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CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Multiple Choice 1. Social stratification is ________ process in which individuals, groups, and places are categorized and ranked on a scale of social worth. a. a random c. a systematic b. an arbitrary d. an automatic ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 24
OBJ: comprehension
2. The systemic process by which individuals, groups, and places are ranked on a scale of social worth is a. social stratification. c. apartheid. b. symbolic stratification. d. social structure. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 24 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
3. ________ include(s) everything from the chance to stay alive during the first year of life to the chance to complete college. a. Social stratification c. Apartheid b. Life chances d. Social status ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25
OBJ: comprehension
4. A person’s ascribed statuses are the result of a. chance. c. ability. b. choice. d. effort. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25
OBJ: comprehension
5. Which one of the following is usually considered to be an achieved status? a. age c. occupation b. race d. reproductive capacity ANS: C
REF: 25
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.1
6. An achieved status is an attribute that people a. inherit at birth. b. develop over time. c. possess through no fault or effort of their own. d. acquire through some combination of choice, effort, and ability. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25
OBJ: comprehension
7. Sociologists use the term social prestige to mean a. the amount of wealth associated with a status.
b. the social value assigned to a status. c. the level of respect or admiration for a status apart from any person who happens to occupy it. d. the reputation that someone has earned. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25
OBJ: comprehension
8. Sociologists use the term esteem to mean a. the amount of wealth associated with a status. b. the social value assigned to a status. c. the level of respect or admiration for a status apart from any person who happens to occupy it. d. the reputation that someone has earned. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
9. People assign ______________ when they regard some feature of a characteristic as more valuable or worthy than another features. a. life chances c. social class b. status value d. social stratification ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25
OBJ: comprehension
10. The compensation guidelines for the September 11, 2001 attacks assigned least value to which category? a. Married persons 30 and under with two children and an annual income of $225,000 b. Single mothers age 30 and over earning $20,000 c. Single, childless persons age 65 and older with an annual income of $10,000 d. Married person 30 and over, no children, earning $100,000 ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
11. __________ are attributes that people have at birth, develop over time, or possess through no effort or fault of their own. a. Achieved statuses c. Ascribed statuses b. Status values d. Social stratifications ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 25
OBJ: comprehension
12. Sociologists are particularly interested in situations in which ______________ are used to explain certain abilities. a. achieved statuses c. roles b. status values d. ascribed statuses ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 26
OBJ: comprehension
13. For sociologists, one important dimension of any stratification system is the extent to which people “are treated as members of a category, irrespective of their individual merits.” This statement suggests that sociologists are particularly interested in how _____________ are viewed and treated. a. achieved statuses c. ascribed characteristics b. class systems of stratification d. status value ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 26
OBJ: comprehension
14. Caste systems of stratification are characterized by all but which one of the following adjectives? a. rigid c. restricted b. closed d. fluid ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 26
OBJ: comprehension
15. In a caste system of social stratification a. inequality is not systematic. b. one’s ascribed characteristics determine life chances. c. people can change their class position through hard work. d. talent, merit, and ability determine a person’s life chances. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 26
OBJ: comprehension
16. Class systems of stratification are characterized as a. rigid. c. restricted. b. closed. d. fluid. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 26
OBJ: comprehension
17. Mary worked as a secretary for 25 years. Her daughter Jane works as a biological engineer. Jane has experienced a. intergenerational mobility. c. horizontal mobility. b. intragenerational mobility. d. status mobility. ANS: A
REF: 27
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.1
18. In comparison to class systems, caste systems of stratification a. are extremely rigid. b. rank people on their basis of achievements. c. have few barriers to social interaction among people from different strata. d. allow marriage between people of different strata. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 27 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
19. Ideally, in a class system of stratification, a. life chances are inherited. b. people rise and fall on the strength of their abilities. c. there is no intergenerational mobility. d. inequality is systematic.
ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 27
OBJ: comprehension
20. A person who changes his or her class position through marriage, graduation, inheritance, or job promotion is experiencing a. vertical mobility. c. caste mobility. b. horizontal mobility. d. downward mobility. ANS: A
REF: 27
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.1
21. ___________ mobility is a loss of rank, such as when an accountant becomes unemployed. a. Downward c. Horizontal b. Intergenerational d. Upward ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 27
OBJ: comprehension
22. Intragenerational mobility is mobility that a. results in a loss of social status. b. cannot be anticipated. c. is upward or downward during an individual’s lifetime. d. is upward or downward over two or more generations. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 27
OBJ: comprehension
23. When a son or daughter moves into an occupation that is higher or lower in status than a parent’s occupation, sociologists label that movement as a. intragenerational. c. downward. b. intergenerational. d. upward. ANS: B MSC: SG
REF: 27
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.1
24. Economist Paul Hertz followed about 9,000 children into adulthood to calculate odds of changing or maintaining economic status. Which of the following statements describe his findings? a. The chances of moving from lowest-income category to the highest are quite high. b. The chances of remaining in the highest income category (top 20 percent) is relatively low. c. Children classified as black have an advantage over children classified as white. d. Children from high income households receive more education and are healthier as adults than lower income counterparts. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.1
REF: 28
OBJ: comprehension
25. The visible markers of social status and rank are called a. material culture. c. significant symbols. b. status symbols. d. social clues. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.2
