International Seabed Authority and the other 64%
The Oceanic Turn: Justin Jackson Spring 2014 - Harvard Graduate School of Design - GSD 9132 - Term Project Copyright: Scanned texts and source references compiled in this booklet are intended for single-use academic purpose only, according to the Harvard University Fair Use Guidelines & Course Reader Copyright Guidelines. No part of this booklet may be copied, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, transmitted or distributed in any way for commercial purposes. All files are copyright to their respective authors and/or publishers. All other content is Š2013-14 Harvard Graduate School of Design, The President & Fellows of Harvard College.
The Other 64% The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) is considered an unprecedented attempt by the international community to regulate all aspects of the resources of the sea and uses of the ocean, and thus bring a stable order to mankind’s very source of life. UNCLOS is considered the most significant legal instrument of the last century and while the effort has been to regulate the resources of the ocean, an organization established under UNCLOS has begun to disrupt that very effort. If we redefine the typical understanding of political boundaries we can reimagine the world map extending beyond the limits of national jurisdiction into the ocean. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the first extension of political boundaries into the ocean and leaves 64% of the ocean (high seas) currently open for expansion. Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement relating to the regime for the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil the International Seabed Authority was established as an autonomous international organization responsible for the organizing and controlling activities in the Area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction: the high seas. The power of the International Seabed Authority lies in the distribution of territory in the high seas to member states of UNCLOS. Since 2001 the authority has granted licenses to participating states for areas up 150,000km. The contracts allow the states to explore the licensed areas in the high seas for resource extraction during a period of 15 years. Once the 15 years have passed the state has the authority to exploit the area. The high seas were once considered a common heritage for all mankind and UNCLOS was initiated to preserve this claim, but the power vested in the ISA has provided a new form of territory expansion. Essentially this organization has expanded the concept of globalization into oceanization, the territory expansion of political boundaries into the other 64%. The first contract to reach exploitation will begin in the year 2016, thus beginning a new realm of territory expansion. 3
Contents
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Definition 7 Exclusive Economic Zone 11 High Seas 13 International Seabed Authority 15
International Seabed Authority Agency Presidents 17 Member States
19
The Legal And Technical Commission 21 Contract Leaders 23
Contracts
2001 25-37 2002 39-41 2006 43-45 2011 47-51 2012 53-57 2013 59-63 2014 65-71 Contract Maps New Oceanic Map 72-73 Pacific Ocean 74-77 Indian Ocean 78-81 Atlantic Ocean 82-85 Exploration Material 87-91 High Seas 92-93
Additional References
94-95
5
1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA: an unprecedented attempt by the international community to regulate all aspects of the resources of the sea and uses of the ocean, and thus bring a stable order to mankind’s very source of life.
7
Possibly the most significant legal instrument of the last century...
9
...considering 64% of World’s territory lies beyond national jurisdiction.
Exclusive Economic Zone
11
HIGH SEAS: all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State.
13
International Seabed Authority Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement relating to the regime for the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil the International Seabed Authority was established as an autonomous international organization responsible for the organizing and controlling activities in the Area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction... the high seas
15
Vladimir Mikhailovich Polenov, RUSSIA 2013 ISA Assembly President
Tobias Pierlings, GERMANY 2013 ISA Council President
17
166 MEMBERS
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
19
The Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) is an organ of the Council of the International Seabed Authority who are elected by the Council on the basis of personal qualifications relevant to the exploration, exploitation and processing of mineral resources, oceanography, economic and/or legal matters relating to ocean mining and related fields. The Commission is entrusted with various functions relating to activities in the deep seabed area including the review of applications for plans of work, supervision of exploration or mining activities, assessment of the environmental impact of such activities and provide advice to the International Seabed Authority’s Assembly and Council on all matters relating to exploration and exploitation of non-living marine resources (such as polymetallic [manganese] nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts). The Commission has, since its inception developed the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area and the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area.
