ProAgri BNZ 48 by ProAgri

ProAgri B otswa n a / N am i b ia/ ia / Zim b ab w e No 48

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Botswana page 31

Namibia page 32

Jupidex is at the forefront of precision technology

Zimbabwe page 45

Kalahari Red buck makes history in Botswana

Female farmer tastes the sweet success of strawberry farming

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The diverse and everevolving world of agriculture A

frican agriculture, with its vast potential, holds the key to eradicating hunger and poverty among its rural populations. The agricultural industry is one of the most diverse industries world-wide. Agriculture has been a crucible of evolutionary change ever since its inception thousands of years ago. In the ever-evolving world of agriculture, innovation and technology have become essential tools for farmers seeking to improve their yields and sustainability. Hot trends are not only for the sake of keeping up with fashion; just like any other industry, the agriculture sector is continually evolving and adapting towards more efficiency. As we navigate through the pages of ProAgri, we embark on a journey encompassing the challenges and triumphs farmers and agribusinesses face in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and across the African continent. In this issue, we spotlight agriculture’s critical role in driving economic growth and fostering sustainable development, and how precision technology is becoming a trend globally. The big question however remains … how technology can yield new growth. By harnessing modern technologies, farmers can overcome challenges and grow food more sustainably, boost

Content

2. 4. 9. 12. 14. 18. 21. 22. 28. 31. 32. 36. 39. 41. 42. 45. 47.

productivity and earn better returns. Read more about Jupidex and Kverneland’s connected future on page 14. On the cover story, we have featured a female strawberry farmer who lives out her dream. Strawberry plants need regular water to thrive, especially during fruit bearing season, and without a trustworthy irrigation company to assist you, your dreams will turn to ashes. Read more on page 2. Amidst the challenges, there are inspiring stories of progress and innovation. Through these articles, we hope to inspire our readers to embrace the possibilities that lie within the agricultural sector. By promoting sustainable practices, investing in research and development, and encouraging the use of advanced technologies, we can collectively transform the agricultural landscape in Africa. Thank you for being a part of our community. We invite you to explore, learn, and engage with us on this incredible journey to shape the future of agriculture in Africa. ProAgri-greetings! Bianca Henning bianca@proagri.co.za

Female strawberry farmer reaps sweet fruits of perseverance The latest in agricultural technology from around the world Fruit Production Part 8: Strawberries Land management and rehabilitation Part 4 Jupidex and Kverneland aim higher, further, better How to grow pumpkins Senter has the perfect pivot propulsion for you African farmers learn all about goats Demystifying antibiotic use in livestock production Boesman, a Kalahari Red buck makes history in Botswana Livestock identification Part 3: Hot branding Namibian livestock industry rebounds Zimbabwe: Agricultural college students struggle to get work Farmers in Zimbabwe warned:Change your ways! El Niño on its way Tick-borne diseases in Zimbabwe Part 2 Zimbabwe’s urban farmers use social media to share advice Young farmers in Zimbabwe get rabbit farming training

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Agrico is a deep-rooted and steadfast irrigation company. Their mission is to build long-term relationships with their customers to provide them with the optimal solution for their irrigation needs.

ProAgri B ot s wa n a/ a / N a m i b i a/ a/Zimbabwe

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ProAgri BNZ Editor Bianca Henning Reporters Benine Ackermann

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Female strawberry farmer reaps sweet fruits of perseverance

by Bianca Henning

Strawberries make Madelé Ferreira bloom!

Mooihoek farm is in the beautiful Gamtoos Valley in the Hankey district of South Africa. The farming enterprise is not limited to strawberries, they also have an agritourism section and a wedding venue.

trawberry farming requires courage, patience, labour, and a lot of perseverance. Madelé Ferreira, female farmer from Mooihoek farm in the Gamtoos Valley in the Hankey district, started with 5 000 strawberry plants. Today, Mooihoek is one of the leading suppliers of strawberries in South Africa. Faith and commitment have taken this enterprise to great heights! From minister's daughter to farmer "My father is a minister, but my grandfather was a farmer, and that's where my love for farming was cultivated. Ever since I was a little girl, my biggest dream was to marry a farmer... and then my dream really came true. I have been married to my farmer husband, Johan, for 32 years now," Madelé says excitedly. "I have always had the ambition to set up my own sustainable business, but never thought that one day I would be farming myself," she adds. "We farm on a farm that has been in the family for three generations. The original farm has been in the family for exactly a century this year." "Life has not always been easy and smooth. My husband and his father initially farmed with vegetables. Johan experimented a bit with strawberries, but gave up growing it small scale," she shares. 2

Determined, Madelé stepped in before Johan ploughed the land. Since then, she has grown from the first 5 000 strawberry plants in her dying rose garden to one of the leading suppliers in South Africa. "Today we have close to one million plants. Over the years, the business has grown from where we started delivering to the municipal market to where we supply the large chain store groups in the Eastern Cape locally, as well as nationally, and export to the Middle East," says Madelé. To farm with a touch of faith "A need arose for a local strawberry producer in the Eastern Cape as the nearest supplier was 300 km away. We saw the gap in the market and seized the opportunity. We are very grateful today for all the opportunities that have come our way, and that we have been able to build such good relationships with the chain groups over the years, despite all the challenges. It's all just grace from above," adds Madelé. "I started my small business from a four-door garage and today I am proud to say that we have a world-class packhouse from which everything is operated, and which is also based on HACCP standards," she says. Over the years, spinach has also become part of Mooihoek's products, so that the farming enterprise today

consists of 75% strawberry production and 25% spinach production. "We produce spinach that is packaged and supplied to supermarket chains. We have a 25 ha Agrico pivot irrigating the spinach," says Madelé. The Mooihoek team currently consists of 110 permanent staff members, and during peak season, they employ 180 to 200 seasonal workers. A high-adrenaline challenge for a high-energy woman Strawberries are picked early in the morning and are immediately stored in a cold reception room, so that the strawberries can be processed and packed as cold as possible. The temperature of the packhouse and refrigerated trucks must be kept the same to ensure quality and shelf life of the strawberries. "In my opinion, the biggest challenges of the industry are the enormously high input costs and the risks one faces because a strawberry does not have a long shelf life. Strawberry farming is really nothing but labour farming," Madelé says jokingly. Every year, every little plant is replaced. "All the plastic, the drippers, and everything must be removed - the soil is prepared, and you start all over again," explains Madelé. Terrible droughts to fierce floods have brought Mooihoek to its knees a ProAgri BNZ 48

biggest competitive advantage," she adds confidently. "I can get very excited about a sprayer, a plough, and a tractor, just as excited as I can about a lovely carpet and a pretty dress," adds Madelé.

few times. "Weather conditions are a very big challenge in our area, especially for strawberry farming, because strawberries do not like extremes at all!" said Madelé. "It remains high-adrenaline farming because everything has to happen quickly. Mercifully, I am blessed with high energy levels," says Madelé with a laugh. Madelé's passion and drive "I love my farming. I welcome every day at four in the morning when my alarm goes off. The opportunity that farming offers you to be innovative, to be able to make a meaningful contribution, and to be able to live out your passion is truly a privilege," says Madelé. "Farming teaches you passion, faith, and perseverance. The greatest pleasure for me is to grow, plant, care for and see the strawberry plants grow from start to finish until you see the end product on the shelves with your logo. It is very rewarding,” says Madelé. "It's nice for me to be a woman in the industry; to be able to see a gap and opportunities in the market and empower people with my knowledge. I believe a woman's sixth sense is her

75% of Mooihoek farming is under drip irrigation from Agrico The choice of strawberry variety and the care the plants receive are extremely important. Water management is just as important because strawberries are sensitive to too much or too little water. Madelé uses Agrico's drip irrigation system to make sure that the plants get exactly the right volume of water. The ground is covered with black tarps to make sure that the moisture and nutrients in the ground are preserved and that a favourable microclimate is maintained at all times. "We have an automated PC drip irrigation system from Agrico installed under the plastic cover to water the strawberry plants. The last eight years of drought have led us to plan water management down to the last drop. This is precisely why we use precision management to ensure that no plant gets too little or too much water. The water application is regulated with the automated system. The water is also enriched with soluble fertiliser, providing the strawberries with nutrients daily. "I do the fertiliser planning myself, the regulation of the fertiliser application as well as the spraying programmes and chemical application," adds Madelé. Madelé says: "Because the strawberries' water needs vary so much, it is not enough to consistently apply the

Besides the fresh products, Mooihoek's brand also includes a frozen range (Mooihoek berries), dried fruit, as well as concentrated juices. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

same volume of water per plant. Your feet and eyes must constantly be in the fields to check the plants. Roughly we can work on about 250 to 500 ml of water (during high summer) per day per plant. "I have been walking a path with Jaco Van Niekerk, Branch Manager at Agrico Patensie, for about twelve years. He is excellent at his job. His expertise and incredible professional service and knowledge really took my farming forward. He is so helpful and patient, especially with my blonde moments that sometimes jump out," says Madelé with a laugh. "Service, relationships, expertise, support, and staying up to date with the latest developments are very important to farmers in today's times, and this is precisely why we use Agrico," she adds. "When we recently had to sink our borehole, build a dam and have pumps installed, Jaco gave us incredibly good advice and helped where he could. We are very grateful to Agrico. We look forward to the road ahead with Jaco and the Agrico team. And if we have a bit more water, it will be even better!” she said excitedly.

For your optimal irrigation system, talk to Agrico. On their website, www.agrico.co.za, you can see the contact details of your nearest branch and read more about all their solutions.

The automated PC drip irrigation system from Agrico installed under the plastic cover to irrigate the strawberry plants. 3

The latest in agricultural Technews technology from around the world by Annemarie Bremner

Claas is ready to go to market with its giant new Xerion 12 delivering 486,9 kW of power.

The battle for bigger

and more powerful tractors seems to be heating up, reports Profi, a leading agricultural technology magazine in Europe. They say there are multiple pictures circulating of what appear to be a new and more powerful Case IH Quadtrac and John Deere RX. “While there are lots of talk of smaller autonomous vehicles working in swarms, there is still very much global demand for extra horsepower to pull wider working kit. Just a couple of weeks ago, Claas unveiled its biggest ever tractor range, the two model Xerion 12 with the flagship having a 15,6-litre Mercedes-Benz motor peaking at 653 hp (486,9 kW). “As part of the development of the new Xerion, Claas quizzed current and potential customers and one of the questions asked was how much power they wanted. The consensus was 650 hp was sufficient, but it seems Case IH and Deere users are demanding even more power. “There is nothing official from either Case IH and John Deere, but both 4

Case IH is apparently ready to go even bigger with its new Quadtrac.

