Časopis ABC tehnike broj 653 za ožujak 2022. godine

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I Kodiranje - BBC micro:bitI I Shield-A, učilo za programiranje I I Mala škola fotografije I Izbor I Pisanice na grančici I I Sigurnost na Internetu I I Inženjerstvo robotizirane medicineI I Bez napora i novaca vodimo vas na put oko MjesecaI Prilog

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U OVOM BROJU Pisanice na grančici. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sigurnost na internetu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Što učiniti ako nađete ozlijeđenu ili napuštenu divlju pticu?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 BBC micro:bit [27]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Uskršnji vjenčić za na vrata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Robotski modeli za učenje kroz igru u STEM-nastavi - Fischertechnik (46) . . . . . . 14 Mala škola fotografije. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Pogled unatrag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Analiza fotografija. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Efekt staklenika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 �P�r�o�l�j�e�t�n�o� v�r�i�j�e�m�e� �m�a�m�i� �u� �p�a�r�k�o�v�e� �i� ,�u�m�a�r�kPisanice �e� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 �U�z�m�i�t�e�v�o�ća�r�s�k�e�i�l�i�v�i�n�o�g�r�a�d�a�r�s�k�e�,k�a�r�e�k�a�o�aShield-A, �l�a�t� učilo za programiranje �i� �u� ,�e�t�n�j�u� . �O�v�a�j� �p�u�t� �t�r�aA�e�ći� �p�r�i�k�l�a�d�n�u� �g�r�a�n�č�i �c�u� mikroupravljača (23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 �n�a� k�o�j�u� e ć �t�e� o�b�j�e�s�i�t�i� p�i�s�a�n�i�c�e� k�o�j�e� s�u� n�a�č�iDječje �n�j�eigralište �n�e� od recikliranih lopatica �s�a�m�o�o�d�l�j�u�s�k�e�d , �a�k�l�e�s�a�d�rA�a�j�j�a�j�e�t�a�j�e�i�svjetroturbina �p�u�h�a�n�. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 �I�z�n�e�n�a�d�i�t� �će�t�e� �s�e� �k�a�k�v�e� �će�t�e� �z�a�n�i�m�l�j�iMjerna �v�e� jedinica paskal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 �g�r�a�n�č�i�c�e� �u�o�č�i�t�i� . �M�oA�e�t�e� �u�z�e�t�i� �i� �o�n�e� �p�r�o�p�u�p�a�l�e� , Inženjerstvo robotizirane medicine . . . . . . . . 34 �a�k�o�j�e�u�v�a,�e�m�k�r�a�j�u�p�r�o�l�j�e�e ć �u�r�a�n�i�l�o�. Bez napora i novaca �N�a,�a� �g�r�a�n�č�i�c�a� �n�e�k�a�d�a� �j�e� �b�i�l�a� �n�a� �u�k�r�a�s�n�o�j� vodimo � : �c�i�j�e�p�l�j�e�n�o�j� �p�a�r�k�o�v�n�o�j� �l�i�j�e�s�k�i� . �Z�a�t�o� �i� �i�m�a � �t�a�kvas �o� na put oko Mjeseca. . . . . . . . . . . 37 Vertikalna šuma - pošumljavanje �n�e�o�b�i�č�a�n�o�b�l�i�k�. �T�o� �j�e� v�i,�e�g�o�d�i,�n�j�i� u�k�r�a�s� p�a� s�m�o� j�e� p�r�e�m�a�z�a�l�i� , urbane gradnje. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 �o�b�o�j�i�l�i� b�i�j�e�l�o�m� t�e�m�p�e�r�o�m� d�a� b�u�d�e� u�o�č�l�j�i�v�a� A. � v�i� Nacrt u prilogu: �p�oA�� e�l�j�i�! �P�i�s�a�n�i�c�e� �o�b�j�e�s�i�t�e� �n�a� �u�k�r�a�s�n�e� �v�r�p�c�eRobotski � . �Z�a� modeli za učenje kroz igru �p�r�o�v�l�a�č�e�n�j�e� �k�r�o�z� �r�u�p�i�c�e� �l�j�u�s�k�e� �r�a�b�i�t�e� �t�a�n �u� A�i�c�u� - Fischertechnik (46) u �j STEM-nastavi �z�a�h�v�a�t�a�l�j�k�u�. Kokica i zeko – ukrasi za Uskrs �Z�a�m� �a�n�j�e�u � �k�u�ća�n�e�o � �b�j�e�s�i�t�e�č� �o�k�o�l�a�d�n�e�p� �i�s�a�n�i�c�e�! �A�m�oA�e�t�e�i�m�a�n�j�e�p�o�k�l�o�n�e�. �P�o�s�t�a�v�i�t�e� �g�r�a�n�č�i�c�u� �u� �v �e�ću� Nakladnik: rvatska zajednica tehni ke kulture, Uredništov i administracija: Dalmatinska 12, P p �i� �t�eA�u� �s�t�a�k�l�e�n�k�u� �i�l�i� �tDalmatinska �e�g�l�u� 12, �u� P p 14 , 1 14 , 1 2greb,a­ rvatska 2 agreb, telefon ( 1) 4 4 62 i faks ( 1) 4 46 �k�o�j�u� �s�t�e� �s�t�a�v�i�l�i� �z�e�m�l�j�u� , �pHrva�i �e�s�a�k� , t­ska�j /Croatia hztk hr e-po ta abc-tehnike hztk �o�b�l�u�t�k�e�k�o�j�e�s�t�e�d�o�n�i�j�e�lGl�i � s � o b � a � l � e � � , avni urednik: oran Ku an B“A C tehni” ek na adresi hztk hr �t�a�k�o� �d�a� �n�e� �d�o�đe� �d�o� �p�r�e�v�r �t�aUre �ndništ�j �a� Ivan uri ov : agreba ka zajednica Izlazi jedanput na mjesec u kolskoj godini �n�a�m�j�e�s�t�u�p�o�s�t�a�v�l�j�a�n�j�a�. tehni ke kulture, Sanja Kova evi (1 brojeva godi nje) Dru tvo Miljenko Ožura, prof. u miru Rukopisi, crte i i fotografije se ne vra aju pedagoga tehni ke kulture agreb, even