REF: 30
OBJ: comprehension
26. For Marx, the key variable in determining social class is a. source of income. c. inherited wealth.
b. status symbols. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.2
d. property. REF: 31 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
27. Marx described the source of income of the ___________ as “created from nothing – without labor and without creating a product or service in exchange to sell.” a. proletariat c. finance aristocracy b. bourgeoisie d. civil servants ANS: C
REF: 31
OBJ: applied
TOP: Mod 7.2
28. Karl Marx believed that ____________ was the most important engine of change. a. technology c. class struggle b. societal need d. ideology ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.2
REF: 31
OBJ: comprehension
29. The negatively privileged property classes include all but which one of the following? a. completely unskilled persons b. those dependent on seasonal employment c. those at the bottom of the class system d. the bourgeoisie ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.2
REF: 32 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
30. According to Max Weber, persons completely unskilled, lacking property, and dependent on seasonal or sporadic employment constitute the a. negatively privileged property class. b ascribed property class. b. downwardly mobile class. c. inner city poor. ANS: A
REF: 32
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.2
31. According to Max Weber’s terminology, the National Organization of Women and the National Rifle Association are a. positively privileged property classes. c. political parties. b. status groups. d. negatively privileged property classes. ANS: C
REF: 33
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.2
32. Those who cannot afford a burial and have no one to pay for it are the a. negatively privileged property class. c. functionally unique. b. semiperipheral class. d. positively privileged property class. ANS: A
REF: 32
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.2
33. The richest 8.3 million people in the world represent the a. negatively privileged property class. c. functionally unique. b. semiperipheral class. d. positively privileged property class. ANS: D MSC: SG
REF: 32
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.2
34. A(n)_________________ is an amorphous group of persons held together by virtue of a lifestyle and the level of social esteem and honor others accord them. a. primary group c. status group b. ingroup d. functionally unique group ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 33
OBJ: comprehension
35. Body builders are a _______________ in that they have developed a lifestyle around maximizing the size and appearance of muscles. a. status group c. political party b. negatively privileged property class d. proletariat ANS: A
REF: 33
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.3
36. Data that compares after tax income in the United States for 1979 and 2006 show the greatest gain for those in which income category? a. lowest fifth c. top fifth b. middle fifth d. top 1 percent ANS: D
REF: 34
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.2
37. In the U.S. which income quintile saw the greatest percentage and largest absolute dollar increase in after-tax income since 1979? a. top fifth c. middle fifth b. lowest fifth d. second fifth ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.2
REF: 34 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
38. In the U.S. which income quintile saw the lowest percentage and smallest absolute dollar increase since 1979? a. top fifth c. middle fifth b. lowest fifth d. second fifth ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.2
REF: 34 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
39. Extreme wealth is the most excessive form of wealth. The term applies to a minority of people, perhaps as few as the richest __________ people in the world. a. 800 b. 100 million c. 1.2 billion d 2.4 billion ANS: A MSC: SG
REF: 37
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
40. Worldwide only about _____________ adults are categorized as extremely wealthy. a. 800 c. 1 million b. 10,000 d. 100 million ANS: A
REF: 37
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
41. The richest _____________ of people in the world hold 40% of the total household wealth.
a. 1% b. 5% ANS: A
c. 10% d. 20% REF: 37
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
42. _________ is a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without. a. Relative poverty c. Absolute poverty b. Life chances d. Social inequality ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 37 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
43. Those who lack access to shelter live in a state of a. relative poverty. b. absolute poverty. c. social stratification. d sustained poverty. ANS: B
REF: 37
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.3
44. ________ is measured by comparing the situation of those at the bottom against the situation of those more advantaged. a. Relative poverty c. Sustained poverty b. Absolute poverty d. Social stratification ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 37
OBJ: comprehension
45. If we describe the situation of those at the bottom in terms of a lack of access to things like cell phones, internet, and satellite television service, we are describing a. relative poverty. c. sustained poverty. b. absolute poverty. d. extreme poverty. ANS: A
REF: 37
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.3
46. The richest 10% of people in the world control __________ of the wealth. a. 85% c. 40% b. 60% d. 20% ANS: A
REF: 37
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
47. The poorest 50% of those in the world control ________ of the wealth. a. 30% c. 10% b. 20% d. 1% ANS: D
REF: 37
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
48. A baby born in _____________ has the best chance of surviving its first year of life. a. the United States c. China b. Japan d. Italy ANS: B MSC: SG
