2016 UMN MLA Capstone Project
Learning From Las Vegas “River Restoration” in Desert City
Xiye Mou
Table of Contents
04 Project Introduction 05 The Intention 08 Regional Water Context 09 Water Cycle in Las Vegas 14 Water Treatment in Las Vegas 16 The Problems 17 Water Contradiction 21 Las Vegas Wash Loss 22 Regional Water Strategy 24 Site 25 26 28 29 30 31 32
Site Location Site Visit Photos Existing Land Use Existing Circulation Existing Water Facilities Existing Users Existing Channel Conditions
48 Design Elements 49 Study Area 50 Design Concept 52 “Confluence” 53 “Riparian Buffer” 54 Nodes 56 Proposed Programs 60 Integrative Design 61 Existing Site Context 62 Program Integration 64 Circulation Integration 65 Site Plan 66 Scenario Rendering 67 Accessible Channel 68 Neighborhood Public Space 69 Culture Walk 70 100-Year Flooding 72 Bibliography
34 Strategy & Planning 35 Strategy - “River Restoration” 36 Proposed Channel Generation 39 Proposed On-site Water Treatment Network 40 Resilient Water System 42 Proposed Access System 43 Proposed Trail System 44 Scenario Planning
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Project Introduction
The Intention In the Anthropocene, a lot of uncertainties is proved as the future and urgent challenges for the human-dominated world. They force the existing man-made infrastructure and landscape networks in contemporary cities to seek for adaptive transitions. As one of the next wave of great American cities, Las Vegas is struggling with water issues for a long time and it is going to be severer in the Anthropocene due to the population boom, the consistent unhealthy urban sprawl and the extreme but unpredictable climate. These major risks call for a revised urban infrastructural morphology with efficient integration of land and resource under the landscape scale. The extraordnary water context in Las Vegas provides the new opportunities to re-envision the relationship of the old infrastructures and the anthropocentric landscape. Extraordinary Water Context The Las Vegas Valley is situated in the Mojave Desert, at the southern fringe of the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah, where temperatures regularly exceed 100 degrees in the summer, where annual rainfall of approximately 4 inches per year. Area residents receive their water from ground water and an apportionment of the Colorado River. The valley’s eastern edge is about 5 mi west of Lake Mead on the Colorado River and stretches 15 mi to the west, covering an area approximately 600 sq mi. The valley is surrounded on four sides by numerous mountain ranges and hills reaching a maximum elevation of 11,918 ft. Water has always been the most critical issue in the Las Vegas due to its desert environment. The city’s current water supply just meets demand. According to the most recent National Climate Assessment, a rise in temperature in the Las Vegas Valley will be 5.5 to 9.5 degrees by the year 2100. As known, rising temperatures are already decreasing snowpacks in the mountains of the western United States, which present a possibility of reduced water available within the Colorado River basin for drinking, irrigation, power generation, recreation and other uses. Long-term drought conditions in the Colorado River basin have already resulted in falling water levels in Lake Mead, which stores 90% of the region’s annual supply of water. Both storage reservoirs (Powell and Mead) are at less than 50% of their current capacity. Las Vegas is also an area whose history and economy have been built on rapid and almost uninterrupted urban growth. In just the past 20 years, the population has doubled and in the process transformed its demography. This growth explosion greatly exacerbates water demands and strains natural resources in this region. Therefore, rarely would one expect to find an oasis of water, wildlife and vegetation on the floor of such a desert valley, but that is precisely what exists. The Las Vegas Wash (the site) is a 12-mile stretch of land in the southeast portion of the Las Vegas Valley. It is the primary discharge channel for all stormwater, urban runoff, shallow groundwater and highly treated effluent in the bowl-shaped Las Vegas Valley. The Wash is a truly “urban” river — it exists in its present capacity because of the urban population here in Southern Nevada. It was an almost dry desert wash channel that would only flow during rainstorms. As the Las Vegas valley grew, the Wash served as a natural channel for the urban flows leaving the valley. Over the last 50 years, the Las Vegas Wash developed into a riparian ecosystem. Its wetlands have served as a polishing mechanism as urban flows enter the Wash on the way to Lake Mead and the Colorado River system. The Wash was nourished by the city development but now is going to be destroyed by it as well. Since the 1970s the wetlands have decreased from 2000 acres to approximately 200 acres because of the increasing water discharge volume and rate following by the increasing population. The imminent condition of urban infiltration into the wash area will be the key to solve the Wash loss problem while designing the new vision for the area of collision point between the Urban and the Nature, the Infrastructure and the Anthropocentric Landscape. These “collision points” are the flood control channels (also the tributaries of the Las Vegas Wash) in the Las Vegas Valley. As the major connections between the urban area and the Las Vegas Wash, the regional-scale TRANSITION from their existing negative impacts to the positive “anthropocentric” reuses is the main purpose of this project.