ProAgri BNZ 48

Could this be the beginning of a new John Deere 10RX series? manufacturers appear to be preparing to smash through the 700 hp barrier.” In Germany “spy” pictures were taken of a Case IH with the numbers 715 on the bonnet. There is even talk of the new king Quadtrac delivering 780 hp (581,6 kW). Some faraway grainy pictures are also circulating online of what appears to be a John Deere with larger tracks, frame, and bonnet than the current John Deere 9RX640. Speculation is that there can be a 10RX with an 18-litre engine in the making. Profi reports: “We are unable to confirm anything concrete at the moment, but the new Quadtrac will reportedly break cover at the Farm Progress Show in Illinois at the end of this month, followed by the European premiere at Agritechnica in November. “We will have to wait and see if John Deere has mapped out similar launch venues for the new, bigger RX, although one tractor of the trio we confidently expect to see at Agritechnica is the new Claas Xerion.” (Source: Profi)

created together with mobility company Elevittá, Arteprima and Senai, with assistance from a New Holland customer who uses a wheelchair. It is optionally available on new 80, 90 and 100 hp (59,6, 67, and 74,5 kW) models. The platform can be retrofitted to tractors from 2019 onwards. How it works: The joystick operated lifting platform enables the operator to enter and exit the tractor unaided. He can then access the tractor seat and use the adapted machine controls. The internal space is said to be the same as a standard TL5. “People with disabilities, including those who live and work in the countryside, want to remain as independent as possible,” commented Eduardo Kerbauy, Vice President of New Holland Agriculture for Latin America, who added that the modified TL5 will help eliminate barriers that today make it impossible for many farmers to get on a tractor. (Source: CNH)

This new compact disc harrow can be hitched via a ball coupling or drawbar eye, and hydraulic support is available to make attachment and detachment easier. The two rows of serrated concave discs allow thorough incorporation across the full surface width from a soil depth of only seven centimetres. The 14-centimetre line spacing ensures blockage-free work, even with large volumes of organic matter. Each concave disc of the Rubin 10/1000 is equipped with damped kickback for overload protection, which reduces loads on the frame. The new Rubin offers many more advantages, for example its working sections feature a pendulum type suspension to ensure optimal following of the field contour. On very uneven terrain or when working on slopes, the optional iQ-Contour pendulum compensation guarantees optimum surface adaptation. In addition, the hydraulic depth adjustment makes it possible to respond to changing conditions, and

LEMKEN recently introduced its first 10 metre Rubin 10. The world’s first wheelchair accessible tractor from New Holland.

New Holland cares: TL5 for wheelchair users

New Holland has developed a TL5 that is accessible for people with lower limb disabilities. New Holland may be the first mainstream manufacturer to develop a tractor that is accessible for wheelchair users. Produced at CNH Industrial’s Curitiba plant in Brazil, the TL5 Accessible was

LEMKEN: Work 10 m wide with the new Rubin 10

LEMKEN rounds off the top end of its range of the proven Rubin compact disc harrows working ten metres wide, with a disc diameter of 645 millimetres. Like the smaller Rubin 10 models with up to seven metres working width, the Rubin 10/1000 boasts a symmetrical disc arrangement for fuel-efficient operation without side draft.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

the working depth can be changed while driving. During the turning process, the implement is supported by the roller, which has particularly strong bearings. Thanks to its wide contact area, the machine is firmly supported and minimises soil compaction. The machine is folded in from the cab to a transport width of three metres. (Source: LEMKEN)

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John Deere Africa & Middle East ProAgri BNZ 48

New endurance record for Bednar

769,36 hectares. That is the area cultivated with the Bednar Swifterdisc XE 18400 MEGA cultivator and a John Deere 9RX 640 tractor during a 24-hours record attempt in Romania. The tractor-cultivator combination covered a substantial extra 125,36 hectares more than the 2007 record. This 24-hour record was achieved during an event organised by Bednar in cooperation with the Romanian Bednar and John Deere distributor, IPSO Agricultură. Romania was chosen due to the extensive fields. To show the real use and potential of the combination, the record attempt took place in six different fields where wheat, winter canola and peas have been harvested recently. The largest field covered an area of 161,36 hectares. The net operating time was 23 hours and 36 minutes. Field conditions and machine settings The average working speed was 32,6 hectares per hour, and the fuel consumption was 3,1 litres per hectare during the operating time of 23 hours and 36 minutes. During that time, the set travelled a distance of 450,7 kilometres, and the total fuel consumption reached 2 355,6 litres. The working depth set on the disc cultivator was 7 centimetres. Downtime required for essential maintenance and refuelling was only 24 minutes. The drivers swapped during work, for example, when the machine was turning at headland.

This Bednar and John Deere combination set a record for cultivating 769,36 hectares in 24 hours.

Large working width Bednar has specialised in the production of large working width machines from the very beginning. The first such a machine was in 2003: the wide span Swifter SM seedbed cultivator. “We can see the increasing interest for such machines, which led us to introduce the Swifterdisc XE_MEGA series in 2021,” says Ing. David Ryčl, Marketing Director of Bednar. “It currently comprises of three models with a working width from 14,4 to 18,4 metres. I am very pleased and proud of what we managed to accomplish with our machine during the 24-hour operation. It does not only confirm the

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

machine quality that resisted such a high load, but above all, the high productivity and effectiveness it enables us to achieve.” The machine turned fast at headlands thanks to the ability to lift the disc working section. It turns using the rear packers, the front support wheels, and the transport axle. During work, the first axle is lifted to achieve a higher down pressure on the disc section. (Source: World Agritech) Watch the video here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=gjaJEkH4DXE

OPTIONAL EXTRAS

CRATE STACKS WITH OR WITHOUT LID VIRGIN RED RECYCLED BLACK

Optional

REMOVABLE DIVIDERS

Optional

CRATE LID

ProAgri BNZ 48

Fruit Production Part 8:

Strawberries by Maryna Steyn

have suitable fields, strawberries can also be grown in pots or in vertical gardens. For the purpose of this article, we shall only look at open field systems. Climatic and soil requirements Strawberry plants are winter hardy. They prefer colder winters but mild summer temperatures. This is because plants go dormant in these areas from late autumn to early spring. In summer, the plants need at least six hours of full sun for optimum yields.

Depending on the variety, the day length needs differ. Some varieties are day-neutral or short day growers. Strawberry plants flower during spring or autumn. The soil needs to be well-drained and rich in organic matter. Avoid planting in clay soil. It also needs to be slightly acidic, approximately between 5,4 and 6,5 pH.

(Source: Pixabay)

trawberries are a high-value crop that can boost your profits when it is grown right. The red bulbous fruit is grown from various varieties of the Fragaria ananassa plant. Technically, a strawberry is not a berry. The reason for this is because the seed (achenes) of this red fruit is carried on the outside of the skin, whereas other true berries have seed in the centre of the flesh. When it flowers, the delicate little white flowers are pollinated to form single fruits. Across the world, strawberry lovers enjoy the nutritious fruit in a multitude of ways. it is eaten fresh in salads or as a snack, and in jams, sauces, juices and wine. It is most often made into an array of deserts. Filled with vitamin C, folic acid and potassium, you can shake the sweet-tooth guilt when opting for this fruit instead of sweets. The top strawberry producing coun-

try in the world is China, accounting for more than 40%, followed by the USA with 15%, and then Mexico, Spain, Turkey and Egypt, each accounting for 5%. In Southern Africa, the first strawberry varieties were introduced to South Africa in 1656. Since then, the country has increased production and now 90% of its strawberry production is all grown by local growers. Half of this amount is sold to the local fresh market, and the rest is either processed or exported to Eswatini, Namibia, Mauritius, Mozambique, the United Arabian Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. The plant is relatively easy to grow and fares well in a variety of production systems. This can include field planting (with straw or plastic mulch), tunnel or greenhouse production, and controlled climate production. Where a small-scale grower may not

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Strawberries can also be grown in pots. (Source: Kindel Media on Pexels) 9

Planting In the southern parts of Africa, in climates where strawberries are produced, plants are planted from March to April (Autumn). By June to December the fruits are ready to be harvested.

existing plants that form new offshoots or plants.Once plants start to form these runners, you can peg them down, ensuring they form roots before you transplant them to a waiting bed for the next growing season. If you are starting your strawberry farming operation for the first time, you can obtain your seedlings from a trusted nursery or strawberry grower. Prepare the soil by creating raised beds. This improves soil drainage. The plants are then carefully planted, ensuring only the roots are covered, because a covered crown will lead to

rotting. Either a single or double row of plants can be planted on the beds. Space plants 30 by 30 cm. They can be spaced diagonally 20 cm by 20 cm.

Plastic sheeting or mulch around the plants help retain moisture and control weeds. (Source: Mark Stebnicki on Pexels)

Buying seedlings from trusted sources can be easier than growing strawberries from seed. (Source: Pixabay)

Growers can also use greenhouses and controlled environments to improve their yields. (Source: Isuru Udesh Mmangala on Pexels)

Irrigation Strawberries require roughly 15 to 25 mm of irrigation per week, depending on the stage of production. However, the frequency, amount and time of irrigation are all dependent on the soil type, weather, and variety.

Fertilisation With rich soil, there is no need to apply fertiliser during planting. It is important to note that the amount of fertiliser that needs to be applied throughout the season will differ, depending on the variety of strawberries. To ensure you use the right quantity for the right strawberry variety, you can send a soil sample for testing. Regularly apply nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) throughout the season. Potassium will assist with flower formation that leads to better fruit. Start applying potassium once flowers appear.

Harvesting Harvesting has to occur when the weather is dry. The fruits can be harvested as soon as they are ripe to prevent them from rotting on the plant.

Although strawberries can be grown from seed, it is far easier to grow them from seedlings or runners. Runners are vine-like growth from

It is difficult to grow strawberries large scale without irrigation. Their shallow root systems mean that they are very sensitive to dry spells and need frequent watering more than heavy watering. 10

Take care not to plant plants too densely as this can encourage pests and diseases to spread. Straw mulch or plastic sheeting can be placed on the beds to improve water consumption, and manage weeds.

When harvesting strawberries, gather the ripe fruits in the morning. Refrigerate it as soon as possible to ensure the fruits’ longevity. Once the harvest season has been completed, cut the old leaves down and remove the mulch to prepare the plant for the next season. ProAgri BNZ 48

Pest and disease control Pest The key to quick intervention is constantly monitoring your crop. Insects such as spider mites or nematodes are common strawberry pests. There is a variety of insecticides that are safe to use on strawberries. Birds can also destroy a crop as they feed on the fruit.

Growing plants under shade netting can protect your crop, improve the quality of fruit and boost your yield, but erecting structures can be costly. The effect of coverage means protection from pests, birds and sun damage. Disease Common diseases that affect strawberry crops are Botrytis rot, Verticillium wilt, and leaf disease. Of these, Botrytis is the biggest enemy, but luckily this grey mould can be controlled with fungicides. Keep an eye out for plants showing signs of disease. If plants do not improve, remove diseased plants.

