∂ D≈p (t]Pv 52). k©mc A\p- ` - h - ß ƒ lrZyambn kwth- Z n- ° p- t ºmƒ IrXyXbpw kq£vaXbpw ]men-°-s∏SWw. I≠ Imcy-ß-fnse AXn-kq-£v-aX hnhcWßƒ°v tXP v ]I-cp-∂p. ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-I≥

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

am{X-a√ I≠- Im-cy-ßƒ kq£-va-X-tbmsS hmb-\-°m¿°v ]I¿Øn-s°m-Sp°p-hm≥ {ian°p∂ Nn{X-Im-c≥ IqSn-bm-Wv. ImgvN-I-fpsS Zriym-hn-jv°mcw hm°p-I-fn¬ H∏n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkns‚ Ic-hncpXv AXym-I¿jI-ambn {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p.

4. kwkvIm-c-ßfpw tZio-b-Xbpw ka-\z-bn-°p-∂p kµ¿in® P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ kwkvIm-cw, `mj, Pohn-X-co-Xn, BNm-cßƒ, tZio-bX XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. "P\-ß-fpsS \mUnan-Sn∏pw lrZ-b-kv]-µ-\-hp-amWv Hcp k©mc-km-lnXy IrXnsb BI¿j-I-am-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm \m´nepw a\p-jy¿ XßfpsS Ncn-{Xhpw `mK-t[bhpw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Nn{Xo-I-cn°p-hm≥ k©mc kmln-Xy-Øn\v Ign-b-Ww.' Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fnse P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw hy‡ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v. t_Xvetlw hnh-cn-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-SpsØ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]d-bp∂p: "s_X-eslw Cs∏mƒ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Hcp ]´-W-am-Ip-∂p. apk¬am∑m¿ AhnsS C√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ A[n-Ihpw sbu\m-b°m-cm-Ip∂p. A¿Ω-\m-b-°m-cpw eØo≥Imcpw A{X-sØmfp-an-s√-¶nepw [mcmfw D≠p. kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpw ap∏sXm \mev]sXm D≠p. Ah¿ I®-h-Sßƒ°mbn h∂pXma-kn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂-√msX ]q¿h-Ip-Sn-Iƒ BW∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√' (t]Pv 45). t_Xv-e-tl-anse F√m hn`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb Hcp \nco£-W-amWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv. blq-Z-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ [\-hm-∑m¿ Ds≠-¶nepw `n£°m-cmb blq-Z-∑mcpw Ds≠∂v ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Is≠Øn-bn-´p-≠v. hnip≤ \m´n-te-°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ Hmtcm ÿe-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]d-bp-∂p. -"ImgvNbv°pC{Xbpw at\m-l-chpw hen-∏-hp-amb Hcp]´Ww RßfpsS bm{X-bn¬ Fßpw I≠n-√' (t]Pv 13) F∂v t_mw-s_sb Nn{Xo-I-cn°p-∂p. "s]m¿´kmbnUnse' P\-ßsf "hf-sc-`-‡n-bp≈ HcpIq´w' (t]Pv 23) F∂mWv hnti-jn∏n°p∂Xv. Du¿t«w -bm-{X-bn¬ tbm∏m apX¬ Xo≥ \mcIw, sNdp-\m-cIw, ap¥ncn Ch-I-fpsS tXm´ßƒ I≠-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. "hnip≤ ]´-W-tØmSp ASp-°p-t¥mdpw ]¿h-X-ßƒ IqSn-°q-Sn-h-∂p. Ahan-°-hmdpw Ingp-°mw-Xq-°hpw IpΩm-b-I-√p-I-fm¬ \nd™-hbpw NneXp ]mgp-`q-an-Ifpw Bbn-cp-∂p' (t]Pv 27-˛28). hnhn-[ -cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-chpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw {]IrXn kuµcyhpw ÿe-ßf - p-sSbpw ÿm]-\ß - f - p-sSbpw hnkvXrXnbpw IrXy-ambn shfns∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kµ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ At±lw Ub-dn-bn¬ t\m´p-Iƒ Ipdn-s®SpØp ImWpw. AXn-\m-emWv CØcw hnh-c-W-ßƒ Cu k©mc--Ir-Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®-Xv.