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Slika 1. Snažna zaporka, odnosno tajni podatak za pristup određenim resursima sastoji se od velikih i malih slova, brojki i simbola te ima 12 ili više znakova

Slika 2. U zadnje vrijeme sve je više zlonamjernih kampanja lažnim porukama e-pošte u kojima se na prijevaru traži odavanje tajnih podataka (phishing mail)

3

Slika 3. Kako zaštiti djecu na internetu? Jedan od ključnih izazova svjetske okosnice informacijske infrastrukture


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4


Što učiniti ako nađete ozlijeđenu ili napuštenu divlju pticu?

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U�s�p�j�e�l�i� s�t�e �s�t�e� �j�o,� �j�e�d�a�n� A�i�v�o�t�! �U�o�s�t�a�l�o�m� , �h�r�a�n�e�ći� A�i�v�o�t�i �r�e�k�l�i�s�u�j�o,�n�a,�i�s�t�a�r�i�h , �r�a�n�i�m�o�s�v�o�j�u�d�u,�u�! Ivana Janković, Vrapčić Croatian Wildlife Research and Conservation Society

7


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Slika 27.1. Programski kôd za paljenje LED-ica displeja u ritmu muzike

8

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10


Slika 27.5. Programski kôd za testiranje odziva displeja

Slika 26.6. Vrijednosti dobivene 17./18. siječnja 2022.

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Slika 27.11. “Pull-down” spoj

