Issue 03 • December 2013 • Ruminants A magazine of
Silage evaluation Take stock of your silage this year-end Planning for success
Dairy cattle intake
Enhance silage quality for higher profitability
Increase production with higher dry matter intake
Editorial Make feeds your priority The quality of primary feeds such as silages influences feed inÂtake, productivity, animal health and fertility. Ensuring good quality feeds is thus the basis for profitable agricultural production. Intensifying farm production is not only in the best interest of the farmer, but also of prime importance on a global scale for feeding a growing world population. The BIOMIN product range in silage inoculants is based on extensive research on maximising the preservation of silage energy and dry matter. BIOMIN isolated its own bacterial strains, developing them from the lab bench up to large-scale production in the Biomin Research Center based in Tulln, Austria. Many laboratory and field trials have confirmed the effectiveness of our silage inoculants under very different farm conditions, climates and crops. Our latest innovation is the new EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)-approved heterofermentative silage strain, Lactobacillus kefiri. In August 2013, EFSA confirmed that the silage inoculant has no adverse effects on animal health, human health or the environment. The preparation was also found to improve the aerobic stability of silage by increasing acetic acid production and reducing silage pH. This means that the novel L. kefiri silage inoculant meets all the criteria for stringent safety and efficacy evaluations in the EU feed register. On page 5, Science & Solutions describes the special properties of L. kefiri and its ability to reduce silage pH while improving aerobic stability. The key to quality silage lies not only in a novel strain but a holistic concept of management. We hope our readers will gain from the tips on silage management and improving dry matter intake in this debut issue of Science & Solutions for the ruminant sector.
Jutta Zwielehner PhD Product Manager
Science & Solutions • December 2013
Contents
Planning for silage success
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Managing feed in silos and choosing the right silage additives can prolong feed quality. Combining a homo fermenter with suitable heterofermentative silage inoculants directly inhibits the growth of yeast and mould while increasing dry matter recovery in feed. By Mark Nooijen MSc & Jutta Zwielehner PhD
Intake factors in dairy cattle
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Maximise the potential for dry matter intake with the right diets and a conducive environment. By Bryan Miller MSc
Science & Solutions is a monthly publication of BIOMIN Holding GmbH, distributed free-of-charge to our customers and partners. Each issue of Science & Solutions presents topics on the most current scientific insights in animal nutrition and health with a focus on one species (poultry, swine or ruminant) every quarter. ISSN: 2309-5954 For a digital copy and details, visit: http://magazine.biomin.net For article reprints or to subscribe to Science & Solutions, please contact us: magazine@biomin.net Editor: Daphne Tan Contributors: Bryan Miller, Mark Nooijen, Jutta Zwielehner Marketing: Herbert Kneissl, Cristian Ilea Graphics: Reinhold Gallbrunner, Michaela Hössinger Research: Franz Waxenecker, Ursula Hofstetter, Mickaël Rouault Publisher: BIOMIN Holding GmbH Industriestrasse 21, 3130 Herzogenburg, Austria Tel: +43 2782 8030 www.biomin.net Printed in Austria by: Johann Sandler GesmbH & Co KG Printed on eco-friendly paper: Austrian Ecolabel (Österreichisches Umweltzeichen) ©Copyright 2013, BIOMIN Holding GmbH All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form for commercial purposes without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1998. All photos herein are the property of BIOMIN Holding GmbH or used with license.
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Science & Solutions • December 2013
Mark Nooijen Ruminant Technical Manager Jutta Zwielehner Product Manager
Planning for silage success The year-end is a good time to evaluate the quality of the past year’s silage and plan for achieving even better silage in 2014.
