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Z a m b i a No 95

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The significance of sorghum production in Africa

John Deere introduces the new C1 200 combine www.agri4all.com

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Closing the last page of this year’s calendar S

everal times I get asked by team members to assist with a farming calendar, and every time I realise this more and more: A farming calendar is more than just ink on paper; it is the lighthouse that steers the ship of agriculture towards the shores of success. Imagine a canvas stretched across a year, divided into 12 segments, each capturing the rhythm of nature’s pulse. This, dear reader, is the essence of a farming calendar. The value of a farming calendar stretches beyond timetables. It enables you to plan ahead. It is a shield against unforeseen circumstances and challenges. By knowing when challenges may arise, a farmer can be prepared, and ready to turn adversity into advantage. This calendar is the architect of proactive farming, a guard that stands against chaos. The year 2023 was an eventful one - a year full of surprises and challenges- but we have survived, and this is a blessing. In this year we have witnessed rising inflation, increased costs, and dynamic climate events. 2023 has also been a year of deep connection, authenticity, reinvention, and gratitude, for both our team internally and, without a doubt, for the industry. As we close the last page of this year’s calendar, the calendar’s role does not cease. It transforms into a mirror, reflecting the year’s performance. It be-

Content

3. 5. 8. 11. 14. 15. 19. 22. 24. 26. 31. 37.

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comes the compass for improvement, guiding the next act, ensuring each season surpasses the last. In this season of reflection, I wish to thank the farming and agricultural industry for their continued hard work and ensuring that many of our nation’s challenges and setbacks are tackled with expertise and love. We thank our farmers for their tireless work, it is because of them that we were able to put food on the tables throughout the year. We see you and we honour you, as always and in 2024, we carry this promise forward. We thank our readers and clients for your loyal support and to everyone in the industry whose doors were open throughout the year, for interviews, coffee, collaboration, and commitment. And a big thank you to my team, for your hard work and dedication month after month, edition after edition. We have certainly picked the fruits of all the hard work, and I am looking forward to the new year – a fresh start where we can catch up with all the lost ideals of the past year and achieve new ideals and heights. Wishing you a blessed holiday season! ProAgri greetings Bianca Henning bianca@proagri.co.za

Built for results: John Deere introduces the new C1 200 combine Secrets to achieve good broiler production Modderbult-boerdery wen met AGI se bergingsoplossings African smallholders struggle despite increased international support Prolapse in laying birds, part one: Causes of prolapse in layers Technews: Highlights of 2023 Food Africa: Sorghum Revisiting infectious bronchitis Variant 2 in layer hens Prolapse in laying birds, part one: Causes of prolapse in layers Livestock branding part 4: Freeze-branding Africa's food production still lags despite many promises Mechanisation considerations for drip irrigation systems

ProAgri Zambia 95

John Deere AME announced the release of the C1 200 combine harvester into African and Middle East markets. The C1 200 with its hybrid harvesting technology and durable built is set to prove itself as a popular and effective harvesting solution for smaller and mid-size farmers. Read more on page 3.

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No. 10 Tito Road Rhodespark, Lusaka +26 (0)97-769-9786 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2023. All rights r eserved. No m aterial, text or p hotographs may be r eproduced, copied or in any other way t ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O pinions expressed are not n ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r espective o wners. ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Zambia Editor Bianca Henning

> +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za

Reporters Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Maryna Steyn > +27 82-261-9177 maryna@proagri.co.za Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner >+27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 62-391-6507 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Lynette van Tonder > +27 74-694-4422 lynette@proagri.co.za Evette Liebenberg >+27 71-891-4441 evette@proagri.co.za Head of Design Michelle Kruger > +27 84-416-1780 michelle@proagri.co.za Design Anja Oosthuizen Jamie-Lee Tromp Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 73-663-1234 engela@proagri.co.za Distribution and subscription Nita Volmer-van Zyl > +27 79-515-8708 nita@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 84-088-0123 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

ProAgri Zambia 95

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Built for results: John Deere introduces the new C1 200 combine F

armers in Zambia can now enjoy the benefits of the John Deere C1 200 combine harvester which has been upgraded to be more robust and productive. John Deere AME recently announced the release of the C1 200 combine into African and Middle East markets. The C1 200 combine with its hybrid harvesting technology and durable built is set to prove itself as a popular and effective harvesting solution for smaller and mid-size farmers.

How is the C1 200 combine different?

The C1 200 is based on the current C120 model to which strategic improvements and additions have been made. Several key structures have been re-enforced to ensure greater reliability in the tough African conditions, making sure the C1 200 will not let you down when you depend on it. Improvements include a more powerful engine and a 33% larger fuel tank of 400 litres which will enable you to harvest with more power and for longer periods. The grain tank capacity has been increased by 31% to 5 500 litres. Coupled with a 70% faster grain unloading rate of 75 l/s, it will improve productivity and efficiency by reducing unloading cycles dramatically. The unloading auger swings a full 110 degrees to the front, providing the operator with excellent visibility when unloading. Improved uptime and easier maintenance will benefit owners greatly. This is achieved through 500 hours service intervals (John Deere Plus50 Oil only) and quick and easy access to critical maintenance points like the engine, radiator, and engine oil drain handle. A high wear package is now also offered for highly abrasive crops like rice. To complement the above changes, the C1 200 boasts a brand new and modern styling that owners will take great pride in.

Technology

The C1 200 features a versatile corner post display that shows all vital machine and harvesting information in real time, enabling the operator to easily survey the harvesting operation and

make informed decisions. The combine is operated with a multi-functional joystick, which gives the operator control of all the primary harvesting functions. The joystick also allows for easy headland turns and quick reaction to changing field conditions.

larger active separation area than any other combine in its class and combined with a total cleaning area of 3,4 m2, it can deliver significantly higher productivity and excellent grain quality with minimal losses.

Cab

The C1 200 can be matched to a wide range of front-end equipment options. For maize five and six row headers (76 cm spacing) can be fitted. For small grains, both rigid and flex platforms up to 22 feet can be fitted. There is also an option for a 12 feet belt pick-up.

The large 2,3 m2 cab is air-conditioned and has low noise levels, thus providing a comfortable working environment for the operator during long harvesting hours. A rotatable front ladder ensures easy access to the cab and reduces the risk of any damage to the ladder. For nighttime harvesting, six roof mounted and two working LED lights will provide excellent visibility and boost productivity.

Feeding, threshing, separation, and cleaning

The C1 200 is a hybrid combine, meaning that it has both a threshing cylinder of 610 mm, and a rotor of 3 300 mm. This dual concept ensures that the C1 200 is a versatile combine which can harvest a wide variety of grains effectively, including large grains like maize and soya beans, as well as small grains like wheat, rice, barley, and canola. Smooth and efficient feeding is achieved with a 1 040 mm wide feeder house which is equipped with a heightadjustable floating feed drum that can handle high material throughput. Perfect separation keeps your grain in the machine and your residue in the field. The C1 200 features three rotor speeds, independently adjustable cylinder speed, two top cover angles, a variety of different concaves for different crop types and separator grate spacers to fine tune performance. This combine also features a much

Header compatibility

Residue management

The 40 rotating and 39 stationary knives achieve excellent chopping quality which accelerates residue discomposure. Residue is evenly spread behind the combine via adjustable vanes.

Drivetrain specifications

The C1 200 is equipped with the potent John Deere PowerTech™ 6,8-litre turbo charged engine which produces 136 kW (185 hp). Thus, when harvesting in dense or moist crops, in hilly terrain, or when unloading whilst harvesting, the combine will have more than enough torque reserve to conquer these tough harvesting conditions. The engine is matched with a 4-speed mechanical transmission which has a transport speed of 21 km/h. Power is transferred to the front driving wheels via a proven hydrostatic ground drive.

Options and extras

For the farmer looking for more traction and stability, a powered rear axle for four-wheel drive can be factory installed. If extra flotation and traction is required (for example the harvesting of rice in paddy fields) the C1 200 can be ordered track ready for full compatibility with the popular steel tracks from Agro Maquinas which can be fitted within only a few hours.

Testing in Zambia

During 2023, the new C1 200 was tested in Zambia harvesting soya beans and wheat. This compact combine surprised with its performance and productivity in different harvesting conditions. Grain quality, efficiency and fuel consumption was impressive! John Deere AME is positive that the C1 200 Combine will prove itself as a capable, affordable, and popular option for grain farmers in the African and Middle East markets. Contact your nearest John Deere Dealer for more information.