12


. 1� �A�u�t�o�m�a�t�s�k�o� �p�a�l�j�e�n�j�e� �f�a�r�o�v�a� �k�a�d� �a�u�t�o�m�o�b�i�l�o�m� �u�đe� �u� �t�u�n�e�l� �t�e� �n�j�i�h�o�v�o� �g�a,�e�n�j �p�o�i�z�l�a�s�k�u�i�z�t�u�n�e�l�a�. . 2� �M�o�g�u�e ć � �j�e� �s�a�s�t�a�v�i�t�i� �a�l�a�r�m�n�i� �u�r�e�đa�j� �t�a�k�o �s�v�j�e�t�l�o� n�e�k�e� L�E�D�-i�c�e� o�b�a�s�j�a�v�a� f�o�t�o�o�t�p�o�r�n�i �k�a�d�n�e�k�i�p�r�o�l�a�z�n�i�k�p�r�e�k�i�n�e�s�n�o�p�a�u�t�o�m�a�t�s �p�a�l�i�a�l�a�r�m�. . 3� �K�o�d� u�l�a�s�k�a� u� m�r�a�č�n�u� g�a�r�aA�u� f�o�t�o�o�t�p�o�r�n�i�k�p�a�l �u�n�u�t�r�a,�n�j�u� �r�a�s�v�j�e�t�u� �č�i�m� �o�s�j�e�t�i� �s�v�j�e�t�l �a�u�t�o�m�o�b�i�l�a�a , �g�a,�e�n�j�e�s�e�m�oA�e�i�z�v�e�s�t�i�t�i�p�k�o�m Slika 27.12. Spoj “pull-up” �K�a�o,�t�o�v�i�d�i�t�e�n �, �e�n�e�d�o�s�t�a�j�u�p�r�i�m�j�e�r�i�A�. �k�oA�� e�l �m�oA�e�t�e� �s�a�m�i� �p�r�o�n�a�ći� �r�j�e,�e�n�j�a� �z�a� �p�r�e�d�l�oA�e�n ?pull-up#� �s�i�t�u�a�c�i�j�a� �j�e� �o�b�r�n�u�t�a� , �d�o�b�i�v�a�t� �e ć �t�p�e �r� �v o�b e�l e �ć �e�m�e� , �a� �z�a� �o�n�e� �n�a�j�u�p�o�r�n�i�j�e� �s�l�i�j�e�d�i� �j�e �v�r�i�j�e�d�n�o�s�t�i� u� m�r�a�k�u� a , � m�a�n�j�e� k�a�d� j�e� f�o�t�o�o�t m�a�p�l �o�o �r�v �n�e �i�ći k�i� �z�a�z�o�v�. �o�b�a�s�j�a�n�s�v�j�e�t�l�o�m�. �Z�a�d�a�t�a�k�z�a�s�a�m�o�s�t�a�l�a�n�r�a�d�g�l�a�s�i�:p�r�o�j�e�k�t �K�a�k�o� �b�i�s�t�e� �t�o� �i�s�p�i�t�a�l�i� �p�r�e�p�i,�i�t�e� �p�r�o�g�r�s�a�a�m�s � �s�t�a�a� �v�i�t�e� �i� �p�r�o�g�r�a�m�i�r�a�j�t�e� �s�k�l�o�p� �k�o�j�i� �e ć � �S�l�i�k�e�.13 �27 �f�o�t�o�o�t�p�o�r�n�i�k�a�t�j�e�r�a�t�i�e�l�e�k�t�r�o�m�o�t�o�r�(i�l�i�s �i�l�i� �k�o�r�a�č�n�i� �m�o�t�o�r�) �d�a� �s�e� �n�a� �n�j�e�m�u� �m�o�n�t�i�r�a�n �f�o�t�o�n�a�p�o�n�s�k�a� �e ć �l�i�j�a� �n�a�m�j�e,�t�a� �p�r�e�m�a� �n�a�j�j�a �i�z�v�o�r�u�s�v�j�e�t�l�o�s�t�i�o , �d�n�o�s�n�o�n�e�k�a�p�r�a�t�i�S�u�n�c ZaovestevjeAbetrebali: • �B�B�C�m�i�c�r�o�:b�i�t • �U�S�B�-k�a�b�e�l • �r�u�b�n�i�p�r�i�k�l�j�u�č�a�k�z�a�B�B�C�m�i�c�r�o�:b�i�t • �s�p�o�j�n�eA�� i�c�e�u�r�a�z�n�i�m�b�o�j�a�m�a Slika 27.13. Ovim programom možete čitati vrijednosti s • �e�k�s�p�e�r�i�m�e�n�t�a�l�n�u�p�l�o�č�i�c�u�n�a�u�b�a�d�a�n�j�e fotootpornika u spoju “pull-down” i “pull-up” • �b�a�t�e�r�i�j�u�o�d�V4,5 Primjena. �F�o�t�o�o�t�p�o�r�n�i�k� �m�oA�e�t�e� �k�o�r�i�s�t•�i�t �m�o�i�d � �u� l�V�M�A�309 �s�p�r�e�z�i� �s� �B�B�C� �m�i�c�r�o�:b�i�t�o�m� �u� �r�a�z�n�i�m� �s�i�t�u�a�c�i�j • �a�p�m�l�a�o� , �s�n�a�t�i�o�d�v�i�j�a�č�2m�m �n�a�p�r�i�m�j�e�r�: • �j�e�d�a�n�o�t�p�o�r�n�i�k�o�d�k 4,7 T��d�o�10kT • �f�o�t�o�o�t�p�o�r�n�i�k�. Marino Čikeš, prof.

