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and lobbies have made great efforts. For instance, there is a long backlog of GMO applications following the modification of GMO legislation. In this article, after analysing the interaction between GMO risk and precautionary principle, we will focus on key elements of the EU system in order to conclude that traceability, labelling and coexistence must be considered the keywords of the EU GMO system. In addition, we will propose that transparency and simpler and better proceedings should be also powered by EU institutions. URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90607 Author Address: Clerk of the House. Legal Adviser. Valencian Parliament, Spain. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: Carrière Y, Crowder DW, Tabashnik BE, Year: 2010 Title: * Evolutionary ecology of insect adaptation to Bt crops. Journal: Evolutionary Applications 3, 5-6, 561-573. Label: InRe Resistance Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis fitness cost host-plant resistance incomplete resistance population dynamics resistance management transgenic crops Abstract: Abstract Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are used worldwide to control major pests of corn and cotton. Development of strategies to delay the evolution of pest resistance to Bt crops requires an understanding of factors affecting responses to natural selection, which include variation in survival on Bt crops, heritability of resistance, and fitness advantages associated with resistance mutations. The two main strategies adopted for delaying resistance are the refuge and pyramid strategies. Both can reduce heritability of resistance, but pyramids can also delay resistance by reducing genetic variation for resistance. Seasonal declines in the concentration of Bt toxins in transgenic cultivars, however, can increase the heritability of resistance. The fitness advantages associated with resistance mutations can be reduced by agronomic practices, including increasing refuge size, manipulating refuges to increase fitness costs, and manipulating Bt cultivars to reduce fitness of resistant individuals. Manipulating costs and fitness of resistant individuals on transgenic insecticidal crops may be especially important for thwarting evolution of resistance in haplodiploid and parthenogenetic pests. Field-evolved resistance to Bt crops in only five pests during the last 14Â years suggests that the refuge strategy has successfully delayed resistance, but the accumulation of resistant pests could accelerate. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00129.x Author Address: 1 Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 2 Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: Carroll Joseph M, Mohammad Shafiq Ur Rehman, . Year: 2010 Title: £ Pakistan - Biotechnology - GE Plants and Animals Journal: GAIN (Global Agricultural Information Network) - 8/2/2010 - USDA Foreign Agricultural Service Label: InRe Adoption Abstract: Report Highlights: In 2010, Pakistan formally approved eight Bt cotton varieties for general cultivation. While a biotech framework and necessary legislation have been put in place, the government‘s capacity to evaluate and monitor new biotech crops is weak. Another major development is the signing of MOU‘s between public and private sector institutes with U.S and the Chinese biotech seed companies. Implementation of the Plant Breeder‘s Rights Act and amendments to the Seed Act are still pending in the parliament. Aside from traditional vaccines and some genomic studies there is little Genetically Engineered (GE) animal activity in the country Notes: From : Crop Biotech Update > September 3, 2010 – http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=6612 GAIN Reports: Pakistan Pakistan's status on Biotechnology: GE Plants and Animals is also available at http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biotechnology%20%20GE%20Plants%20and%20Animals_Islamabad_Pakistan_8-2-2010.pdf The report says that although