5. kmlnXykuµcyw \nd™ cN-\m-in-ev]w k©m-cm-\p-`-h-ßƒ°v `mh-Xo-{hX ]I-cp-∂-Xn\v kmlnXyw D]-I-cn°p- ∂ p. hnc- k - a mb hnh- c - W - ß ƒ Bkzm- Z y- a m- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw k©mc

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

taJeIfn-te°v hmb-\-°m-cs‚ klm-bn-°p∂p.

`mh-\sb \bn°p-∂-Xn\pw kmlnXyw

]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Ejnbpw {Im¥Z¿in-bpw B-bn-cp-∂p. "Ejnb-√m-Ø-h≥ Ihn-b√' F∂p `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bib-ßƒ ka¿∞-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Icp-Øp‰ `mjm-ssienbpw hnip-≤-amb Pohn-Xhpw ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-°p≠mbncp-∂p. Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-ku-µcyw \nd™ At\-I -hm-N-I-ßƒ tIm¿Øn-W-°nbn´p≠v: "]¿h-Xw- s]m-e-bp≈ Xnc-Iƒ h≈sØ saevs]m´p-b¿Øn Xmsgm´p CSp-sºmƒ h≈w XmWp-s]m-Ip-sa∂pw Rßƒ sXdn®ps]m-Ip-sa∂pw sXm∂ns∏m-bn' (t]Pv 52). anI-hp‰ hm°p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øn-ep≠v. ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnImkw ]q¿Æ-am-ImØ Hcp Ime-L-´-Ønep-]-tbm-Kn® ]e ssien-Ifpw LS-\-Ifpw C∂pw AXy-[nIw BI¿jIam-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. XnI®pw ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ Xs∂ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ tXSn-]nSn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-Xw, kpdn-bm-\n, Cw•ojv ]Z-ßƒ CXn-ep-s≠-¶nepw ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kpK‘-amWv {]` -]-c-Øp-∂-Xv.

6. k©m-c Xm¬]cyw- \nd™ hy‡n-Xzw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ kºq¿Æ-amb hy‡nXzw {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂Xv DØa k©m-c-Ir-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. _mly-amb t{]c-W-Itfm `uXn-I-amb {]i-kvXntbm e£y-am-°n-b√ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Du¿t«w kµ¿in-°p-∂Xpw bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xpw. ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta\n k©m-csØ ImgvN-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°v \bn-°p-hm-\m-{K-ln-°p∂p: "F∂mepw \mw Aev]-hnizm-kn-Ifpw ]m]n-Ifpw BIp-∂-Xn\m¬ sNhnsIm≠p {Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xn¬ A[nIw IÆp-sIm≠p {Kln-°p-sºmƒ D≠mIp∂ hnizmkÿnc-Xbpw a\- ns≥d `‡nbpw sb-dps«w bm{Xbn¬\n∂p D¤-hn-°p-∂p-≠∂p \mw cpNn-®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p' (t]Pv 55). Du¿t«w bm{X-bn¬ IqSn B≤ym-flnI -Xo£vW-Xbpw A`yp-∂-Xnbpw {]m]n® ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv ]d-bp∂p: "F∂mepw Bflm-hn-s≥dbpw kXy-Øns≥d ]q¿ÆX {]m]n-°p-hm≥ ImgvN Gddhpw D]-sbm-K-ap-≈-XmI-sIm≠p \ΩpsS P\-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿ F√mw wcw hnip≤ ÿe-ßsf kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ \∂mbncn-°p-sa∂p \mw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw KpWsZm-jn-°bpw sNøp-∂p.' (t]Pv 56).

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

hnhn[ ÿe-ßfpw P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw At±-l-Øn\v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. k©mc ImgvN-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Xmev]-cyhpw Du¿t«an-tebv°p bm{X sNøp-hm≥ t{]cn-∏n®p. B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C{X _lpZqc-ap≈ bm{X Hcp kml-kn-IX Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p.

