hang su university of minnesota master of landscape architecture Capstone project
“42NYC: Beyond the Thoroughfare�
Contents part 1
introduction
5
part 2
RESEARCH ISSUES AND STUDIES
8
research issues street and context
site conditions
part 3
opportunitIEs and DESIGN
30
precedents for infrastructures design steps design envisions goal statement programing custom design systems
part 4
SOURCES
88
online information bibliography
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photo taken by Hang Su
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Capestone Committee Members: Matthew Tucker, Capstone Committee, Chair Maura Rockcastle, Capstone Committee Joe Favour, Capstone Committee Rebecca Krinke, Studio instructor
Hang Su 18 June 2015
Introduction
In this capstone book, I supplied a proposal of a critical investigation of one of the busiest street in the world – 42nd street of Manhattan in its core, through the lens of infrastructure reinvestment and reimagined programmatic norms of the street as experiential destination. Born in a culture where people physically see each other quite often, I have been always interested in people’s daily behaviors and experiences when they are in an urban street. When I got a chance walking in Manhattan, the diverse flavor and livability of streets stroke me a lot. However through different street observations in the year 2014, I believe there was something could still be altered to make an unbelievable change for the people’s experience on such busy streets, the experience that seems very common but absolutely neglected by daily street users, or replaced by cars. During exploration process I found sustainability and livability are two big topics that always aroused my interests and also makes me feel headache, such as what are these means exactly to New York City in particular. Fortunately with helps of Capstone committees, I found a way to reprogram the 42nd street in its core. That is, carefully incorporate new societal and ecological programs that is New York City based with a variety of furnishings, material strategies that further defines what these new programs means to people. Keeping this design strategy in mind, I found there are quite potentials to somehow reinvent the 4 blocks in the core of 42nd street. By reinventing this current overwhelming busy street, pedestrians, no matter who they are, will have unique experience where they can rethink of where they are and what they can do on the street. With this big goal, some of the obstacles arises itself as subsurface condition need to be changed for a new street structure. However, by carefully calculations from the potential construction of street car, as well as consolation of subsurface electronic facilities, the overall economic benefits are way more than the expenses for the project, which in my project was a support to reinvent the street.
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As a potential role of design scheme supplier, the proposal aims to maximize the street value through the design perspective – which provides a skeleton on how people could enjoy a more meaningful street. However there is room to adjust the design due to the technical requirements such as street cars, subsurface conditions, etc. The design leaves open discussion with technician to make it happen.
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PART 2 Research Issues and studies
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research ISSUES
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No.1
No.2
No.3
LIMITED STREET DIVERSITY
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
STREET GARBAGE
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LIMITED STREET DIVERSITY “The ballet of the good city sidewalk never repeats itself from place to place, and in any once place is always replete with new improvisations.” ---- Jane Jacobs “the death and life of great american cities” Photos taken by Hang Su
Limitation of Sidewalk for Pedestrian
Limitation of Sidewalk for Commuters Overcrowding Bryant Park
Time Square Residential Area
Grand Central Station
Residential Area
United Nation Building
42nd street Port Authority Bus Station
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Bryant Park
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Existing street condition 24’
5% 95% 74%
US population only 5% of world population
26% 5% 95%
62’
27’
26% US population only 5% of world population
2-3 inches asphalt layers
US oil consumption 26% of world oil consumption
US oil consumption 26% of world oil consumption
Concrete layer facilities
NYC Sewer
facilities
Soil layer
74%
US population only 5% of world population
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US oil consumption 26% of world oil consumption
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CLIMATE CHANGE and INFRASTRUCTURE
Waste water backup
Close of subways
Time Square station inundation
These two maps show the tendency of a high temperature and a more flood due to higher precipapitation. Based on a climate risk study, “Climate change is extremely likely to bring warmer temperature to New York City. Heat waves are very likely to be very frequent, intense…. intense rain storms are likely to increase.”(Radley Horton, Climate risk information, climate change scenarios and implications for NYC infrastructure. 2012.). However, the existing water infrastructure in the New York City has limited capacity for handling excess stormwater, as a result, “a variety of urban water has to combined together and will be discharged by combined sewage overflow(CSO), untreated, into river.”
