Eyeing the Supreme Court’s Challenge weight eyeglasses or other head-mounted equipment.121 These devices are paired with equipment that can determine the position of the eye and the direction of eye focus, and can record the data for future playback and analysis.122 Studies of gaze and visual attention have been undertaken for a considerable time, and the literature on eye tracking is constantly growing,123 Eye-tracking research and techniques have been used repeatedly in advertising, marketing, psychology, eyewitness accuracy studies,124 Internet usage research, health, and various other fields. There are also a wide range of eye-tracking applications,125 including marketing and advertising;126 law enforcement and policing;127 human-machine interactions;128 and to assist those with disabilities.129 Mercedes even uses eye-tracking technology for driver fatigue alert systems.130 121. Id.. at 53-54, 55. This is the type of equipment used for the “test of concept” described in this article. See infra p. 296. For a discussion of head-mounted eye-tracking equipment, see Christopher D. Wickens, Michelle Vincow & Michelle Yeh, Design Applications of Visual Spatial Thinking: The Importance of Frame of Reference, in The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking 383, 406 (Priti Shah & Akira Miyake, eds., 2005), article available at http://www.humanfactors. illinois.edu/Reports&PapersPDFs/chapters/Design%20Applications%20of%20Visual%20Spatial%20thinking.pdf. See also Jason S. Babcock & Jeff B. Pelz, Building a lightweight eyetracking headgear, in Etra ‘04 Proceedings of the 2004 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (2004), available at http://www.cis.rit.edu/people/faculty/pelz/publications/ ETRA04_babcock_pelz.pdf. 122. Duchowski, at 54-58. 123. See Jakob Nielsen & Kara Pernice, Eyetracking Web Usablility (2009); Michel Wedel & Rik Pieters, Eye Tracking for Visual Marketing 1:4 Foundations & Trends in Marketing 231 (2008); J.M. Spector, Handbook of Research on Educational Comm. & Tech. (2008); see also J. Michael Henderson, ed., Real World Scene Perception: A Special Issue of Visual Cognition (2005); Gary Hatfield, Perception and Cognition: Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology (2009); Claus Bundesen & Thomas Habekost, Principles of Visual Attention: Linking Mind and Brain (2008); and Priti Shah & Akira Miyake, The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking (2005). 124. Philip Smith has used the technology to examine about the effect of different forms and formats of court-mandated health advertisements. See Philip Smith, Evaluating the Corrective Statements Proposed in the Court Case U.S. Department of Justice vs. Philip Morris U.S.A. Inc., et al., (2009) (M.S. thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo). 125. Duchowski at 203, et seq. See also Daniel Richardson & Michael Spivey, Eye Tracking: Research Areas and Applications, in Gary Bowlin & Gary Wnek, eds., Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 1033- 42 (2d ed. 2008). 126. Duchowski at 205. See also, Mitchell Bingemann, Eye-tracking Device Watches You Watching Ads, ComputerWorld, May 10, 2007, http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/182716/eye-tracking_ device_watches_watching_ads/. 127. See, e.g., http://www.setcan.com/eyelock.html, describing the EyeLock training system for law enforcement training. 128. See, e.g., Anne Eisenberg, Pointing With Your Eyes, to Give the Mouse a Break, N.Y. Times, March 26, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/business/27novel.html. 129. Javier San Agustin, Henrik Skovsgaard, John Paulin Hansen & Dan Witzner Hansen, Low-cost gaze interaction: ready to deliver the promises, in Proceedings of the 27th international Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems 4453-58 (Boston, Mass., April 4-9, 2009), paper available at http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1530000/1520682/p4453-sanagustin. pdf?ip=134.197.13.25&CFID=25814421&CFTOKEN=90839322&__acm__=1307482662_3ea8e5817c bd14f1621df4211df81d0e. 130. See Michael Taylor, No Doze: Mercedes E-Class alerts drowsy drivers, Autoweek, Dec. 24, 2008, http://www.autoweek.com/article/20081224/free/812249991; see also Qiang Ji, and Xiaojie Yang, Real-Time Eye, Gaze, and Face Pose Tracking for Monitoring Driver Vigilance, 8:5 RealTime Imaging 357 (2002), available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_ Reynolds Courts & Media Law Journal
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