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Flood Control Channel
Flood Control Channel
Regional Water Context
Water Cycle in Las Vegas • • •
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Lake Mead serves as Las Vegas Valley’s primary water reservoir. 90 percent of the Las Vegas Valley’s water comes through a network of pipes, pumped many miles from Lake Mead to treatment facilities then to homes and businesses. 10 percent is pumped up from the ground and sent through the same network of pipes and treatment facilities.
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Lake Mead
Las Vegas Valley
Las Vegas Wash
Las Vegas Wash The Las Vegas Wash is a 12-mile stretch of wetland in the southeast portion of the Las Vegas Valley. The Wash is the primary discharge channel for all stormwater, urban runoff, shallow groundwater and highly treated effluent in the bowl-shaped Las Vegas Valley. Its wetlands have served as a polishing mechanism as urban flows enter the Wash on the way to Lake Mead and the Colorado River system.
More than 250 Recorded Wildlife Species
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Wastewater
Stormwater & Urban Runoff
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• •
All wastewater discharged to the sanitary sewers in the Las Vegas Valley is reclaimed. Most is returned to Lake Mead and the Colorado River System through Las Vegas Wash and some is directly reused by local golf courses, parks, and industries. Clark County Water Reclamation District (CCWRD), the city of Henderson, and the city of Las Vegas run centralized wastewater treatment and reclamation facilities for the Las Vegas Valley. Decentralized plants receive sewage from residences and businesses in their vicinity and deliver treated water for direct non-potable reuse to nearby customers and public facilities such as golf courses, schools, and parks. Two such plants existing within the city of Las Vegas are the Bonanza Mojave Water Resource Center, and Durango Hills Water Resource Center.
Learning From Las Vegas, “River Restoration“ in Desert City
Water Treatment in Las Vegas
Sanitary sewers and storm sewers are separate. Concrete flood control channels are built for tributaries (wet weather) of Las Vegas Wash. Stormwater and urban run off travel to the Las Vegas Wash and Lake Mead untreated.
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The Problems
Water Contradiction Water Treatment
Water Demand
Water Contradiction
Population Increase
arge Rech ter e Wa reas Dec
Water Disc ha Incre rge ase
Las Vegas Wash Loss
Water Supply
Colorado River System Drought (Lake Mead) W ater
U s e / Re s o u r c e
I n c re a s e / D e c re a s e
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Water Contradiction
Water Demand vs. Water Supply vs. Water Treatment Prediction of Water Supply & Demand
High Annual Evaporation Rate 2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Prediction of Water Demand & Treatment
Outdoor Water Use
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The History of Las Vegas Wash
Las Vegas Wash Loss
Wastewater Discharge Prediction
The history of Las Vegas Wash indicates that the Wash has a very intimate relationship with the city and its people. Archaeological sites along the Wash suggest that the area’s water, plant and animal resources made it an attractive habitation area since around AD 600, and possibly earlier. Over the first thousand years, Native Americans have inhabited the area, taking advantage of the important natural resources in the Wash. The natural springs in the Wash and throughout the valley provided travelers a resting spot along the Spanish Trail. More recently, early settlers in the Vegas Valley farmed and mined near the Wash, contributing to the economy in the early 1900s. Whether stopping during a long journey or making a home, people have sought refuge from the harsh desert environment in the Wash for thousands of years. Water in the desert is a natural gathering place, and the history of the Wash is inextricably intertwined with people.
The Las Vegas Wash is truly the “urban wetland”. the Wash was nourished by the city development but now is going to be destroyed by it as well. With increased amounts of water flowing through it, the Wash became excellent wetland habitat as thousands of acres of desert soil were transformed into wet marshy wetland soil and cattails and reeds took root and grew. As the valley continued to urbanize, the flows of water continued to increase and the same process that created the wetlands began to erode the Wash channel. At first, the Wash channel began to cut a little deeper into the ground and some of thewetland areas began to drain. As time went on, the channel cut deeper and wider, which allowed more wetland area to dry out and lose its vegetation. Little by little, the soil and rock that made up the Las Vegas Wash channel eroded away, and the Wash became severely eroded and deeply channelized. As erosion continued, the wetland area that once covered more than 2,000 acres in the 1970s dwindled to less than 400 acres in the 1990s. In some areas of the Wash, the channel was as much as 40 feet lower and 300 feet wider than it was in the mid 20th century, prior to increased discharges.