7. {Iao-Ir-X-amb BJym\Ie Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ {Iao-Ir-X-amb Hcp BJym-\-I-e-bp≠v. Du¿t«-an-te-bv°p≈ bm{X, bm{X-bnse ImgvN-Iƒ, Du¿t«-an¬ e`n® A\p`-h-ßƒ, Du¿t«-an¬ \n∂p≈ aS-°-bm{X Cßs\ Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-hc-W-Øns‚ LS-\-bn¬ {Iao-Ir-X-amb Hcp hf¿®-bp-≠v. CXns‚ BJym-\Øn¬ BZn, a≤yw, A¥yw F∂n- ß - s \- b p≈ kpL- S n- X - a mb cN\m inev]hpw D≠v. ]cp-ae am¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv I≠Xpw A\p-`-hn-®-Xp-amb BNm-c-ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, sFXnly-ßƒ, kwkvIm-c-k-c-Wn-Iƒ F∂nh HmP- p≈ KZy-ssi-en-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnip≤ ss__n-fnse {][m\ kw`-h-ßƒ \S∂ ÿew, ]g-b-\n-bacm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS cmP-[m-\n, tbip-hns‚ ]mZ-kv]¿i\w G‰ ]pWy-`q-an-bmb Du¿t«w ]´-Ww, tbip-hns\ AS-°n-bn-cp∂ I√d XpS-ßnb ]pWy-ÿ-eßƒ kµ¿in®v A\p-{K-lw -{]m-]n-°-W-sa∂ B{K-l-amWv BXy¥n-Iambn hnip-≤ -\m-´n-tebv°v t]mIp-hm≥ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nsb t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. ]cp-ae, apf-¥p-cpØn hgn sIm®n-bn¬ FØn. Ahn-sS -\n∂pw t_mws_bnepw. ]n∂oSv I∏¬am¿§w tbm∏m hgn Du¿t«-anepw FØn-t®¿∂p. IjvSm\p-`h BgvN- hnip≤ \K-c-Øn¬ sNe-h-gn-®p. ]n∂oSv Du¿t«-an¬ \n∂pw t_mws_bv°p Xncn-®p. t_mws_-bn¬ \n∂pw s{Sbn≥ am¿§w sjm¿Æqcpw AhnsS \n∂pw ]cp-a-e-bnepw FØn-t®¿∂p. ImgvN-Iƒ h¿Æn®pw A\p-`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn®pw kq£-va-amb Imcy-ßƒ hniZo-I-cn-®p-ap≈ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ hnhcW-ß-fpsS {Ia_-≤-amb Hgp-°p-≠v. aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ°m-Wn-Xn¬ {]m[m\yw F¶nepw `uXn-I-Im-cy-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-c-n°p∂p. k-©m-c-km-lnXyw Fgp-Xp-∂-bm-fn¬ P∑\m Hcp bm{Xn-I≥ P\n°pw F∂p-≈Xv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-Ip-∂p. AXv hnip-≤n- \nd™ Hcp bm{Xn-Is‚ hy‡n-Xz-am-Wv. Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw hmbn°p∂ {]Xo-Xn-b√, ImgvN-I-fpsS A\p-`-h-amWv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Xo¿∞m-S\w hnip-≤n-bn-te°v Db-cphm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-Is‚ hy‡n-Xz-amWv {]I-S-am-°p-∂Xv. ImgvN-bn¬ \n∂pw ImgvN-Ifnte-°pw AXn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿Æ-amb ImgvN-bnte-°pap≈ hnip-≤-amb bm{X-bpsS A\p-`-h-Øn-te°mWv hmb-\-°msc ]nSn®pb¿Øp-∂Xv.

k©m-c -km-ln-Xy-Im-c\v bm{Xm-Iu-Xp-Ihpw At\z-j-W-t_m-[hpw D≠mIWw. ]pXnb Imcy-ßƒ Adn-bp-hm\pw a\- n-em-°p-hm\pw ]¶n-Sm-\p-ap≈ k∂-≤-Xbpw thWw. ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bn¬ k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c\v th≠ F√m Ir]-Ifpw \nd™p\n¬°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ae-bmf k©m-c-km-lnXy-Ønse e£-W-bp-‡-amb BZysØ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-WamWv Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-c-Ww.

k©m-c-Xm¬]cyw ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AP-]me\ ZuXy-hp-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn At±lw k©-cn-®n-cp-∂p. bm{XIƒ A[n-Ihpw Pe-am¿K-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-fØnse

]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Ønse Nne ae-bmf ]Z-ß-fpsS kuµcyw {i≤n-°p-I: Ipg¬h-gn, IÆp-\o-cns≥d hmXn¬, Zqc-°m-gvN-Iƒ, Dƒ°m-b-ep-Iƒ, ta¬\ne, sh≈n-hn-f-°v, h≠n

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw

k©m-cw, AWn-b-Wn-bm-bn, Igp-tØmfw Db-c-Øn¬, IpØnb-h-fhp-Iƒ, Itc-dp∂ hgn, Im¬®p-h-Sv, IpSn-]m¿∏n-√m-Ø, ]pØ≥ Xo, Iq´m-bva-°m¿. Cßs\ at\m-l-c-ß-fmb F{Xtbm aebmf ]Z-ß-fmWv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. kwkvIrX ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn°m-hp∂ ÿm\-ß-fn-emWv ae-bm-f-]-Z-ßƒ tXSn-∏n-Sn®p tN¿Øncn°p∂Xv.