Uskršnji vjenčić za na vrata

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�Z�a� �s�v�e�č�a�n�i�j�i� �U�s�k�r�s� �n�a� �u�l�a�z�n�a� �v�r�a�t�a� �p�o�s�t�a U�k �v�r �i�a t�s�e�e� �d , �o�d�a�t�k�e�o�d�a�b�e�r�i�t�e�p�oA�� e�l�j�i�o , �d�p�i�s�a �u�k�r�a�s�n�i� �v�j�e�n�č�i� ć. �I�z�r�a�d�a� �j�e� �k�r�a�j�n�j�e� �j�e�d�n�k �o�o s�j t�e �a� v�s�n�u�a� � . �o�b�j�e,�e�n�e� �n�a� �u�k�r�a�s�n�e� �v�r�p�c�e� �k�o�j�i �U�z�m�i�t�e� v�r�b�o�v�e� ,i�b�e� i�l�i� �u�k�r�a�s�i�t�e� �i� �k�o�l�u�t� �p�a� �d�o� �r�a�z�l�i�č�i�t�i�h� �u�p�e�č�a�t �o�s�t�a�t�k�e�o�d�o�b�r�e�z�i�v�a�n�j �d�o a�d�a�t�a�k�a� , �i�g�r�a�č�a�k�a� , �i�l�i� �k�a�o� �u� �n�a,�e�m� �p�r�i�m�j�e�r�u �t�r�s�a�, � k� o � j � e � � ć e � t � e�g�u,�č�i�c�a� �k�o�j�e� �s�u� �o�b�l�i�k�o�v�a�n�e� �o�d� �k�a�r �t�o�n�a� �p �p�o�v�e�z�a�t�i� �u� A�e�l�j�e�n�o�m� �o�b�o�j�a�n�e� . �R�a�b�l�j�e�n�a� �j�e� A�i�c�a� �z�a� �n�oA�i�c�eE� � �S�l�oA�e�n�i�j �p�r�o�m�j�e�r�u� � t � a � n � k � i � m�e ć � � �b�i�t�i� �r�a�d� �o�d� �t�a�n�k�o�g� �l�i�m�a� . �V�e�l�i�č�i�n�e� �o�d�r�e�d�i�t �uA�e�t�o�m� , �r�i�b�a�r�s�k�i�m� �i�l�i�s� �a�m�i� . �O�d�a�b�e�r�i�t�e� �p�r�i�k�l�a�d�n�o� �l�j�e�p�i�l�o� �i� �b�o�j�u� , �a �k�n�j�i�g�o�v�e,�k�i�m� �k�o�n�c�e�m� , �l�e�m�l�j�e�n�j�a� �l�i�m�a� �p�r�a�v�i�l�n�u� �s�n�a�g�u� �l�e�m�i�l�i�c�e� . �O�b �o�d�n�o�s�n�o� �c�v�j�e�ća�r�s�k�o�m� �o�d�r�e�d�i�t�e� �s�a�m�i� �p�r�e�m�a� �s�n�i�m�k�u� . �P�r�o�č�i�t�a�j�t�e� �u�p�u A�i�c�o�m� . �R�a�b�i�t�e� z�a,�t�i�t�n�e� �V�j�e�n�č�i�ć �u� �n�a,�e�m� �s�l�u�č�a�j�u� �o�b�j�e,�e�n� �j�e� �n�a� �r�u�č�k�i�c�u� �r�u�k�a�v�i�c�e� �i� �v�o�ć a�r�s�k�e�k � �o�j�a�j�e�t�r�a�j�n�o�p�r�i�č�v�r�e ,ć �n�a�n�a�v�r�a�t�aE ,�k�a�r�e�. Miljenko Ožura, prof. u miru

13


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14


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16

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MALA ŠKOLA FOTOGRAFIJE P]PB}]oB}˛]BU}(.