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2002
2012
Moreover, according to the prediction model for the Anthropocene, the wetland loss is going to continue. With population increasing, more wastewater and higher discharge rate will keep destroying the Las Vegas Wash.
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Regional Water Strategy
Decentralized Water Treatment + Reformed Flood Control Channel The regional water strategies try to build out the new decentralized water treatment networks along the flood control channels. The new on-site water center network helps distribute the increasing reclaimed water volume from the existing centralized plants to reduce the discharge volume and rate in order to reduce the erosion on Las Vegas Wash. Also, the on-site water center helps reduce the water consumption while extra volume will be discharged into the flood control channel to go through the natural cleaning process before returning to the Lake Mead.
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Site
Site Location
Flamingo Wash • • •
One of Las Vegas Wash Tributaries 11-Mile Flood Control Channel Existing City Trail connect Las Vegas Strip to Las Vegas Wash
Las Vegas Strip
Las Vegas Wash
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Site Visit Photos
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Existing Land Use
Existing Circulation
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The majority lands along the Flaming Wash are single-family residential and the neighborhood corner commercials.
Learning From Las Vegas, “River Restoration“ in Desert City
Existing Site Analysis
The inside and outside circulation shows the site has easy accessibility.
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Existing Water Facilities
Existing Site Users
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There are several discharge spots and will build more according to the future city planning. The 100-year flooding mapping shows the channel has a good ability to control the flood. However, due to Las Vegas desert environment, a 100-year flooding is really the 100-year flooding. Therefore, the main function of the channel is really at low use.
Existing Site Analysis
For the existing water condition, the city only built the channel to move it without any treatment. However, even such horrible water environment, there are still users living on it. The people, ducks, birds.
Existing Major Discharge Location Planned Major Discharge Location Existing Channel & Las Vegas Wash Underground Stormdrain 100-Year Flood Area
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Existing Site Analysis
Existing Channel Conditions
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Strategy & System
Strategies
“River Restoration“ For the strategy of this project, we talked about the new regional water strategy, using the channel to move the new discharged water from the on-site water center. Again, we don’t want to transform the channel into another infrastructure remote from the people. As known, human has the nature to access to the water even people living in desert. The new added water offers great opportunity for people in Las Vegas some even firstly to access to the water in their own city. The “River Restoration“ strategies are building the on-site water center network first, then with the help of the increased water to extend the Las Vegas Wash into the channel and transform the old flood control channel into the precious water accessible public space. It will bring a lot water benefits for such a desert city. The on-site water center will help save 60% water per household. The reduced discharged along the Las Vegas Wash will help restore more than 300% wetlands. The extra discharge helps provide a public water accessible space.
More Water Saving
Wetland Growing
Surrounding Environment Improving
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Strategies
Proposed Channel Generation
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Systems
Proposed On-site Water Treatment Network •
The water center will be located on the existing vacant land and will covered almost the entire surrounding area along the site. Besides, they will use the existing and city planned discharge outlets to avoid damage on the existing pipe system.
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Separated Water Delivery System
2016 -2025
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Systems
Multi-functional Detention Basin
2026 -2035
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2036 -2050
Dry (2016 -2025)
Hard Water Features (after 2025)
Creek (after 2025)
Riparian Habitat (after 2035)
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As the project will have a dynamic water environment through phases, the entire channel transformation will be resilient to the water. According to the related standards, the proposed water drainage size will be decided with the increased discharge volume. The different channel will have different drainage size and it is based on these calculation. There are two water delivery systems in the site. The sided water drainage and the central multifunctional detention basin. The sided water drainage provide a stable water environment in the channel. With the discharged water increases, the detention basin will work resilient to provide different space for users, just the dry ponds, hard water features, the water channel as well as natural creek.
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Accessobility System
Proposed Trail System
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The new reformed channel has more public entrances which provide more walkable opportunities for users from different place to enjoy this new public space. Those entrances are based on its surrounding land use and important destinations, such as commercial, recreation center, art museum, schools and so on.
Learning From Las Vegas, “River Restoration“ in Desert City
Systems
The old Flamingo Arroyo Trail elements, the existing trailhead park, materials will be integrated into the new trail system. The new trail system will combine with the transformed channel. Some trails are along to the channel while some are inside the channel. Also, more transit spots will be added.
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2016 - 2020
2021 - 2030
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The project is going to built through 4 phases. The phase one will build the first on-site water center and the new discharged water will help transform the existing golf course into wetlands which serves as the buffer area to clean and reduce the incoming water before it enters to the Las Vegas Wash.