1. khn-tij {]tbm-K-ßƒ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-c-W-Ønse Nne khn-tij {]tbm-K-ßƒ: shfn® amfn-I, CSp°p IS¬, ioXcmPyw, IÆp-\o-cns‚ hmXn¬, ]pWy-bm-{X-°m¿, ]mZ-Nm-cn-Iƒ, sh¨am-S-∏-Wn, sh≈n-hn-f-°v, X¶the-Iƒ, ae-bmf kpdnbm-\n-°m¿, {InkvXym\n imJ-Iƒ, imJ-°m¿, alm-hr-≤≥, a\- n-f-°w, ]pØ≥ Xo, t_mws_ h≠n ... ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS Ime-L-´Øn-emWv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw lrZy-amb CØcw khn-tij {]tbm-K-ßƒ `mjbv°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

2. khn-tij ssien-Iƒ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ \nc-h[n khn-tij ssienIƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v: At\ym\yw hnem-]-tØm-Sv, kv\m\-]m-\m-Zn-Iƒ, I≠p-I-≠-t{X, h≠n k©m-c-ap-≈-Xv, CtXmSv H´v ASp-Øv, Im¬®p-h-Sv, F´p]Øp Zfip, Igp-tØmfw Db-c-Øn¬, hfsc `‡n-bp≈ Hcp Iq´w, iImchpw Ie-i-epw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ssieo {]tbm-K-ß-fp-≠v. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssien-Iƒ kw`m-jW ssien-bn¬ \n∂pw cq]w {]m]n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. CØcw ssien-Iƒ hgn ae-bmf`mj kwkvIr-Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pdØph∂p.

3. ]gb ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ G\-ap-≠v, ap≥t]¿ ]d-™, i´w sI´p-I, t]jvIm¿, ta¬\n-e, hneß, H´p-tN¿∂v, kl-Pw, Itc-dn, IS-in, X°-hm-dp, H´p-°v, s]mXp-s∏´, am¿t§W.... Xp-Sßnb ]gb ]Z-ßfpw bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn-ep≠v. A°m-esØ an° cN\-I-fnepw CØcw ]gb ]Zm-h-en-I-fpsS [mcm-fnØw hf-sc-bp-≠v. H. N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ "Cµp-teJ' (1891) F∂ t\mh-enepw A\-h[n ]gb ]Zm-h-en-I-fp-≠v. CXv Ahn-I-kn-X-amb KZy-ssi-en-b-√. A°m-e-L-´-Ønse at\m-l-c-ß-fmb ]Z-k-aq-l-ß-fm-Wv. `mj hnI-kn-®-t∏mƒ CØcw {]tbmK-ßƒ ep]vX-{]-Nm-c-am-bn. HmP pw tXP- p-ap≈ Hcp KZy amXr-I-bm-Wv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSXv. Bi-b-ß-fpsS {Ia-_-≤-amb hf¿®, Jfin-I-I-fpsS hn`-P\w, hmN-I-ßfpsS LS\, hm°p-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Zriym-hn-jvImcw, kpXm-cy-amb Ah-XcWw F∂n-ßs\ ]eXpw Cu amXr-I-bn¬ Is≠Ømw. Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-cØn\v ss\ ¿§n-I-amb hc-kn≤n ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[\m ssien-bnep≈ KZy cN-\bpw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p≠v. A°m-eØv kmlnXy IrXn-I-fp-am-bp≈ kwth-Z-\- ˛- kw-hm-Z-ßƒ°v

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Ahkcan√m-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw DZm-Ø-amb Hcp ssien krjvSn-°p-hm≥ ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n°p km[n-®p.

