PARIS, THE CAPITAL OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
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35. Jugendstil is the German and Austrian variant of the Art Nouveau style of the 18905. The movement took its name from the Munich journal Die Jugend (Youth), 36. The Belgian architect and interior designer Henry van de Velde (l863-1957}, author of V0111 neuen Stil (The Modern Style; 1907), was one of the leading exponents of J ugendstil. 37. Henrik Ibsen's play The Master Builder was produced in 1892. See The Arcades Project, pp. 221 (Convolute 14,4) and 551 (Convolute S4,6). 38. On the figure of the Parisian who "abjures virtue and laws" and "terminates the contrat social forever," and on the "poetry of apachedom/' see "The Paris of the Second in Baudelaire" (1938), in Benjamin, Selected Writings, vol. 4, pp. 3-92. 39. Baudelaire, Les Fleufs du Mal (Flowers of Evil; I857). 40. See the passages from Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in nnJ(t,,:na (The Condition of the Working Class in England) and from Poe's story "The Man of the Crowd" cited in The Arcades Project, pp. 427-428 (Convolute M5a,l) and 445 (Convolute M15a,2), respectively. 41. The Aeneid of Virgil, trans. Allen Mandelbaum (New York: Bantam, 1971), p. 1.37 (book 6~ line 126). Benjamin quotes the Latin. 42. "Spleen et ideal" (Spleen and Ideal) is the title of the first section of Baudelaire's Fleul's du Mal (Flowers of Evil; 1857). 43. Baudelaire, "Le Voyage," in Les Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil; 1857). 44. Baudelaire, "Pierre Dupont," in Baudelaire as a Literary Critic, trans. Lois B. Hyslop and Francis E. Hyslop, Jr. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1964), p. 53. 45. Applying Kant's idea of the pure and disinterested existence of the work of art, the French philosopher Victor Cousin made use of the phrase I'art lJOur rart ("art for art's sake") in his 1.818 lecture ÂŤDu Vrai, du beau, et du bien" (On the True, the Beautiful, and the Good). The idea was later given currency by writers such as Theophile Gautier, Edgar Allan Poe, and Charles Baudelaire. 46. Baudelaire's enthusiasm for \Vagner's music, which he describes as a "revelation" and as specifically "modern," is expressed in his February 17, 1860, letter to Wagner, after the composer had come to Paris to direct three concerts of his music, and in his 1861 essay, "Richard Wagner et Tannhauser a Paris" (Richard Wagner and Tannhallser in Paris). See The Selected Letters of Charles Baudelaire, trans. Rosemary Lloyd (Chicago: University of Chicago 1986), pp. 145-146; and Baudelaire, The Painter of Modenz Life and Other trans. Jonathan Mayne (New York: Da Capo, 1986), pp.111-146. 47. Confession d'un lion devenu vieux (Confession of a Lion Grown Old; 1888) was published anonymously by Baron Haussmann (18091891). As Prefect of the Seine (1853-1870) under Napoleon III, Haussmann carried out a large-scale renovation of Paris, which included the construc-