REF: 38
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
49. A baby born in _______________ has the worst chances of surviving the first year of life.
a. China b. Mexico ANS: C
c. Afghanistan d. Vietnam REF: 38
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
50. The 20% of consumers living in the highest-income countries account for ___________ of total private consumption. a. 98% c. 50% b. 76% d. 25% ANS: B
REF: 38
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
51. Modernization theorists hold that poor countries are poor because they have yet to develop into modern economies and that their failure to do so is largely the result of a. internal factors such as a country’s resistance to free market principles. b. the absence of a motivated workforce. c. where the country is located in the world. d. long standing racial and ethnic conflicts. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 40
OBJ: comprehension
52. A country is considered modern if it possesses at least eight characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of those eight? a. A high proportion of the population lives in and around cities. b. Energy to produce food, goods, and services revolves around physical exertion. c. People have a voice in economics and political affairs. d. Literacy is widespread. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 40 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
53. A country is considered modern if it possesses at least eight characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of those eight? a. A system of mass media and communication is in place. b. People feel a sense of loyalty to a country. c. Goods and services are widely available. d. People feel a sense of loyalty to an extended family. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 40
OBJ: comprehension
54. ______________ is a form of domination in which a foreign power uses its superior military force to impose its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population with the aim of dominating their resources, labor, and markets. a. Neocolonialism c. Conflict b. Social stratification d. Colonialism ANS: D
REF: 41
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
55. The process of undoing colonization is known as a. imperialism. c. recolonization. b. decolonization. d. insurgency. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 41
OBJ: comprehension
56. Some scholars argue that United States and Canada are technically still colonized lands because a. the Native American peoples declared independence. b. they have advanced so quickly. c. of their wealth and overall prosperity. d. it was the colonists and their descendents who declared independence. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 42 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
57. A former colony consigned to an economic role in which it produces primary products for former colonizing countries is an illustration of which one of the following? a. neocolonialism c. decolonization b. colonialism d. retrocolonization ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.3
REF: 42
OBJ: comprehension
58. ____________ is the term for continuing economic dependence on former colonial powers. a. Neocolonialism c. Conflict b. Social stratification d. Colonialism ANS: A
REF: 42
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.3
59. The bulk of U.S. foreign assistance to the world’s poorest countries goes toward all but which one of the following? a. development c. military training and financing b. crisis intervention d. narcotics control ANS: A MSC: SG
REF: 44
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.4
60. For the UN Millennium Declaration to be successful the world’s richest countries must agree to do all but which one of the following? a. to make foreign aid .7 percent of GDP b. to eliminate subsidies to agriculture c. to eliminate tariffs on products imported from the poorest economies d. to eliminate foreign aid to force poor countries solve their own problems ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.4
REF: 44
OBJ: comprehension
61. Which one of the following is one of the commitments the rich countries must make to significantly reduce global inequality? a. Increase foreign investment to 10 percent of GDP. b. Increase military presence in poorest countries. c. Develop an open nondiscriminatory trading system. d. Increase subsidies to farmers in Europe and U.S. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.4
REF: 44 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
62. The U.S. allocates $3 billion in financial assistance to Africa each year. A large share of that $3 billion does not go to Africa per se. It goes to a. government leaders.
b. clean water projects (direct costs). c. road construction projects (direct costs). d. consolidated and transportation companies. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.4
REF: 44
OBJ: comprehension
63. The UN estimates that the global system of subsidies, tariffs, and quotas costs poor nations $50 billion annually in lost export revenue. That amount a. exceeds the amount given in aid. b. is much less than the amount of aid given. c. negates the billions of aid given. d. is recovered through cheaper imports. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.4
REF: 45
OBJ: comprehension
64. Vietnam is a land of motorbikes. This mode of transportation is dominant, in part, because a. the U.S. government subsidizes domestic motorbike companies. b. there are no roads that can handle car traffic in Vietnam. c. people wouldn’t buy cars even if they could afford them. d. Vietnam places high tariffs on imported cars and trucks. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.4
REF: 45 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
65. Critics of the Millennium Declaration point out that there are other issues besides amount of aid and the global trading system holding poor countries back. Which of the following is not one of those issues? a. American and other retailers negotiate outsourcing contracts that can only pay workers low wages. b. Brain drain “robs” countries of professionals and the highly educated. c. Not enough attention is paid to efforts by NGOs to reduce poverty. d. People in poor countries don’t want to change their situation. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.4
REF: 46
OBJ: comprehension
66. _____________ is the flow of the most educated people from poor to rich economies. a. Subsidized education c. In-migration b. Out-migration d. Brain drain ANS: D
REF: 46
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.4
67. The British Medical Association wrote, “All countries must strive to attain self-sufficiency in their health care workforce without generating adverse consequences for other countries.” The Association was responding to a. subsidized education. c. in-migration. b. out-migration. d. brain drain. ANS: D
REF: 46
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.4
68. The British Medical Association wrote, “Developed countries must assist developing countries in expanding their capacity to train and retain physicians and nurses, which will enable them to become self-sufficient.” The Association was responding to a. subsidized education. c. in-migration.