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Image from Google http://nickyskye.blogspot.com/2012/10/pre-hurricane-sandy-sunday-october-28th.html
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Mapping of coastal storm impact zones and the site Coastal storm impact zones
“During dry weather, the combined system poses no problems: the treatment plants handle waste from the sanitary sewers. However, if rain results in run-off significant enough to more than double the “dry-weather flow” into the plant, the system risks backing up a mix of storm water and raw sewage into homes and streets. To avoid this, all excess flow—above the level that the plant can handle—is diverted to a combined sewer overflow (CSO) outfall and discharged, untreated, into the harbor.
Focal part on 42nd street: spaces under coastal storm impact zones
cat.1 (wind74-95mph)
cat.2 (wind96-110mph)
cat.3 (wind111-130mph)
Current land use
cat.4 (wind131+mph)
There are over 700 CSO outfalls in the harbor, about 450 of them in New York City alone. And they are used frequently: overflow occurs about half the time it rains, leading to an estimated 40 billion gallons of untreated waste (20 percent of which is raw sewage) pouring into the city’s waterways. To combat the problem, the city is currently building three underground reservoirs—two in Queens and one in Brooklyn—that can hold excess water until water levels subside and the overflow can be pumped to treatment plants.” -Kate Ascher, The Works, anatomy of a city, p.170
1&2 family residential multi-family residential mixed use open space & recreation
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commercial institutions industrial
parking transportation/ utilities vacant lots
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STREET GARBAGE
“If we don’t see the garbage of our culture, both literally and metaphorically, then we are not confronting the reality of what garbage actually says about us.” —(Mostafavi 2010, 36)
It is obvious to see the garbage are put on many of Manhattan Street. Specifically, on the 42nd street, local store or restaurant throw their bags of garbage on the street awaiting for daily recycle. In a certain time (afternoon), the garbage even dominate the parking and pedestrian area; the dirtiest areas on sidewalk is the places has garbage bin. This issue need to be discussed in future design since it affected the street experience.
Photos taken by Hang Su
Retail Store Doorway
Restaurant Doorway
Typical Garbage Bin Pollution
Time Square Residential Area
Grand Central Station
Residential Area
United Nation Building
42nd street Port Authority Bus Station
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Bryant Park
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42nd street and the context CSO
Zone A
Zone B
Flood risk from ANY hurricane
Flood risk from category 2 or higher
CSO
Zone C Flood risk from category 3
scale:
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0 100ft
500ft
1000ft
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site phisical CONDITIONS - building entrances
Photos taken by Hang Su
residential 12th Ave
11th Ave New residential
10th Ave theatre
Dyer Ave Parking structure
9th Ave Residential
9th Ave
8th Ave Parking lot
6th Ave
5th Ave
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
1st Ave
1st Ave
12th Ave Residential
11th Ave UPS office
10th Ave
10th Ave Theater
9th Ave
Port Authority Bus Station
Bryant Park
Central Library
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
1st Ave
1st Ave
42nd street
12th Ave Retail
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site phisical CONDITIONS - pavement & street edges
Photos taken by Hang Su
residential 12th Ave
11th Ave New residential
10th Ave theatre
Dyer Ave Parking structure
9th Ave Residential
9th Ave
8th Ave Parking lot
6th Ave
5th Ave
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
1st Ave
1st Ave
12th Ave Residential
11th Ave UPS office
10th Ave
10th Ave Theater
9th Ave
Port Authority Bus Station
Bryant Park
Central Library
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
1st Ave
1st Ave
42nd street
12th Ave Retail
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site phisical CONDITIONS - critical street junctions
Photos taken by Hang Su
Bikepath 12th Ave
11th Ave
10th Ave
Dyer Ave
9th Ave
9th Ave
8th Ave Parking lot
12th Ave Residential Plaza
11th Ave UPS office
10th Ave
10th Ave
Junction on 8th Ave Time Square Port Authority
6th Ave
5th Ave
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
2nd Ave
1st Ave
Bryant Park
Central Library
Madison Ave
Grand centre
3rd Ave
2nd Ave
1st Ave
42nd street
12th Ave Dock
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site phisical CONDITIONS - road surfaces and street vegetations STREET CUTS
Photos taken by Hang Su