III ae-¶c k`-bnse {]Jym-]nX ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]cp-ae Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n ]uckvXy B≤ym-fln-IX kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ kzmwio-I-cn® hnip-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kqcy-tX-P v tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-amb \thm-∞m\ L´w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-cw, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂nh kmaq-lnI \thm∞m\ {]{In-b-°v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´p. aX-cw-KØpw hnhn-[-ß-fmb ]cn-h¿Ø-\ß-fp-≠m-bn. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-am-bn-cp∂p ]cp-ae Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ (1848 ˛ 1902) I¿Ω-Im-fiw. Cu ImeØv tIc-fØns‚ kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øn\pw anj-\dn KZy-Øn\pw \nkvXpe kw`mh-\-Iƒ \¬Inb alm-{]-Xn-`-bm-bn-cp∂p ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n. ae-bm-f -k©mckm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Du¿t«w bm{Xmhn-h-c-Ww e£-W-bp-‡-amb BZy {KŸ-am-Wv. 1895 ¬ ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta\n Du¿t«-an-te°v bm{X -sN-bvX-Xns‚ hnh-c-W-ßƒ lrZyamb `mj-bn¬ Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hnhcW-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta\n {]tXyIw {i≤n®p. ZenXv hn`m-K-ßfpsS hntam-N-\-Øn-\mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ apg-ßnb BZy i_vZ-am-bn-cp∂p ]cp-a-e Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-tS-Xv. kmaq-lnI B≤ym-flnI cwKØv \nc-h[n ]c-nh¿Ø-\mfl-I-amb {]h¿Ø\ irwJ-e-Isf ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°p Ign-™p.

Pohn-Xt- cJ FdWmIpfw Pn√-bn¬ apf-¥p-cpØn-bmWv ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkns‚ P∑-ÿew. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ NmØp-cpØn sIm®p-a-Øm-bn-bp-sSbpw sIm®p-a-dn-bm-Ω-bp-tSbpw Cfb ]p{X-\mbn 1848 Pq¨ 15 \v P\n-®p. sIm®bvt]mc F∂m-bn-cp∂p _mey-Im-e -\m-aw. aqØ-h-cmbn c≠p ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw c≠p ktlm-Z-cn-Ifpw. c≠v hbkv XnI-bp-∂-Xn\p apºv amXmhv acn®p. AXn-\m¬ _mey-Ime kwc-£Ww aqØ ktlm-Zcn adn-b-bn¬ \n£n-]vXam-bn. NmØp-cpØn [mcmfw ]q¿∆nI kzØp-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ipeo-\-IpSpw_-amWv. sshZnI ]mc-º-cy-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ B≤ymflnI PohnX ssienbpw ssZh-`-‡nbpw hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ sIm®-bvt]m-cm-bv°v e`y-am-bn. A©mw hb- n¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ BZym-£cw Ipdn-®p. _meyImeØp-Xs∂ ]-T\Xev]-cX, _p≤n-hn-em-kw, k¬kz-`m-hw F∂n-h-bn¬

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

Akm[m-cW {]mK¬`yw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p.

sh≈n-\-£{Xw t]mse {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-km-\-¥cw ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c≥ ]≈n-Ø´ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]ms‚ in£-W-Øn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-`m-jm -]-T-\w \SØn. kpdn-bm\n `mjbnepw KoX-ß-fnepw {]tXyI ss\]pWyw ]pe¿Øn-. H≥]-Xm-asØ hb n¬ 1857 sk]vXw-_¿ 26- ˛\v Icn-ßm{i ]≈n-bn¬ h®v ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv tImdqtbm ]´w \¬In. sshZn-I-]-Z-hn-bpsS {]mcw-`-amb tImdq-tbm -ÿm\w e`n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v Koh-dp-Kokv aev]ms‚ in£-W-Øn¬ ⁄m\Øns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ Iog-S-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Kpcp-ap-J-Øp-\n∂pap≈ Ggp-h¿jsØ ]T\w AXyKm-[-amb ]mfinXyw t\Sp-hm≥ klm-bn-®p. 1864 -˛¬ bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn¬ \n∂pw iwtim\m ]´hpw I»oim -]-´-hp-ta‰p. XpS¿∂v tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\hpw e`n-®p. C°m-eØv bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ (1846˛1874) sk{I-´dn-bmbpw hnhn[ ]≈nIƒ kµ¿in-®p. tIm¿-F-∏n-kvtIm∏m Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw "NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bnepw I≠\m´pw hnIm-cn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-®p. CS-hI `c-W-tØ-°mƒ GIm-¥-Xbv°pw au\-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw Is≠-Ønb At±lw GIm-¥- k-\ym-kn-bm-Iphm≥ B{K-ln-®p. C°mcyw ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-as\ Adn-bn-®p. At±lw apf-¥p-cpØn CShI s]mXp-tbm-K-Øns‚ GI-I-WvT-amb ip]m¿i-{]-Im-cw 1872 G{]n¬ 7 \v Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿°v dºm≥ ÿm\w \¬In.