ProAgri Zambia 95

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ProAgri Zambia 95

Secrets to achieve good broiler production A

broiler is a type of a chicken that is reared specifically for meat. Brooding is the most critical period of a broiler’s life. This is the period after hatch, when special care and attention must be given to chicks to ensure their good health, growth, and survival. From day 0 to 14 days (up to 21 days in cold season) is also referred to as the “make or break period” because whatever happens during this period will determine whether your rearing will be a success or failure.

Fundamental principles of brooding (special care)

Ventilation This helps provide oxygen, remove waste gases, and regulate humidity in the poultry. Stocking density This helps maximise the space in the poultry house to ensure birds have enough feeding space as well as comfort. Temperature and relative humidity This helps provide the required warmth in the poultry and should be monitored by use of a thermometer but more especially, chick behaviour. Feed This is the most expensive component in broiler management as it accounts for over 70% of the total cost. Good quality feed coupled with good management practices will enable you achieve your goals. Water Water is the most overlooked nutrient in poultry. Water consumption affects feed consumption and can be a source of infection.

caused by the RNA virus, Paramyxovirus -1 (APMV -1). Clinical signs • Respiratory signs: Gasping, coughing, sneezing, rales. • Nervous signs: Dropping wings, dragging legs, twisting neck and head, circling, depression inappetence. Chronic spasms in moribund birds. • Intestinal: Watery greenish diarrhea.

Common poultry diseases that will affect growth of broilers: Gumboro (Infectious bursal disease) A highly contagious viral disease of young chickens and turkeys characterised by immunosuppression and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. Caused by infectious bursal disease virus.

Clinical signs Subclinical form • Most important form economically • Cause severe long-lasting immuno-suppression due to destruction of mature lymphocytes in the bursa of fabricius, thymus, and spleen • Poor response to vaccination and predisposition to other infections Clinical form • Sudden onset with an incubation period of 3 to 4 days • Severe prostration, incoordination, watery diarrhoea, soiled vent feathers, vent picking, and inflammation of cloaca • Recovery within one week • Delayed weight gain in broilers

Lighting Poor lighting will affect the performance of broilers, ensure that there is enough light in the poultry.

Prevention Vaccination is the best preventative measure as there is no treatment for viral infection except secondary bacterial infection.

Litter management Well managed litter will help reduce disease occurrences. Ensure that litter is dry and loose.

Newcastle disease This a severe systemic, and fatal viral disease of poultry which affects domestic birds like chickens and turkeys

ProAgri Zambia 95

by Vernon Muzamai Article supplied

Prevention Vaccination is the best preventative measure as there is no treatment for viral infection except secondary bacterial infection. Coccidiosis Coccidia are almost universally present in poultry-raising operations. Clinical disease occurs only after ingestion of relatively large numbers of sporulated oocysts by susceptible birds. Source – clinically infected and recovered birds • Oocysts contaminate feed, dust, water, litter and soil • Under optimal conditions of moisture and oxygen, oocyst sporulate in 1 to 2 days and become infective. Clinical Signs • Decreased growth rate • High percentage of visibly sick birds • Severe diarrhoea – may be bloody • High mortality • Decreased feed and water intake • Weight loss Prevention and treatment Good litter management. Consult an animal health specialist for treatment. Novatek is well-known as Zambia’s leading stock feed producer and distributor. They pride themselves in supplying the best quality feed across the country. For information on Novatek’s wide range of products and quality feed, contact Robert Kanyembo, Novatek National Sales Manager on (+260) 97-125-2522. 5

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Branch Lusaka Head Office Lusaka Kitwe Head Office Mkushi Branch Plot No. 2345 Mkushi Turn Off,Lusaka, Mkushi, Zambia. Plot 4013 Mutentemuko Road, Heavy Industrial Plot No. 5284 Buyantanshi Plot Road, Lusaka, No. Zambia 5284 Buyantanshi Road, Kitwe, P.O. Box 35168, LusakaP.O. Box Area, 35168, Lusaka P.O.Box 840238, Mkushi, Zambia. (+260) (215) 352569 P.O.Box 20710, Kitwe, Zambia. (+260) (211) 241477/387001/9 (+260) (21 1) 241477/387001/9 (+260) (215) 352568 (+260) (212) 846224/846225 2107093-4 (+260) (211) 846224/846225 (+260) (21 1) saromkushi@zamtel.co.zm (+260) 976338866 saro@saroagri.co.zm saro@saroagri.co.zm 6 ProAgri Zambia 95 info-kitwe@saroagri.co.zm

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Modderbult Farm wins with AGI's complete grain solutions by Bianca Henning

Modderbult farming now boasts two brand new AGI silos for the storage of maize and soya beans.

g Growth International (AGI)'s mission is to advance storage, handling and processing solutions that strengthen the global food supply chain. They provide equipment solutions that meet the unique needs of key grain, rice, fertiliser and feed producing regions around the world. Modderbult Farm is a well-known name in South Africa and the company's success has been built over generations. The father-and-son farming team with Pieter Brits and his son Dawie have been farming together for almost 20 years in the Balfour district on the Eastern Highveld. Pieter grew up on the farm and started farming with his father until he took over, and his son is following the same path. Modderbult Farm's poultry section consists of twenty-four broiler houses, each housing around 44 000 broilers. They also grow maize and soya beans on the farm and have a cattle branch. Pieter says: "We started mainly with a maize farm and over the years expanded with soya beans and cattle. Due to the scarcity of land here in our area, we decided to expand further with poultry, which today constitutes a large part of our enterprise. "I am very excited about the future of Modderbult, it is nice to know that

the next generation will take over. The new plans, ideas, and suggestions that Dawie brings to the table are very valuable. My generation of farmers does not usually make use of all the latest technology available; just when I think we've reached the limit, Dawie comes with a whole new outlook and then our horizons broaden again. At the beginning of 2021, Pieter and Dawie identified the need to set up their own grain silos on the farm. They mentioned that the transport costs to the commercial silo and back became unmanageable. “After considering various options, AGI's equipment stood out for us. If you look at what is offered, the equipment itself, the way it is built and erected, and of course the price which plays a big role, AGI was the answer," explains Dawie. When it comes to agricultural solutions, farmers are looking for more than just a supplier. They want someone with whom they can collaborate, walk a path and who can help them achieve their business goals more easily and efficiently. Dawie says: "We had the vision in our heads and AGI put the whole picture in perspective for us and then it all quickly made sense. To see the sum on paper and weigh the risks and profit against each other ... it makes the big difference, being able to make use of your own storage facility. "We investigated in advance exactly what our needs were, what we needed for our farm-

ing enterprise and at what rate we had to load and unload, and the silos were designed and erected accordingly. We looked at the capacity of our harvester and how quickly we unload, as well as what is needed if we also want to accommodate some of our neighbours and other farmers in the area." Dawie explains: "After planning and putting our minds together with the AGI team, we set up two 2 500-tonne silos, mainly for soya beans, and we are now expanding our two 5 000-tonne silos for the storage of maize." This will therefore increase Modderbult's storage capacity to 15 000 tonnes. "Establishing these silos are going to make things so much easier and more efficient for our farming, as we can deliver when we need and want to deliver, especially with our soya beans; soya beans being a sensitive crop. We are now able to harvest, take in and store our soya beans as we need to," he adds. "The system was also designed so that we can load and unload at 120 tonnes per hour simultaneously. A crucial part of the handling equipment is the AGI MPL 120 classifier-cleaner, which provides us with the means to clean our various commodities and deliver a better product. After various commodities have been cleaned, the by-products are kept to feed our cattle. "We really liked AGI's quality and their team. We have come a long way with Dwight Botha, AGI's Sales Manager in South Africa. It is nice to work with competent people who understand your needs and want to walk the path with you, offering a complete range of products and services with modern ProAgri Zambia 95

Pieter and Henrihet Brits, with their son, Dawie.

The AGI and Modderbult team: Cristiano Carpin, AGI Senior Vice President for EMEA, India, APAC, Dwight Botha, AGI Sales Development Manager of East Africa, Dawie and Pieter Brits from Modderbult farming, and Willie Coetzee, AGI Sales Manager for Sub-Saharan Africa.