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M
ost crops in the northern hemisphere have been harvested for this season. The quality of stored feed cannot be changed, yet this quality will determine milk production and profitability for the
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Mark Nooijen Ruminant Technical Manager Jutta Zwielehner Product Manager
additives well ahead of the season often results in better prices and cost savings.
coming months. It is thus important to start evaluating in order to plan for improvements in the different parameters of silage quality for 2014. Some of the most common mistakes are inappropriate bunker silo measurements, non-airtight closing of the silo and insufficient compacting. These often result in the growth of yeast and mould. Mould growth could lead to the production of mycotoxins while yeast growth results in increased silage temperature, decreased amounts of dry matter, ethanol formation and a lower energy content. Research also shows that feed intake is dramatically reduced when animals are fed with heated up silage.
Evaluate your silage quality • What were the results of the silage analysis? • What was the content of butyric acid, ammonia and ethanol in the silage? • Did the silage or TMR heat up during the summer? • How was feed intake and animal performance?
Hygiene Planning for high quality silage is important and several factors should therefore be considered. Empty silos should be cleaned and any wastes removed. Feed left-overs could contaminate incoming silage with spoilage organisms. Mice and rats also like to feed on left-overs. Silos should be regularly checked for holes in the
plastic foils. Rodent control strategies should be implemented if there are rats or mice. Management Do the bunker silos have the right measurements? Good bunker silos are designed so that silage can be well compacted. Walls help in achieving good compaction. The silos should be designed for a feed-out rate of 3 meters per week during the summer and 1.5 meters per week during the winter. Ensure that high quality foils are available during harvest. Foil should be used on the walls of the silo and the top foil should fit the entire bunker silo. Important technical parameters for the choice of foil are UV-resistance, oxygen permeability and elasticity. Self-propelled forage harvesters are becoming bigger while the capacity for compacting does not often increase to the same extent. To allow sufficient time for good compacting, a minimum 1 tonne compacting capacity is required for every tonne of dry matter harvested per hour. For a forage harvester with a capacity of 15 tonnes dry matter per hour, either a 15-tonne loader or two 7.5-tonne tractors may be used. Silage additives Select the right silage additive. Different bacterial strains are available to maintain the feed quality. Homofermentative bacteria strains like Lactobacillus plantarum are added to improve fermentation by a rapid production of lactic acid. This gives spoilage organisms a shorter time-frame for growth, resulting in
Figure 1. Cross-section of a bunker silo with correct filling shape and closing.
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Science & Solutions • December 2013
Photo: iStockphoto
It pays to plan! Buying your silage
Planning for silage success
Maize and whole-crop cereal silages are notoriously unstable once the silo has been opened. Heterofermentative silage inoculants are useful for reducing aerobic spoilage and for increasing the “shelf-life” of the silage. The problem of aerobic spoilage is particularly serious when the rate of feed-out is slow because the silo is too big, and when silage is being removed from the silo in hot and/or humid weather.
BioStabil Plus with EFSA-approved L. kefiri A new Biomin® BioStabil strain, Lactobacillus kefiri, achieved EFSA registration as a silage additive on 12 August, 2013. Table 1. Field trial in alfalfa with the novel Biomin® BioStabil Plus that includes the heterofermenter L. kefiri Parameter
Unit
Control
Biomin® BioStabil Plus
Change
Dry matter (DM)
g/kg
344
384
1.6%
Raw protein
g/kg DM
181
178
-1.7%
Digestible protein
g/kg DM
120
124
+3.3%
Raw fat
g/kg DM
34
33
-2.9%
Raw fibre
g/kg DM
288
280
-2.8%
Raw ash
g/kg DM
104
103
-1.0%
%
59.6
63
+5.7%
Metabolisable energy (ME)
MJ/kg DM
8.46
8.9
+5.2%
Net energy lactation (NEL)
MJ/kg DM
4.85
5.16
+6.4%
4.7
4.5
-4.3%
Digestible organic matter
pH Lactic acid
g/kg DM
33.2
35.7
+7.5%
Acetic acid
g/kg DM
27.9
14.9
-46.6%
Butyric acid
g/kg DM
0.9
0.8
-11.1%
NH3-N (%)
4.6
2.8
-39.1%
Ammonia (NH3)
Source: Biomin, using data from an independent commercial farm in Austria
L. kefiri
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L. brevis
L. plantarum