b. out-migration. ANS: D MSC: SG
d. brain drain. REF: 46
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.4
69. From a functionalist perspective, social inequality a. causes people in the entry-level jobs to work harder. b. ensures that the best-qualified people will fill the most demanding positions. c. increases the motivation level of all workers. d. guarantees that the least-qualified people will not seek the most important jobs. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.5
REF: 47
OBJ: comprehension
70. According to the functionalist perspective, the unequal distribution of rewards is necessary in order to a. ensure that the most functionally important occupations are filled by the bestqualified people. b. make the least functionally important occupations attractive to the masses. c. justify denying some people the opportunity to achieve functionally important occupations. d. make the system as democratic as possible. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.5
REF: 47 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
71. In analyzing social stratification, functionalists ask: a. Who benefits from social stratification and at whose expense? b. How do people of different social statuses interact? c. Why are some positions in society more valued than other positions? d. Why do the disadvantaged lack the work ethic needed to advance? ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.5
REF: 47
OBJ: comprehension
72. “Social inequality is the device by which societies ensure that the most functionally important occupations are filled by the best qualified people.” This statement is something a __________ would make. a. functionalist c. conflict theorist b. symbolic interactionist d. labeling theorist ANS: A
REF: 47
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.5
73. From a functionalist point of view, the stratification system’s ability to attract the most talented and qualified people is weakened when a. qualifications are emphasized. b. elite groups open up the admissions process to those in other groups. c. capable people are overlooked or not given access to training. d. functionally imported positions are filled with the best and brightest. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.5
REF: 48 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
74. Comparable worth means a. that when men and women work in the same firms in the same occupation, they must not be paid differently.
b. that when occupational categories are agreed to be equivalently valuable within a firm, the compensation must be equivalent across those categories. c. male and female dominated occupations should be valued equally. d. men and women can be paid differently, even if they are in the same occupation. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.5
REF: 49
OBJ: comprehension
75. The question “Why should full-time workers at a child care center (a traditionally female occupation) receive a median weekly salary of $333, while a person working as an auto mechanic (a traditionally male occupation) earns $578?” relates to issues of a. pay equity. c. functional uniqueness. b. comparable worth. d. status consciousness. ANS: B
REF: 49
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.5
76. “Is offering high salaries – say 250 times larger than the average household income – really necessary to make sure someone qualified takes the job of CEO?” This is a question a _________ would ask. a. functionalist c. conflict theorist b. symbolic interactionist d. labeling theorist ANS: C
REF: 49
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.5
77. Which one of the following questions do conflict theorists ask to highlight the problems with the functional perspective of social stratification? a. How can we attract the best qualified people to fill the most functionally important positions? b. Will the most qualified people be attracted to the less functionally important occupations? c. How much inequality in salary is really necessary to ensure that people choose the most important positions in society? d. Why do the disadvantaged lack the motivation to acquire the training needed to fill the most important positions in society? ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.5
REF: 49 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
78. ___________ seek to understand the experience of inequality – how it is communicated and how that inequality is conveyed. a. Functionalists c. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists d. Modernization theorists ANS: C
REF: 50
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.5
79. Barbara Ehrenreich studied inequality in everyday life as it is experienced by workers in jobs that paid $8.00 an hour or less. Ehrenreich’s approach is one that a ___________ would take. a. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist b. conflict theorist d. modernization theorist ANS: C MSC: SG
REF: 50
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.5
80. In her book Nickeled and Dimed, Ehrenreich tells of a colleague who becomes “frantic about a painfully impacted wisdom tooth and keeps making calls from our house (we are cleaning) to try and locate a source of free dental care.” This example illustrates a. one of the many ways inequality is enacted. b. ideas of comparable worth. c. a socialist system of welfare. d relative poverty. ANS: A
REF: 50
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.5
81. The now classic essay “The Functions of Poverty” was written by which one of the following sociologists? a. Max Weber c. Herbert Gans b. Erik Orin Wright d. Barbara Ehrenreich ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.6