CANDID FOTOGRAFIJA U DIGITALNO DOBA U prošlom broju objasnio sam što je candid fotografija i njene početke. U ovom prilogu opisujem mogućnosti spontane fotografije u digitalno doba uz određena pomagala. Dakle, nije dovoljna samo oprema. Ključnu ulogu za dobru fotografiju ima sam autor, osoba koja fotografira. Pored poznavanja fotografskog zanata, razvijenog likovnog senzibiliteta, važno je imati i razvijene komunikacijske vještine, pogotovu kada fotografiramo ljude. Često je bitno uspostaviti kontakt s osobom ili osobama koje fotografiramo kako bismo im objasnili da su naše namjere plemenite i da ih zamolimo da ne obraćaju pažnju na fotoaparat, već da se nastave baviti poslom koji obavljaju. Ovakva komunikacija itekako može pomoći u stvaranju iskrenih, spontanih fotografija.

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Aleksandar Žiljak ***

23


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25


ONIKAELTR

Shield-A, učilo za programiranje mikroupravljača (23)

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28


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30


ANEMJRPODICTVZS

Mjerna jedinica paskal

Neke su mjerne jedinice od XIX. stoljeća nazivane po zaslužnim znanstvenicima. Danas je u �M�e�đ u�n�a�r�o�d�n�o�m� �s�u�s�t�a�v�u� �j�e�d�i�n(SI) �i�c�atakvih 19 jedinica, a još je jedna iznimno dopuštena. Takvi nazivi mjernih jedinica starih sustava ili izvan sustava (angstrem, gaus, kiri, meksvel, rendgen i dr.) otišli su u povijest. Opisat će se kako je 20 danas zakonitih jedinica nazvano po znanstvenicima i kako su normirane. U ovom se nizu1 opisuje i kako se kroz gotovo dva stoljeća mijenjalo oslanjanje jedinica od tvarnih pramjera, do suvremenog oslanjanja na prirodne stalnice ili konstante2. Portret Blaisea Pascala (François II. Quesnel 1691. godine) Jedinice su u nizu navedene uglavnom po vremenu usvajanja. �B�a�v�i�o� �s�e� �t�e�o�r�i�j�o�m� �b�r�o�j�e�v�a� , �i�n�f�i�n�i�t�e�z�i�m�a Paskal �(e�n�g�l� . pascal�;� �z�n�a�k� �P�a�) �j�e� �j�e�d�i�n�i�c�a� �r�a�č�u�n�o�m� �i� �d�r�u�g�i�m� �p�o�d�r�u�č�j�i�m�a� �m�a�t�e�m�a�t�i�k�e� �i �t�l�a�k�a� �i� �t�l�a�č�n�o�g� �n�a�p�r�e�z�a�n�j�a� , �i�z�v�e�d�e�n�a� �j�e �f�i�d�z�i�k n�e i�ct�a�e� �t�e�o�l�o�g�i�j�o�m�P. �o�n�j�e�m�u�sbinomni �e�n�a�z�i�v�a� Međunarodnog sustava jedinica �(S�I� N). �a�z�v�a�n� j�e� p�o� poučak, Pascalov trokut, Pascalov teorem i mjerna �B�l�a�i�s�e�u�P�a�s�c�a�l�u� . jedinica tlaka.