The improved Biomin® BioStabil Plus, planned for re-launch in 2014, will include the EFSA-approved L. kefiri strain. The combined use of this nov el strain with the L. brevis heterofer menter and L. plantarum homofer menter has shown excellent results in improved fermentation and aer obic stability. L. kefiri improves the aerobic stability of silage by increasing the production of acetic acid and reducing silage pH from easy and moderately diffi cult-to-ensile materials. The combina tion of the heterofermenters L. kefiri and L. brevis has also been shown to improve fermentation quality and further extend aerobic stability in such materials. Data from recent field trials in Austria during the summer of 2013 have shown that the well-balanced com bination of homo- and heterofer mentative silage strains in BioStabil Plus can achieve a gain in net ener gy of lactation (NEL) of about 5-7% (Table 1). The increase in NEL was a result of reduced spoilage activity, which led to lower concentrations of ammonium and acetic acid. Even though the dry matter percent age was slightly higher with BioSta bil Plus due to field trial variations, there was an increase in lactic acid content which resulted in a lower pH. BioStabil Plus was also found to increase digestible protein despite the lower levels of raw protein due to field variations. The increases in both NEL and digestible protein have a great impact on animal pro duction.
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Mark Nooijen Ruminant Technical Manager Jutta Zwielehner Product Manager
Tips for better silage in 2014
Ensure that silo measurements are correct and that silos are cleaned up before use.
Optimise compacting capacity to match harvesting capacity.
Heterofermentative silage inoculants:
Which to choose?
reduced dry matter losses and lower levels of butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia and histamine. Heterofermentative bacteria like Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus kefiri produce the antimicrobial acetic acid which prevents yeast growth. Yeast growth is a problem when silage is exposed to air. Yeasts cause feed to heat up and result in ethanol production, increased pH, a reduction in the energy content and can set off the growth of other spoilage organisms. It is recommended to choose a silage inoculant which contains both homo- and heterofermentative bacteria. Different types of silages require different inoculants. The box text on the right discusses the need for a well-balanced combination of both homo- and heterofermentative strains.
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For grass and legume silages, it is important to achieve a low and stable pH as quickly as possible through lactic acid production. Homofermentative silage inoculants (e.g. Lactobacillus plantarum) can direct the speed and the pat tern of fermentation. Lactic acid, the main metabolite of homofermentative strains is one of very few microbial metabolites which im prove feed palatability. Unfortunately, high levels of lactic acid make silages more susceptible to aerobic spoilage. A good balance must be achieved between lactic acid and acetic acid for excellent palatability as well as aero bic stability (or shelf-life). Therefore, it is recommended to combine the use of inoculants of homo- and heterofer mentative strains. But which heterofermentative bacteria is the most suit able for different types of silage?
Making the right choice Heterofermentative silage inoculants produce acetic acid to directly inhibit spoilage yeast and mould during fermentation and feed-out. The disadvantage of heterofermenta tive silage inoculants is that acetic acid production is metabolically expensive and causes some dry matter losses.
Photo: Fotolia
Prepare a top layer treatment Moulds occur most frequently in the top layer of the silo. Their occurrence depends on the mould contamination level at harvesting and the amount of available air in the silage. Moulds need oxygen to grow, so the visible occurrence of moulds means that oxygen has been present in this part of the feed. Oxygen can enter the silo when compaction is insufficient or due to non-airtight closing of the silo. Furthermore, the oxygen permeability of the plastic foils can play a role. A good way to protect the top layer of the silo from mould growth is the use of Biomin® CleanGrain liquid. CleanGrain liquid is designed to be highly effective against yeast and mould while being at the same time safe to use as it is non-corrosive. The recommended dosage is 3-5 L/tonne for the entire silo or top layer. Alternatively, 0.5-1L/m² can be applied as surface treatment to the outer top layer with a watering can. Silage matters and the right decisions are crucial as animals feed on the silage you have in stock. Good silage pays itself off through higher meat and milk production.