REF: 51 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
82. Many businesses, governmental agencies, and nonprofit organizations exist to serve poor people or to monitor their behavior. This arrangement is an example of a. functional uniqueness. c. the functions of poverty. b. comparable worth. d. status consciousness. ANS: C MSC: SG
REF: 52
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.6
83. The PEW Hispanic Center estimates that there are at least 12 million undocumented workers living in the United State. Without this source of “cheap labor,” fruits and vegetables would rot in the fields, toddlers in Manhattan would be without nannies, towels in hotels would go unlaundered, and bedpans and trays would go uncollected. This situation illustrates a. functional uniqueness. c. the functions of poverty. b. comparable worth. d. status consciousness. ANS: C
REF: 52
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.6
84. “The Functions of Poverty” helps us to understand which one of the following ideas? a. Poverty is a drain on society. b. Poverty contributes to the stability of the overall system. c. Poverty strains the overall economic system. d. Poverty serves no functions for society. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.6
REF: 53 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
85. Poor people purchase goods and services that would otherwise go unused, such as day-old bread, used cars, and second-hand clothes. Such purchases speak to a. functional uniqueness. c. the functions of poverty. b. comparable worth. d. status consciousness. ANS: C
REF: 53
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.6
86. Which sociologist has considered the impact of economic restructuring as it has effected the inner city poor? a. Herbert Gans c. Barbara Ehrenreich b. Erik Orin Wright d. William Julius Wilson
ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 54 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
87. Which of the following is not among the economic transformations that have occurred since the 1970s? a. The restructuring of American economy from manufacturing to service-based b. The rise of a labor surplus marked by women’s entry into the labor market c. The transfer of millions of manufacturing jobs out of the U.S. d. The migration of people from rural areas to suburbs ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 55
OBJ: comprehension
88. According to Wilson the single most significant consequence of economic transformation was a. a shift to information and service jobs. b. an increase in manufacturing jobs just outside city limits. c. a disruption of the network of contacts connecting inner city unemployed to employers who were hiring. d. a halt to immigration. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 55
OBJ: comprehension
89. In The Truly Disadvantaged, Julius Wilson emphasized the role of _____________ in creating a population known as the inner city poor. a. motivation c. economic transformation/restructuring b. self-esteem d. misguided liberal policy ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 55 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
90. Which of the following is an example of economic restructuring that led to the creation of inner city poor? a. a massive exodus of jobs from suburbs to cities b. the transfer of manufacturing jobs out of the United States c. the rise of customer service jobs d. the decline in surplus labor ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 55
OBJ: comprehension
91. In the United States, 48 of the 50 counties with the highest poverty rates are considered a. urban. c. suburban. b. rural. d. inner city. ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 56 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
92. Which demographic/social category has the highest rate of poverty in the United States? a. Asian c. those age 18-64 b. Native Americans d. those age 65 and older ANS: B
REF: 56
OBJ: knowledge
TOP: Mod 7.7
93. The ______________ for a four-person household is $21,100 per year. a. living wage c. average income
b. poverty threshold ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 56
d. median household income OBJ: comprehension
94. Which demographic category has the greatest percentage of people living in poverty or below the poverty threshold? a. 65 and older c. Native Americans b. Asians d. Nonhispanic whites ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 56 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
95. Countries are characterized by __________ when the poverty rate has held at 20 percent or more over 40 years. a. absolute poverty c. persistent poverty b. relative poverty d. poor whites ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.7
REF: 57
OBJ: comprehension
96. “Intersectionality” is a term associated with the work of which one of the following sociologists? a. Julius Wilson c. Herbert Gans b. Pat Hill Collins d. Barbara Ehrenreich ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 58 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
97. Intersectionality is a concept that considers interconnections a. among rare, class, gender, and other ascribed statuses. b. between rural and urban environments. c. between time and place. d. of issues and troubles. ANS: A TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 58
OBJ: comprehension