residential 12th Ave
11th Ave New residential
10th Ave theatre
Dyer Ave Parking structure
9th Ave Residential
9th Ave
8th Ave Parking lot
6th Ave
5th Ave
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
1st Ave
1st Ave
12th Ave Residential
11th Ave UPS office
10th Ave
10th Ave Theater
9th Ave
Port Authority Bus Station
Bryant Park
Central Library
Madison Ave
Lexington Ave
3rd Ave
1st Ave
1st Ave
42nd street
12th Aveplants existing Retail
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opportunitIEs and DESIGN
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opportunity for an infrastuctural reinvestment
Con Edison’s expenses on operations and maintenance in recent years Electic
Gas
Steam
Millions of dollars
Millions of dollars
Millions of dollars
Expense
Expense
Expense
2300
2270
450
2273
2200
2180
200
400
2100 2,014
2000
366 350
1,963
1900
300
1,734
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/03/23/nyregion/the-network-of-pipes-under-manhattans-streets.html?_r=0
160
250 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
Many of these bundled wires, including wires for Verizon and Time Warner, are encased in concrete blocks. Workers chip away the concrete by hand, careful not to damage lines. The rubble is loaded into bags and hauled out.
This new plastic Con Edison gas pipe replaced a line that was at least 50 years old. Forty-three percent of Con Edison’s gas mains were installed before 1940, federal records show.
Strings, straps and beams create temporary supports for these pipes while crews make room for the new 48-inch-wide water main.
2008
2010
2009
2011
2012
2010/ $2,007 gas $358
steam $154
2011/ $2,002 eletric $1,471
gas $358
steam $173
2012/ $1,986 eletric $1,366
gas $342
steam $278
2013/ $2,030 eletric $1,447
gas $473
steam $110
2014/ $2,077 eletric $1,496
158 154
150
conEdison’s critical infrastructure investments eletric $1,495
171
170
Millions of dollars
PVC pipes encase Con Edison electric lines.
180
261
1500 1518
gas $497
steam $84
2013
185
185
184
330
281
1600
2008
190 351
346
1800 1700
204
210
418
2014
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
“Distribution cable consolidation – Con Edison and Orange and Rockland have developed a joint strategy to consolidate their distribution cable specifications where they serve the same purpose. This initiative will reduce capital costs by limiting the total cable inventory of the two companies. With consolidation, we believe that more manufacturers will bid on our cable contracts, which will increase competition and drive down unit costs.”
2015/ $2,291 eletric $1,650
gas $545
steam $96
- Con Edison’s Integrated Long-range Plan, April 2012 information above are all based on conEdison’s annual report
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Precedent Study #1 street car SELECTION self-propelled Infrastructure
Angers ‘Avrillé-La Roseraie’ line (also ‘Le tramway angevin’)
The new system uses twin 1,435mm (standard gauge) tracks mostly with a 750V DC overhead power supply, as with other French second-generation tramways. The entire route is built on reserved trams-only trackbed and 70% of the route is to be grassed over, giving it an attractive appearance and helping to dampen noise. The most distinctive component will be the use of Alstom’s Alimentation Par le Sol (APS) – ground power supply – which avoids the need to install obstructive overhead line equipment on selected streets. This technology was pioneered over 14km on the Bordeaux three line network opened in 2003. Angers is likely to be the second such application to become operational. It is also specified as a partial application for the forthcoming Reims and Orléans systems in France and will be fitted throughout on the Dubai Al Safooh light rail project due for operation in 2014. “The biggest engineering feature is the new 271m crossing of the River Maine in the city centre.” Using APS, power is supplied via a third rail positioned centrally between the running lines. It is made up of 8m-long sections separated by 3m long insulating sections, with energy supplied to the rail by underground boxes every 22m. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/angers/
Angers ‘Avrillé-La Roseraie’ line (also ‘Le tramway angevin’) http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/angers/ - 34 -
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Precedent Study #2 green/blue infrastructure
Cloudburst Creek Gasvaerksvej DRY
Blue/Green infrastructure in reducing combined sewer overflows & improving water quality
Potsdamer Platz
combined sewer outflows
Cloudburst Creek
The New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) recently unveiled two innovative stormwater management projects intended to reduce the amount of runoff entering the city’s overburdened combined sewer system.