Both silos on Modderbult are equipped with an automatic temperature monitoring system that constantly regulates the temperature inside them.

and circumstances of farmers." "Family farming is the future of agriculture in South Africa, but it is not always as easy as everyone thinks. Many people come to the farm and only see the beauty and the lifestyle, but farming remains a challenge and hard work. Farming is not only our passion, but also a vocation; it is an incredible privilege to be able to pass it on from one generation to the next," says Dawie. "I have two sons and it is so rewarding for me to see how passionate they are about the farm and farming, and I hope to see them farming in the future. It is rewarding to instill the love for farming in them from a young age, which makes it so much easier to keep the family farming alive. It makes me excited for the future to know that one day they will follow in the family's footsteps," concludes Dawie. AGI’s footprint in Zambia AGI is actively involved in projects in Zambia as well as the rest of Sub Sahara Africa and East Africa. AGI have sucessfully completed various farming and commercial projects in the past few years, and their expert team is ready to assist you, whether it may be a farming project or a commerial grain storage facility. What sets AGI apart from their competitors is their commitment to a partnership with their clients. AGI is dedicated to their clients and proves this by assisting them to the final installation and commissioning of the system.

technology. When I asked for changes, they were very happy to implement them, always providing good and valuable advice. They delivered what they said they were going to deliver," says Dawie.

"We will not use anyone but AGI in the future."

The sales team of AGI, Willie Coetzee, Sales Manager for SubSaharan Africa, and Dwight Botha, Sales Development Manager of East Africa, are ready to assist you with your next silo project. To speak to a sales member, contact africasales@aggrowth.com ProAgri Zambia 95

The silos also boast the AGI MPL 120 classifier-cleaner. Dwight says: “I believe and trust that the benefit and added value of the storage facility will make an enormous contribution to Moddderbult in their future successes. We at AGI are focused on providing solutions to our clients, rather than only products, and to provide tailormade solutions according to clients, unique needs. We have a dedicated team in Africa, and we understand the needs

Rely on the AGI advantage for your next project. For more information on AGI’s equipment, solutions and service contact Osman Dodia, AGI’s certified dealer and installer in Zambia, by sending an e-mail to quorumzambia@gmail.com or by contacting him on +260-955-800-009 or +260-977-772-082. Alternatively visit AGI's website at www. aggrowth.com/emea

Modderbult Farming's AGI storage facility: • 2 x 2 500 tonne flat bottom silos • Commercial handling equipment: Loading: 120 tonnes per hour Unloading: 120 tonnes per hour • AGI MPL 120 classifier-cleaner • Fully automatic temperature sensing system

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ProAgri Zambia 95

African smallholders struggle

despite increased international support.

by Marko Phiri

A female farmer works on a horticulture project on a piece of land in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

hile African countries have received generous support from international agencies and philanthropists to boost agriculture production, critics note that this has not been enough to deal with the continent's cycle of hunger. The interventions have failed to adequately address Africa's most pressing needs and wean the continent from what is seen as perpetual humanitarian assistance. As the year ends, African countries continue to grapple with familiar challenges: despite investing billions into the agriculture sector to support smallholders – long identified as the continent's main actors in food security – meeting food production targets remains elusive. At a farming summit held in Rwanda last year, critics noted that climate change was interrupting efforts by donors and aid agencies to help smallholder farmers upscale food production, while also noting that assistance models favoured by donors went against local needs and environmental considerations. What is seen as the promotion of the overuse of and reliance on fertilisers by donors, has also attracted criticism as smallholder farmers are encouraged to ProAgri Zambia 95

A horticulture community project in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. use expensive fertilisers and seeds that smallholders cannot afford. In turn, critics say this has led farmers to go into debt and fail to meet food security goals touted by both aid agencies and African governments. At the 2022 Rwanda Farming Summit, some delegates contended that to solve the continent's food insecurity issues, the huge amounts of agriculture finance from donors should be redirected. This redirection should encourage the adoption of organic fertilisers such as manure to help

smallholder farmers move away from expensive fertilisers which have also been identified as harmful to the soil. "Green revolution" models have failed African smallholders, delegates were told. While countries such as Zimbabwe have adopted "new" farming techniques as part of growing efforts to boost food security after years of poor performance in the agriculture sector, these interventions have also been criticised for failing to meet targets. Smallholder farmers are expected to 11

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ProAgri Zambia 95

A woman prepares maize at her rural home in droughtprone Gwanda, south-west of Zimbabwe.

A man works on an urban horticulture plot in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

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countries where such donors withdrew their support as happened in Malawi at the height of COVID-19 when a UKbased agency suspended its activities. Smallholders were suddenly left out in the cold. It pointed to the complex nature of donor assistance and Africa's struggle with funding its agriculture sector. However, Afrexmbank's USD 2 billion support has yet to be tested to determine if it will change the scope of the continent's food security efforts, unlike previous attempts by other agencies that have failed.

OL • E W

apply labour-intensive and time-conthat conflicts have also affected food suming planting methods in the face of security ambitions. climate uncertainty in a country where With billions of dollars already comsmallholders lack irrigation infrastrucmitted in recent years to the agriture and rely on rain. culture sector in Africa, activists say It simply means that despite such funding should go into investing in adoption of new farming methods, the long-term solutions such as irrigation farmers are set up for failure in the to ensure smallholders can move away absence of rain, resulting in empty from rain-fed food production in the granaries. This has meant turning to face of climate uncertainty. humanitarian agencies for food asFor example: This year, meteorologisistance when international agriculture cal services in Zimbabwe have had to finance efforts are designed to address issue several updates warning smallexactly that. holders not to rush to plant their crops Despite being partnered by internabecause foretional agencies and donors, smallholder casts showed farmers in Zimbabwe have struggled rains would to boost the production of staples come later than such as maize, resulting in questions expected. being asked about whether agriculture However, finance in Africa is being put to good smallholders use. "When will you stop pushing for continue followthese green revolution models that ing traditional have failed?” an African delegate asked cropping seasons at the Rwanda Farming Summit. even in the African-born initiatives are seeking to face of shifting change this. In November 2023, the Afrainfall patterns. rican Export-Import Bank (Afrexmbank) Even with the partnered with other agencies to launch intervention and the Export Agriculture for Food Secusupport from rity. Afrexmbank set aside USD2 billion international aid for African countries to boost food proagencies, this duction, food processing and agriculture has resulted in trade among African countries. reduced output The initiative will provide smallholdwith poor harers with microfinance support, improve vests being the storage facilities blamed for post-harvest order ofM the TSE day. losses, agriculture extension services Interventions and training. such as those TY T the It is expected that this initiative will proposed by RA move away from models supported Afrexmbank iniby other international agencies and tiative are an atphilanthropy efforts which critics say tempt to reverse have failed to improve food production the failed models ,yhtlaeh era skcihc hctahmaZ in Africa. that have been a .yenom ruoy worg dna yppah The numerous summits held to fixture of Africa's address Africa’s food security dilemma food security c remotsuc llaC have pointed to the difficulty of realis- era agenda. 318 reliance 996 3690 ing the goals set by local governments The and agencies to deal with the longon international running concerns. Other agencies, such donors has also as the World Food Programme, noted been felt in CLP stcudorP feebmaZ fo yraidisbus a si detimiL hctahmaZ

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Technews: Highlights of 2023 by Annemarie Bremner

Every month ProAgri reports on exciting new technology from around the world. These are some of this year’s highlights.

ExactShot applies fertiliser on the spot

he ExactShot planter/fertiliser applicator is one of the interesting new technologies John Deere revealed at CES 2023 — the leading tech-show held in Las Vegas. It applies starter fertiliser precisely to each individual seed. This will help farmers to be more productive, profitable, and sustainable. ExactShot allows farmers to reduce the amount of starter fertiliser needed during planting by more than 60%. The technology uses sensors and robotics to place starter fertiliser precisely onto seeds as they are planted in the soil, rather than applying a continuous flow of fertiliser to the entire row of seeds. ExactShot uses a sensor to register when each individual seed is in the process of going into the soil. As this occurs, a robot will spray only the amount of fertiliser needed, about 0,2 ml, directly onto the seed at the exact moment as it goes into the soil.