If you do not have space, you can consider vertical gardens as an alternative way of growing strawberries (Source: Thomas Mengwasser)

Fruits should immediately be harvested once ripe. (Source: Pok Rie on Pexels)

Sources Human, J.P. and Evans, E.P. (1989) Strawberry production in South Africa, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 265: International Strawberry Symposium. Available at: https://www.actahort.org/books/265/265_125.htm#:~:text=Approximately%20 300%20hectares%20of%20strawberries,30%20t%2Fha%20are%20obtained. Kriel, G. (2023) Strawberriesfruit farming in South Africa, Strawberries - Fruit Farming in South Africa. Available at: https:// southafrica.co.za/strawberries.html Strawberries production guide (2023) Directorate Agricultural Information Services. Available at: http://www.dalrrd.gov.za/ phocadownloadpap/Brochures_and_Production_Guidelines/Brochure%20Winter%20squash.pdf Strawberry grow guide (2023) GrowVeg. Available at: https://www.growveg.co.za/plants/south-africa/how-to-grow-strawberries/

Growing strawberries under coverage protects them from pests. (Source: Abigail Marquez on Pexels) ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Land management and rehabilitation part 4:

More than methodology needed

abitat restoration can be done in a variety of ways that are welldocumented and taught globally. But, although these restoration treatments are widely used, they are often not successful in the long term. “It seems that there is more to successful habitat restoration than just mere methodology,” says Ken Coetzee of Conservation Management Services (CMS). Commitment makes a difference Ken and his partner, Wallie Stroebel, are based in George in the Western Cape, but they have built up a good reputation throughout Africa for habitat restoration. CMS’s success is based on training local communities to not only use proven methods of restoration, but also to be committed to making a difference and to cultivate a land care ethic to restore the land, no matter who owns or uses the land. “This commitment ensures that there will be continuity and maintenance of the restoration interventions that are required to achieve the objective of habitat improvement.” He believes this commitment ensures a deeper level of involvement, ongoing monitoring and the necessary adaptation and modification of the interventions as the climate and variations of the site dictate. Success depends on the detail Success thus depends on a continuous hands-on approach, rather than leaving the restoration and follow-up to the mercy of restoration team supervisors. “Although they may be adequately experienced, they seldom understand or can deal with the finer but essential details of what they are implementing.” These finer details determine the success of a restoration project. Two examples: Months of work to install expensive gabions (wire cages filled with rocks) to prevent further erosion of a gully can be wiped away if the water can find its way beneath the gabions. Attention to detail, such as digging the foundation deeper, can prevent this. Also, the costly and time-consuming removal of an invasive cactus species will be wasted if even one of the plants or part of a plant is left behind as it will simply sprout and flourish again. “The supervision of restoration interventions must be continuous, with each phase carefully checked in detail to ensure the necessary tweaking is done.” His experience has taught him that this type of technical input is usually above what can be expected from local restoration work team supervisors. 12

by Tisha Steyn

This is a good plan for slowing down run-off water but because it was incorrectly installed, it is ineffective. Don’t wait, innovate There are two ways to approach restoration work: you can approach it scientifically and do extensive research first, or you can immediately innovate a plan to curb erosion and stop the site from further deterioration. “Whatever approach is followed, the methods used should always be based on the best information available, but do not allow natural landscapes to deteriorate while you wait for science.” Innovative experimentation, based on previous experience, is the only practical course of action. Rather act with imperfect knowledge to prevent the loss of biodiversity and abiotic resources in the soil. “That is another reason why restoration cannot be left entirely in the hands of the implementation teams, as practical knowledge derived from trial and error can play a huge role in the success of restoration activities.” A stitch in time There is an old saying that a stitch in time saves nine … This is also true about follow-up maintenance of restoration sites to determine whether the effort was successful or needs intervention. “Water will always ‘try’ to find a way to get around an erosion control structure and in the process

flood and destroy planting hollows or create new erosion gullies at the ends of contour berms.” It is important to inspect rehabilitation sites, especially after rains, to determine whether any damage was done and to immediately repair or maintain previous work. “Regular maintenance is thus critically important,” says Ken. Local supervisors must be properly briefed about the need for follow-up maintenance. “Time must be devoted to doing typical or required maintenance wherever restoration interventions are installed. The maintenance is usually quick to do, provided that the restoration sites are frequently visited as this will eliminate other and even bigger problems from occurring.” When a restoration project is planned, it is good practice to schedule one week per month to do follow-up maintenance wherever it is needed

When there are no alternatives, innovate and experiment.

ProAgri BNZ 48

because followup inspection and maintenance did not take place after the initial work was done.” If there is no intention (or finances) to do follow-up maintenance, then the restoration project should not be attempted. This may seem to be a negative approach, but restoration work is a costly activity and the typically insufficient funding that is usually allocated for it must be used This contour berm was breached by flooding water, in the most costbut by simply shovelling the silt out of the trench and effective way posrepairing the berm, the structure will again be funcsible. This means tional. that the initial intervention efforts most. “This scheduled action will must be followed up by inspection help ensure that the desired habitat and maintenance, until the site is fully improvement will occur and that the rehabilitated, no matter how long this interventions will have the best chance may take. This implies the fullest comfor success.” mitment of all involved and sustainable He believes follow-up maintenance funding to see the project through to is not only an essential part of the resits completion. toration project but also the most critiOne must continuously walk cal part. “One frequently comes across through the restoration treatment examples of where well-intentioned sites, particularly after heavy rains, restoration efforts contributed to the making notes about the repairs that further degradation of the site, simply may be needed, the mulch that may need to be reinforced and the other actions that may improve or speed up the restoration success. Failing to do this follow-up will certainly lead to the failure of the initial restoration effort. Check the success or failure The restoration projects must be regularly monitored to determine their success. This can be done by taking photographs from a fixed point at regular intervals. The series of photographs will record the success or failure of an intervention. This will help to avoid the same mistakes in future and will ensure the best use of the available funding.

This is a simple fixed-point method to photograph the same section of vegetation over a period, as the series of photos will provide a valuable and completely repeatable visual comparison for any restoration site.

Photography offers the best way in which to record progress at fixed points within a rehabilitation area, as these will provide useful information about the plant cover, which species survived best, the composition and cover density. “It is more important to evaluate the overall success of the methods used to improve the habitat, than to measure the detailed effectiveness of each individual intervention. “In addition to establishing whether the methods used are effective or not, one should collect information about processes such as water infiltration, the build-up of plant litter, vegetation cover changes, the development of healthy topsoil, the incidence of important invertebrates and general soil surface conditions.” Tell others about it Ken also believes the experience of practitioners must be communicated as widely as possible. “This knowledge must be shared with those who need it most if landscape restoration is to become a new way of looking at our natural resources. “Uncommunicated practical experience is lost when the practitioner moves on, changes vocation, or dies. We simply cannot afford to lose this kind of knowledge any longer while forests decline, rangelands desiccate, and alien plants advance on the remaining natural wildlands.” People can be educated at field days, farmers’ meetings, restoration workshops and student excursions, during which the methods and results of restoration interventions can be shared. Contact details: Conservation Management Services Ken Coetzee and Wallie Stroebel Ken: (+27) 76-227-5056 or consken@mweb.co.za Wallie (+27) 82-493-1441 Website: www.conservation managementservices.co.za

Restoration practitioners must use every opportunity to spread knowledge about the principles and methodology of landscape restoration.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

PRECISION FARMING:

by Bianca Henning

Jupidex and Kverneland aim higher, further, better

Izél Grobbelaar, Marketing Coordinator, and Arthur Bezuidenhout, Managing Director of Jupidex, during the recent visit to Germany.

Dietrich Schlüter, Production Manager of Kverneland Soest, Germany, with Arthur Bezuidenhout, Managing Director of Jupidex, and Martin Nordhaus, Managing Director of Kverneland Group for Germany, at the Kverneland factory in Soest.

verneland is a name that resonates sweetly in the ears of South African farmers. It is the name that has become synonymous with meticulous, punctual service and the leading, most efficient agricultural technology. Jupidex is the proud distributor of Kverneland's world standard agricultural equipment in South Africa and now also in Africa! Over the years, Kverneland has delivered only the best craftsmanship and excellence. Ole Gabriel Kverneland founded Kverneland in 1879. Today, the Kverneland group has factories around the world, in Norway, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Italy, among others. The ProAgri team had the wonderful privilege of visiting their planter factory in Germany with the Jupidex team and the Kverneland group during August 2023, as well as attending the International Precision Agriculture Congress hosted by Kverneland. Arthur Bezuidenhout, Managing Director of Jupidex (Pty) Ltd says: "We want to offer only the best for our farmers. We encourage farmers to increasingly make use of precision farming methods, and this is precisely why we are involved in these events; to sharpen our expertise and equip farmers in South Africa and Africa with world-class equipment taking their farming forward." 14

Yasukazu Kamada, President and CEO of Kverneland Group, also shared the group's vision and aspiration: “Our vision is to be a leading supplier of intelligent and efficient farming systems that contribute to sustainable agriculture to support the world's growing population. Our mission is to develop new technology and support farmers.

We want to provide customers with products, systems, and services of superior value and standards. “Our products and innovations make a positive contribution, not only to farmers across the entire value chain, but also to contractors for long-term success." Izél Grobbelaar, Marketing Coordinator of Jupidex, says: "It is an honour to attend this event. We are not only the only African country, but also the only country outside Europe to attend the event. It means a lot to us to take agriculture to the next level for our farmers. For us it is important to keep abreast of new developments. "Our focus as Jupidex is so well in line with the mission and vision of Kverneland, especially with regard to the quality products they bring to the market. We want to make sure we offer farmers the best quality and robust machines for African conditions.”

The PUDAMA Optima SX precision planter places fertiliser exactly where the plants' roots are looking for it.

ProAgri BNZ 48

Kverneland's factory in Soest GmbH, Germany

The factory tour in Soest was a real experience. Soest is a small town north of Frankfurt in Germany. At this factory, the Kverneland group mainly manufactures planters and seed drills. The Kverneland group has five plants in Germany: Soest, Klepp, Nieuw Vennep, Les Landes, and BCT. The high standards of mechanisation technology accomplished here amazing! From the design, which is constantly improved and refined according to farmers' preferences, to the advanced factory equipment and skilled, dedicated craftsmen, Kverneland is an example of the best materials, the highest manufacturing standards, and the purest precision. Arthur says: "The factory visit was once again an experience for us, to see how precisely and neatly the tools are manufactured. To look at the scale of the factory and the operations here, as well as the quality, control processes and standards at which these world-class products are being built is something

that really stood out to us. “It is a great honour for us to see and to be reassured knowing that we have joined hands with the right people in the industry. Kverneland does an excellent job of ensuring that customers are involved in the process of expressing their needs, and that these are included in the design and manufacture of the products. This is something we can take back to our customers. “Technology and precision farming are increasingly being applied by farmers worldwide. Globally, industries are turning to integrated digital equipment that promises increased productivity. During the visit to the Kverneland congress, several new world-class precision implements were introduced, and we had the privilege of experiencing them first hand!”

Lynx, Helios, and Onyx mechanical weeding equipment

Farmers are under constant pressure to reduce the use of pesticides, but also to increase yields to feed a growing population. The Kverneland Group has introduced new mechanical weeding solutions to help farmers achieve those goals. The Lynx, Helios and Onyx mechanical weeding equipment destroy weeds without damaging your crops and help aerate the soil while maintaining the moisture levels in your soil.

PUDAMA precision fertiliser placement

PUDAMA is the name of a technique that enables precision fertiliser placement under seeds during planting. Kverneland says up to 25% less fertiliser can be used without affecting yield. Yes, you heard right! This is what PUDAMA can do for you. Instead of a continuous flow of fertiliser, this system places your fertiliser

exactly beneath the seed, where it should be. This helps the roots of the young plant to absorb the necessary nutrients immediately. "I think it is important for us to understand that agriculture is accompanied by various challenges, especially in Africa," says Arthur. "The demonstrations from Kverneland proved that the new technology helps the farmer to get more with less. This means more profit in the farmer's pocket."