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Scenario Planning
Taking the benefits from the restored wetlands and improved channel environment, during the phase two, more land use shift from the commercial to the mixed use on the neighborhood corner commercial will happen.
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2026 - 2035
2036 - 2050
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The third phase showing the power of the improved channel environment, a large part of land use shift from the low water efficient single family to the multi-family will be happen along the site. Besides, the revised Flamingo Arroyo trail will be built to bring the culture context to its increasing users.
Learning From Las Vegas, “River Restoration“ in Desert City
Scenario Planning
The last phase is mainly focus on the underground channel transformation in the Las Vegas Strip area to bring the water benefits to both the city residents and its guests.
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Design Elements
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Study Area
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Design Concept
“River Experience“ Natural urban river elements are transformed into the Flamingo Wash to create the unique urban “Riverfront Experience” in the desert city While the entire project is about “River Restoration”, the design concept is the “riverfront experience”. For desert cities like Las Vegas, just like the Mississippi river to us, the flood control channel is their only public water system. The Flamingo Wash has the urban pipe system as its tributaries. Rather than enclose the water in concrete culverts that would limit both access and visibility, this project will control the water with diverse methods, the planted gabions, reformed hardscape and undulating concrete terraces with steps, etc. These measures not only provide for both human and wildlife habitat and recreation space, they make river visible in specific and diverse ways. The visibility of the proposed Flamingo Wash is intended as both a view of how the wash looks, as well as a heightened understanding of how it works. As it’s hidden from people for a long time, in the Anthropocene, for the people living in desert, the design part is going to uncover this system for them and let them enjoy the water environment created by this system and also let them be aware of the water system they daily live on. Therefore, the design is going to transform the natural river elements into the channel by using some similar language to create the unique “Riverfront Experience” for people and other species. Moreover, this project is carefully developed through a revised understanding of how forces produce form. Instead of using the engineered form (traditional channels) to dominate the water flows (natural element), re-envisioning the relationship between the old infrastructures and the anthropocentric nature in the Anthropocene, they’ll keep their own identity but has the ability to integrate into each other.
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“Confluence“
“Riparian Buffer“
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The “confluence” is the gathering and learning space created by the discharge spots. Three design actions (cut, fill, reuse) from the point of the balance of the earthwork is going to deal with the existing channel to create diverse space experience.
Cut
Fill
Reuse
Reuse
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Design Concept
The “riparian buffer” is the artificial canopy created to get away from Las Vegas’s extreme hot and dry environment. A range of angles are tested to get the most shading while keeping the sense of open for users.
Existing Channel Form
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Type A Restored Under-bridge Space •
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Existing Infrastructural Elements
There are seven tunnel space with dense bridge piers in the site. They provide very negative space. The strategy of the tunnel space transformation is to shift the existing closed space created by the bridge piers into a more pervasive space by reform the piers while keep the same load and water diverty ability.
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Function Nodes
Type B Restored Wetland •
There is going to be two restored wetlands area in the site, they works as the buffer and cleaning mechanism for the water while also provide extra water habitat for the birds and other species.
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Program System •
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Programs
Reused Topo & Elements
The proposed programs in the site are integrated into the 4 topics with 4 functions, play, gathering, learn and relax. These programs also take the 3 design actions, cut, fill and reuse. Some are reusing the existing topos, like the overhead sports field, the community garden based on the existing terraced water filtration structure. Some are reusing the existing elements, like the existing Flamingo Arroyo trail elements, the discharge outlet. Some are new topos and programs created based on the surrounding land use and the dynamic discharged water to provide diverse public space for users, like the commercial plaza, the open market, the neighborhood public space.
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Overhead Sports Field
Cultural Exhibition “Book“
Discharge Plaza
Community Garden
Flamingo Arroyo Trailhead Park
Rock ‘ n‘ Play
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Programs
New Generated Programs
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Skateboard Field
Commercial Plaza
Covered Rest Area
Creek Walk
Water Features Playground
Open Market
Neighborhood Gathering
Bird Watch
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Integrative Design
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Existing Site Context
Site Analysis
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Program Integration
Program Generation Single-Family
Commercial
Institution
Multi-Family
Mixed Use
Green Space
2016 2016-2020 2031-2050
2021-2030
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Site Plan
Vertical Circulation System East Sahara Ave
Mixed Use (Market/Residential)
Substation 4
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Down
Down
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Underground Crossing
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Down
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Down
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Down Up
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Down
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S Lamb Blvd
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Jerome Mack Middle School
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1. Covered Rest Area 2. Trail Bridge 3. Water Celebration Plaza 4. Trailhead Park Entrance 5. Trail House 6. Outdoor Theater/Classroom 7. Community Garden 8. Hard Waterscape 9. Farmer’s Market
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Scenario Rendering
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Public Gathering Plaza
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Neighborhood Public Space
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Flamingo Arroyo Trail
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100-Year Flooding Event
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Biblibiogrphy
Preston, Al, Imad A. Hannoun, E. John List, Ira Rackley, and Todd Tietjen. “Three-dimensional Management Model for Lake Mead, Nevada, Part 2: Findings and Applications.” Lake and Reservoir Management, 2014, 303-19.