98. The concept of intersectionality fits within which theoretical tradition in sociology? a. structuralist theory c. critical social theory b. post-structuralist theory d. conflict theory ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 59 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
99. The concept of intersectionality helps us to see that a. a social category is largely homogenous. b. the effect of multiple categories to which people belong can be quantified and then added together. c. the multiple categories to which people belong are part of a complex system of domination and subordination. d. the countries of the world are interdependent. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 59
OBJ: comprehension
100. A _____________ is a special or unearned advantage over others in another social category. a. penalty c. significant symbol b. privilege d. social status ANS: B TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 59 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
101. A 75-year-old woman who shoplifts is less likely to be noticed because her age (and to some extent her gender) makes her largely invisible. This “advantage” is known as a a. penalty. c. significant symbol. b. privilege. d. social status. ANS: B
REF: 59
OBJ: application
TOP: Mod 7.8
102. Each of us derives varying amounts of penalty and privilege from the multiple systems of oppression that frame our lives. Here “penalty” means a. special advantages and opportunities. c. constraints on opportunities and choices. b. prescribed ways of behaving. d. race, social class, and gender. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 59 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
103. “Who are your close friends? Do they look like you?” Asking these questions helps us to understand the extent to which someone supports a. discrimination. c. the system of oppression. b. significant symbols. d. our own privilege. ANS: C TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 60
OBJ: comprehension
104. If you answer yes to the question: “Have you ever felt that the category to which you belong is superior to another category?” then you are part of the a. larger society. b. mainstream. c. process known as institutional discrimination. d. system of oppression. ANS: D TOP: Mod 7.8
REF: 60 MSC: SG
OBJ: comprehension
105. The song “Fast Car” describes the life of low-wage earner and a jobless partner who pool resources to better their lives. This song fits in the traditions of which theoretical perspective? a. functionalist perspective c. symbolic interaction b. conflict theory d. labeling theory ANS: C
TOP: Music
106. The song “Fast Car” describes the life of low-wage earner and a jobless person who pool resources to better their lives. This song illustrates a. the functionalist perspective on inequality which holds it is necessary tool for attracting qualified people to most important jobs. b. the functions of poverty. c. the class struggle between employers and minimum wage workers. d. how inequality is enacted in everyday life by those working in jobs that pay
minimum wage and those who are unemployed. ANS: D
TOP: Music
107. If we think of a professional hair cut as a basic need that no person should live without, then lack of access to a salon is an indicator of a. relative poverty. c. social status. b. absolute poverty. d. the urban underclass. ANS: B
TOP: Movie
108. If we think of a professional hair cut as something that is not necessary for survival but as something that has come to be defined as an essential service in a society where many jobs are customer service-oriented, then access to a salon is an indicator of a. relative poverty. c. social status. b. absolute poverty. d. the urban underclass. ANS: A
TOP: Movie
109. The top 1 percent of income-earners earns about _______ times per hour what those in the lowest fifth earn per hour. a. 10 c. 50 b. 20 d. 75 ANS: D
TOP: SocScenes
110. For those who are among the top fifth of earners in the U.S. it takes about ________ of working time to earn the money needed to purchase a gallon of gas at $2.85 per gallon. a. 10 minutes c. 1 minute b. 5 minutes d. 5 seconds or less ANS: D
TOP: SocScenes
111. For those in the bottom fifth of earners in the United States, it takes about _____ of working time to earn the money need to purchase a gallon of gas at $2.85 per gallon. a. 30 minutes c. 10 minutes b. 20 minutes d. 1 minute ANS: B
TOP: SocScenes
True/False 1. Ascribed characteristics involve some combination of choice, effort, and ability. ANS: F
REF: 25
TOP: Mod 7.1
MSC: SG
2. In a caste system, marriage between people from different castes is forbidden. ANS: T
REF: 26
TOP: Mod 7.1
3. In the U.S., the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 supported a caste system of stratification. ANS: T
REF: 26
TOP: Mod 7.1
MSC: SG
4. According to survey data, most Americans believe that a person’s race and gender are important factors affecting upward economic mobility. ANS: F
REF: 27
TOP: Mod 7.1
5. In a true class system, ascribed characteristics determine one’s social class. ANS: F
REF: 27
TOP: Mod 7.1
6. Theoretically, in class systems of stratification, people rise and fall on the strength of their abilities. ANS: T
REF: 27
TOP: Mod 7.1
7. According to survey data, Americans rank “hard work” as the number 1 factor contributing to upward economic mobility. ANS: T
REF: 28
TOP: Mod 7.1
MSC: SG
8. The chances of moving from the lowest income category to the highest income category are actually quite high (over 50 percent) in the U.S. ANS: F
REF: 28
TOP: Mod 7.1
MSC: SG
9. The chances of moving from the highest income category to the lowest income category are actually quite high (about 20 percent) in the U.S. ANS: F
