120 Nosographie chirurgicale (2nd ed. 1808) as Nosografía quirúrgica in England in 1825 (Guerra 240). Learning from his experience of medicine and public hygiene in England, where he collaborated with the Central Board of Health (Valera Candel 142, 144), he returned after Marìa Cristina‘s amnesty of liberals 203 in 1834 to play a leading role in public health legislation in Spain for the next 30 years (Guerra 244).
A bibliometric study of books on psychiatry in Spain in the nineteenth century suggests that 60% were published after 1875 (Rey González, saber 11) and that almost 80% of them were written by Spaniards. The dominant influence of French psychiatry, however, is indicated by the fact that 81% of all translated texts on psychiatry in Spain in the nineteenth century were from France (Rey González, saber 11). The analysis of the content of the texts is insufficient, however, to indicate how many of them employed degenerationist thinking.
While the evolution of degenerationist discourse in Spain in the early nineteenth century, and the means of its introduction from France, have been little studied (Huertas, personal interview), a very plausible link is represented by the career of the Catalán hygienist Pedro Felipe Monlau, ―el más notable higienista español del tercio central del siglo XIX‖ (Castejón, Moral 152), whose Remedios del pauperismo. Memoria para optar al premio ofrecido por la Sociedad Económica Matritenses el 1 de mayo de 1845 (1846) reveals the fully-fledged association of degenerationist rhetoric with public health. Published eleven years before Morel‘s
amnesty of liberals: A fellow exile, Mariano Battlés Torres Amat, trained in medicine at the University of Edinburgh and penned the first description of neurosis and disorientation suffered by exiles in his thesis Dissertatio Medica inauguralis quaedam de mania complesteus […]. (1827) (Valera 164). 203