Automated recharging solution for drones

he Skydock automated battery changing system for drones was developed in South Africa. Drones can be very useful tools for farm security and crop protection, but short work times with manual intervention due to limited battery power is problematic. Dock-One is Skydock Systems’ automatic drone battery swapping and mission planning solution for DJI Mavic; with other drones to follow shortly. Dock-one is an affordable drone battery swapping station developed in South Africa for the local and international market. It allows you to fly drone missions 24/7 in an automated fashion. The challenge with staff needed for manual drone surveillance and manual battery swapping is solved by the DockOne docking station. Paired with the DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise drone, DockOne allows you to automatically patrol day and night, and using the drone’s accessories such as the spotlight, or loudspeaker, nefarious activities can be stopped in its tracks. Drones used for crop monitoring and protection in orchards will also be able to continue with their work non-stop. Using the SkyDock/Flight Now system, you can create automated missions and monitor the drone from a ProAgri Zambia 95

centralised location over the internet. The DockOne solution comprises three components, the DockOne docking station, FlytNow mission planning and remote-control software, and the DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise drone. (For more information, visit https://skydock.systems/dockone/) 15

Killing weeds with laser technology becomes viable

he LaserWeeder destroys weeds with laser technology. An autonomous version was developed, but this 2023-version needing tractor power was welcomed by farmers in America, because it works faster. Carbon Robotics™ uses artificial Intelligence and laser technology for chemical-free, no-till weed control for speciality crops. Their hi-resolution cameras feed imagery in real time to an onboard supercomputer that runs computer vision models to identify crops and weeds. High-powered lasers then kill weeds at the meristem — without harming valuable crops. Laser weeding works day or night, in all weather conditions. It is a high-precision solution that improves crop yield and reduces overall costs associated with modern farming. Additionally, laser weeding creates sustainable paths to regenerative and organic farming. The new LaserWeeder must be pulled by a row tractor. However, it has three times the lasers of the autonomous farming robot, and in one hour, it can cover about one hectare and can eliminate 200 000 weeds. The Autonomous Weeders are now serving as demo units, but the LaserWeeder is commercially available. (Source: Freethink and Carbon Robotics) 16

Cows (and farmers) will love Exos, the Lely grass robot

he Exos, a fully autonomous vehicle for harvesting and feeding fresh grass, will be commercially available to Dutch dairy farms from the middle of next year. It took around ten years to develop and was extensively tested on 13 Dutch farms. The company is targeting farms with at least 150 cows and a minimum of 40 ha, but the autonomous vehicle has also been evaluated on farms with up to 350 cows. The grass harvester operates at speeds of 3 to 4 km/h, and the working width is 2 m. The 12 m³ bunker holds about a tonne of fresh grass.

The vehicle can be programmed to deliver grass to the right, left, or both sides. A front safety bumper is part of the standard specs, as are front and rear safety cameras. Outdoor navigation is via GPS. Ultrasonic sensors take over when driving inside. The Exos can also be used to apply liquid fertiliser. The ten nozzles are located directly behind the mowing unit, and the capacity of the fertiliser tank is 100 litres. Electricity to power the vehicle is supplied by a 400-volt on-board battery. All four wheels have electric motors. (Source: Veehouderij Techniek) ProAgri Zambia 95

Every potato sprouts: New planter takes the risk out of potato planting

opa from Germany has developed a machine for manually planting presprouted potatoes. The planter, named Gecko, gently plants potatoes without breaking the sprouts. After two years of field trials and use on farms, the desired advantages in

yield and vegetation were achieved. The Gecko provides space for five pallets for efficient logistics of the planting material. Two operators work on each planting row. They put the pre-sprouted potatoes lengthwise on the gentle and

Meet Smartcore, an autonomous soil sample collector

ProAgri Zambia 95

protective belts, which convey these without any further stress until the tubers are precisely deposited in the soil. This technology allows optimal planting of potatoes with up to 12 cm length at a driving speed of 3,5 km/h. The distance between plants can be variably adjusted in 16 stages and for rows, 75 cm apart, can be planted in one go. See the Gecko in action: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=B0v0IQf6LY0 (Source: World-Agritech.com)

ollecting precise soil samples is essential for farmers because it determines the quantity and balance of nutrients available for crops and can determine crop yields. Smartcore, an autonomous robot developed by a pair of Purdue University College of Engineering graduates, is designed to collect accurate, repeatable soil samples in fields and bring them to the edge of the field for shipment to the lab. SmartCore uses a Bobcat skid steer chassis and navigates fields using boundary algorithms and a variety of obstacle detection sensors. It also is equipped with RTK GPS to ensure that soil samples are taken from the correct spot and can return every season within centimetres. The largest and most common source of error in the soil testing process is with collecting the soil sample. Smartcore is unique in using a high-speed, self-cleaning hydraulic auger that collects soil to a precise depth. In traditional sampling practices, the variance in depth and location can lead to a sampling error as high as 20%. Errors can cause farmers to spend more than necessary on fertiliser, or under apply in certain areas. With Smartcore you can avoid these mistakes. (Source: Purdue) 17

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Food for Afric Africa:Sorghum a:Sorghum by Tisha Steyn

Hand-winnowing is time-consuming hard labour but has been done for centuries since the crop was first harvested in Ethiopia a thousand years ago. (Source: Pixabay)

Although sorghum is more drought tolerant than maize, it thrives in warm tropical climates with adequate rainfall and in deep, well-drained sandy loam. (Source: Pixabay)

The grains can be winnowed by hand or machine before the dried grains are stored. (Source: Pixabay)

orghum (Sorghum bicolour), also known as great millet, durra and jowar, originated in North-Eastern Africa. It is a significant crop in SubSaharan Africa and millions of people around the world depend on it for food. It is the fifth major staple cereal after wheat, rice, maize, and barley, and is cultivated worldwide in warmer climates in semi-arid tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Central America. It can be cultivated in areas that are prone to drought and on marginal land that is not suitable for other grain crops. It is a vital food and fodder cereal crop with the same nutritional value as maize. The leaves and stalks are also used as green or dry fodder, hay, or silage for livestock. ProAgri Zambia 95

Sorghum is the fifth major staple cereal after wheat, rice, maize, and barley, and is cultivated worldwide in warmer climates in semi-arid tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Central America. (Source: Pixabay) Grains must be processed to break the waxy husk before being fed to cattle, otherwise most of the seeds will be swallowed whole, which may cause indigestion. It is also used to produce ethanol, grain alcohol, starch, adhesives, and paper.

Health benefits

Sorghum grains are richer in micronutrients than other grains. Half a cup provides 18% of the recommended daily dose of iron, 25% of vitamin B6, 37% of magnesium, and 30% of copper. It also contains significant amounts of phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and thiamine. Half a cup (96 g) of raw sorghum

grains will provide one and a half cups of cooked sorghum. However, most people do not eat more than half a cup at one time, which will lower the calories and carbohydrates. Half a cup of raw grains (1,5 cups cooked) contains 316 calories, 69 g of carbohydrates, 7,5 g of fibre, 10 g of protein, 3 g of fat, 2 mg of sodium and 2,5 g of sugars. Although sorghum provides these dietary benefits, it lacks sufficient vitamin A that is essential for preventing the risk of blindness and even death in children with a vitamin A deficiency. According to a recent study, new sorghum varieties developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) can help meet the nutritional needs of mothers and children in these mostly food insecure countries. In these countries, diets are dominated by cereal grains high in carbohydrates, which may lead to obesity and nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin A, iron, and zinc, which are among the leading causes of death for children under five years. Many chronic diseases are caused by underlying inflammation. The antioxidants in sorghum can help combat cell damage, thereby reducing inflammation. It also improves blood glucose responses, which is good for people living with diabetes or prediabetes, preventing the latter from developing into diabetes. Gluten-free sorghum is suitable for people who are allergic to gluten and suffer from celiac disease. The high fibre content may help reduce the body fat percentage. The low sodium content is suitable for people on a low-sodium diet to control blood pressure, while sorghum increases the intake of potassium. 19

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Cooked sorghum grains make a nutritious, high-protein addition to porridges, grain bowls, or pilaf that is usually made with rice. Typically, one cup of raw sorghum is cooked in four cups of liquid. Rinse the grains before adding boiling water. Bring back to boil and simmer uncovered on medium heat for about an hour.

Growing sorghum

Sorghum is a vital food and fodder cereal crop that is grown in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Source: Pixabay)

After harvesting, the grains are dried, which makes it shelf-stable so that it is available throughout the year. (Source: Pixabay)

Caution

It is, however, possible to be allergic to sorghum. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include nausea, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, and respiratory issues like coughing or wheezing. It is important to limit carbohydrate intake to prevent weight gain.