Gasvaerksvej Cloudburst Level 1+2
The two projects—an integrated “blue and green” rooftop system in the Bronx and a planned bioretention area adjacent to the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn—may end up serving as templates for the DEP as it seeks to carry out its ambitious plans for decreasing combined sewer overflows and improving water and air quality throughout the city.
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Blue and green infracture as sponge for climate change Cloudburst Creek project, Copenhagen
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design strategy Total: 541700 sf 14% 23.4% 41% 59%
existing
hudson river
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62.6%
proposed
east river
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step1: street car boulevard transformation
? ?
Two top layers, each consisting of 2-3 inches asphalt.
? ?
A layer of concrete, occasionally wood or clay is found.
Scale 0 Scale 0
24’ existing street section
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10 feet
62’
20 feet
30 feet
27’
24’
10 feet
62’
20 feet
30 feet
27’
street car street section
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step2: design considerations Jane Jacobs: “The ballet of the good city sidewalk never repeats itself from place to place, and in any once place is always replete with new improvisations.”
Entertainment
Art programs/ street performance
Residential Area Time Square
Commercial
Port Authority Bus Station
flexible design new pavement
LIVE
Bryant Park
Grand Central
exercise rain gardens
Live exercise spaces
Cultural
art exhibition
42nd Street as Manhattan’s artery - Improve pedestiran movement as a major thoroughfare - 42 -
42nd Street as Manhattan’s palette -Merge & activate street diversity with Manhattan’s flavour - 43 -
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Design Goal: Redefine how people exist on the 42nd street by reshaping the street structure. why? There is a potential to transform overwhelmed 42nd street into a new experiental destination so that street users will benefit from a variety of fitted social and ecological programs. - 46 -
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proposed Programs urban lawn system Infrastructural wildnesS
infiltration structure
vegetation structure
botanic garden
URBAN PASTORAL
URBAN OASIS
MUSIC/ NAPPING EXPERIENCING HUTS
WATER FEATURE
waiting HUTS
fountain
Theater street
fountain
WORK+ SHOP
relax
water pool
SHOP+ PLAY
custom systems seating system
vegetation structure Pavingting system
performance + GATHER
performance
outdoor movie
DAYLIGHT THE SUBWAY GARBAGE COLLECTION
light rail SAFEguard facilities
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PLAY
celebration area (200 people gathering) DAYLIGHT THE SUB-TIMESQUARE
DAYLIGHT THE BRYANT PARK climbing turnel (KIDS PLAYING)
INTERACTIVE PAVINGS
meditatE
SILENT GARDEN
ART EAT
fountain plaza grand plaza ( 46 people gathering)
mOMA ART SHOW
FLORAL GARDEN
FLORAL GARDEN SCULPTURE EXHIBITION
SHADED TABLES SHADED TABLES
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relevant custom design
vegetation structure
seating system
Pavingting system
GARBAGE COLLECTION
street car SAFEguard facilities
single units types VEGETATION STRUCTURE TYPE#1
VEGETATION STRUCTURE TYPE#2
SEATING
leaning
SEATING type 2
play
rumble strips
GABAGE TANK
gather + performance
planting + playing
combination
combination
lampstandard
illuminated markings
units combination
combination
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street car station
WATER FEATURE + SEATING
SEATING + gATHERING
fancing & rumble strips
landscaping
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Shop + Play
Diversify programs + Functional green space
Maximize Conveniency + Increase small scale green space
Unify Program + Maximize green space
Combination of relax + play
light rail 20’
platform
sidewalk
sidewalk
20’
vegetation
20’
vegetation
sidewalk
sidewalk
23’
light rail
themed garderns 34’
Bryant Park
Theater
light rail
24’
6’
20’
sidewalk buffer light rail
sidewalk 3’
20’
2-3 inches asphalt layers
buffer area programs 18’
20’
sidewalk 3’ Historical building
18’
Commercial
playground
Scale 0
10 feet
20 feet
30 feet
NYC sewer Electricity
Office
sidewalk 27’
Office
62’