REF: 28
TOP: Mod 7.1
10. Status symbols are visible markers of a person’s social status and in society. ANS: T
REF: 30
TOP: Mod 7.2
11. Max Weber believed that the most important engine of change is class struggle. ANS: F
REF: 30
TOP: Mod 7.2
MSC: SG
12. Karl Marx described the finance aristocracy as consisting of those whose income is “created from nothing.” ANS: T
REF: 31
TOP: Mod 7.2
MSC: SG
13. The “negatively privileged property” class consists of those whose status is self-made. ANS: F
REF: 32
TOP: Mod 7.2
14. Life chances are the probability that a person can exercise his or her will in the face of resistance. ANS: F
REF: 32
TOP: Mod 7.2
15. According to Weber’s definition, skateboarders represent a status group.
ANS: T
REF: 33
TOP: Mod 7.2
MSC: SG
16. The wealthiest 25 percent of the world’s population owns 87 percent of the total wealth. ANS: T
REF: 33
TOP: Mod 7.2
17. In the U.S. the top 1 percent of earns about 10 times that of those whose earnings are in the lowest fifth. ANS: F
REF: 34
TOP: Mod 7.2
18. Since 1976, the greatest gains in after-tax income have been made by those in the top 1 percent income category. ANS: T
REF: 34
TOP: Mod 7.1
19. Generally, one can determine another’s social class just by looking at how he or she dresses and what the vehicle he or she drives. ANS: F
REF: 35
TOP: Mod 7.2
MSC: SG
20. Ascribed statuses are attributes people can easily change. ANS: F
REF: 35
TOP: Mod 7.2
21. The greater people’s incomes, the higher their estimate of the amount of money it takes to be middle class. ANS: T
REF: 36
TOP: Mod 7.2
22. Absolute poverty is lack of access to goods and services that have come to be defined as essential. ANS: F
REF: 37
TOP: Mod 7.3
MSC: SG
23. In the U.S. people without a computer or cell phone live in absolute poverty. ANS: F
REF: 37
TOP: Mod 7.3
24. Worldwide, fewer than 1000 people are part of the category “extremely wealthy”. ANS: T
REF: 37
TOP: Mod 7.3
MSC: SG
25. The richest one percent of people in the world control 40 percent of the world’s wealth. ANS: T
REF: 37
TOP: Mod 7.3
26. A baby born in the United States has the best chance in the world of surviving its first year of life. ANS: F
REF: 38
TOP: Mod 7.3
MSC: SG
27. A baby born in Brazil has one of the worst chances in the world of surviving the first year of life.
ANS: F
REF: 38
TOP: Mod 7.3
28. Taiwan is believed to have the lowest poverty rate in the world. ANS: T
REF: 39
TOP: Mod 7.3
29. Per capita consumption of meat is much higher for people in India than in the U.S. ANS: F
REF: 39
TOP: Mod 7.3
30. One indicator of modernization is wide spread literacy. ANS: T
REF: 40
TOP: Mod 7.3
31. Modernization theory holds that poor countries are poor because of a colonial past. ANS: F
REF: 40
TOP: Mod 7.3
MSC: SG
32. One characteristic of a modernized country is that people feel a sense of loyalty to an extended family and not a country. ANS: F
REF: 40
TOP: Mod 7.3
33. According to modernization theorists, Western countries can jumpstart the modernization process through things like technology transfer. ANS: T
REF: 41
TOP: Mod 7.3
34. Dependency theorists challenge the basic assumptions underlying modernization theory. ANS: T
REF: 41
TOP: Mod 7.3
35. Decolonization is a form of domination in which a foreign power used its superior military force to impose its system on an indigenous population. ANS: F
REF: 41
TOP: Mod 7.3
36. The U.S. military has established a command center with control over the African continent. ANS: T
REF: 42
TOP: Mod 7.3
MSC: SG
37. The Millennium Development Project is a UN plan to redistribute wealth from the richest to poorest countries. ANS: T
REF: 43
TOP: Mod 7.4
MSC: SG
38. One UN Millennium Development Project goal is to reduce by 50 percent the proportion of people living on $1 per day. ANS: T