Podrijetlo naziva mjerne jedinice paskal

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31


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32


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33


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�r s�u t�č�i j�k�u�e � �r � �o�b�o�t�i�z�a�c�i�j�e� �t�r�a�n�s�u�r�e�t�r�a�l�n �p�o�p�u�t� �C�T�-a� Computer �( Tomography��) , �M�R�- a� �p�r�o�s�t�a�t�e� �198. �g�o�d�i�n�e� . �U� �t�o�j� �o�p�e�r�a�c�i�j�i� �k�r�u �( Magnet Resonant�� ) , �u�l�t�r�a�z�v�u�k�a� , �f�l�u�o�r�o�s�k�o�p�i?��j r�e�s�e�k�t�o�s�k�o�p#� �k�o�j�i�m� �r�u�č�n�o� �u�p�r�a�v�l�j�a� �k�i�r�u �i�t�d� . �S� �m�e�t�o�d�o�l�o�g�i�j�s�k�o�g� �g�l�e�d�i,�t�a� �k�i�r�u�r,�k�i� �r �s�o �e�b�k�o�r�t �o�i z�m� �o�k�r�a�ćn�i�k�a�n�a�l�(u�r�e�t�r�u�d ) �a�b�i�s�e�d�o,�l�o�d �u�g�l�a�v�n�o�m� �s�u� �s�l�j�e�d�n�i�c�i� �m�i�n�i�m�a�l�n�o� �i�n�v�a�m�z�j �i�v e�n s�e t� �a� z�a�h�v�a�t�a� .Z�b�o�g� �o�g�r�a�n�i�č�e�n�o�g� �v�i�d�n�o�g� �p�o �k�i�r�u�r�g�i�j�e� �u� �k�o�j�o�j� �s�u� �s�e� �p�r�i�j�e� �r�o�b�o�t�a�e�k�n�o�d�r�o�i�s�s�k�t �o�i�p�l �a�i �, �o� �t�eA�a�n�e� �k�o�o�r�d�i�n�a�c�i�j�e� �o�k�a� �i� �r �e�n�d�o�s�k�o�p�s�k�i�i�l�a�p�a�r�o�s�k�o�p�s�k�i�u�r�e�đa�j�i�z�a�n�e�i d�z�r �r�h �a�t �v�n a�o n� �j�a�r�u�k�u�i , 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POČCIE ROBOKIRURGIJEX Slike prikazuju početke tri najvažnije primjene kirurških robota u kojima se koriste metodološki različiti uređaji. U prvim robotiziranim zahvatima korišteni su industrijski roboti. Davne 1985. Kwoh sa suradnicima koristi ruku PUMA 560 (slika lijevo) za neurokiruršku biopsiju prema CT (kompjuterska tomografija) snimcima. Robot drži fiksator uz pacijentovu glavu i vodi instrument za biopsiju. ProBot (slika u sredini) je sustav iz 1988. za transuretralnu resekciju prostate. ROBODOC (slika desno) u muzeju Smitsonian početak je ortopedske kirurgije i predoperacijskog planiranja zahvata na kuku i koljenu. Odabrani implantat pozicionirao se prema slikovnoj analizi (CT) dok je u operaciji brzim alatom kojim upravlja robotska ruka vršeno glodanje podloge za čašicu, piljenje kosti, pozicioniranje usatka i sl.

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DALJINSKI UPRAVLJANI KIRURŠKI ROBOTI. Na slici lijevo je prvi sustav AESOP (od engl. Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning). Sustav Zeus (slika u sredini) za transuretralnu master-slave resekciju sastoji se od upravljačkog pulta (master) i izvršnog (slave) mehanizma. Upravljački pult omogućava kirurški vid i mehanizme za intuitivnu interakciju čovjeka i izvršnog mehanizma koji izvodi pokrete zadane s upravljačkog pulta. Izvršni mehanizam je robotska ruka sa šest zglobova i krajnjim eflektorom čime se osigurava precizno pozicioniranje i orijentacija rektoskopa unutar tijela. Razvoj je pomagala NASA, ali i američka vojska koja je u transporter Bradley (slika desno) postavila izvršni dio kirurškog sustava, dok je upravljački pult izvan vozila. Sustav Zeus zamijenio je napredniji kirurški robot “Da Vinci”.

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ROBOTSKI ASISTIRANE OPERACIJE KUKA I KOLJENA. Kod sinergijskih (suradničkih) robota kirurg nije izmješten za posebnim pultom (kao kod sustava “Da Vinci”) već je uz operacijski pult i koristi robotsku ruku uz istovremeno kontroliranje i usklađivanje izvedbe zahvata sa slikovnim modelima zahvata na okolnim ekranima. Zato se ova metoda naziva i robotski potpomognuta operacija. Postupak je individualiziran: prvo se napravi CT 3D-snimka zgloba iz koje se stvara individualiziran 3D-model koljena koji se koristi za planiranje operacije, posebno se određuje položaj implantata. Tijekom operacije sustav kontrolira kirurg tijekom zahvata na način da se stalno numerički uspoređuje njegova aktivnost sa slikovnim (računalnim modelom). Tako se postiže da su pokreti kirurga uvijek unutar unaprijed planiranih ograničenja što smanjuje mogućnost pogreške.