Maize silages are the least problematic to ensile because they have a relatively high sugar and starch content, low protein content and therefore low buffering capacity. Furthermore, harvested maize usually contains over 300g/kg dry matter. These factors taken together explain why inoculants with a high proportion of heterofermen tative silage bacteria give the best results in maize silage.
With increasing num bers of heterofermen tative silage strains on the market, the choice of the right strain becomes increas ingly difficult. Table 2 compares the differences in fermentation efficiency between the three heterofermentative silage inoculants that are currently registered in the EU.
Science & Solutions • December 2013
Planning for silage success
Choose high quality silage additives and foils.
Evaluate the most suitable top layer treatment for your farm.
Train employees on practical silage management.
➜ Aerobic stability
Table 2: Comparison of heterofermentative silage
L. brevis supports fermentation and DM recovery in all silages and supports aerobic stability. Because of considerable amounts of acetic acid, L. kefiri is a good choice for improved aerobic stability.
L. brevis & L. kefiri
L. buchneri
Acidifies corn and grass silages with lactic and acetic acid
Does not acidify silage, because acetic acid dominates
Extends aerobic stability. L. kefiri inhibits yeast growth
Extends aerobic stability and inhibits yeast growth
Figure 3. Comparison of the aerobic stability of silages treated with either L. kefiri or L. brevis (single-strain laboratory silage fermentations)
Suitable for all silages – corn as well as grass and legume
Suitable for corn silage, less suitable for grass silage
Aerobic stability of L. kefiri
Preserves dry matter in all silages
Causes dry matter loss
L. kefiri and L. brevis are able to acidify grass silage compared to the untreated control.
Days
➜ Acidifying grass silage
Figure 2. Change in grass silage pH (single-strain laboratory silage fermentations)
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
n L. kefiri n Control
effects on grass silage pH
Maize, dough-ripe
Grass, 2nd cut
Maize, full-ripe
Source of data: BRC, Austria
L. plantarum
Aerobic stability of L. brevis
L. kefiri L. brevis
20 18 16
L. buchneri 0.2
0.4
< lower pH | higher pH > Sources of data: BRC (BIOMIN Research Center), Austria; Kleinschmit & Kung (meta-analysis).
➜ Dry matter preservation L. brevis and L. kefiri are the only heterofermentative silage inoculants suitable for both maize and grass silage. Table 3. Average dry matter (DM) recovery in silage inocu lated with only one silage bacterium. Maize and grass silages were analysed separately under single-strain laboratory silage fermentations. Treatment with single strain
DM recovery (%) Maize silage
Grass silage
L. brevis
98.5
96.9
Control L. brevis
98.2
96.3
L. kefiri
97.5
95.9
Control L. kefiri
98.1
93.9
L. buchneri
94.1
95.1
Control L. buchneri
95.5
96.6
Sources of data: BRC, Austria; Kleinschmit & Kung (meta-anlysis).
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Days
0
n L. brevis n Control
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Grass, 1st cut
Grass, 2nd cut
Corn-cob mix
Source of data: BRC, Austria
➜ Palatability The Biomin® BioStabil strains L. brevis, L. kefiri and L. plantarum were selected as silage inoculants owing to their excellent palatability properties. All three strains were not found to produce 1-propanole, a metabolite which greatly diminishes feed palatability.
Did you
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2
w.. kno .
Learn how to assess and maintain silage quality on the field with this BIOMIN video!
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Bryan Miller
Ruminant Technical Support Manager
INTAKE FACTORS in dairy cattle Regardless of species, dry matter intake is a primary determinant of final production. Increasing dry matter intake in dairy cattle is paramount to maximising production.
