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herbicide tolerance in winter oilseed rape and sugar beet (BRIGHT Project). Project Report No. 353. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, Kenilworth, UK. Available at: http://www.hgca.com/ document.aspx?fn=load&media_id=1454&publicationId=1805 [Accessed 8 January 2010]. Thies, J.E. & Devare, M.H. 2007. An ecological assessment of transgenic crops. Journal of Development Studies, 43: 97-129. USA EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Guidelines for ecological risk assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC: EPA. Available at: http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/eimsapi. dispdetail?deid=12460 [Accessed 8 January 2010]. Vitale, J., Harvey, G., Greenplate, J., Abdennadher, M. & TraorĂŠ, O. 2008. Second-generation Bt cotton field trials in Burkina Faso: analyzing the potential benefits to West African farmers. Crop Science, 48: 1958-1966. WHO (Word Health Organisation). 1995. Application of risk analysis to food standards issues. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 13-17 March 1995. Available at: http:// www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae922e/ae922e00.htm [Accessed 22 January 2010]. Wolfenbarger, L.L., Naranjo, S.E., Lundgren. J.G., Bitzer, R.J. & Watrud. L.S. 2008. Bt crop effects on functional guilds of non-target arthropods: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 3(5): e2118. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0002118. WTO (World Trade Organisation). 2009. Risk assessment in the international food safety policy arena: can the multilateral institutions encourage unbiased outcomes? Staff Working Paper ERSD-2009-01, Economic Research and Statistics Division, WTO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://www.wto. org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd200901_e.pdf [Accessed 18 January 2009]. Wu, K.M. & Guo, Y.Y. (2005). The evolution of cotton pest management practices in China. Annual Review of Entomology, 50: 31-52. Xia, J.Y., Cui-Jin, J., Ma, L.H., Dong, S.L. & Cui, X.F. 1999. The role of transgenic Bt cotton in integrated insect pest management. Acta Gossypii Sinica, 11: 57-64. URL: http://www.assaf.org.za/wpcontent/uploads/PDF/ASSAf%20GMO%20African%20Agriculture%202010%20Web.pdf Author Address: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, UCT Campus, Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory-7925, Cape Town, South Africa Biosafety Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: O'Brien Dennis Year: 2010 Title: ÂŁ New Genetic Tool Helps Improve Rice. Abstract: Full text : U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists have developed a new tool for improving the expression of desirable genes in rice in parts of the plant where the results will do the most good. Roger Thilmony, a geneticist with USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS), has shown that the LP2 gene promoter can be used to direct other introduced genes to express beneficial traits in specific plant tissues without the potential for causing unintended consequences. Thilmony works at the ARS Crop Improvement and Utilization Research Unit in Albany, Calif. ARS is USDA's principal intramural scientific research agency. Rice is under constant threat from pathogens such as rice blast, a fungus found in fields worldwide, and sheath blight, a continuing threat to U.S. growers. Scientists who develop disease-resistant varieties often find that introducing a gene may prevent disease in one part of the plant, but also may reduce seed quality or produce other "side effects" because the gene is expressed throughout the plant. Tissue-specific promoters, such as LP2, are segments of genes that can direct the activity of introduced genes only to parts of the plant where the beneficial traits are needed. Thilmony and his ARS colleagues Mara Guttman, James Thomson and Ann Blechl found that the gene they named LP2 is consistently expressed in green tissues. In experiments, they fused the LP2 promoter with a "reporter gene" known to produce a specific enzyme, and inserted that fused DNA package into seven lines of rice to see where the enzyme would be produced.