ROC RS 1000 Merger

"Kverneland's hay equipment now includes the new ROC Merger, which we are very excited about," says Arthur. "With alfalfa crops being increasingly produced in South Africa and in Africa, I believe the ROC Merger is the perfect solution for farmers, enabling them to pick up the entire crop from the ground, without nutrient losses or any parts of the crop being left behind," he adds.

The Rotago 4060 F power harrow with the front-mounted F-drill seed tray simplifies farmers' work and saves time by reducing multiple operations to one with the dual-purpose tiller/planter combination.

With PUDAMA

Without

Conventional

Pudama trials conducted by the University of Cologne. (Source: Dr Max Bouten)

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Unique features of the ROC RS 1000 Merger: • New short crop solution • Innovative roll design • Efficient operation and swing in all crop variations and conditions • Specialist in silage making too • Mergers ensure even windrows over larger portions of your fields • Less labour and lower fuel consumption • Efficient and sustainable

Kverneland Rotago F power harrow

Rotago F is Kverneland's new generation power harrow, and its unique features include quick and easy adjustments. A uniform, level seedbed gives each plant the best chance to develop and facilitates the harvesting process. The new Rotago F power harrow is ISOBUS ready. The working depth can be adjusted on the move so that no time is wasted, and it has a levelling bar to ensure that the land is perfectly level. The implement has been designed

The iXter B18 rear-mounted sprayer with its combination iXtra frontmounted tank. from scratch and is ready for all future farming concepts and challenges. The Kverneland Rotago F is available in various working widths and folds up easily to pass through gates.

iXter B and iXtra sprayers with automated refilling Another highlight was the discussion of the TwinFill iXter B18 rear-mounted sprayer with its combination iXtra front-mounted tank. TwinFill is new software for the automatic filling of the front and rear mounted sprayer. The software ensures that the spray liquid is divided and transferred to the front and rear

The iXter B18 rear mounted sprayer with easily accessible electronics on the side of the sprayer for quick and efficient programming. 16

tank with the right volume and equal concentration. TwinFill is particularly beneficial for medium-sized grain farmers, vegetable farmers, and contractors in mixed farming areas. The operator can simply pour in all the ingredients in one step up to the total required tank volume of the two tanks together or for the area to be sprayed, without having to measure everything twice and in different quantities and fill the tanks separately! "If we look at the new spray solutions we have already launched in South Africa, we can sell these new products with their new add-ons and additional features even more easily," says Arthur.

The Kverneland Rotago F combination is foldable and can be easily transported with its supporting wheel.

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“I am very excited about what we have seen, especially with the new precision spray solutions. It is very exciting, and I think we are one of the very few companies in Africa to provide this to our farmers."

What does the future hold for Jupidex and Kverneland?

The field demonstrations, made clear that Kverneland does not play around, especially not with regard to their durable implements, and this is exactly what we want to take back to our customers to ease their work and increase their profitability. "When you look at the technology available to farmers these days, I think especially in Africa we only use a small portion of it. With Europe as world class leaders and at the forefront of agricultural technology and innovation, I truly believe that this is a great opportunity for us as Jupidex to introduce these implements to our African farmers. We look forward to spending on this and seeing this equipment flourish in the African market by 2030," he says. Since 1999, farmers in South Africa have been familiar with Kverneland equipment. "Over the years, with Kverneland as partner, we have shown our farmers that we are here to stay. We are committed to the success of our farmers. In 2024 we celebrate our 25th year as partners with Kverneland. It is also a great highlight for us to show our customers that we are committed and ready to invest further in the agricultural industry; not only in South Africa, but also crossing borders into Africa," says Arthur.

Jupidex focuses on sustainability and the future of agriculture

Izél states: "Kverneland focuses on efficient, smart, precision technology for farmers, and this is what we as the Jupidex group want to bring to the table. For Jupidex it is very important to understand the needs of our customers, especially with Africa now part of our distribution area and part of our bigger picture - to have the solutions for our farmers on the table, helping them to be more productive in the field and more profitable. With the knowledge that is available, we can also help farmers to make more informed decisions and farm sustainably. "For us, it is very important that we take the information we gather at such events back to Africa and demonstrate it to our farmers by hosting farmer and demonstration days, and also attending exhibition days and expos to answer the questions that farmers have," explains Izél. "We want to make it work for everyone who wants to invest in the Kverneland brand name and with Jupidex

The Kverneland Onyx mechanical weed tiller in action.

The windrow maker: The ROC 1000 Merger in action.

as a partner. A big and even better future awaits with Kverneland. We look forward to introducing this new equipment to our farmers by the end of the year and early 2024," concludes Arthur. Jupidex and Kverneland are committed to offering only the best to farmers. Jupidex ensures that their technical specialists in the field are up to date with the latest technology to advise and support farmers where and when needed. Watch Jupidex's website and social media platforms for the launch of these exciting new implements.

The ROC 1000 picks up cleanly and makes lightning fast windrows.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

The Jupidex group is pleased to introduce the latest agricultural and especially precision technology to farmers. Visit their website at https://www.jupidex. co.za/ or call (+27)33-386-3574 for more information.

TACTIX - Built to last... and perfect for the Namibian farmer! For the hardworking farmer who depends on precision engineering and reliable performance, TACTIX offers technologically advanced, quality crafted and durable tools. Whether used for fence maintenance, or fixing the water pump, TACTIX will help you get the job done! Buy any TACTIX product from your nearest Agra branch and stand the chance to win a TACTIX Garage Storage System to the value of N$25 000. Visit the Agra website and Facebook page for competition details.

ProAgri BNZ 48

by Benine Ackermann

How to grow

pumpkins

pumpkin is a well-known delicious and nutritious vegetable, and it is easy to grow for yourself or for the market. They are sensitive to cold, that is why you must sow seeds directly well after the danger of frost is past and the soil has thoroughly warmed to a temperature between 18 and 35 °C. First make sure your soil is healthy. If pumpkins do not thrive, the problem often lies in the soil. Healthy garden soil makes healthy plants that are less vulnerable to pests. What to do to make the soil healthy Clear out rocks and debris: To dig up grass, use a spade to cut the sod into small squares and pry from the planting area. Loosen the soil: If it is your very first garden, loosen the soil to a depth of at least 20 cm so that roots can reach down. Add organic matter: Compost and aged manure not only feed the soil with nutrients but also drains well, loosens the soil to provide more oxygen to plants, and stabilises and anchors plant roots. Spread a minimum of 5 cm of compost or aged manure onto your soil. If it is your first garden and you need better soil, we recommend working in the compost. If your garden is established, we recommend a no-dig approach and leaving the compost on the surface. This exposes fewer weed seeds and does not disturb the soil structure. Let the worms do the digging in for you! Level the garden bed: Rake or hoe the surface to level it. How to plant the pumpkin: Vining pumpkins require a minimum of 4,6 to 9,3 square metres per hill. If you are short of space, ensure the vines are directed to the outer edge of the garden bed. Sow seeds either in rows 26 m apart, or plant in hills 13 m apart. A hill does not mean the soil has to be mounded; it is a spot containing a

group of plants or seeds. Hills warm soil quickly (so seeds germinate quicker), and aid with drainage and pest control. Prepare hills by digging down 30 to 40 cm and mixing/ filling in with lots of aged manure and/ or compost. In rows, plant seeds 15 to 30 cm apart. Once seedlings are 5 cm tall, thin to one plant every 45 to 90 cm. In hills, plant seeds 2,5 cm deep with 4 or 5 seeds per hill. Keep seeds moist until germination. When seedlings are 5 cm tall, thin to two or three plants per hill by snipping out unwanted plants. Plant miniature varieties 25 mm deep, with two or three seeds every 6,5 m in the row. Rows should be 20 to 26 m apart, with seedlings thinned to the best plant every 0,6 m when they have their first true leaves. Grow them Use row covers to protect plants early in the season, and to prevent insect problems. However, remember to remove covers before flowering to allow pollination. Bees are essential for pollination, so be mindful when using insecticides to kill bugs or fungicides to control fungi. How much water is needed? Pumpkins need 250 mm of water per week. Water deeply in the morning and on very hot afternoons, especially during fruit set. Avoid watering foliage and fruit unless it is a sunny day. Also give fertilizer When plants are about 30 cm tall, just before vines begin to run, fertilise regularly with a high-nitrogen formula. Just before the blooming period, switch to a high-phosphorus formula fertiliser. It is normal if the first flowers do not form fruits. Both male and female blossoms need to open. How to grow a bigger pumpkin After a few pumpkins have formed, pinch off the fuzzy ends of each vine to stop vine growth and focus plant

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

energy on the fruit. Pruning the vines may help with space and fruit formation. Pumpkins produce main vines (from the base/centre of the plant), secondary vines from the main ones, and tertiary vines from the secondary vines. All may have flowers. Once the fruit has started to develop, prune the main and secondary vines to 3 m to 5 m and remove the tertiary vines, if so desired. Bury the cut tips in soil. When to harvest Your best bet is to harvest pumpkins when they are fully mature and not before. Do not pick pumpkins off the vine because they have reached your desired size. • Harvest on a dry day after the plants have died back and the pumpkin skins are hard. • The skin of a ripening pumpkin turns a deep, solid colour (orange for most varieties), and the stem hardens. • Thump the pumpkin with a finger; the rind will feel hard and sound hollow. Press a fingernail into the pumpkin’s skin; if it resists puncture, it is ripe. • Carefully cut the fruit off the vine with a sharp knife or pruners; do not tear it. Be sure not to cut too close to the pumpkin. Leave 7 to 8 cm of stem to increase its keeping time. • Handle pumpkins very gently, or they may bruise. Never carry a pumpkin by its stem. Properly saved seeds should last for 6 years. To toughen the skin and intensify flavour, cure pumpkins in a sunny spot for about 10 days in a hot area with 80 to 85% humidity.

Sources: Boeckmann, C. (2023) Pumpkin Planting & Growing. Available at: https://www.almanac.com/plant/ pumpkins

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Organic carbon content The above are all indicators of soil microbial ac vity.

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For best service contact us at: +27 (0)18 469 1331 or +27 (0)82 564 5955 www.senter360.co.za

ProAgri BNZ 48

has the perfect pivot propulsion for you:

Electric, solar, petrol, and water driven units can be fully automated with full control from your smart phone,” says Theuns.

Control Senter360 on your smart phone

The farmer downloads the app for free. It is a web based system that the farmer can manage from his cell phone or computer. Any change of the pivot is reported to the farmer immediately through the app.

enter360 pivots are well known for their strong structure and durability due to of their construction of high quality steel pipes. The pipe structure is lighter and more wind resistant than angle iron. Senter360 offers farmers across Africa centre pivots that can perform and last in the tough African conditions. Their pivots are manufactured in South Africa. “Our pivots are available with a four wheel drive system for clay areas and are fitted with tyres that are specially made for Senter360,” says Theuns Dreyer, Managing Director of Senter360. “The main idea is that it will not cause deep wheel ruts like some others. “All the trusses on the system are made of steel pipe, unlike the typical angle iron structure. The advantages are a super strong structure and less wind resistance to prevent the pivot from toppling over in strong winds.