Preparing sorghum

After harvesting, the grains are dried, which makes it shelf-stable so that it is available throughout the year. Dried grains should be stored in a resealable container with a tight-fitting lid. After cooking, it can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week. The different varieties of sorghum grains are defined by colour, including white, orange, tan, pink, red, and black. It is processed into many formats, including flour for bread and pastries, liquefied as syrup, pearled sorghum as a hot grain and popped as a snack. Popped sorghum and sorghum syrup are ready to eat. Sorghum flour can be used along with wheat flour for baking. ProAgri Zambia 95

Sorghum is drought tolerant because of its deep root system. Although it performs better than maize in semiarid, drought-prone areas, it does not tolerate extended periods of drought. It grows best at temperatures between 25 and 32 °C at seeding, and in day temperatures of 30 °C during growth. It requires rainfall of about 400 to 750 mm per year but is sensitive to frost and sustained flooding. If the crop is sown in the rainy season, it may require one to three irrigations depending upon the rains. For summer crops, six to seven irrigations may be carried out due to high temperature. Winter crops may need irrigation at 30 to 45 days (seedling elongation stage), at 60 to 65 days (reproductive or heading stages), 70 to 75 days (panicle emergence), and 90 to 95 days (grain development stage). Sorghum grows well in different soils, but best in sandy loam with good drainage. A soil pH range of 5,5 to 7,5 is ideal. The soil should be ploughed and levelled with a fine tilth for weedfree sowing. A seed rate of 35 to 40 kg per hectare is sufficient, and it should be carried out by drilling at a row-to-row distance of 25 cm and at a depth of no more than two to three cm. Seed broadcasting should be avoided. Ten to fifteen tonnes of farmyard manure can be used on one hectare of land in preparation of sowing. Contact the agricultural extension officers in your area for more information on suitable weed, insect, and disease control. The crop will be ready in single-cut varieties for harvesting at 65 to 75 days after sowing (50%, flowering stage), and in multi-cut varieties, the first cut should be done at 45 to 50 days, and subsequent cuts should be carried out at one-month intervals. Sorghum is typically harvested in autumn, depending on the plant’s moisture content. Depending on good farm management practices and a good variety, sorghum can yield up to 1 000 kg/ha. Green matter yields are about 20 t/ha but may reach 75 t/ha under optimal growing conditions. Average yields of grain range from 0,5 to 0,9 t/ha in Africa. Sorghum can be used in conservation farming. Planted in rotation with a legume crop, it will benefit from the nitrogen provided by the legumes.

Depending on good farm management practices and a good variety, sorghum can yield up to one tonne (1 000 kg) per hectare. (Source: Pixabay) After harvest, the stubble can be ploughed in to improve the organic status of the soil while limiting erosion. Drought tolerant species improve water use efficiency.

Erramouspe, H. (2021) The Global significance of sorghum – Africa. National Sorghum Producers https://sorghumgrowers.com/ magazine/the-global-signficanceof-sorghum-africa/ Heuzé, V. Tran, G. Lebas, F. (2015) Sorghum grain. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO https://www.feedipedia. org/node/224 Garone, S. (2021) Sorghum Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits. Verywell Fit https://www.verywellfit.com/sorghum-nutrition-facts-and-healthbenefits-5093271 Paul, M. (2023) These new sorghum varieties might help subSaharan Africa’s nutritional needs. Down to Earth https://www.downtoearth.org. in/news/world/these-new-sorghum-varieties-might-help-subsaharan-africa-meet-nutritionalneeds-91013

Revisiting infectious bronchitis Variant 2 in layer hens by Dr Oscar Blanco (DVM, PhD), Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Central and Eastern Africa

n issue 77 of ProAgri Zambia, we presented an overview of the signs and lesions of infectious bronchitis Variant 2 (also known as IS/1494/06) in layer hens. This variant was first reported in Zambia in 2017, and Phibro has detected it again in 2022, confirming its circulation in the country. In this article we revise those concepts. As usual, please consult to your veterinary consultant, he/she is the one to diagnose whether the variant is present at your farm.

What is a variant and why is it important to be aware of its presence?

A variant is a new strain of a given virus that, due to changes in very specific points of its genetic material, presents modifications in its structure and function. This results in changes in its virulence, in the type of disease it produces and, depending on the vaccination plan and vaccines used in the broiler flock, it might be able to escape immunity and infect vaccinated birds.

What do you see in layer birds?

In cases of early infection: If the infection with IB Variant 2 occurs during the pullet phase, there will be a permanent damage in the reproductive tract. In cases when the virus infects the birds in the first or second week of age, birds may develop silent layer syndrome. In this case, birds reach sexual matu-

Figure 1: Reproductive tract of the hen (After Jonchere et al., 2010).

rity and, most of the times, they look like a normal adult hen, but they do not produce eggs. Although the ovary is functional and ovulation is verified, the oviduct (Figure 1) will develop cysts in its wall (Figure 2), preventing the progression of the yolk along the oviduct, resulting in failure to produce eggs. In a few cases, when cysts are very large, the abdomen appears distended, and the birds adopt a penguin-like vertical position. If the birds are in cages, the ones with distended abdomen normally choose to stay at the back of the cage. The egg yolks are released inside the abdomen and reabsorbed, although peritonitis (inflammation and infection in the abdomen) can sometimes develop. It is difficult to detect false layers, as most of the times they do not show any signs suggesting disease. They are normally found when inspecting the flock due to unusual production curves, for example in flocks where there is a delay to reach peak and/or the maximum production is considerably lower than the production target.

however it stabilises at levels lower than before the outbreak. Some flocks do not show production drops. If birds are not vaccinated after the outbreak, using the correct vaccine at the right time, the problem will return every 6 to 12 weeks; this normally results in oscillations of egg production, mostly accompanied by changes in egg quality. Changes in egg quality: The virus affects different sections of the oviduct (Figure 1), resulting in a range of changes in egg quality: Lesions in the magnum: The magnum (Figure 1) is the section of the oviduct that secrets the egg albumin. The inflammation of its wall results in eggs with very liquid albumin, or an albumin that liquifies within a couple of minutes after cracking the egg open.

Lesions of the uterus: The uterus (Figure 1) is the organ where the shell is formed and the external cuticle, responsible for the egg colour, is deposited. IB lesions in the uterus initially cause eggs to lose their shine and their When layers get infected: traditional golden colour (Figure 3). Changes in egg production: This translates into a range of different Although layers can be infected at any tones of brown when inspecting egg age, infection often occurs during the trays after collection (Figure 3). The peak of lay. Infected flocks verify a discolouration may eventually lead to drop in production sometimes as large completely white shells (Figure 3). as 50%. Usually, egg production recovWhen the virus affects the uterine ers in approximately 3 to 4 weeks, glands in charge of producing calcium carbonate, the shells become thinner, brittle, chalky, deformed, or even soft (when the mineralisation is totally absent) (Figure 3). Sometimes, eggs are laid with irregular deposits of calcium on their surface (Figure 3). As mentioned above, if birds are not vaccinated with the correct vaccine and at the right times, the problems with egg quality and production will return in 6 to 12 weeks. Figure 2: Silent later syndrome. A and B: red arrow shows cystic oviduct.

ProAgri Zambia 95

Figure 3: Eggshell alterations due to IB Variant 2. A: Normal; B: Discoloured eggs; C and H: Discoloured shells with calcium deposits; D and J: Soft shell eggs; E, F, and G: Misshapen eggs; I: White, brittle shell; K: Egg tray showing variations in colour and shape. Figure 4: A. Nephritis (kidney inflammation with accumulation of urates) (K: Kidney); B. Urate accumulation on liver surface (gout) (L: Liver). IBV strains also can produce qualitative and quantitative issues in production. Therefore, consult your poultry vet as soon as production issues set in.

How to prevent the infection with Variant 2?

Other signs and lesions observed

Infected layers can present mild respiratory problems, concurrent with inflammation of kidneys (nephritis), and diarrhoea. When the damage in the kidneys is severe, urates start to accumulate first in the kidneys (Figure 4) and then in other internal organs, condition known as gout (Figure 4). Daily mortality can sometimes be as high as 2%. The impact on the flock performance can be intensified by the occurrence of secondary infections, especially in flocks infected by mycoplasmas. These

ProAgri Zambia 95

birds show generalised infections (septicaemia, polyserositis), airsacculitis (inflammation of airs sacs). This translates into long-haul respiratory symptoms, higher mortality, and low productive performance.