A
lthough the concept of feed intake is relatively simple, the factors affecting it can vary dramati cally. These factors may include animal characteristics such as genetic selection or propensity to eat, and neurologic and hormonal feedbacks pertaining to satiety, metabolic conditions, and diseases. The feed itself can affect intake from a variety of characteristics, including, moisture, taste, fat content and fibre content. Because ruminants rely on fermentation to provide nutrients from volatile fatty acids to microbial protein, they risk being affected by disturbances from feed changes and factors affecting microbial growth. As ruminants, dairy cattle are essentially consuming feed at all times. As such, some
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of the satiety controls and monitors found in monogastric animals may not be effective to the same levels as in dairy cattle. Rumen and gut effects Does rumen fill cause satiety? In evaluating rumen fill researchers have used inflated balloons in the rumen to simulate fill, resulting in decreased voluntary intake. However, at physiological levels this feedback mechanism is unlikely to be the sole or major reason for decreased intake. Research on sheep has demonstrated that the duodenum has receptors affected by titratable acidity but not glucose or osmolality. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated that the infusion of propionate to the liver results in decreased in-
Science & Solutions â&#x20AC;˘ December 2013
INTAKE FACTORS in dairy cattle
and rate of digestibility are also important in predicting Temperature Humidity (%) intake. Enzyme, chemical °C °F treatments and genetic selection for more digestible 29 84 15 NDF portions have resulted 26 80 30 in increased digestibility and 25 77 50 subsequent intake. For cattle 24 75 65 to consume new or continue 22 72 90 eating new feed, the previously Source: Chase, Cornell University consumed feed contents must take with feedback to the brain via nerve disappear through a combination of ditransmissions. This is interesting when one gestion and passage. Feed fiber utilization considers that propionate is the primary is maximised through good fermentative gluconeogenic volatile fatty acid (VFA). characteristics in the rumen which include Circulating ketones such as β-hydroxy both proper pH and available nitrogen for butyrate can reduce feed intake in both bacterial growth. monogastrics and ruminants. Produced Weather effects during negative energy balance and a lack Dairy cattle have a fairly wide thermal of glucose, ketones can lead to a continuneutral zone from 5 to 20°C and are generous spiraling down in dry matter intake ally more tolerant of cooler temperatures. (DMI). It is the combination of temperature and humidity which affect the “comfort” of Feed management the cattle. The combination of heat and Feed formulation is the area in which humidity can decrease feed intake by 10management can most greatly affect DMI. 25%, and in extreme conditions up to Within common diets, DMI can be fair55% (Table 1). ly well predicted based upon the energy Management tools to deal with heat content of the diet and the level of milk and humidity include the use of misters, production. They do not predict potential fans, reduced crowding and dietary changintake and subsequent production. Fats es to include more fats and less fiber. and high simple carbohydrate diets can certainly increase caloric density. However, Improved intake issues of absorption and acidosis can limit DMI is a result of the innate ability their use. Today’s dairy cattle intake is ofof dairy cow to consume feed based upon ten restricted by the physical constraints of genetics which affect gut volume, sensory moving enough feed through the system. and hormonal controls. Dairy producers Toward this end, it is important to maxineed to maximise this potential for DMI mise the digestible fiber portion of the diet. through dietary selection and the provision Neutral detergent fiber, as a measure of of an environment conducive to maximal forage quality, is important in predicting feed intake. forage DMI. However the digestibility Table 1. Temperature and humidity levels that can negatively affect milk production.
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Feeding frequency Presentation of feed through either new feeding or push ing in of currently offered feed has been shown to increase feeding behaviour.
Mycotoxins Feed intake can also be reduced by the presence of myco toxins, especially trichotecences such as deoxyni valenol (DON or vomitoxin) and T-2 toxin (T-2) in the feed. Fescue pastures or hay containing alkaloids lower heat tolerance and subsequently reduce dry matter intake.
Moisture content Diets containing over 50% moisture have generally been associated with decreased intake. This reduced feed intake is related to the fermented products of such diets rather than the water content per se.
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