Various drive systems

Senter360 has a propulsion system suitable for every purpose. It can be water, electrical or petrol driven. The water driven unit uses only water pressure to propel the pivot. No electricity is needed at the pivot circle. The petrol driven system is more adjustable with its engine that uses 1 litre of petrol per hour. With the electric propulsion system, the farmer can adjust the quantity of water that he wants to apply. The system will choose the speed needed to complete one rotation, from three hours to three days.

The electric system can also work with Senter360 solar panels. Senter360 also has larger, higher pivots for taller crops. Theuns says: “The standard pivot has 3 metres crop clearance for crops such as maize; one with a higher profile (4 metres) for sugar cane; and a 5-metre high one for bananas or crops that grow extra tall.” All Senter360 pivots can be towed to other circles to gain the most benefit from your existing equipment.

Sprayer packages

Investing in proper sprinklers is really worth your money. “Senter360 pivots use a very high quality movable sprinkler. A unit inside the sprinkler rotates to cut the droplets into specific engineered sizes and get 97% water applied into the soil,” he added.

Stainless steel control box

“The control system is a stainless steel cabinet with quality epoxy coating to ensure a long life. The standard system

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Contact Theuns Dreyer for more information at +27 (0)82564-5955 or visit their website at www.senter360.co.za

African farmers learn all about goats

by Tisha Steyn

Oudtshoorn veterinarian Dr Adriaan Olivier did a postmortem to show course participants not only how to do it, but also how to identify disease symptoms. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

errie Ferreira, founder and coowner of Karoo Livestock Exports based on the farm Chandelier near Oudtshoorn in the Klein-Karoo, has been exporting ostriches, livestock, and game for the past 27 years. Since the first export of ostriches in 1996, the family business has expanded its market to more than fifty countries worldwide. Nearly half of these countries are in Africa. During August 2023, Gerrie and co-owner and son-in-law Ockie Nel, presented the first combined practical and formal courses on Chandelier for farmers from some of the African countries they do business with. Farmers from Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and Malawi attended the two courses over four days. They included Panashe Shava (Zimbabwe), Habiba Tumsah (Nigeria), Nasiru Samaila (Nigeria), Anette Schneider (Tanzania), Shepherd Ngwenya (Zimbabwe), Daniël Olagboye (Nigeria), Mustapha Ramalan (Nigeria) Leonard Mbanda (Malawi), and Alina Volschenk (Romania). Farmers from Ghana and Uganda could not attend because the South African Department of Home Affairs failed to provide visas in time. These farmers will attend similar courses on Chandelier from 11 to 14 October. A number of South Africans, includ22

ing Karoo Livestock Exports staff, also attended this unique opportunity to learn more about goat farming. Ockie and Tanya van Ravensteyn presented the practical course for fifteen participants. Oudtshoorn veterinarian Dr Adriaan Olivier demonstrated a postmortem on a goat, and Dr Fanus Cilliers of Camelus Feeds presented a lecture on suitable feed for goats. The formal Junior course for new goat farmers was attended by 35 people. This is the official, accredited course of the SA Boer Goat Breeders’ Society and was presented by Gerrie, Nicky Nell and Jan-Chris Marais, who are all instructors and judges of SA Boer Goats for SA Kalahari Reds and SA Savannas. Although Gerrie presented courses for South African farmers in the past, this was the first time these two courses were presented to foreigners on the farm.

Besides goats, Karoo Livestock Exports also exports different breeds of sheep. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

Gerrie Ferreira, founder and coowner of Karoo Livestock Exports, has exported livestock, ostriches, and game to more than fifty countries worldwide. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

“There is a huge need for practical training among new goat farmers,” said Gerrie.

“This is the first time we combine the hands-on course with formal training. Both the basic training and the official training provide the basis for these farmers’ present and future goat farming.”

ProAgri BNZ 48

Practical course

According to Gerrie, the farmers were shown how to handle and take care of the goats. “One might think that these farmers should at least know the basics, but one must keep in mind that they are new farmers with no background on raising goats at all.” The farmers were shown and had an opportunity to catch a goat by its hind leg for dosing and immunisation. They were also shown how to look for external and telltale signs of internal parasites. During the postmortem, the vet showed them how to identify the internal organs and explained their functions. “In Africa most farmers do not have easy access to vets, and their ability to identify the symptoms of a disease may save their herds.” The production cycle was explained, including the procedure during mating to preparing ewes for lambing and the handling of newborn lambs. “It is important that the farmer must be present during lambing to make sure the lamb starts drinking immediately and does not get separated from the ewe. It is crucial for the lamb’s survival to ingest the colostrum, which provides natural immunity against disease.” The group was also shown how to take care of young goats up until weaning, after which the animals must be selected for either breeding or the abattoir. General handling and care of adult goats were also explained. Dr Cilliers explained the value of the correct feed and nutrition during the different stages of the goat’s life. “It is important for the African farmers to learn how to profitably farm goats they have bought from us,” said Gerrie. “We provide complete information, also about feed and how to mix it using the ingredients available to them. In Africa, it is seldom possible to buy ready-mixed feed. It is important that they get the mix right to provide balanced feed.”

African farmers attending the practical course. Back: Ockie Nel of Karoo Livestock Exports, Panashe Shava (Zimbabwe), Habiba Tumsah (Nigeria), Nasiru Samaila (Nigeria), Anette Schneider (Tanzania); front: Shepherd Ngwenya (Zimbabwe), Daniël Olagboye (Nigeria), Gerrie Ferreira, Alina Volschenk (Romania), Mustapha Ramalan (Nigeria). Leonard Mbanda from Malawi arrived late and is not on the photo. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

Formal course

The formal Junior course is designed to teach newcomers the breed standards of the SA Boer Goat Breeders Association. The practical part of the course was done at the George Agricultural Show, which also provided African farmers an opportunity to see what top genetics in other breeds on show look like.

Exports

Gerrie Ferreira from Karoo Livestock Exports has exported thousands of animals since the first export of ostriches in 1996. Besides ostriches, which are still in high demand in many countries, he also exports indigenous goat species, including the SA Boerbok (Boer goat), the SA Kalahari Red and white SA Savannah. More recently, Blackberry

Ockie Nel shows farmers how to handle goats during the practical course. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

goats that have been bred from darkred Kalahari Reds, have also become extremely popular. He also exports milch goats and angoras.

“Because the costs are prohibitive, only valuable breeding stock is exported. We make sure all the animals we export adhere to breed standards.” Gerrie exports animals from his own herds, but also from carefully selected other breeders in the area. Sheep that are exported include Dorpers, Persians, Damaras and Meatmasters. Cattle breeds include the indigenous Bonsmara and Nguni, as well as Boran and Brahman, and popular dairy cattle like Jerseys, Friesians, and Holsteins.

Dr Fanus Cilliers of Camelus Feeds presented a lecture on the mixing of feed with ingredients farmers have available to them in Africa. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Gerrie Ferreira intends to present more courses on Chandelier in future, as the farm is equipped with suitable facilities and ample accommodation. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

African farmers Daniël Olagboye, Mustapha Ramalan, Nasiru Samaila, and Habiba Tumsah judging animals according to their good and bad qualities at the George Agricultural Show, where they did the practical part of their official Junior Course. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

24-hour support line

During the practical course, attendees visited an ostrich breeding unit in Oudtshoorn. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

According to Gerrie, their clients worldwide appreciate the care taken by Karoo Livestock Exports to provide not only excellent genetics, but also complete information on how to take care of the animals. “That is the reason they keep buying from us. We have a 24-hour support line – we don’t just abandon them!” The courses are a direct result of the exports. “Our clients approach us and rely on us for suitable training. One cannot just export the animals and forget about them and their new owners. It is our responsibility to do everything in our power to ensure that the new farmers know how to handle the animals, which include feeding and general health.”

The qualities of a boer goat are pointed out at the George Agricultural Show, where the students completed the technical part of the official accredited course of the SA Boer Goat Breeders Society. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports). 24

Fifty countries, and still counting …

At present, he is exporting to more than 50 countries worldwide, including about 25 countries in Africa. These countries include Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Egypt, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Republic of Guinea, Senegal, Sierre Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. “When we reached thirty countries in 2015, I realised that it was possible to export to fifty countries, and that became my goal. That major goal was reached in January this year. The next goal? Who knows?"

Animals are transported by ship or air to their destinations worldwide. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

ProAgri BNZ 48

Stock suitable for Africa

“There is a growing interest in good quality livestock as people turn to farming, not only for profit, but also for food security in uncertain times where poverty, hunger and climate change are serious threats to humankind, especially in Africa and other cashstrapped developing countries. People are starting to take care of themselves after realising governments most often have other priorities. South Africa is well-placed with indigenous animals born and bred for African conditions that easily adapt to these conditions.

“Many of the African clients are people who work elsewhere, earning US dollars, English pounds, or European euros. “They use this foreign currency to buy stock so they will have established herds when they eventually retire in their home countries.”

Owners of recently acquired goats go to great lengths to ensure their animals are safely transported to their farms, even if it is by boat. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

More courses on Chandelier

Gerrie plans to offer more courses on a regular basis on Chandelier in future. “As our number of clients and their need for training increase, we decided to offer more courses at home where we have suitable facilities, including accommodation for large groups. The animals are here, so the farmers from Africa can experience firsthand what a working farm in South Africa looks like and how it operates. “The nearby George airport is a plus. Although we provide the courses at a very affordable price, the town and community of Oudtshoorn also gain economically.”

Only high-quality animals that comply with the breed standards are exported. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

Contact details Karoo Livestock Exports provide a 24-hour support line to all their clients. Recently Gerrie assisted a new owner by cell phone to help his new goat ewe to give birth. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports).

For more information, contact Gerrie Ferreira at (+27)82-450-2110, send an e-mail to info@karooexports.com or visit Karoo Livestock Export’s www.karooexports.com karoolivestockexports

The full group who attended the formal Junior course of the SA Boer Goat Breeders Society, which focuses on the standards of the breed. (Source: Karoo Livestock Exports). ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

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Demystifying antibiotic

use in livestock production Article supplied: Bonsmara SA

Thapelo Kgosi Ramokala, Animal Health Specialist at Beefmaster Group SA.