Not everything is IB

There are diseases other than infectious bronchitis producing drop in production and alterations in eggshell quality, such as Newcastle Disease, Egg Drop Syndrome, and Infectious Laryngotracheitis. Furthermore, other

Phibro TAbic® IB VAR206 is the only vaccine that will give the highest protection against Variant 2, since it contains a virus that is the most similar one to the field strain. The optimum protection is achieved after priming the birds with two doses of the vaccine separated 10 to 14 days from each other, followed by boosters at 10 to 12 weeks, just before transfer, and every 8 weeks in lay (Table 2). The vaccine SHOULD be applied by coarse spray, or by eye drop; levels of protection achieved with vaccination in drinking water are very poor. The vaccine water should be maintained between 4 and 10 °C, since there is a reduction of a 3 to 3,5 % in effectiveness per degree Celsius of temperature increase above 10 °C. In order to protect against early Variant 2 infection and avoid the silent layer syndrome, birds SHOULD be spray vaccinated with Phibro TAbic® IB VAR206 at day 1 at the hatchery, followed by a second spray vaccination at the farm at day 12. The vaccine can be sprayed together with Phibro TAbic® V.H. against Newcastle Disease. As usual, please consult your poultry vet when you suspect your flock is sick. The veterinarian is the only one able to give an appropriate diagnostic and recommend the right treatment and prevention strategies.

Prolapse in laying birds, part one: Causes of prolapse in layers by Barbara Mulonda Simbaya, Technical Advisor at Tiger Animal Feeds

Weight and body structure of laying hens

rolapse in layers is a condition that occurs when a hen’s reproductive tract that had temporarily turned inside out to allow the hen to lay an egg is unable to retract again after the egg has been laid. Prolapsed vent, also known as prolapsed oviduct, pick-out, cloacal prolapse or blowout, is a common condition in laying birds and has economic importance in the poultry industry. Prolapse is more common during peak production periods and periods of peak egg mass as a result of the large demand placed on birds’ metabolism during these times. It may be resolved if attended to right away. If other hens notice the prolapse first, they may pick at the prolapsed vent which can cause severe damage to the hen and even death. The death of the chicken is often due to the trauma from other birds pecking the everted oviduct. Observation is key to preventing cannibalism and pecking behaviour. There is no cure for prolapse, so the best method of control is prevention.

Causes of prolapse in layers

Several factors may lead to prolapse in laying birds and the most common contributing factor stems from incorrect pre-lay management practices. Essentially, this will affect the weight, composition, and body structure (skeletal development) of the birds. If the rearing of the birds has not been done properly, they may have poorly developed pelvic girdle. In this case, the birds may prolapse despite their bodyweight being on target during production. Other factors to look at may include hormonal alterations, health status of the flock, overweight birds, age at the beginning of lay, too early light stimulation, unbalanced diets, production of double-yolk eggs, and all those conditions that favour the appearance of pecking behaviour also play a determining role in the presentation of prolapse. Let us look at these causes in a little bit more detail. 24

Live weight, body development, and structure are highly related to the appearance of prolapse. On the one hand, underweight hens, that is birds that have not had an adequate growth during the first weeks of rearing, which is when the skeletal structure of the birds is determined, will have a poorly developed pelvic cavity, as well as insufficiently developed reproductive tissues and musculature for laying. On the other hand, overweight hens, with excess accumulated fat, will also be more prone to prolapse, since the tissues involved in oviposition (oviduct and cloacal musculature) will have less elasticity and tone, so that the oviduct will take longer to retract after laying an egg. Good housing and management conditions during the first weeks of rearing, ensuring the recommended space allowance for good growth, as well as sufficient availability of feeders and drinkers to avoid competition that may negatively affect growth and uniformity, are essential in the prevention of prolapse. Also fundamental in obtaining adequate development is to be sure to use a slowly decreasing lighting programme, a sufficiently concentrated starter feed and maintaining a comfortable environment (temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation). Although it is well known, it is always advisable to emphasise the importance of monitoring body weight weekly during the rearing period and ensuring that growth follows the recommended growth objectives for the breed. The objective is to always follow the reference growth curve for the strain, always bearing in mind that the development of the different body structures (such as skeleton, musculature, and gastrointestinal tract) follows a specific sequence in time, and it is not possible to compensate later for a deficit in the growth of any of them.

Hormonal alterations in laying hens

Alterations in the hormonal status of laying hens can lead to prolapse. Low plasma estradiol levels have been found to be associated with the occurrence of prolapse in laying hens. Reduced plasma estradiol levels decrease prostaglandin synthetase activity, resulting in a decreased level of prostaglandin in the oviduct. Prostaglandin plays an important role in the muscular activity of the oviduct.

If levels are too low the hens become more prone to prolapse as the smooth functioning of the oviduct muscles are affected negatively. Regulate the hormonal levels in laying birds by photo stimulation, considering the management, feeding, and lighting programme used during rearing as essential.

Health status of the flock

Some diseases can also act as risk factors for prolapse. Enteritis can cause diarrhoea, cloacal irritation, and dirty feathers around the cloaca, which will also favour pecking behaviour. On the other hand, inadequate intestinal health can negatively affect nutrient absorption and marginal deficiencies can occur in affected individuals. Other viral processes such as egg drop syndrome (EDS) and infectious bronchitis cause weakening of the oviduct. Endoparasites (worms and tapeworms) will alter the intestinal mucosa, nutrient absorption will be affected, and they are also a permanent source of stress, all of which are possible triggers for pecking.

Overweight birds

In overweight birds, a lot of fat accumulates around the chicken’s abdominal region and can narrow the egg passage, potentially resulting in the chicken straining to push the egg out, causing prolapse. Overweight birds are also more susceptible to prolapse because of muscle weakness and a tendency to lay larger eggs. Large eggs, like double-yolks, can cause the hen to strain too hard, pushing out more inner lining than usual. If a hen is regularly laying large eggs and straining, the cloacal muscles can become stretched, especially with older birds.

Age of the hens

Often the highest incidence of prolapse occurs around peak production, a time of high metabolic demand for the birds. As hens age, eggs naturally increase in size, but making this egg weight growth more flattened, as has been achieved through genetics in some strains, will allow the metabolic demand on birds in older flocks to be lower, reducing the risk of developing prolapse. Prolapse can also occur if the hen is too young and underdeveloped to be laying eggs.

Lighting in the pen

The light stimulus (photo stimulation by adding extra hours of light) should ProAgri Zambia 95

always be based on body weight and uniformity, never based exclusively on the age of the birds. An important effect of light is the alteration of the age of onset of sexual maturity of the birds, and of the appearance of the first eggs. It is important to keep in mind that it is not the intensity of light that will fundamentally affect the age of sexual maturity, but the change in the length of the day perceived by the birds (hours of light). Chicks that receive a light stimulus before the reproductive tract is fully mature will be candidates for prolapse problems later in the laying phase. Flocks of excessively early birds will produce small eggs, but are undoubtedly more prone to prolapse problems, as the birds will have a small body structure and an underdeveloped reproductive tract. At the time of light stimulation, it is not advisable to be too aggressive, rather make it a gradual process that follows the recommendations of the particular strain regarding lighting programmes, light stimulation, and light intensity in each phase.

