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Sunday, October 20, 2013
Fairbanks Daily News-Miner
ALASKA FEDERATION OF NATIVES CONVENTION
PEOPLES Continued from 14 reduced from an estimated 15,00018,000 to more like 3,000. The Unangan were the first Native group in Alaska to witness European intrusion, and they felt the full impact.
Alutiiq and Sugpiaq The Alutiiq and Sugpiaq occupy the area along the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island and Prince William Sound. The Alutiiq name is a recent addition, meant to distinguish the group from other Yup’ik-speaking groups. The Alutiiq and Suqpiaq can be divided roughly into three groups — the Koniag occupying the Kodiak Island area, the Chugach occupying Prince William Sound and the Unergkur occupying the coast along the Kenai Peninsula. While pre-European contact population estimates vary widely, more than 15,000 Alutiiq may have populated the coastal areas of Central Alaska, with the vast majority likely concentrated around the Kodiak area.
Yupiit The Yupiit occupy the Bering Sea coast of Alaska as well as St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands. Historians estimate the
Yupiit population in the Bering coastal region prior to European contact was near 20,000. Most of those Yupiit resided in the Yukon-Kuskokwim river delta. Because of the geographic differences among Yupiit groups living along the Bering Sea, hunting and diet varied from group to group. On St. Lawrence Island, for example, the Yupiit subsisted largely on large marine mammals. Massive numbers of walrus and bowhead whales traveled past the island each spring and fall. Central Yupiit groups residing in the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta subsisted through a diet of salmon, supplemented with seals and marine mammals by the those along the coast and moose and caribou by those living further inland.
Inupiat Just north of the Yupiit lands, from the Bering Strait and Seward Peninsula all the way up the Arctic coast past Barrow, the Inupiat reside. The Inupiat are part of a cultural and linguistic heritage that extends across the Arctic coast of North America from Alaska to Greenland. Often associated with the typical Outside misconception of Alaska Native peoples and “Eskimo” culture, the Inupiat have long fascinated anthropologists for their ability to survive the harsh environment of the North Slope. One of the last Native groups in Alaska
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to witness European contact, Inupiat populations were estimated at around 10,000 when contact occurred during the 1800s. The inupiat diet traditionally consisted largely of whale and walrus for groups in the Bering Strait. Those on the mainland supplemented this marine diet with caribou and moose. The hunting of whales by the Inupiat was accomplished through both teamwork and competition, with multiple boats attempting to be the first to strike the whale and the others coming in to assist.
Athabascan The Athabascan Indians reside all around the Alaska Interior and can be sub-divided into regional groups. Only one of those groups, the Dena’ina, resided along the coast, on the Kenai Peninsula and the west side of Cook Inlet. Other groups include the Ahtna, Upper Tanana, Tancross, Tanana, Han, Gwich’in, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Deghitan and Holikachuk. Athabascan groups speak a similar language and are related to Athabascan groups throughout western Canada as well as to the Apache and Navajo of the Southwest United States. The living and hunting styles of Athabascan groups in Alaska varied from area to area, ranging from semi-nomadic to more stable dwelling.
Athabascan pre-European contact populations are estimated to have been around 11,000. Interior Athabascans subsisted mostly through the catching of fish and the hunting of large mammals.
Tlingit and Haida The Tlingit and Haida groups inhabited the coastline that today makes up Southeast Alaska and parts of the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The two groups had many cultural similarities but differed in language. At the time of European contact, the Tlingit and Haida populations are estimated to have been about 15,000 and 1,800 respectively. As with other Alaska Natives who lived on the Pacific coasts further north, the Tlingit and Haidi hunting patterns differed depending on whether their residence was island-based or on the mainland. Those on the mainland were able to take advantage of large salmon runs as well as land mammal herds. Those on the islands of Southeast Alaska relied on smaller runs supplemented with seals, island deer, halibut and herring eggs. The Tlingit and Haida are the only Alaska Native groups to create totem poles. Contact staff writer Weston Morrow at 459-7520. Follow him on Twitter: @FDNMschools.
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