hgnbpw shfn-®hpw B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ hgnbpw shfn-®hpw Xncn-®-dn™ Imeambncp∂p shń-°-se Xma-kw. Hcp Zb-dm-hmkn Xma-k-am-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ shń°¬, Zb-dm-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-´p. Zb-dm-{]-ÿm\ -ÿm-]-I≥ CuPn-]v‰nse am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv (F. Un. 251˛356) Bbn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ BZ¿i]p-cp-j≥. {hX-hn-ip-≤n-bn¬ Pohn-XsØ t{]m-Pz-en-∏n® B L´-Øn¬ kpdnbm\n ]T\-Øn\mbn \nc-h[n injy-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂p. AtXmsS shń°¬ Zbdm aev]m≥ ]mTim-e-bmbn. ]. C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm tIcfw kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ (1875-˛1877) kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw AKm[ ]mfinXyw t\Snb NmØp-cpØn Koh-dp-Kokv dºms\ At±-l-Øns‚ sk{I´-dn-bmbn \nb-an-®p. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ ÿe-ßƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\msSm∏w kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw {]kw-K-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1876 Pq¨ 27 apX¬ 29 hsc \S∂ apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂l-tZm-kn¬ ]-t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v Xmßpw XW-ep-am-bXv NmØp-cpØn Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-\mWv. 1876 BKÃv 27 \v apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ \S∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse BZysØ aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibnepw NmØp-cpØn Kohdp-Kokv dºm≥ kPoh ]¶m-fnØw hln-®p.

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

NmØp-cpØn Koh-dp-Kokv dºms‚ kpdn-bm\n `mjm ]cn-⁄m\hpw t\XrXz ]mS-hhpw ssZh-`‡ - nbpw ]t{Xmkv XrXo-bs\ BI¿jn®p. NmØpcpØn Koh-dp-Kokv dºms‚ PohnX hnip-≤nbv°pw ssZhm-{i-bØn\pw GXp {]Xn-k‘n L´-tØbpw AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v a\- n-em-°nb ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ 1876 Unkw-_¿ 10 \v hS-°≥]d-hq¿ am¿sXmΩ≥ ]≈nbn¬ h®v "Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv' F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bmbn hmgn®p. 1877 sabv 5 \v \ncWw `{Zm-k-\-Øns‚ 22 ]≈n-I-fp-sS sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn Npa-Xetb‰p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]cp-a-e -h-sc-bp≈ 28 h¿j-ßƒ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse H∂mw L´-amWv (1848-˛1877). {hX-hn-ip≤n-bn¬ bphXzw \nd™ tXP- zn-bmb Hcp {_“⁄m\n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]cpa-e-bn¬ FØnb Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv. ITn-\-amb D]-hmkw, \nc-¥-c-amb {]m¿∞\, Zo¿L-amb au\w, C{µnb-kwb-a-\w, [¿Ωm-N-cWw, efn-X-Po-hnXw F∂n-h-bneqsS Xt]m-\n-jvT-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en ]cp-ae Xncpta\n hf¿Øn-. {]m¿∞-\-bn-eqsS Bfl-⁄m\w t\Snb k\ym-kn-bm-bncp∂p At±lw.

]cp-a-e- Agn-∏pcbn¬ ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bn¬ am∂m-dn\p kao]w Fc-a-√n-°c apX¬ ]∂mbn ]mew -h-sc-bp≈ Ggp- N-Xp-c{i Intem-ao-‰-tdmfw hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Zzo]mWv ]cp-a-e. A®≥tIm-hn-em¿ tN¿s∂m-gp-Ip∂ ]ºm-\-Zn-bm¬ Np‰-s∏´ ]cp-ae h≥Im-Sp-Ifpw ac-ßfpw \nd™ h\-{]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-kn-tbmkv A©m-a≥ 1872 ¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Hcp ]≈n \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-®p. ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°nb AcnIp]p-dØv tImcpf amØ≥ \¬Inb ÿeØv Agn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp ]pc ]Wn-Xp. AXmWv ]cp-a-e-bnse "Agn-∏pc'. Icn-º-\-°q-´-ßfpw b£n-°m-SpIfpw \nd™ GIm¥ ÿeamb ]cp-a-e-bnse "Agn-∏pcbn¬' Xmakn®v {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®-Xp- ap-X¬ Du¿t«w bm{X- h-sc-bp≈ Imew ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ c≠mw L´-amWv (1877-˛1895). `{Zm-k\ `cWw, AP-]m-e\ ip{iqj, sshZnI ]cn-io-e\w F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n DØ-c-hmZn-Xz-ßƒ C°m-eØv \n¿∆-ln-®p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw At±lw ]cpa-e-bn¬ FØp-tºmƒ Agn-∏p-cbpw Hcp sNdnb ]≈nbpw am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ sX°≥ `mKØv sshZn-Isc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Zbdm{]-ÿm\w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn ÿm]n-®-XmWv "Agn-∏pc.' sshZn-Isc A`ykn-∏n-®-Xn-\m¬ "]cp-ae skan-\mcn' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-´p.