Relax: Park EXTENSION
Theater
24’
Shop + Work
Commercial
Existing street condition
Play: Theater street
Water suply Telphone
Concrete layer
Gas
Soil layer
Time Square
Commercial
Office
Office
Madison ave
Theater
5 th ave
Theater
6 th ave
Commercial
7 th ave
8 th ave
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
NODE
Commercial
Commercial
Theater
Commercial
Theater
Time Square
Theater
Commercial
Commercial
Office
Office
Commercial
Bryant Park
Office
Madison ave
SITE PROGRAMS
Office
Commercial
5 th ave
Theater
6 th ave
Commercial
7 th ave
8 th ave
Commercial
Commercial
5 th ave
Madison ave
5 th ave
Madison ave
Vanderbilt ave
6 th ave 6 th ave
Sq Time
7 th ave 7 th ave
uare
8 th ave 8 th ave
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9 th ave
9 th ave
Bryant Park
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Play: Theater street Diversify programs + Functional green space
sidewalk
playground
20’
platform
sidewalk
20’
Commercial
Commercial
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Theater
Commercial
Theater
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Theater
Commercial
TI
QU ME S
ARE Commercial
Theater
7 th ave
TI
8 th ave
QU ME S
8 th ave
7 th ave
ARE
Theater
Theater
18’
light rail
Theater
Theater
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Play: Theater street com
mer cial
com
mer cial
MULTIPLE USES
com
7th
av e
mer cial
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MARKET
DAILY
NIGHT
PARADE - 57 -
Play: Theater street
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Play: time square
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Commercial
sidewalk
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20’
vegetation
sidewalk
23’
TI
Commercial
Office
Commercial
6 th ave
QU ME S
6 th ave Commercial
Office
7 th ave
UAR SQ TIME
7 th ave
Commercial
Commercial
24’
light rail
ARE
E
Maximize Conveniency + Increase small scale green space
vegetation
Office
Shop + Work
Office
Commercial
Commercial
Office
Office
Commercial Commercial
Office
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6th
av
e
TI
M
E
SQ UA
RE
Shop + Work
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Shop + Work
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relax: park extension
sidewalk
34’
Commercial
Commercial
NYC Library
3’
Office
20’
Office
Commercial
Commercial
5 th ave
5 th ave
7 th ave Bryant Park
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Commercial
6’
sidewalk
6 th ave
Office
6 th ave
Commercial
Bryant Park
Unify Program + Maximize green space
light rail
themed garderns
Bryant Park
NYC Library
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5t ha
ve
6
th
av
e
relax: park extension
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relax: park extension
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SHOP + PLAy
sidewalk buffer light rail 20’
Commercial
Bank office
Commercial Commercial
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18’
Commercial
Commercial
20’
sidewalk 3’ Historical building
Commercial
Commercial
Grand Central Station
5 th ave
5 th ave
COMBINATION OF RELAX + PLAY
buffer area programs
Bank office
Commercial
Commercial
Grand Central Station
Commercial
Commercial
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SHOP + PLAy
5
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th
e
av
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SHOP + PLAy
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5th ave
6th ave
time square
7th ave
8th ave
site systems
hudson river
east riverv
increased green area
udson river
east river
Vegetation structures
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Infrastructural wildness
Tree
Lawn
Impervious/ Other
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5th ave
6th ave
time square
7th ave
8th ave
stormwater collection
stormwater direction
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water pipe waterpool
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5th ave
6th ave
time square
7th ave
8th ave
seating system
seats/platforms/benches
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5th ave
6th ave
time square
7th ave
8th ave
utilities consolidation
facilities corridor
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5th ave
6th ave
special marks and hedges