REF: 43
TOP: Mod 7.4
39. As measured by gross domestic product, the United States is the world’s richest country.
ANS: T
REF: 44
TOP: Mod 7.4
MSC: SG
40. The bulk of the foreign aid the U.S. allocates to poor countries is dedicated to paying for development projects like roads. ANS: F
REF: 44
TOP: Mod 7.4
41. For the most part, poor countries do not place tariffs on imports. ANS: F
REF: 45
TOP: Mod 7.4
MSC: SG
42. The concept of brain drain applies especially to healthcare workers. ANS: T
REF: 46
TOP: Mod 7.4
43. An especially successful program aimed at reducing poverty in the world’s poorest countries is micro lending. ANS: T
REF: 46
TOP: Mod 7.4
44. Brain drain involves emigration of professionals from the U.S. to poor countries, such as India, to work. ANS: F
REF: 46
TOP: Mod 7.4
MSC: SG
45. Functionalists argue that social stratification is necessary for attracting the best qualified to the most important positions. ANS: T
REF: 47
TOP: Mod 7.5
MSC: SG
46. Conflict theorists maintain that NBA players would not play the game if salaries were lowered. ANS: F
REF: 48
TOP: Mod 7.5
MSC: SG
47. Nursing is one profession where pay is equal for males and females. ANS: F
REF: 49
TOP: Mod 7.5
48. Conflict theorists justify CEO salaries with the argument that CEOs create wealth for companies. ANS: F
REF: 49
TOP: Mod 7.5
49. Advances in medical technology were key factors in lowering death rates in the 19th century. ANS: F
REF: 49
TOP: Mod 7.5
50. Improvements in sanitation and nutrition were key factors in lowering death rates in the 19th century. ANS: T
REF: 49
TOP: Mod 7.5
51. Barbara Ehrenreich studied first hand the working lives of those who earn $8 per hour or less. ANS: T
REF: 50
TOP: Mod 7.5
MSC: SG
52. Barbara Ehrenreich’s first-hand observation of low-income workers fits with the research traditions of the symbolic interaction perspective. ANS: T
REF: 50
TOP: Mod 7.5
53. Low-wage workers are a homogeneous category of laborers. ANS: F
REF: 50
TOP: Mod 7.5
54. Many potential employers refused to hire Ehrenreich because she did not fit the profile of a low-wage worker. ANS: F
REF: 50
TOP: Mod 7.5
55. Conflict theorists seek to understand how inequality is communicated and how it shapes social interaction. ANS: F
REF: 50
TOP: Mod 7.5
MSC: SG
56. Herbert Gans is the sociologist who wrote the now classic essay “The Functions of Poverty.” ANS: T
REF: 51
TOP: Mod 7.6
57. Only 50 or so Filipino troops served as part of the U.S.-led coalition of forces to Iraq, but thousands worked in support positions for the U.S. military. ANS: T
REF: 52
TOP: Mod 7.6
MSC: SG
58. Undocumented workers provide low-wage labor for the United States. ANS: T
REF: 52
TOP: Mod 7.6
59. On a global scale, millions of poor women work outside their home countries as maids in middle and upper class homes. ANS: T
REF: 52
TOP: Mod 7.6
60. The poor disproportionately volunteer for over-the-counter and prescription drug tests. ANS: T
REF: 53
TOP: Mod 7.6
MSC: SG
61. The poor recycle clothes by wearing donated items. ANS: T
REF: 53
TOP: Mod 7.6
62. From a functionalist view point, the U.S. economic system would be seriously strained if we completely eliminated poverty. ANS: T
REF: 53
TOP: Mod 7.6
MSC: SG
63. From a functionalist point of view, the economic system would thrive if poverty were eliminated. ANS: F
REF: 53
TOP: Mod 7.6
64. Economic restructuring and downsizing was on the mind of Julius Wilson when he wrote The Truly Disadvantaged. ANS: T
REF: 54
TOP: Mod 7.7
MSC: SG
65. Sociologist William Julius Wilson wrote about the structural changes that helped create what he called the “ghetto poor”. ANS: T
REF: 55
TOP: Mod 7.7
66. An economic transformation that helped to create inner city poor was the transfer of millions of manufacturing jobs out of the U.S. ANS: T
REF: 55
TOP: Mod 7.7
67. In the U.S. about 5 percent of the population is officially classified as poor. ANS: F
REF: 55
TOP: Mod 7.7
68. According to William Julius Wilson, inner city residents lack a work ethic. ANS: F
REF: 55
TOP: Mod 7.7
MSC: SG
69. Poverty is an urban problem. ANS: F
REF: 56
TOP: Mod 7.7
70. More than 2/3 of rural poor are white. ANS: T
REF: 56
TOP: Mod 7.7
MSC: SG
71. The rural poor have been less affected by economic restructuring than their urban counterparts. ANS: F
REF: 56
TOP: Mod 7.7
72. A county is considered to be in a state of persistent poverty when its poverty rate has held at 20 percent or more for over 40 decades. ANS: T
REF: 57
TOP: Mod 7.7
MSC: SG
73. Patricia Hill Collins is a sociologist known for her work on intersectionality. ANS: T
REF: 58
TOP: Mod 7.8
74. Critical social theory is a perspective that seeks to point out flaws in the conflict perspective. ANS: F
REF: 58
TOP: Mod 7.8
MSC: SG
75. “Black” is a constructed category that transcends all other categories – it stands alone. ANS: F
REF: 59
TOP: Mod 7.8
76. Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins argues that each of us derives varying amounts of penalty and privilege from multiple systems of oppressions that frame our lives. ANS: T
REF: 59
TOP: Mod 7.8
MSC: SG
77. From a sociological point of view, a penalty is constraint on opportunities and choices in life. ANS: T
REF: 59
TOP: Mod 7.8
78. Privilege is a concept Collins reserves for white males. ANS: F
REF: 59
TOP: Mod 7.8
79. Collins argues that most people have trouble assessing their own victimization. ANS: F
REF: 60
TOP: Mod 7.8
MSC: SG
80. Collins believes that people reinforce the system of oppression through personal choices they make about who to include and exclude from their lives. ANS: T
REF: 60
TOP: Mod 7.8
MSC: SG