Unbalanced poultry diets

Unbalanced feed rations can also increase the chance of prolapse. Calcium deficiency in the diet can cause challenges with eggshell formation and can also lead to low muscle

Cloacal pecking and the cannibalism resulting from this behaviour, can be considered both a cause and a consequence of prolapse in laying hens. tone. Weak muscles can make it harder to retract the oviduct back into the body, which increases the time that the oviduct is exposed. Soft shell eggs can cause the hen to strain hard which also increases likelihood of prolapse. Tiger Animal Feeds produces Pullet as well as Layer feeds. The Pullet feeds are a balanced ration packed with all the nutrients to ensure weight management, proper body development and good health fundamental during the growth stage. Tiger Animal Feeds also produces three separate rations for laying birds providing them the needed nutrients to keep up production until the time of culling. The ration will keep the flock at the right and uniform ProAgri Zambia 95

Feed Type Pullet Starter Pullet Grower Pullet Developer Layer 96 Layer 105 Layer 115

Age in Weeks 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-40 40-55 55-Culling

Intake 1,1 Kg per bird/period 2,3 kg per bird/period 3,7 kg per bird/period 95 – 110 g/bird/day 105 – 120 g/bird/day 115 – 120 g/bird/day

Table 1: Tiger Animal Feeds Pullet and Layer Feeds weight to reach a high peak and have persistence of production. The main nutritional factors to consider in formulas to help prevent the onset of prolapse are energy, protein, calcium, and phosphorus levels. Specifically, the use of a pre-lay feed such as the Tiger Feeds Pullet Developer is essential. This feed is properly formulated for the specific needs of this brief but essential period, as this is the time when calcium stores are established in the medullary bone, will help to reduce the risk of prolapse later in life. Keep in mind that calcium plays an important role, not only for the formation of the eggshell and strong, healthy bones, but also for the proper functioning of the muscles and the maintenance of muscle tone. Muscle weakness can hinder and delay retraction of the oviduct after egg laying and consequently prolapse can occur. Ensure adequate calcium and phosphorus intake at each stage of productive life according to the egg mass produced to guarantee the proper functioning of calcium. Avoid rations that are too high in carbohydrates, oils, or fats as these will result in overweight hens. Instead, provide a balanced diet that allows the maintenance of body weight in the recommended range. The use of very high levels of protein will also potentially result in an increased risk of prolapse by encouraging the production of larger eggs. However, nutritionally stimulating the production of heavier eggs in markets that demand them should not be too much of a concern if it is done gradually. Finally, the role of fibre should not be underestimated in relation to the behaviour of laying hens. Fibre can have a very positive impact on intestinal health, which in turn results in better behaviour of laying hens, which will show less tendency to pecking.

stimulus, at the right age and avoiding overly aggressive stimuli, either in amplitude or intensity, is the most important factor in avoiding excessive double-yolk eggs. On the other hand, genetic improvement can also help to reduce the incidence of prolapse by actively selecting against the appearance of double-yolk eggs.

Chicken behaviour

Cloacal pecking and the cannibalism resulting from this behaviour, can be considered both a cause and a consequence of prolapse in laying hens. When cloacal pecking occurs, cannibalism can spread rapidly and cause high mortality. Hens are attracted by the appearance of the exposed moist and shiny oviduct outside the cloaca after oviposition. Injuries resulting from repeated pecking and the presence of blood will further stimulate this severe pecking, further escalating the problem. Even hens that have undergone beak treatment or trimming can severely injure other members of the flock, as the exposed oviduct is a soft tissue that bleeds easily. To prevent pecking in cage-free housed hens, ensure enough nests, allow dull lighting around and in nests so that other hens are unable to see the exposed cloaca when eggs are laid on the floor. Although prolapse can occur in all housing systems, cannibalism often occurs with greater frequency and intensity in birds housed in cages, as there is more interaction between the hens housed in the cage and less opportunity for the victims to escape the aggression. In the next part we will discuss the identification and prevention of prolapse in layers.

Double yolk eggs

As a result of the excessive size of double-yolk eggs, a lot of pressure is placed on the uterus and cloacal muscles at the time of oviposition. When these tissues are overstretched, they weaken and the possibility of developing prolapse increases, as it becomes more difficult for the hen to retract the uterus. Proper management of the light

For more information, contact Barbara Mulonda Simbaya, Technical Advisor at Tiger Animal Feeds by sending an e-mail to barbara. mulonda@tigerfeeds.zm or phoning (+260)969-202-207. 25

Livestock branding part 4: Freeze-branding by Natasha Pansegrouw

any farmers rely on branding or marking livestock not only as a means of establishing ownership, but also to contain useful information, such as the animals' birth dates and registration numbers. Freeze-branding is a common practise for permanently marking livestock with a unique and recognisable symbol. The hair follicles are frozen at subzero temperatures, altering the appearance of the branded area in terms of both colour and texture. Freeze-branding has several advantages over traditional hot branding, such as less pain and stress for the animals, better brand readability, and the ability to make elaborate and detailed designs.

How much dry ice is typically used during the branding process? One hundred head of cattle can be freeze-branded in three to four hours using nine kilogrammes of dry ice and 11,3 litres of 99% alcohol, according

to a rule of thumb for dry ice freezebranding. About 23 to 34 kilogrammes of dry ice and 29 to 34 litres of ethanol are needed for a full day of freezebranding. Pieces of dry ice the size of eggs should be placed in a styrofoam container, or a metal cooler lined with

What is the freeze-branding method?

The branding iron is dipped in liquid nitrogen or another similar substance and then pressed onto the animal's skin for a few seconds. Hair follicles lose their pigmentation in the extreme cold, leaving a white mark that is visible even after the hair has grown back. When compared to the more traditional method of hot branding, which causes pain and damage to the animal's hide, freeze-branding is preferred. Freeze-branding has become increasingly common in recent years as a humane and effective way to permanently mark animals with identification information. When branding animals, it is imperative that they always receive the utmost care and attention. 26

Here the place for the mark has been shaved and disinfected. (Image credited to www.dryice.co.za)

ProAgri Zambia 95

styrofoam and covered with at least 8 centimetres of alcohol. To create the desired identifying mark, a branding iron crafted from copper or brass should be chosen. The branding iron is cooled to a temperature of about -184 degrees Celsius using liquid nitrogen or dry ice. After chilling the branding iron, it is applied to the skin of the animal for a minute.

How does freeze-branding work?

The animal should be restrained (in a suitable clamp), and the branding area should be clipped, cleaned, and sprayed with rubbing alcohol before the branding irons are applied. Clipping has two functions: It removes the protective hair from the hide, and acts as a visual guide for where to place the brand. The branding iron only needs to be applied for a short time if the hair is clipped short enough. After applying the iron to the skin and removing it, you will see a noticeable indentation that fades away after about five minutes. After this, the mark will no longer be visible, and in 30 to 40 days, the white or grey hair will start to grow out. Damage to the cells that produce pigment at such low temperatures explains why such extreme cold leaves a mark that is white or very pale in colour. The animal needs to recover in a quiet, stress-free setting after the procedure.

Hand-operated hair clippers are made out of a handle and a mechanism that allows the user to manually oscillate the blades from side to side. (Source: s.click.aliexpress.com)

Examples of copper freeze-branding irons. (Source: bestenaar.life) ProAgri Zambia 95

Why does the hair change colour after freeze-branding or become bold in light coloured-animals?

A mammal's coat colour can be permanently changed through freezebranding, leaving the branded region white for the rest of the animal's life. As the growth root pulls the hair out of the follicle, ice crystals begin to form inside melanocytes, the cells that typically cover the hair shaft with colour. The microtubules that carry melanin granules from a cell's inside to its membrane, where they typically undergo exocytosis, are physically harmed by this ice. After the cells thaw, the cellular machinery is irreparably harmed, which

Electric shears for trimming animals. (Source: animalfarmacy.ie) 27

prevents the surviving melanocytes from ever again secreting melanin. Most melanocytes fail to regenerate and enter apoptosis quickly. Light-coloured animals require a longer branding period to kill the deepest portion of the follicle, which secretes the actual hair shaft. The result is a bald area of skin that is often darker than the animal's coat and prevents any hair regrowth. High contrast is thus guaranteed, even on white-coated animals, thanks to freeze-branding. The time difference between the two branding techniques is negligible, frequently only a few seconds. Tools and materials required for freeze-branding: • At least two individuals responsible for branding and scheduling; • Liquid nitrogen or ethanol (usually 99%) chilled with dry ice serves as the typical liquid coolant; • Individual animal restraint equipment, such as a neck clamp or squeeze chute; • The area to be branded must be shaved with manual or electric hair clippers before the branding iron can make skin contact, so you might need access to an electrical source as well; • A brush for grooming the coat; • Alcohol wipes to disinfect the branding area; • Symbolled, freeze-branding irons (branding irons should be made of pure copper but are more commonly made of a cupronickel alloy) with which to identify livestock; and

•

A brand timing device (clock or stopwatch).

What is the procedure for freezebranding? • Wait 20 minutes before using the branding irons for the first time, for them to cool down. • Branded animals should either be confined in a small, confined area or, better yet, restrained in a neck clamp. This will aid in keeping the animal calm while handling. • The intended marking area should be shaved. After a few minutes, or when the branding irons reach a temperature of -147 degrees Celsius, remove them from the container and set them aside. • Wipe the freshly shaved area where the brand will be with rubbing alcohol to remove any oils or dirt that may prevent the iron from making good contact with the skin. • The period of time needed for skin contact varies with the animal's colour. If you want to make sure the branding iron is used for the

The next letter is placed next to the previous one. (Image credited to www.dryice.co.za)

•

• •

With moderate pressure, the cold iron is held against the skin. (Image credited to www.dryice.co.za) 28

right period of time, you will need a timer. The branding iron should make skin contact for 55 seconds on dark-coloured animals and 70 seconds on light-coloured ones. Cool the iron for at least 2 minutes in between uses if you need to use it twice. The skin should feel moderate pressure from the entire branding iron. If the animal moves or the iron loses contact with the skin, stop the timer, readjust the iron's position, and resume the process.