Belli, Joseph, “Effects of Water Conservation on Evapotranspiration in Las Vegas, Nevada” (2011). Master’s Theses. Paper 3911.
Ranatunga, Thushara, Susanna T.y. Tong, Yu Sun, and Y. Jeffrey Yang. “A Total Water Management Analysis of the Las Vegas Wash Watershed, Nevada.” Physical Geography, 2014, 220-44.
Benotti, Mark J., Benjamin D. Stanford, and Shane A. Snyder. “Impact of Drought on Wastewater Contaminants in an Urban Water Supply.” Journal of Environment Quality 39, no. 4 (2010): 1196. doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0072.
Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies. Washington, DC: Climate Protection Partnership Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. Print.
Buckingham, Susan E., and John W. Whitney. “GIS Methodology for Quantifying Channel Change in Las Vegas, Nevada.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association J Am Water Resources Assoc 43, no. 4 (2007): 888-98. doi:10.1111/ j.1752-1688.2007.00073.x.
Regional Flood Control District, Clark County, NV, http://www.ccrfcd.org/
Clark County Department of Comprehensive Planning, Clark County 2012 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan, Oct. 2012 Clark County Department of Comprehensive Planning, Clark County Transportation Element, Clark County Department of Comprehensive Planning, July 2003 Clark County Department of Comprehensive Planning, Conservation Element of the Clark County Comprehensive Plan, Department of Comprehensive Planning, Clark County, Nevada, Dec. 2000 Clark County Regional Flood Control District, Las Vegas Valley Flood Control Master Plan Update, Clark County Regional Flood Control District, July 2015
Robert Futrell, Christie Batson, Barbara G. Brents, Andrea Dassopoulos, Chrissy Nicholas, Mark J. Salvaggio and Candace Griffith, “Las Vegas Metropolitan Area Social Survey 2010 Highlights”(2010) Southern Nevada Regional Planning Coalition, Recommended Best Practices for Urban Trees in Southern Nevada, Southern Nevada Regional Planning Coalition, Jan. 24, 2012 Southern Nevada Regional Water Recycling Study, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Mar 2009 Southern Nevada Water Authority. (2009). Water Resource Plan 09, Southern Nevada Water Authority, 71.
Downtown Las Vegas Master Plan, The city of Las Vegas, Nevada, May 2015
Sun, Yu, Susanna T. Y. Tong, Mao Fang, and Y. Jeffrey Yang. “Exploring the Effects of Population Growth on Future Land Use Change in the Las Vegas Wash Watershed: An Integrated Approach of Geospatial Modeling and Analytics.” Environ Dev Sustain Environment, Development and Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2013): 1495-515. doi:10.1007/s10668-013-9447-z.
University of Nevada Las Vegas, Final Project Report of Development of Heat Island Dataset for Las Vegas Urban Canopy CityGreen Analysis, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Feb. 2013
Water Resource Plan 2015, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Mar 2009
Judith Brandt, Senior Remote Sensing Analyst Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), email conversation, Feb.4 2016
Xiaoping Zhou, Senior Hydrologist Regional Water Quality Division Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), email conversation, Feb.8-10 2016
Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee website, https://www.lvwash.org/html/index.html Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee, Las Vegas Wash Annual Report (2002-2014), Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee, Las Vegas Wash Surface Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Plan, Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee, Mar. 2011 Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee, Las Vegas Wash Wildlife Management Plan, Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee, Mar. 2008 Las Vegas Valley Wastewater Treatment Overview, LVVWAC, Jan. 2014 Las Vegas Valley Water Data, USGS website, http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nv/nwis/current/?type=flow Marlow, Jarvis, “Taming the waters that taketh from the devil’s playground: A history of flood control in Clark County, Nevada, 1955-2010” (2011). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 950. Planning in the West Webinars: Mitigating the Urban Heat Island, City of Las Vegas, Sustainability & Urban Forestry, April 2012
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Xiye Mou
Master of Landscape Architecture, College of Design University of Minnesota E-mail: mouxx016@umn.edu Phone: 612-810-1960