Elio Di Rupo BELGIUM
Rosen Plevneliev BULGARIA
Xi Jinping CHINA
Raul Castro CUBA
Miloš Zeman CZECH REPUBLIC
François Hollande FRANCE
Joachim Gauck GERMANY
David Cameron GREAT BRITIAN
Pranab Mukherjee INDIA
Michael Higgins IRELAND
Shinzō Abe CHINA
Anote Tong KIRIBATI
Baron Waqa NAURU
Bronislaw Komorowski POLAND
Park Geun Hye REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Vladimir Putin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ivan Gašparovič SLOVAKIA
Siale’ataongo Tu’ivakanō TONGA
Anote Tong KIRIBATI
Baron Waqa NAURU
Bronislaw Komorowski POLAND
Park Geun Hye REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Vladimir Putin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ivan Gašparovič SLOVAKIA
Siale’ataongo Tu’ivakanō TONGA
The Legal And Technical Commission —25 Members ---5 Year Term
21
Contract States —18 Countries ---15 Year Exploration
Elio Di Rupo BELGIUM
Rosen Plevneliev BULGARIA
Xi Jinping CHINA
Raul Castro CUBA
Miloš Zeman CZECH REPUBLIC
François Hollande FRANCE
Joachim Gauck GERMANY
David Cameron GREAT BRITIAN
Pranab Mukherjee INDIA
Under the Regulations, each contractor has the exclusive right to explore an initial area of up to 150,000 square kilometers. Over the first eight years of the contract, half of this area is to be relinquished. The signature of these exploration contracts gives practical and real effect to the single regime for the Area established by the 1982 Convention and the 1994 Agreement and as such represents a significant step forward for the international community
Michael Higgins IRELAND
Shinzō Abe CHINA
Anote Tong KIRIBATI
Baron Waqa NAURU
Bronislaw Komorowski POLAND
Park Geun Hye REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Vladimir Putin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ivan Gašparovič SLOVAKIA
Siale’ataongo Tu’ivakanō TONGA
2001 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Peter Dickson Donigi Papua New Guinea President of the Council Tadeusz Bachleda-Curus Poland
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan United Kingdom India China Netherlands Germany Australia Indonesia Portugal South Africa
PNG Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan Republic of Korea Algeria Paraguay Poland Czech Republic Malta
BGR
Spain Pakistan Saudi Arabia Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Tunisia Gabon Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Chile
25
POLAND
CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
BULGARIA
77,302 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
CUBA
INTEROCEANMETAL JOINT ORGANIZATION
27
78,253 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
YUZHMORGEOLOGIYA
29
77,321 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
GOVERNMENT OF KOREA
31
75,609 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
CHINA
COMRA
33
77,562 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
JAPAN
DORD
35
78,654 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
FRANCE
IFREMER
37
2002 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Martin Belinga-Eboutou Cameroon President of the Council Fernando Pardo Huerta Chile
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan United Kingdom India China Netherlands Germany Australia Indonesia Portugal South Africa
Papua New Guinea Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan Republic of Korea Algeria Paraguay Poland Czech Republic Malta
Spain Pakistan Saudi Arabia Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Tunisia Gabon Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Chile
39
78,756 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Indian Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphides
INDIA
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
41
2006 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Sainivalati S Navoti Figi President of the Council Mariusz-Orion Jędrysek Poland
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India United Kingdom France Germany Canada Indonesia Portugal South Africa
Malaysia Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan Republic of Korea Kenya Hondorus Poland Czech Republic Netherlands
Spain Myanmar Saudi Arabia Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Gabon Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Chile
43
79,530 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
GERMANY
BGR
45
2011 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Peter Thomson Figi President of the Council Andrzej Przybycin Poland
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Indonesia Canada South Africa
Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan United Kingdom Kenya Chile Poland Czech Republic Netherlands
Spain Vietnam Qatar Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Angola Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico
47
76,829 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
NAURU
NAURU OCEAN RESOURCES INC.
49
10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —South Indian Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphides
CHINA
COMRA
51
2012 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan Mauitius President of the Council Alfredo Garcia Chile
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Chile Canada South Africa
Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Sudan United Kingdom Kenya Chile Poland Czech Republic Netherlands
Spain Vietnam Qatar Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Angola Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico
53
76,281 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
TONGA
TONGA OFFSHORE MINING LTD.