he responsible use of antibiotics is critical to maintaining herd health. Yet, the South-African cattle production industry is battling the prophylactic use of antibiotics in the treatment of diseases in cattle. This leads to misuse of antibiotics, which in turn causes antibiotic resistance. This is the view of Thapelo Kgosi Ramokala, Animal Health Specialist at Beefmaster Group, who says more needs to be done to demystify the dangers around irresponsible antibiotics use, and emphasises the importance of informed decision-making in antibiotic use. “There are several self-limiting conditions in livestock that do not require antibiotics for treatment, but still need to be treated seriously,” Mr Ramokala asserts. “Antibiotics should be reserved for cases where there is a secondary bacterial infection.” Thapelo further elaborates that misusing antibiotics not only fails to treat the underlying problem but also contributes to antibiotic resistance. “A targeted approach is crucial. If an animal falls ill, it is recommended to administer an antibiotic for a specific 28

condition, and if there is no improvement, reassess the treatment plan. Using broad-spectrum antibiotics without a clear diagnosis can inadvertently harm the herd and promote antibiotic resistance.” So why do primary producers often resort to unnecessary antibiotic use? “Panic is a significant factor,” Thapelo explains. “When an animal shows signs of illness, producers fear losses and may rush to administer antibiotics. However, this approach can exacerbate the issue. Education is the key to overcoming this challenge.” Thapelo underscores the importance of education and collaboration within the industry. “Primary producers need access to accurate information. State veterinarians, magazines, seminars, and communal farmer networks can

play a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge about various diseases and proper antibiotic use,” he suggests. He also advocates for enhanced engagement between pharmaceutical companies and farmers. “Before selling antibiotics, pharmaceutical companies should engage in dialogue with farmers, understanding the symptoms and farm conditions to recommend the appropriate medication.” Beefmaster Group, known for its commitment to responsible livestock management, is at the forefront of championing antibiotic stewardship. The company has a stringent policy against accepting cattle from farmers who have prophylactically administered antibiotics to calves and weaners. Moreover, the company’s feedlot in Christiana adheres to a responsible antibiotic use policy and collaborates closely with animal health experts to ensure optimal medication practices. “If the bacterial populations in our cattle develop resistance due to the overuse of antibiotics, we shall not be able to treat diseases effectively because it takes many years to develop a safe and effective antibiotic, and ProAgri BNZ 48

there are no new antibiotic developments even in the research phase for use in production animal medicine,” says Mr Ramokala. “We need a more holistic approach to the issue of antibiotic use in animals so that it helps to build herd health, not destroy it.” Thapelo lists his top five tips to primary beef producers on demystifying the issue of antibiotic use in livestock production: 1. Accurate diagnosis: Before administering antibiotics, ensure a proper diagnosis. Consult with a veterinarian to accurately identify the underlying cause of illness. Remember that antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. 2. Symptom monitoring: Instead of rushing to administer antibiotics

at the first sign of illness, monitor the symptoms closely. Isolate sick animals to prevent the spread of infections, and maintain proper hygiene practices on the farm. This can reduce the need for antibiotics and limit the risk of disease transmission. If the animal’s condition worsens or does not improve within a reasonable time, seek professional advice. 3. Targeted treatment: Administer antibiotics targeted to the specific bacteria causing the infection. Using broad-spectrum antibiotics should be a last resort, only when the specific pathogen is unidentified or there is a strong clinical reason. Avoid using the same antibiotic repeatedly for different cases. Over time, bacteria can develop resistance. Consult with a veterinarian to create a rotation plan for different antibiotics or

explore non-antibiotic alternatives where applicable. 4. Record keeping: Maintain comprehensive records of all antibiotic usage, including the type, dosage, duration, and reason for use. This helps track effectiveness and aids in making informed decisions in the future. 5. Regular training: Continuously educate yourself and your staff about livestock health, disease prevention, and responsible antibiotic use. Stay updated on the latest industry practices and guidelines. For more information, read more on the website for the Zimbabwe Veterinary Services at http:// www.dlvs.gov.zw/

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Second highest price for goat in Botswana history

Lot 7: BWP92000 was paid for Boesman, a Kalahari Red buck from Bashra Stud at a recently held auction. It is the second highest price ever paid for a Kalahari Red sire.

Boesman, a Kalahari Red buck makes history in Botswana by Tisha Steyn

Kalahari Red Buck from Bushra Stud was sold for BWP92 000, the second highest price ever paid for a goat in Botswana, causing great excitement among goat farmers in this country. The magnificent sire (Lot 7) from Faheem Kala’s Bushra Stud, based in Gakuto in the Kweneng District of Botswana, was sold for BWP92 000 (ZAR 128 000) to Koenie and Marina Kotze from Prieska in the Northern Cape, South Africa. According to Koenie, he first saw the Kalahari Red buck called Boesman on a video at a show at Bultfontein in the Free State. He was impressed by the type and quality of the buck, and his beautiful head and masculinity stood out. He has also sired quality female offspring. “I asked the opinion of a number of Kalahari Red specialists, including Gerrie Ferreira of Karoo Live Exports. They are all of the opinion that as a type he gets ten out of ten.” A 13-year drought forced Koenie to sell his previous Kalahari Red stud. “I recently started a new stud and Boesman has the qualities I need to improve my stock.”

Koenie plans to harvest semen that can be frozen to ensure he reaps the benefit of the expenditure. “Insurance is too expensive; the only way to ensure Boesman will influence the value of my stud is to freeze semen for future use.” In Gerrie’s opinion, Boesman is a remarkable Kalahari Red buck. “Despite carrying a lot of meat, he has produced beautiful female offspring.” According to Michelle Kruger of SA Boer Goat Breeders Association, a world record price of R260 000 was paid for a Kalahari Red buck named Windhoek at the Bosveld Kalahari Reds auction in Pretoria on 3 June this year. The breeders are Greg and Lindie dos Santos of Krokodilnest Boer Goat and Kalahari Red Stud.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Sharing genetics across borders Fifty-two Kalahari Reds and Boer Goats were offered at the Platinum Genetics sale held at the Stockman’s Choice pens in Tlokweng, Botswana. Eleven lots were unsold or withdrawn. The auctioneer was Nico Vos of Stockman’s Choice, and Corné du Plessis of CDP Auctioneers provided the online platform. In another record for Botswana, 47 webcast online bidders took part in the inaugural sale. “It is so wonderful to see breeders unite and support one another across borders in an effort to grow the breed, strengthen the industry, and show the might and rise of the Reds,” said Faheem Kala on his Facebook page. “Sharing of genetics in the region can only benefit the goat industry, making it more sustainable, and this is truly progressive for the Kalahari Reds breed!” The Kalahari Reds and Boer Goat breeds have become more popular among small-stock breeders in Botswana and both societies have offered various courses to potential breeders. The six breeders who had animals at the auction on the day included, Faheem Kala’s Bushra Stud, Joey Khumo’s Khumo Boer Goats, Ogaufi Selekisho’s OGS Stud Farming, Terrence Mogami’s Terrymo Farms, Owen Nsala’s ONLC Goats, and Thabo Kgois’s Thabong Farms. The highest price obtained for a Boer Goat Buck (Lot 18) was BWP35 000, sold by Thabong Farms. Bushra Stud had an exceptional auction selling all their animals. Other prices obtained: • Average Kalahari Red Buck: BWP31 400; • Highest Kalahari Red Doe: BWP26 000; • Average Kalahari Red Doe: BWP16 800; • Highest Boer Goat Doe (Lot 8) BWP29 000; and • Average Boer Goat Doe: BWP23 800.

Lot 18: This Boer Goat buck from Thabong Farms reached the highest price of BWP35 000 in this category. 31

Namibia

An animal that has been branded with a hot iron. The letters are a rich, golden brown colour after branding. (Source: petersonsl7bar. com)

(Source: 5280.com)

Hot branding is a centuries-old practise that represents ownership and individuality. However, a farmer should think about how the animal will behave during the procedure to any unnecessary suffering or pain. Like any other branding procedure, this method requires careful attention to the animal's comfort and pain management. Before the hot branding process, the area can be numbed with

Livestock identification part 3: Hot branding by Natasha Pansegrouw

he livestock industry commonly uses hot branding or freeze branding to identify and mark cattle. Despite their similarity in that both methods leave a permanent mark on the animal's hide, there are important differences between the two. Hot branding, also known as fire branding, is the practise of permanently marking an animal's skin with a heated iron. Freeze branding, on the other hand, accomplishes the same goal by subjecting the hide to subzero temperatures. Both approaches have their benefits and drawbacks, with the choice ultimately being determined by factors like the farmer’s budget and available equipment, the animal's species, age, size, and the reason for branding. Animals experience more pain during hot branding because the heat causes burns and other discomfort. Freeze branding, alternatively, is less stressful for the animal because it numbs the area being branded. However, unlike hot branding, freeze branding 32

requires the use of liquid nitrogen and specialised equipment, which adds both cost and time to the process. In the next part of the series, we shall dive deeper into the topic of freeze branding.

What does hot branding entail?

Hot branding involves using a branding iron heated to a very high temperature to brand an animal's skin. This results in permanent damage to the hair follicles and leaves an identifiable scar.

Brand the animal's skin for 3 to 5 seconds with a hot branding iron. (Source: howlingduckranch.wordpress.com) ProAgri BNZ 48

local anaesthesia by a veterinarian. In addition, it is crucial to take aftercare measures like applying soothing ointments and checking on the progress of the healing process.

What a farmer needs for hot branding

Make sure you check the laws of your country first before branding your livestock. Before you start branding, make sure you have taken care of the necessary paperwork to register your identification numbers and branding characters. Every branding iron needs to be crafted from sturdy steel that will not melt under the intense heat. The rod should be about 1,3 centimetres in diameter and the handle should be 1,3 metres long from the iron's head to the handle loop. When not in use, branding irons should be stored in a dry place. Maintain the smoothness and cleanliness of the iron head by using a wire brush or file. Branding iron faces should be 1,3 centimetres thick and 5 centimetres deep. Slim down the branded surface's front to a thickness of one centimetre. A scorching face that is too narrow will not affect enough hair follicles to be seen after hairing over. The corners and edges of the logotype should also

Branding an animal in a variety of areas over its body. (Source: smithsonianmag.com) be rounded. If you round your face, it will appear narrower, but the centre of your face will still be slightly higher and concave after you burn it. Step-by-step method for hot branding: • Use proper restraints to keep the animal and the person performing the branding as safe as possible. The animal can be contained with a

A scab forms on the burned region and comes off a few weeks after an animal has been branded. Even if hair grows out through the branded area, the mark will be clearly visible. (Source: mdpi.com)

•

• •

(Image dedicated to the beautiful Reeba Brahman stud)

•

Branding irons and a branding box heated by gas. (Source: tscra.org) ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

head clamp or crushpen. Long-haired cattle should have their hair clipped before being branded so that the process goes more quickly. Drawing a line with your finger on the animal's fur will help you align the characters. A fire or gas-powered branding iron heater are used to preheat the branding iron. After being heated

to the usual branding iron temperature of 500 ºC, the iron should be an ash grey colour rather than a bright red. Once the branding iron has reached the appropriate temperature, it is used to brand the animal directly on the skin in the location mandated by local law. Branding requires a firm press and a slight jiggle of the handle to evenly distribute the character. By rocking the handle, you can adjust the burn time so that the entire surface is evenly heated, usually 33

Namibia 34

ProAgri BNZ 48

Namibia

Cattle branding: Branding is required for all cattle over the age of six months, or younger if they are transported before that age. Within 30 days of a purchase or gift of an animal, the new owner must have the animal branded with his stock brand. It is mandatory to brand a "N" on the left cheek of any cattle destined for export.

Overheating the branding iron or holding it to the skin for too long will burn the skin surrounding the intended character, making it difficult to read. (Source: kzndard.gov.za)

Branding stud animals: Brands registered with the Namibian Stud Breeders Association must be used on all stud animals. It is required that a stud breeding animal with a stud brand be rebranded with the owner's commercial brand before it is culled, cancelled, or sold as commercial livestock. Sheep, goats and pigs: No brands are put on sheep, goats, or pigs. Tattoos on a pig's ears serve as a unique identifier. Ear tags with the owner's stock brand number are used to identify sheep and goats. If a farmer plans on moving his sheep, goats, or pigs before they turn three months old, he must have them microchipped. Goats and sheep must also be branded on the left cheek when being imported or exported.