Here the indentation is clearly visible immediately after the freeze brand. (Image credited to www. dryice.co.za) ProAgri Zambia 95

References Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Freeze brand. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php?title=Freeze_brand&oldid=1173512724 Livestock Identification Services Ltd. (no date) Applying brands. Available at: https://lis-ab.com/brands/applying-brands/ Rhinehart, J. (2020) Freeze branding beef cattle. University of Tennessee System, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. Available at: https://utbeef.tennessee.edu/wp-content/ uploads/sites/127/2020/11/SP775.pdf

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Africa's food production still lags despite many promises by Marko Phiri

Source:Pixabay

report launched by the Africa Food Systems Forum in September 2023 has lamented that targets set by African countries to meet food production and trade demands remain "far-fetched." This is because of what the forum says are underlying challenges that have historically held back the potential of the continent’s vast natural resources. Agencies have reported that while agriculture produces up to 35 percent of Africa's gross domestic product, the continent remains food insecure. Other sources estimate Africa's annual food import bill at around USD78 billion, showing the challenges the continent faces to turn the corner towards feeding itself and also being a net food producer. This is happening even as the continent’s development partners continue pouring billions into the sector, and at a time when hunger has become a common trend from Cape to Cairo. The Africa Food Systems Forum says the continent must move from relying on smallholder farmers to promoting large-scale agrifood projects.

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Source:Pixabay

This, however, should not mean the exclusion of smallholders in the continent’s food production ecosystem, the forum says. According to a communique issued after the Forum's summit: "Govern-

ments have a crucial role to play in this by taking responsibility for the creation of a regulatory environment supportive of a substantially expanded agricultural sector in Africa. The shift towards large-scale agriculture, however, must 31

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Source:Pixabay

of hunger, and Africa has seen its fair share of such conflicts which have resulted in the disruption of farming activities. Because of this, the African Union's Agenda 2063 is pushing for accelerated agricultural growth, but other researchers have warned that: "Although such global and pan-African statements of intent are crucial, they must be followed by concrete national regulations and policies if African agriculture is to attract the scale of investment required to become a net exporter of food." According to the IFAD, Africa's lack of capacity to feed itself has also been worsened by post-harvest losses, with the agency reporting that it has left African farmers in countries such as Rwanda to lodge losses of over 400 percent.

Source:Pixaby

Source:Pixabay

not come at the expense of small-scale farmers, who are an integral part of Africa's agricultural landscape. "In addition to overcoming structural obstacles to production, planning needs to be pragmatic, focusing on large-scale agrifood projects, developing bankable business cases, and managing investment risks to create an environment attractive to private sector investors," the Forum added. The Africa Development Bank says the continent’s agriculture sector has the potential to increase from the current USD280 billion annually to USD1 trillion by 2030, but agencies say this is being hampered by factors that include climate change and poor financing and investment in the sector. This is even though, under the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), ProAgri Zambia 95

Source:Pixabay

African Union member states committed to a minimum of 10 percent of their government expenditure toward agriculture. There are concerns however that the bulk of African countries have yet to breach 5 percent of that target, with national budgets routinely prioritising sectors such as defence. At the World Food Summit in Rome, it was noted that African agriculture faces a multitude of challenges that include climate change, wars, the high cost of farming inputs and a lack of comprehensive research on soil science. Africa has not been spared by the war in Ukraine, agencies say, which has "increased food insecurity" while “weak local infrastructure” has only "made matters worse". The World Food Programme has also said conflict is the biggest driver

This has highlighted the multipronged challenges the continent faces, despite the Food Forum’s assertion that there is potential to produce enough to address long-running food deficits. Amidst all this, researchers at the African Union say Africa needs to produce between 50 and 60 percent or even more of what it is currently producing, but add that because there remain factors such as climate change and other issues that remain unaddressed: "The yield for some crops will even be smaller than it is today." The continent's concerns were perhaps summed up best by Tanzania’s agriculture minister, Hussein Mohamed Bashe, during an African Development Bank food sovereignty and resilience event in September. He said: “Africa has to wash away the shame of not being able to feed itself." 33

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Mechanisation considerations for drip irrigation systems by Mr Celi Mbokazi and Dr Macdex Mutema

limate change is leading to increasing water scarcity. Agriculture is one of the biggest users of water worldwide. Appropriate methods and systems of irrigation are, therefore, critical to the objectives of achieving higher irrigation efficiency to achieve the much-needed savings in water usage. To achieve water savings and remain profitable, farmers must pay careful attention to how their chosen irrigation systems affect other operations on their farms; in particular how the chosen irrigation systems affect mechanisation activities such as planting and harvesting operations. Precision agriculture uses modern methods for mechanised operations in the farming enterprise. In this article, the focus is to discuss how the drip irrigation system affects mechanisation operations

and how a combination of precision agriculture and modern drip irrigation system design can lead to optimal irrigation and mechanised operations resulting in reduced costs and increased profitability.

Land preparation

The drip is typically considered a permanent irrigation system because the system is not moved for at least the entire growing season and can stay in place for several growing seasons. Since the system stays in the same place for a considerable period, careful consideration must therefore be given to the layout of the system. For example, there should be pathways for mechanisation equipment such as

tractors and other farm machinery. To achieve this, special tools and case considerations – as discussed below – need to be applied. GIS Mapping: The use of Geographic Information Systems software to precisely map the farming field and area for irrigation has emerged as a popular system for precision agriculture. Every area of the field is mapped to within a cm to optimise the planting area while making clear layouts of where the tractor wheels must pass. To achieve this, the type of tractor (two wheels or four wheels) as well as tractor width should be known for the precise design of the layout. Crop type: Drip irrigation is popular in orchard farming due to the ability to directly target the root zone of the

Drip lines with space in the field to make way for a tractor.

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orchard. In addition, land preparation for orchards happens once in their production life span. Orchard harvesting equipment also needs access to the field. This may be in the form of trucks rather than harvesters. Thus, some of the pipes may have to be buried underground to ensure access to heavy equipment. This can be achieved through a combination of precise mapping and design to ensure optimised access points and routes in the field. Skilled labour: Handling or operating precision agriculture equipment requires highly skilled operators. The use of unskilled labour can easily cause damage to the irrigation pipes, which are quite expensive. Tractor wheels can also damage the pipes if the driver is not sufficiently skilled. The drip irrigation system is expensive to install and fragile to operate; hence this system needs literate handlers who are good with numbers to control the irrigation scheduling with the assistance of appropriate software. In addition, combining mechanisation planning with optimal irrigation scheduling requires a skilled overall farm manager. Therefore, all levels of labour must be skilled to achieve optimal results in terms of asset utilisation while minimising water use with the drip irrigation system.

Weeding and pest control

Drone spraying technologies: Drone spraying is a relatively new method of spraying and is ideally suitable for drip irrigation because there is no ground

ProAgri Zambia 95

Spraying of a field with liquid fertiliser using a drone.

movement of equipment during spraying. The challenge with drone spraying is mostly due to regulations as an operating license can be challenging to obtain as well as the consequential costs. Elevated spraying vehicles: This specialised equipment has wheels thin enough to pass in between rows while being elevated enough to be above the crop. The irrigation layout and selection of the equipment must both be considered to ensure synergy when operating the drip irrigation system. Harvesting: Drip irrigation may be unsuitable for crops such as wheat which need specialised harvesting equipment and relatively tight spacing. The harvester header is very low during harvesting and therefore pipes cannot be above ground. In addition, costs may be prohibitive since wheat is grown in a larger area.

In summary Drip irrigation is preferred in high cash crops such as orchards where spacing for mechanised equipment is relatively easier to achieve and land preparation activities are infrequent.

We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa which made this article available for our readers. For any enquiries send an e-mail to mbokazic@arc.agric. za or mutemam@arc.agric.za. Source: ARC-Natural Resources and Engineering Agricultural Engineering Campus

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