55
10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Mid Atlantic Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphies
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
YUZHMORGEOLOGIYA
57
2013 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Vladimir Mikhailovich Polenov Russia President of the Council Tobias Pierlings Russia
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Chile Canada South Africa
Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Uganda United Kingdom Kenya Indonesia Poland Czech Republic Netherlands
Spain Vietnam Sri Lanka Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Mozambique Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico
59
81,723 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
BELGIUM
GTEC SEA MINERALS NV
61
60,521 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
UNITED KINGDOM
UK SEABED RESOURCES LTD.
63
2014 CONTRACTS President of the Assembly: Mr Vladimir Mikhailovich Polenov Russia President of the Council Tobias Pierlings Russia
Members of the Council Italy Russia Japan China India Republic of Korea France Germany Australia Chile Canada South Africa
Bangladesh Fiji Brazil Jamaica Egypt Uganda United Kingdom Kenya Indonesia Poland Czech Republic Netherlands
Norway Vietnam Sri Lanka Cameroon Nigeria Senegal Cote d’lvoire Mozambique Namibia Argentina Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Mexico
65
76,144 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone --Polymetallic Nodules
KIRIBATI
MARAWA
67
10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —South Indian Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphies
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
GOVERNMENT OF KOREA
69
10,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —Mid Atlantic Ocean --Polymetallic Sulphies
FRANCE
IFREMER
71
CHINA
RUSSIAN FE
FRANCE
BELGIUM
CZECH REPUBLIC JAPAN
1,034,485 SQUARE KILOMETERS —High Seas --Mineral Exploration
CUBA UNITED KINGDOM
EDERATION
BULGARIA POLAND
INDIA
SLOVAKIA GERMANY REPUBLIC OF KOREA
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY New Oceanic Map
73
GERMANY
RUSSIA
K JAPAN
CHINA CHINA
FRANCE
CHINA CHINA CHINA
915,729 SQUARE KILOMETERS —12 States —Polymetallic Nodules
KOREA
KOREA KOREA
FRANCE TONGA JAPAN
BELGIUM
BELGIUM
BELGIUM
FRANCE IOM TONGA NAURU
TONGA NAURU
RUSSIA
UK
TONGA
GERMANY
KIRIBATI IOM
NAURU
KOREA
KIRIBATI KOREA
KOREA
TONGA
KIRIBATI
NAURU
KOREA
UK IOM KIRIBATI BELGIUM NAURU KOREA GERMANY RUSSIA JAPAN TONGA FRANCE CHINA ISA PEI
PACIFIC OCEAN Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone
75
TEXAS 676,587 sq km
CLARION-CLIPPERTON FRACTURE ZONE 915,729 sq km
77
98,756 SQUARE KILOMETERS —3 States --Polymetallic Sulphides
INDIA CHINA KOREA ISA EXPLORATION ZON
INDIAN OCEAN Southwest Indian Ridge
79
OREGON 98,380 sq km
INDIAN OCEAN 98,756 sq km
81
20,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS —2 States --Polymetallic Sulphides
FRANCE RUSSIA EXPLORATION ZONE
ATLANTIC OCEAN Mid Atlantic Ridge
83
WEST VIRGINIA 24,230 sq km
ATLANTIC OCEAN 20,000 sq km
85
“Governments and industry players argue for the perceived economic benefits from the exploitation of minerals on the seabed.” —Maureen Penjueli, Pacific Network on Globalization, SciDev.Net, 2014
87
Minerals
—Polymetallic Nodules --Polymetallic Sulphides
SEABED EXPLORATION Mining Resources
89
Elemental Concentrations —Manganese (15.25% - 19.27%) --Iron (11.79% - 23.01%) --Nickel (0.308% - 0.846%) --Copper (0.141% - 0.295%) --Cobalt (0.2341% - 0.290%) --Manganese/Iron (0.67% - 1.60%)
POLYMETALLIC NODULES
91
HIGH SEAS
—64% of World Territory —beyond National Jurisdiction
HIGH SEAS 202,000,000 Square Kilometers
93
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