D÷ze {]Imi t{kmX v tIc-f-Ønse ss{IkvX-h -a-X-t_m-[-\-Øns‚ Dd-hn-Sw aev]m≥ ]mT-imeI-fn-em-Wv. aev]m≥ ]mT-im-e-Iƒ°v cq]w \evIn [mcmfw sshZn-Isc B≤ymfln-I- c-l-ky-ß-fpsS BZn-]m-T-ßƒ ]Tn∏n°p∂-Xn\v ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKmdntbmkv {]tXyIw Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. tIc-f-Ønse \nc-h[n t{ijvTcmb

Du¿t«w bm{Xm- hn-h-cWw injy-∑m-sc-bmWp ]cp-a-e-bn¬ \n∂pw hm¿sØ-Sp-Ø-Xv.

tIc-fØnse D÷z-e- {]Im-i-t{km-X-kmb ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv, hnip-≤n-bp-sSbpw ]cn-Xym-K-Øn-s‚bpw ssien-Iƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Im´ns°m-Sp-Øp. At±lw amXr-I-bm°n- \¬Ip-∂Xv kvt\lw, tkh-\w, ]cnXym-Kw, kmaq-ly-tk-h-\w, hy‡n-_-‘-ßƒ, kmaq-ly-]cn-jvI-c-Ww, Iemkm-lnXy tkh-\-ßƒ F∂o hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \nc-¥-c-ambpw {]Xn-_≤X-tbm-Spap≈ {]h¿Ø\ kc-Wn-I-fm-Wv. ]cp-ae tI{µo-I-cn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ B≤ym-flnI {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n {]tXyIw {i≤n-®p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Xpº-a¨ (1884˛1902), sIm√w ( ˛1902) `{Zm-k-\ß-fp-sSbpw Npa-Xe hln-®p. ae-¶c k`-bnse apgp-h≥ ]≈n-I-fn-tebpw d»okm ]ncnhv tiJ-c-W-Øns‚ apJy-Np-a-X-ebpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ae¶-c-k-`-bnse apgp-h≥ CS-h-I-I-fnepw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc A[n-Im-chpw AhIm-ihpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ G‰hpw {]Im-i-]q¿Æ-amb aq∂mwL´w (1895˛1902) Du¿t«-an¬ \ns∂-ØnbXn\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ggp- h¿jß-fm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I -˛- \-thm-∞m\ {]{Inbbv°pw kmaqln-I-am-‰-ßƒ°pw [oc-amb t\XrXzw \¬Ip-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. kmln-Xyw, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, kmaq-lnI hntam-N\ Z¿i-\-ßƒ, ZfnXv hn`m-K-ß-fpsS D∂a\w, kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ ]cnh¿Ø-\m-fl-I-amb {]h¿Ø\ irwJ-e-Isf ka-\z-bn-∏n°phm≥ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°p Ign-™p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Z-i-I-ß-fnepw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fnepw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-\-thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apJy ]¶m-fnØw hln® I¿Ω-tbm-Kn-bmWv ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv. PmXob Nn¥-Iƒ°pw kmaq-lnI th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ°pw AXo-X-amb kao-]\-am-bn-cp∂p ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-tSXv. {hXm- \ p- j v T m- \ - ß - f psS ImTn- \ yhpw tIc- f - Ø ns‚ hnhn[ `mK- ß fnte°p≈ \nc-¥-c-amb k©m-chpw ]cp-a-e -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Btcm-KysØ Xf¿Øn. 1902 \hw-_¿ c≠n\v Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv I¥oem ip{iqj kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \hw-_¿ aq∂n\v shfp-∏ns\ Hcp -a-Wn°v Imew sNbvXp. \hw_¿ \men\v sNm∆mgvN, apdna-‰Øp ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {][m\ -Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ ]cp-a-e -]-≈nbn¬ I_-d-S°n.