The temperature of the branding iron determines how long it must be held against the skin of an animal. A temporary hair brand is all that will remain if the branding iron is not hot enough or is not held against the animal long enough. (Source: kzndard.gov.za) • •

between three and five seconds. The iron will bring out a golden brown colour in the hide. The skin of the animal can be cooled by spraying it with cold water. Oil for wounds can be sprayed onto the burn mark. Do not try to remove the stain by wiping it or rubbing dung into it.

Recovery and the avoidance of complications depend on close observation at regular intervals. Infection can occur at the branding site, so it is important to monitor it for redness, swelling, and discharge. The skin of the animal must be kept clean and dry to avoid further irritation and infection. It is essential to seek the advice of a veterinarian if complications arise during the healing process. Overall, the animal's well-being and recovery can be ensured with the right care and monitoring after branding. Please use the links below for guidelines on branding livestock:

Botswana - Zonal branding areas

The President of Botswana has the authority to designate specific geographic areas within the country as "zonal branding areas" via an order published in the Gazette and has the additional authority to designate a specific letter of the alphabet as the "zonal symbol" for each such area. Cattle must be branded with a unique symbol for each zone. The first symbol must be placed on the left side of the neck, as close to the jaw angle as possible. The subsequent signs are to be positioned along a line from the jaw angle to the shoulder point. Each symbol needs to be positioned as close as possible to the one before it. If there is not enough room for more symbols on the left side of the neck, they should be placed in the same position on the right.

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Zimbabwe

Cattle are identified by branding on the left side of the neck and by ear tags in accordance with the law. According to the Zimbabwe Cattle Traceability Scheme, these animals need to be marked no later than 20 days after birth.

References Mann, J. and Pienaar, A. (2010) Hot iron branding for beef cattle, Animal Science. Available at: https://www. kzndard.gov.za/images/Documents/ researchandtechnologydevelopment/publications/Research_and_ Technology_Bulletins/Hot-ironbranding-for-beef-cattle.pdf Livestock Identification Services Ltd. (no date) Applying brands. Available at: https://lis-ab.com/ brands/applying-brands/

Namibia

Namibian livestock industry rebounds Article supplied by RPO Source: Pixabay by Andreas Lischka)

he Namibian livestock and meat industry rebounded during the second quarter of 2023, according to the Meat Board of Namibia. Strong slaughtering activities at A-class abattoirs in the cattle and sheep sectors drove improvements in total marketing. Coupled to this is the increase in producer prices, which remains a pillar of support for the slaughter market segment which had a decent market share in the second quarter of the year.

Cattle sector

A total of 78 212 cattle were marketed during the second quarter of 2023, an 8,0% growth from the level observed in the second quarter of last year. The ratio between live exports and slaughtering in the country improved with 53,0% of all cattle marketed being slaughtered at A, B & C class abattoirs while live exports market share dropped and averaged 47,0%, a decline of 5,9% of total marketing. Market signals appear to be well-functioning in the livestock and meat industry as producers responded well to relatively attractive prices offered by A-class abattoirs. B2 producer prices paid by export approved abattoirs south of the veterinary cordon fence averaged N$61,06/ kg, a 0,5% increase from the average N$60,77/kg paid last year during the same period. Weaner prices struggled to recover during the second quarter of 2023 and averaged N$24,97/kg by the end of the period. This is a decline of 31,7% compared to the 2022 level of N$36,58/kg. The situation is attributed to the decline in demand for Namibian weaners by South Africa whilst South African weaners on the other hand, fetched relatively higher prices and averaged N$32,05/kg, N$7,08/kg higher than Namibian weaner prices during the second quarter of 2023. The Weaner/B2 producer price ratio reached an all-time low ratio of 40,9% during the quarter under review from the ideal 64,0% benchmark as a result 36

of extremely low weaner prices recorded in 2023. Sustaining the 64,0% ratio would result in maintaining balance in the industry among market segments. Beef exports mirrored the increased slaughtering observed at exportapproved abattoirs during the second quarter of 2023 and totalled 5 039 tonnes, up by 38,8% from 3 630 tonnes recorded in corresponding 2022 period. Additionally, The Rundu abattoir is expected to resume operations in the coming months. This will serve as an

additional marketing stream for the northern farmers which will inadvertently complement beef exports to regional markets. Export approved abattoirs have over the past couple of months increased their supply of beef into the domestic market and this has reduced the volumes of beef entering the country, particularly offal products. During the quarter under review, beef imports dropped by 52,4% from the 547 tonnes imported during 2022 to 260

ProAgri BNZ 48

tonnes during 2023. These imports comprised of offal and canned beef only, which accounted for 23,8 and 76,5% of all beef imports, respectively. Beef trade balance has improved by 4 799 tonnes in 2023, showing a better balance of trade position due to increased production and export of beef.

Sheep sector

The sector recorded a consecutive growth rate of 17,9% in the second quarter of 2023. A total of 276 325 sheep were marketed during quarter under review relative to the 2022 level of 234 354 sheep. The improved performance in sheep marketing was driven by a sustained growth in live export of sheep coupled with increased slaughtering at export approved abattoirs. Namibian export approved abattoirs continued paying higher producer prices relative to Northern Cape abattoirs during the second quarter of the year. On average, Namibian export approved abattoirs paid N$89,04/kg for the A2 grade, N$8,38/kg more compared to Northern Cape abattoirs which paid N$80,96/kg for the same grade. This price difference is N$3,40/kg more than the Meat Board’s established nominal benchmark difference of N$4,98/kg in favour of Namibian abattoirs. Slaughtering at export approved establishments increased by 141,4% in comparison to the moderate marketing levels recorded in 2022. This notable growth was reflected within mutton exports that nearly grew by the same margin. Mutton exports stood at 379 tonnes by the end of quarter, relative to 179 tonnes exported during the same period in 2022. Mutton imports on the other hand totalled 53 tonnes in the form of offal during the period under review.

FeOctober b ru a r y2023 2023 AUCTION CALEN DER AUCTION CALENDAR Monday

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Zimbabwe:

Agricultural college students struggle to get work by Marko Phiri

imbabwe's drive to professionalise farming by establishing agricultural colleges could be slowed by the inability of students to find work in the industry. The country has been in a deliberate drive to mainstream agriculture as an economic powerhouse, and this has resulted in the increased intake into agricultural training colleges and vocational training centres. However, this has come with a downside as too many students compete for too few commercially run farms to gain insights into the sector before they graduate. As is to be expected, after graduation they seek to be absorbed into the agro industry, once the country's highest foreign currency earner. One such student is Mavis Thebe, a 30+ year-old student at one of the country's premier agricultural colleges. She says she has been sitting at home for months despite this being her industry attachment year out.

lege when I should be employed," she lamented. Mavis is not the only one caught in that dilemma. "There are many of us sitting at home," she said. Agricultural colleges are not the only sector facing this challenge as the country continues to churn out thousands of tertiary education graduates who compete for a few jobs. The agricultural sector was once one of the largest employers in the country but has not been spared the economic turmoil after farm disruptions more than two decades ago saw production dwindle. It means hard times for tertiary education students, but also eventually for farms which could be left operating without skilled personnel. According to local researchers, there are eleven universities, thirteen colleges and eleven vocational centres that offer agricultural training, revealing the output of specialised graduates in an already saturated employment sector.

"There are no farms that have places for agriculture students. I am concerned time is running out." Mavis Thebe

Agricultural colleges in Zimbabwe train the country's agricultural extension officers and some end up as farm managers, says Mavis. However, for her, the lack of industry experience could compromise her chances of getting gainful employment once she finishes her three-year training. "I cannot go back to college without having gone through internship which means I will extend my time in col-

Graduation ceremony at the Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (MUAST). (Photo credit: MUAST website).

Students from Esigodini Agricultural College (EAC), show their graduation certificates. (Photo credit: EAC website).

A student stands next to Esigodini Agricultural College banner. (Photo credit: Esigodini Agriculture College Facebook page).

The stated purpose of state-owned agricultural training centres is the production of high quality, self-reliant graduates, and government has touted skills and innovation as the new drivers of economic growth, aiming to create a multi-billion-dollar agricultural sector. Agriculture Permanent Secretary, John Bhasera, is on record saying that "agricultural extension officers (AEOs), together with all farmers in Zimbabwe,

are the frontline agents for agricultural transformation and rural development." The Permanent Secretary has also emphasized appropriate training, but with graduates struggling to acquire much needed practical expertise, concerns remain that those efforts could mean little movement towards realising fully-fledged food self-sufficiency for the country.

Graduation at Kushinga Phikelela, one of the country's premier agricultural training colleges in Marondera, just outside the capital Harare. Where will all these students find jobs? (Source: Kushinga Phikelela website).

Graduation ceremony at Gwebi Agricultural College, one of Zimbabwe's oldest agricultural training institutes

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

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Farmers in Zimbabwe warned: Change your ways! El Niño on its way by Marko Phiri

imbabwe's weather services have warned farmers to adjust traditional farming cycles, fearing a drought onslaught caused by an El Niño weather pattern. In an advisory early this month, the Zimbabwe National Climate Outlook Forum, which is coordinated by the environment and climate ministry warned farmers ahead of the 2023/24 cropping season that much of the country is "likely to receive normal to below normal rainfall." The period covers the month of October this year when planting season starts in earnest, up to March next year when farmers are expected to be harvesting their crops. The bulk of the country's agriculture is rainfed, and poor rains triggered by El Niño could lead to drought as has happened in the past. "Those with irrigation facilities should not wait for rains to fall," the advisory warned. "They can begin planting any suitable time from now (September), taking into account the temperature thresholds needed for germination as guided by agricultural extension officers," the National Climate Outlook Forum added. The advice comes amid long lingering concerns that farmers follow traditional

seasons to start farming despite the disruption of farming cycles caused by climate variations. Yet for farmers such as Burzil Nhlapho who runs a maize plot just outside Bulawayo, the country's second largest city, land preparation and global climate issues are not connected. He has always done the same thing for years despite the evident vagaries of climate change that have for years left him counting his losses. "We have always started land preparation in October in anticipation of the rainy season," Burzil said. "We cannot do anything about whether or not it is going to rain. It

Rural farmers use traditional cropping cycles ignoring meteorological services advice.

Farmers have been advised to sink boreholes to cushion against an El Niño induced drought.

The term El Niño (Spanish for 'the Christ Child') refers to a warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures, in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It is notorious for its ability to impact global weather. El Niño has historically been associated with record heat temperatures and droughts in summer rainfall regions of Southern Africa.