lampstandard
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time square
7th ave
8th ave
life safety protection
illuminated markings
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5th ave
special marks and hedges
landscaping,pedestrian fencing,etc
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6th ave
time square
7th ave
8th ave
life safety protection
rumble strips, pavement marking, texturing
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5th ave
6th ave
time square
7th ave
8th ave
life safety protection
special marks and hedges
landscaping,pedestrian fencing,etc illuminated marking systems rumble strips, pavement marking, texturing protected cross-street traverse
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PART 4 SOURCES online information http://gis.ny.gov/ http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/archives/archives.shtml http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2289~180029:Sanitary-&-Topographical-Map-of-the http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps6128.html http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/77733.html NYC Oasis (map) http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx precedents http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/Resilient_Cities_2013/Presentations/C3_Rasmussen_Hauber_RC2013.pdf Angers ‘Avrillé-La Roseraie’ line (also ‘Le tramway angevin’) http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/angers/ vision42 http://www.vision42.org/ Image from Google http://nickyskye.blogspot.com/2012/10/pre-hurricane-sandy-sunday-october-28th.html
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Bibliography: Hardcover, 2004, Ghosts of 42nd Street: A History of America’s Most Infamous Block Kate Ascher, 2005, The Works-Anatomy of a City matthew gandy, 2003, Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City jane jacobs,1992, The Death and Life of Great American Cities Bill de Blasio, 2013 NYC Green Infrastructure annual report university of manchester, 2010, Adaptation to climate change using green and blue infrastructure charles waldheim, 2005, the landscape urbanism reader Sam Bass Warner, Jr, 1993.The Public Settings of Everyday Life, [Journal of Urban History], 20:133, DOI: 10.1177/009614429302000108 Judith Kenny, 2014, Review of Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City by Matthew Gandy, [Annals of the Association of American Geographers], Vol. 93, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. 780-781 Published Kevin Thwaites, 2010. Open Space People Space, [Journal of Urban Design], 15:2, 285-287, DOI: 10.1080/13574801003638087 Landers, Jay, November 2013. Storm Water Management, New York City Explores ‘Green’ Infrastructure Approaches to Reduce Sewer Overflows. Civil Engineering, 2013, Vol.83 (11), pp.23-25 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Rob MacKenzie, Tom Pugh Lancaster University, UK; Chris Rogers University of Birmingham, UK. December 9, 2010. Sustainable cities: seeing past the trees [Nature] Lesley Bain, Barbara Gray, Dave Rodgers. Living streets, strategies for crafting public space, p .18 Colin Jefferson, Sustainable Street, 2001, p. 2. Calvin Sims, New York Times, 1990. Roberte Mestdagh, Manhattan, People and Their Space, 1981 Lee sproull, John f. Patterson, Making Information Cities Livable, 2004 Landers, Jay, Storm Water Management, New York City Explores ‘Green’ Infrastructure Approaches to Reduce Sewer Overflows.2013. Kate Ascher, The works, anatomy of a city, p.170 Charles Waldheim, The Landscape Urbanism Reader,2006, g 16Kevin Thwaites, 2010. Open Space People Space, [Journal of Urban Design], 15:2, 285-287 Rob MacKenzie, Tom Pugh, Nature, Sustainable cities: seeing past the trees, 2010 Baibing Li, A model of pedestrians’ intended waiting times for street crossings at signalized intersections, 2013 Valerie Vandermeulen, The use of economic valuation to create public support for green infrastructure investments in urban areas,2011 Page, Max, THE CREATIVE DESTRUCTION OF MANHATTAN, 1900-1940, 1999 Nathan Cherry, Grid/ Street/ Place: Essential Elements of Sustainable Urban Districts, 2009
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hang su suxxx273@umn.edu phone:612-804-3927
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