IV hnip-≤n-bpsS {]Imiw Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ hnip-≤-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ ]cp-ae Xncpta-\nsb, 1947 \hw-_¿ 2˛\v ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ]cnip-≤-\mbn

Du¿t«w bm{Xm -hn-h-cWw

{]Jym-]n-®p. "hnip-≤ -]-Zhn e`n-®m¬ Ip¿∫m-\-XIvkm-bn¬ B \maw A\pkva-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤s‚ a≤y-ÿX bmNn-°p∂p. B ]cn-ip-≤s‚ t]cn¬ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂p. ]≈n-Ifn¬ Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂mƒ BN-cn-°p-∂p. _en-]o-T-Øn\p apI-fn¬ B hnip-≤s‚ Nn{Xw hbv°p-Ibpw Xncp-ti-jn∏p-Iƒ {]tXyIw hW-°-Øn-\mbn kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ \nc-h[n t{ijvT ]Z-hnIfmWv k` hn-ip-≤ ]Zhn e`n-°p-∂-h¿°v \¬Inbn-´p-≈-Xv.' ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ C¥y-bnepw hntZ-iØpw At\Iw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v.

kmaqly Z¿i-\-ßƒ -tI-c-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI \-thm-∞m-\- {]-{In-bbn¬ {it≤-b-cmb hnZym[ncmP N´-ºn- kzm-an-Iƒ (1853˛1924), {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp (1856˛1928), Aø¶mfn (1863˛1941) F∂n-h¿ Cu L´-Ønse {]K-ev`-cmb kmaq-ly- \-thm∞m\ {]h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-h¿°v ka-Im-en-I-\mb ]cp-ae Koh¿Kokv am¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkpw (1848˛1902) kaq-l-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-Øn-\mbn bXv\n®p. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI, kmwkvIm-cnI, kmlnXy, hnZym-`ymk cwK-ß-fnepw B≤ym-flnI afi-e-ß-fnepw hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v thZn-sbm-cp-°nb alm-flm-hmWv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n. kmaq-ly- ]-cn-jvI¿Ømhv, AP-]m-e-I≥, Xm]khcy≥, hnZym-`ym-k-{]-h¿Ø-I≥, kmln-Xy-Im-c≥, a\pjy-kvt\ln F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n hnti-j-W-ßƒ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°p≠v. F∂m¬ "]cn-ip-≤≥'F∂ \ne-b n-e mWv C∂v At±-l -Øns‚ {]ikvXn temI-hym-]-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse ZenXv hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hntam-N\ Ncn-{X-Ønse BZy \mbI≥ ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kmWv. ]oU\w, NqjWw, ASn-®-a¿Ø¬ XpSßn \nc-h[n {]iv\-ß-tfmSv {Inbm-fl-I-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-®p. Hcp \q‰m≠n\p apºv PmXob {]iv\-ßƒ \ne-\n-∂-t∏mƒ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n kaq-lØn-te-°n-dßn kvt\l-Øns‚ kv]¿iw ]I¿∂p. _lp-ap-J- hy‡nXzw \nd-™p-\n∂ ssNX-\y-am-bn-cp-∂p, ]cp-ae Xncpta\n. Hcp kabw hnip-≤n-bpsS AXyp-∂-Xn-bn-te°pw kmaq-lnI Pohn-XØns‚ bmYm¿∞y-ß-fn-te°pw Ib-dp-Ibpw Cd-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX hnip≤\mbn-cp∂p At±-lw. a\p-jysc a\- n-em-°nb Xncp-ta\n kaq-lsØ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Xs‚ PohnX hnip-≤n-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKmdn-tbm-kns‚ kmaqlnI Z¿i-\-ßƒ a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚ ka-{K-amb hntamN\w e£y-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

D]-kw-lmcw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS efn-Xhpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb Pohn-X-hn-ip≤n Bgamb a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \nd-™n-cp-∂p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]cp-ae-bn¬ FØn tIc-f-Ønse F√m hn`mKw P\-ß-fp-tSbpw ka-{K-amb A`nhr-≤n-°mbn {]b-Xv\n® ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kqcytX-P- m-Wv. q