A villager in Matebeleland prepares corn after a poor harvest.

has always been the way we do things here," he said. Does he pay attention to weather forecasts? "I don't listen to the radio or watch television for such information. We follow the weather patterns we grew up following," he said, echoing a sentiment found among many farmers here. The country's Meteorological Services Department, which provides free updates via WhatsApp, warned in July that El Niño was measured in the ocean, meaning dry, hot weather heading towards the country. Farmers was warned to plan accordingly. "There is need to intensify water harvesting and conservation pro-

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

A Bulawayo municipality electronic billboard advising water conservation. grammes. Agricultural activities such as planting and fertiliser application should be guided by the 10-day weather forecasts as well as agricultural authorities," the National Climate Outlook Forum noted. Yet for smallholders such as Nhlapho, this is advise that yet to reach their ears. 41

Zimbabwe

Tick-borne diseases in Zimbabwe part 2: African and Asiatic redwater in cattle by Tisha Steyn

he term redwater (babesiosis) is a generic term that refers to two diseases, namely African redwater and Asiatic or European redwater. In cattle, it is caused by a protozoan blood parasite in the red blood cells. Two species of the blood parasite occur in Southern Africa, namely Babesia bigemina, which causes African redwater, and Babesia bovis, which causes Asiatic and European redwater. African redwater is transmitted through the bite of two species of blue tick, namely African blue tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, and the Asiatic blue tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, which are both

single host ticks. The red-legged tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi can also transmit the parasite, but its role in transmission is limited. In Zimbabwe, B. bigemina occurs throughout the country together with its main vector, Boophilus decoloratus. The distribution of B. bovis follows closely that of its vector Boophilus microplus, which is limited to the eastern part of the country. Cattle infected with the parasites remain carriers for considerable periods and they have long-term immunity against redwater. Animals that have recovered from African redwater have some immunity against Asiatic or

Figure 1: Blue tick attachment sites. (Source Virbac). 42

European redwater, but not the other way round. To protect cattle against serious disease and mortalities caused by the redwater parasite, less virulent vaccine strains of the parasite in the form of live blood vaccines are used to immunise cattle against both types of the disease. Transmission Redwater is only transmitted by these carrier ticks, also called vectors, which are infected with the disease when feeding on an infected or carrier animal. African redwater, is transmitted from the larval stage via the nymph stage to the adult tick. Infected female ticks that drop off the host animal carry the disease. They lay eggs in the soil and the disease is carried to the larvae in a process called transovarian transmission. The nymphs and adults of the next generation transmit the disease to susceptible host animals. In Asiatic or European redwater, the course of the disease is similar. The infected female also transmits the disease transoviarially to her progeny, although only the larvae stage of the tick transmits the disease to cattle. Although the larvae no longer carry the disease after transmitting it, the next generation of nymphs is again infected by feeding on a carrier bovine, which once more transmits the disease to adult ticks. Where an area is normally free of redwater, climatic conditions that are favourable for the survival of the ticks can lead to an outbreak should the ticks enter the area when infected cattle are introduced. Resistance and immunity All cattle breeds can get infected, but indigenous breeds such as Zebu and Sanga are more resistant than European breeds. Most animals develop long-term immunity, which may last life-long, after a single exposure to redwater. Redwater often occurs in hot summer and autumn months, which corresponds with the increase in the number of ticks. ProAgri BNZ 48

dry nose, dull hair coat and diarrhoea. The urine is also not always red. When the disease is in an advanced stage, the animal may show nervous symptoms caused by the increased parasites in the blood vessels of the brain, increased or reduced reaction to stimuli, poor condition, muscular tremors, or convulsions and even coma. This is called cerebral redwater, which can be confused with heartwater. The animal may go into shock due to the high number of parasites in the superficial blood vessels, which may lead to an oxygen shortage in the organs, organ failure and death. Redwater is, after all, believed to be the greatest cause of cattle mortality in Southern Africa. Diagnosis Consult a veterinarian, who will do a provisional diagnosis with a blood or brain smear or confirm it with a postmortem.

Figure 2: Lifecycle of a blue tick. (Source: Virbac). Calf vulnerability Calves younger than two months that have been born from dams that have not been exposed to the redwater parasite and have no immunity against it, are susceptible to infection. Calves born to cows that are immune to redwater are protected through colostrum immunity, also called passive immunity, until the age of about two months. Until about six months, the calves have non-specific immunity, and although it decreases, calves up to nine months seldom show symptoms or only develop a mild form of the disease. This immunity is not absolute and a calf with a less effective immune system after suffering from some diseases, is malnourished, or suffering a high parasite load, can be susceptible to redwater. Even older animals that have been exposed to the disease and have become immune to it, can be susceptible under high stress conditions. The cow’s resistance against disease can diminish around calving time and she can get redwater, which is more serious and can lead to death in adult animals that get it for the first time. Where enough ticks occur, all calves should become infected at about nine months of age, which provides it with a natural immunity and usually no outbreaks occur in such an area. Where there are too few ticks, either

because of natural factors like drought, or due to tick control like a dipping regime, calves are susceptible to redwater should an outbreak occur. Immunisation against redwater is usually used to supplement natural infection to protect animals that have not become infected as calves, to prevent them from a serious infection later. When cattle in a redwater area are moved from one camp to another, or to another farm, there may be an outbreak. They can be treated by preventative injections of imidocarb or diminazene according to prescription to protect them against an infection. Consult a veterinarian or extension officer for more information. Symptoms Symptoms occur two to three weeks after being bitten by a tick. A high fever (40,5> °C) may occur, as well as light to dark red urine, anaemia and sometimes jaundice, as well as a lack of appetite or depression. The name of the disease is derived from the red urine, and the jaundice may lead to a wrong diagnosis of the condition as gallsickness. The disease develops quickly, and the animal may die if not treated quickly. A high fever may be present for a few days before the other symptoms appear, including more vague symptoms like reluctance to move, a

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Treatment Sick animals must not be stressed. Protect them from bad weather and provide fodder and clean water. Treat the animal as soon as possible with diminazene and imidocarb according to the dosage instruction, as less may cause resistance to the medicine, while an overdose can be toxic. Imidocarb has been reported to protect animals from disease, but immunity can develop and there are concerns about residues in milk and meat. Mild cases may recover without treatment, and treatment with drugs is most likely to be successful if the disease is diagnosed early, but once the animal has developed anaemia, it may be too late. In some cases, where a valuable animal is infected, blood transfusions and other supportive therapy could be considered. Control Redwater can be controlled by keeping cattle free of ticks, but resistance to acaricides (pesticides that kill ticks and mites) has increased in tick populations with time, making them ineffective. The aim is to maintain a balance of tick exposure that enables the development of natural immunity, and to ensure that cattle are not negatively affected by ticks. In redwater-endemic areas, cattle must adapt to the conditions, and the ideal is to strive for endemic stability. Inoculating animals with blood vaccines provides good protection and is recommended. The blood vaccine is provided in frozen form. Consult a veterinarian or extension officer for the correct procedure and dosage. Reaction to redwater vaccination usually develops between one and three weeks after inoculation or infection, with African redwater symptoms appearing within seven days, and 43

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Zimbabwe’s urban farmers use social media to share advice by Marko Phiri

imbabwe’s urban farmers who lack access to extension officers for farming advice are using social media to share tips and advice. Issues to be found among the discussions range from poultry, horticulture, boreholes, setting up proper facilities, and everything else to keep their enterprises running. One such WhatsApp group with over six hundred members has Zimbabwean participants spread all over the world, highlighting not only social media's reach, but how farmers interested in learning from one another are utilising the platform. "This is a group of farmers across the world gathered here to give one another tips on farming. You are free to ask anything concerning farming. Anyone with answers is free to give advice," reads a post from the group's administrator. The administrator of the group formed in June this year further warns, "No politics, no church stuff, no hitch-

ing, e-creator, no porn," emphasising the group's ambitions at a time when such platforms are being used to peddle controversial issues. While professional advice can be hard to come by in the absence of government's agriculture extension officers, it has meant approaching paid-for advisors which can be expensive for many aspiring farmers. "It helps when you can learn from people who have gone through what you are going through. And these are total strangers, people you will never meet in your life," said Tamara Shambare, a participant in one WhatsApp group for farmers.

"It is something we actually applaud as it means farmers with experience share their knowledge with others," said Gilbert Nyamadzayo, an agriculture extension officer. "There is no presence of agritex officers in the cities or urban settings. It is even more difficult for Zimbabweans living outside the country as they cannot access farming expertise from their host countries," he said. With such groups thriving and the number of participants growing, it could be a boon for farmers who want to grow their enterprises at no added overhead costs.

Zimbabwe has historically promoted agriculture extension officers who are credited with bringing farming knowledge and expertise to especially rural farmers. Yet the growth and interest in farming, especially after government began allocating free land, has meant demand for expert advice has also risen. However, in the absence of such advice, farmers without access to trained farming personnel are creating their own knowledge hubs, with social media providing the springboard for such efforts. ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

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Young farmers in Zimbabwe

get rabbit farming training

by Marko Phiri

oung farmers are exploring new agriculture initiatives in Zimbabwe as they seek opportunities to create an income. Rabbit rearing is the new game in town with growing excitement for this budding sector in a country traditionally home to cattle ranching. New entrants into the sector are getting training to set up thriving breeding projects right in their own backyards. Organisations such as the Zimbabwe Commercial Rabbit Breeders Association (Zicorba) formed in 2020 to promote, develop, and improve rabbit production are at the forefront grooming the next generation of rabbit breeders. The association's brief is to improve livelihoods, create wealth, and generate employment, while ensuring that healthy rabbit meat is made available to consumers through rigorous screening and testing. "There has been a boom in the number of emerging farmers and consumers of rabbit meat, which is quite a positive step towards developing the rabbit farming industry," said Tapiwa Nyagwambo, a young rabbit farmer who has received training from Zicorba. Many players involved in small livestock have already taken advantage of the growing cuniculture industry and added rabbitries to their plots," Tapiwa said. However, as new entrants into the rabbit market grow, professionalising the sector means substantial capital investments. "The most difficulty area in the new farming industry is the technical side," Tapiwa said. "It is easy to get into the budding rabbit industry, but if you want to expand or establish a professional

All white. Tapiwa's rabbits at their feeding troughs.

Tapiwa Nyagwambo and his rabbits. rabbit breeding venture, a substantial amount of capital is needed to make or buy quality and durable equipment," he said, adding that this limits participation of unemployed youths. The agriculture ministry has promoted rabbit farming as a new industry

ProAgri Botswana / Namibia / Zimbabwe 48

Zimbabwe

youths should take up as it is fairly easy to set up, unlike other animal husbandry sectors. "Our government and the private sector have been promoting rabbit farming by giving rabbit farmers the opportunity to showcase their products at agricultural shows," Tapiwa added. He emphasised the importance of joining industry associations for skills sharing and transfer as the sector has the poten-

Some of Tapiwa Nyagwambo's prize-winning rabbits.

One rabbit can can cost up to USD10. Malea for breeding can cost more.

tial to address youth unemployment. "There must be one voice for strategic planning and working to improve rabbit farming to share the stage with other well established husbandry initiatives," the young farmer said.rabbit breeding venture, a substantial amount of capital is needed to make or buy quality and durable equipment," he said, adding that this limits participation of unemployed youths. The agriculture ministry has promoted rabbit farming as a new industry youths should take up as it is fairly easy to set up, unlike other animal husbandry sectors. "Our government and the private sector have been promoting rabbit farming by giving rabbit farmers the opportunity to showcase their products at agricultural shows," Tapiwa added. He emphasised the importance of joining industry associations for skills sharing and transfer as the sector has the potential to address youth unemployment. "There must be one voice for strategic planning and working to improve rabbit farming to share the stage with other well established husbandry initiatives," the young farmer said. If you are interested in learning more about rabbit farming, follow the link below to read our article series on rabbit farming: https://www.proagrimedia.com/ collections/rabbit-farming/

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