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ŠIRENJEROBOTIČKEKIRURGIJEX Kirurški sustav “Da Vinci” utemeljen na laparoskopiji omogućio je širenje robotske kirurške prakse. Primjerice na srcu se izvode robotski zahvati zalistaka i ugradnje premosnica koronarne arterije, popravak srčanih mana, uklanjanje tumora i sl. U pripremi zahvata naprave se četiri otvora na prsima između rebara i u šupljinu se upumpa plin kako bi se načinio prostor za rad (slika desno). Sitne kamere omogućavaju stvaranje povećane, trodimenzionalne slike mjesta operacije. U otvore se uvedu do četiri precizno vođena manipulatora (slika u sredini) kojima se vode sitni instrumenti za rad na srcu, okolnim arterijama ili negdje drugdje u prsnoj ili trbušnoj šupljini.

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36


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�p�r�e�d�s�t�a�v�l�j�a�p�r�a�v�i�e�k�o�s�u�s�t�a�v�s�v�i,�e�o�d�r 70 �a�z �O�v�a� k�o�l�i�č�i�n�a� v�e�g�e�t�a�c�i�j�e� i�d�e�n�t�i�č�n�a� j�e� p�r�o�b�s�i�t �l�o �j�r�n�u�i� o�h�d� �v� �r�s�t�a� �k�o�j�e� �s�m�a�n�j�u�j�u� �o�n�e�č�i�e ,ć �n�j�e �2 �30 �m ,�u�m�e� i� n�i�s�k�o�g�a� r�a�s�l�i�n�j�a� u� p�r�i�r�o�d�i� a , �g�o u�d � �i,�n�j�e� a�p�s�o�r�b�i�r�a�j�u� v�i,�e� o�d� 50 �t�o�n�a� u�g�l�j�i�k�o �o�v�o�m�e� �k�o�n�c�e�p�t�u� �k�o�n�c�e�n�t�r�i�r�a�n�a� �j�e�2 � �n�a� �30 �m �d�i�o�k�s�i�d�a� . �U� �v�e�l�i�k�i�m� �g�r�a�d�o�v�i�m�a� �k�o�j�i� �s�e� �n�aA�a �u�r�b�a�n�i�z�i�r�a�n�e� �p�o�v�r,�i�n�e� . �O�s�i�m� �d�o�m�o�v�a� �z�a� �l�j�u�d�s �e�u � �i�o� �č�a�v�a�j�u� �s� �v�r�l�o� �v�i�s�o�k�i�m� �s�t�o�p�a�m�a� �o�n�e�č�i�e ,ć �b�i�l�j�k�e� ,�p�r�o�j�e�k�t� �p�r�e�d�s�t�a�v�l�j�a� �i� �d�o�m� z�a� �b�r�o�j t�n e�e �v� v �i�s r�o s�k �t�i�e�m� � k�o�n�c�e�n�t�r�a�c�i�j�a�m�a� m�i�k�r�o�č�e�s�t�i�c �p�t�i�c�a�. �p�r�o�j�e�k�t�i� �v�e�r �t�i�k�a�l�n�i�h� ,�u�m�a� �d�o�l�a�z�e� �k�a�o �r�j�e,�e�n�j�e� �u� �s�t�v�a�r�a�n�j�u� �o�d�rA�i�v�i�h� �e�k�o�s�u �b�u�d�u�ćn�o�s�t� . Sandra Knežević


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pošumljavanje urbane gradnje

6min
pages 36-38

vodimo vas na put oko Mjeseca Vertikalna šuma -

2min
page 35

Inženjerstvo robotizirane medicine Bez napora i novaca

6min
pages 32-34

Mjerna jedinica paskal

6min
pages 29-31

Shield-A, učilo za programiranje mikroupravljača (23 Dječje igralište od recikliranih lopatica

8min
pages 24-27

vjetroturbina

2min
page 28

Robopas

8min
pages 21-23

Analiza fotografija

1min
page 20

Mala škola fotografije

2min
pages 17-18

Pogled unatrag

1min
page 19

ili napuštenu divlju pticu?

10min
pages 5-7

Sigurnost na internetu

5min
pages 3-4

Uskršnji vjenčić za na vrata

1min
page 13

BBC micro:bit [27

11min
pages 8-12

Robotski modeli za učenje kroz igru u STEM-nastavi - Fischertechnik (46

7min
pages 14-16

Pisanice na grančici

2min
page 2
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